基于溢出源视角的R&D溢出对生产率影响的实证研究
|
摘要
内生增长理论认为,R&D溢出是克服规模报酬递减和维持经济增长的一大引擎。大量文献运用各国不同层面的时间、截面或面板数据就R&D溢出对生产率的影响进行了经验实证,然而已有研究对R&D溢出内在机理的分析缺乏系统性,经验研究大多以发达国家为样本,以发展中国家为样本的经验实证还没有得到足够的重视。本文基于溢出源视角,利用中国企业、行业和地区数据为样本,从行业内、行业间和空间三个来源,系统研究了R&D溢出对我国不同层面生产率的影响方式和深度。
在理论方面,本文梳理了大量文献,结合所选研究视角,归纳出R&D溢出影响生产率的两条路径：R&D溢出一方面直接作用于生产率,另一方面通过影响自身R&D投入进而间接影响生产率。本文在Barro Sala-I-Martin(2004)的质量阶段模型基础上,考虑R&D溢出作用,从直接路径和间接路径刻画R&D溢出对生产率的影响机理。通过对R&D溢出模型稳态解的比较静态分析发现,R&D溢出是影响生产率的关键变量；R&D投入决定要素模型显示,R&D溢出是影响R&D投入的重要变量,R&D溢出通过降低R&D成本促进了R&D投入的增加。
在实证分析层面,首先基于机理分析框架,检验了我国制造业行业间、服务业行业间及制造业与服务业之间的R&D溢出对生产率的影响。与现有研究通常忽略R&D溢出异质性不同的是,本文考虑了R&D溢出异质性,测度行业间R&D溢出时区分了物化溢出和纯知识溢出,同时为避免现有研究中存在解释变量内生性依然使用OLS估计的不足,本文使用FMOLS准确估算了中国行业间的R&D溢出效应。研究发现,我国存在行业间R&D溢出,但行业间R&D溢出具有非对称性,即我国存在制造业行业间R&D溢出、服务业行业间R&D溢出以及制造业对服务业的行业间R&D溢出,不存在服务业对制造业的行业间R&D溢出。行业间R&D溢出对R&D投入的影响分析显示,制造业行业间R&D溢出与制造业R&D投入之间、服务业行业间R&D溢出与服务业R&D投入之间存在互补效应。
其次,从生产成本视角,利用中国制造业14,227家企业微观数据,进一步考察了行业内和行业间R&D溢出对生产率的影响,这是本文区别于现有研究的新视角。为避免已有研究因提前设定函数形式可能产生估计有误的不足,我们采用超越对数成本函数进行了较准确估计。研究发现,行业内和行业间R&D溢出消减了生产成本并积极促进了R&D投入的增加,对生产率产生了积极的直接和间接效应。
再次,基于开放经济条件,通过国际贸易这一媒介,就国际行业内和国际行业间R&D溢出对生产率的影响进行了检验。有别于现有研究中测度国际R&D资本选取相对数据的不足,我们使用各国行业层面R&D资本的绝对数据,采用动态面板准确估算了国际行业内、国际行业间R&D溢出的生产率促进效应。我们发现,我国获取的国际R&D溢出主要来源于行业间,国际行业内R&D溢出对生产率的影响不显著。R&D溢出对R&D投入的影响实证分析显示,国际行业间R&D溢出与R&D投入之间存在互补效应,而国际行业内R&D溢出与R&D投入之间存在替代效应。国际行业间R&D溢出对生产率产生了积极的直接和间接影响,而国际行业内R&D溢出对生产率产生了负面的直接和间接影响。
本文随后引入空间因素、修正MRW模型,构建了空间面板模型和空间联立方程,避免了已有研究使用截面数据和遗漏空间变量导致的估计有偏的缺陷,准确测度了R&D的空间溢出效应,这是本文对现有研究的新拓展。我们发现,相邻地区的R&D资本对本地生产率产生了积极的空间溢出效应,然而R&D空间溢出效应主要来源于企业为主体的R&D资本。跨国公司在华R&D投资的空间联立方程估计结果显示：各地的生产率受到邻省区跨国R&D积极的空间溢出作用。地区总R&D空间溢出、跨国R&D空间溢出积极促进了地区企业R&D投入。R&D空间溢出对生产率产生了积极的直接和间接效应。
最后,本文根据R&D溢出效应受吸收能力影响的假设建立了动态面板门槛检验模型,使用开放度、市场化程度、R&D投入、人力资本、行业增长等多变量测算了综合吸收能力,避免了已有研究大多使用人力资本等单一变量测度吸收能力的局限。研究发现,不同来源的R&D溢出模型中,各要素的影响作用迥异；R&D溢出影响要素存在门槛效应,而不同来源的R&D溢出影响要素门槛值具有一定的差距。上述结论为行业或地区选择适宜的技术提供了定量依据。
Endogenous growth theory regards R&D spillovers as an engine to overcome diminishing returns to scale and maintain economic growth. A large number of literature carried out empirical research on R&D spillover effects on productivity using data of different levels from different countries such as time series data, cross-section data or panel data. However, systematicness was missing in pre-existing research on intrinsic mechanism of R&D spillovers, empirical study mostly focused on developed economies, empirical research on developing countries as the sample has not attracted enough attention. This article carries out systematical study on the depth and mechanism of R&D spillovers using the data from Chinese enterprise, industries and regions, specifically through the channels of intra-industry, inter-industy and space based on the perspective of spillover source.
In theory, this article sorts out the extensive literature combined with selected research perspective, and we sum up two ways to R&D spillover effects on productivity:on the one hand, R&D spillovers have effects on productivity directly, on the other hand, R&D spillovers have effects on productivity through effects on factor inputs such as R&D. Based on the model of quality stage of Barro Sala-I-Martin (2004),the article describes mechanism on the R&D spillover effects on productivity from direct and indirect paths,considering the R&D spillovers.Through the comparative static analysis of R&D spillover steady state solution,we finds that R&D spillovers is the key variable to productivity; Determinant model of R&D effort shows that R&D spillovers is the important variable to affect R&D effort and that R&D spillovers promote R&D effort by reducing the cost of R&D.
In the analysis of experience, firstly, the article examines not only manufacturing inter-industry, service inter-industry but also the inter-industry spillovers between manufacturing and service sectors in China based on the framework of mechanism analysis. Different from existing research which neglected considering heterogeneity of R&D spillovers, this article distinguishes between rent spillovers and pure knowledge spillovers.Unlike existing research with disadvatage of bias on using OLS to estimate to explain the endogenous variables, we accurately estimate inter-industry R&D spillover effects by FMOLS. The empirical results show that there exists inter-industry R&D spillovers in China, which is asymmetrical,that is to say there exists manufacturing inter-industry R&D spillover effects, service sector inter-industry R&D spillover effects and manufacturing to service sector interindustry R&D spillover effects, not existing interindustry R&D spillover effects on manufacturing from service sector. The analysis on inter-industry R&D spillovers impacting R&D effort shows that there exists the complementary effect between the inter-industry R&D spillovers in manufacturing and R&D effort in manufacturing, so does the service industry.
Secondly, this article further investigates R&D spillover effects on productivity using micro data of14,227enterprises of Chinese manufacturing industry from the perspective of production cost, which is a new perspective different from previous study. To avoid the disadvantage caused by setting functional form in advance, we use the logarithm function model to accurately estimate them. The results show that intra-industry and inter-industry R&D spillovers reduce the cost of production and actively promote the R&D effort increased and have positive direct and indirect effects on productivity.
Then, this article examines the effect of international inter-industry and intra-industry R&D spillovers on productivity based on the media of international trade in the open economic conditions. Different from the previous study with disadvantage of selecting relative data to measure indicators, we accurately estimate international intra-industry and inter-industry R&D spillover effect on productivity promotion through absolute data. We finds that our access to international R&D spillovers mainly comes from inter-industry R&D spillovers, the international intra-industry spillovers don't have significant effects on TFP,TC and EC. The analysis on R&D spillovers impacting R&D effort shows that there exists the complementary effects between international interindustry R&D spillovers and R&D effort, there exists the substitution effects between international intraindustry R&D spillovers and R&D effort. International interindustry R&D spillovers have a positive direct and indirect effects on productivity. However, international intraindustry R&D spillovers have a negative direct and indirect effects on productivity.
Further, considering spatial factor and modifying MRW model, this article constructs the spatial panel model and spatial simultaneous equations and estimates accurately the R&D spatial effects, which avoids partial defects because of using cross-section data and the omission of spatial variables, which is a new expansion to previous study. Results of spatial panel model show that R&D of spatial adjacent areas of region has positive spillover effects on economy growth, but spillover effects mainly come from R&D spillovers of enterprises. The results from Spatial simultaneous equations between productivity and R&D from Multinational companies in China show that R&D spillovers from Multinational companies by neighboring areas has positive spillover effects on productivity. Regional R&D spatial spillover, R&D spatial spillovers of Multinational companies actively promote own R&D effort. What's more, R&D spatial spillovers have a positive direct and indirect spillover effects on productivity.
Finally, according to the assumption that the absorption capacity has effects on R&D spillover, this article establishes dynamic threshold panel data model and firstly examines the threshold value of different R&D spillovers. Using some variables such as openness, market-oriented, R&D effort, industry growth,the article measures the integrated absorption capacity unlike most existing literature using a single variable such as human capital to measure. We finds that different elements play different role in R&D spillovers in model of different spillover sources and that the threshold in different spillover sources has certain disparity. The above conclusion provides a quantitative basis with choice of appropriate technology.
在理论方面,本文梳理了大量文献,结合所选研究视角,归纳出R&D溢出影响生产率的两条路径：R&D溢出一方面直接作用于生产率,另一方面通过影响自身R&D投入进而间接影响生产率。本文在Barro Sala-I-Martin(2004)的质量阶段模型基础上,考虑R&D溢出作用,从直接路径和间接路径刻画R&D溢出对生产率的影响机理。通过对R&D溢出模型稳态解的比较静态分析发现,R&D溢出是影响生产率的关键变量；R&D投入决定要素模型显示,R&D溢出是影响R&D投入的重要变量,R&D溢出通过降低R&D成本促进了R&D投入的增加。
在实证分析层面,首先基于机理分析框架,检验了我国制造业行业间、服务业行业间及制造业与服务业之间的R&D溢出对生产率的影响。与现有研究通常忽略R&D溢出异质性不同的是,本文考虑了R&D溢出异质性,测度行业间R&D溢出时区分了物化溢出和纯知识溢出,同时为避免现有研究中存在解释变量内生性依然使用OLS估计的不足,本文使用FMOLS准确估算了中国行业间的R&D溢出效应。研究发现,我国存在行业间R&D溢出,但行业间R&D溢出具有非对称性,即我国存在制造业行业间R&D溢出、服务业行业间R&D溢出以及制造业对服务业的行业间R&D溢出,不存在服务业对制造业的行业间R&D溢出。行业间R&D溢出对R&D投入的影响分析显示,制造业行业间R&D溢出与制造业R&D投入之间、服务业行业间R&D溢出与服务业R&D投入之间存在互补效应。
其次,从生产成本视角,利用中国制造业14,227家企业微观数据,进一步考察了行业内和行业间R&D溢出对生产率的影响,这是本文区别于现有研究的新视角。为避免已有研究因提前设定函数形式可能产生估计有误的不足,我们采用超越对数成本函数进行了较准确估计。研究发现,行业内和行业间R&D溢出消减了生产成本并积极促进了R&D投入的增加,对生产率产生了积极的直接和间接效应。
再次,基于开放经济条件,通过国际贸易这一媒介,就国际行业内和国际行业间R&D溢出对生产率的影响进行了检验。有别于现有研究中测度国际R&D资本选取相对数据的不足,我们使用各国行业层面R&D资本的绝对数据,采用动态面板准确估算了国际行业内、国际行业间R&D溢出的生产率促进效应。我们发现,我国获取的国际R&D溢出主要来源于行业间,国际行业内R&D溢出对生产率的影响不显著。R&D溢出对R&D投入的影响实证分析显示,国际行业间R&D溢出与R&D投入之间存在互补效应,而国际行业内R&D溢出与R&D投入之间存在替代效应。国际行业间R&D溢出对生产率产生了积极的直接和间接影响,而国际行业内R&D溢出对生产率产生了负面的直接和间接影响。
本文随后引入空间因素、修正MRW模型,构建了空间面板模型和空间联立方程,避免了已有研究使用截面数据和遗漏空间变量导致的估计有偏的缺陷,准确测度了R&D的空间溢出效应,这是本文对现有研究的新拓展。我们发现,相邻地区的R&D资本对本地生产率产生了积极的空间溢出效应,然而R&D空间溢出效应主要来源于企业为主体的R&D资本。跨国公司在华R&D投资的空间联立方程估计结果显示：各地的生产率受到邻省区跨国R&D积极的空间溢出作用。地区总R&D空间溢出、跨国R&D空间溢出积极促进了地区企业R&D投入。R&D空间溢出对生产率产生了积极的直接和间接效应。
最后,本文根据R&D溢出效应受吸收能力影响的假设建立了动态面板门槛检验模型,使用开放度、市场化程度、R&D投入、人力资本、行业增长等多变量测算了综合吸收能力,避免了已有研究大多使用人力资本等单一变量测度吸收能力的局限。研究发现,不同来源的R&D溢出模型中,各要素的影响作用迥异；R&D溢出影响要素存在门槛效应,而不同来源的R&D溢出影响要素门槛值具有一定的差距。上述结论为行业或地区选择适宜的技术提供了定量依据。
Endogenous growth theory regards R&D spillovers as an engine to overcome diminishing returns to scale and maintain economic growth. A large number of literature carried out empirical research on R&D spillover effects on productivity using data of different levels from different countries such as time series data, cross-section data or panel data. However, systematicness was missing in pre-existing research on intrinsic mechanism of R&D spillovers, empirical study mostly focused on developed economies, empirical research on developing countries as the sample has not attracted enough attention. This article carries out systematical study on the depth and mechanism of R&D spillovers using the data from Chinese enterprise, industries and regions, specifically through the channels of intra-industry, inter-industy and space based on the perspective of spillover source.
In theory, this article sorts out the extensive literature combined with selected research perspective, and we sum up two ways to R&D spillover effects on productivity:on the one hand, R&D spillovers have effects on productivity directly, on the other hand, R&D spillovers have effects on productivity through effects on factor inputs such as R&D. Based on the model of quality stage of Barro Sala-I-Martin (2004),the article describes mechanism on the R&D spillover effects on productivity from direct and indirect paths,considering the R&D spillovers.Through the comparative static analysis of R&D spillover steady state solution,we finds that R&D spillovers is the key variable to productivity; Determinant model of R&D effort shows that R&D spillovers is the important variable to affect R&D effort and that R&D spillovers promote R&D effort by reducing the cost of R&D.
In the analysis of experience, firstly, the article examines not only manufacturing inter-industry, service inter-industry but also the inter-industry spillovers between manufacturing and service sectors in China based on the framework of mechanism analysis. Different from existing research which neglected considering heterogeneity of R&D spillovers, this article distinguishes between rent spillovers and pure knowledge spillovers.Unlike existing research with disadvatage of bias on using OLS to estimate to explain the endogenous variables, we accurately estimate inter-industry R&D spillover effects by FMOLS. The empirical results show that there exists inter-industry R&D spillovers in China, which is asymmetrical,that is to say there exists manufacturing inter-industry R&D spillover effects, service sector inter-industry R&D spillover effects and manufacturing to service sector interindustry R&D spillover effects, not existing interindustry R&D spillover effects on manufacturing from service sector. The analysis on inter-industry R&D spillovers impacting R&D effort shows that there exists the complementary effect between the inter-industry R&D spillovers in manufacturing and R&D effort in manufacturing, so does the service industry.
Secondly, this article further investigates R&D spillover effects on productivity using micro data of14,227enterprises of Chinese manufacturing industry from the perspective of production cost, which is a new perspective different from previous study. To avoid the disadvantage caused by setting functional form in advance, we use the logarithm function model to accurately estimate them. The results show that intra-industry and inter-industry R&D spillovers reduce the cost of production and actively promote the R&D effort increased and have positive direct and indirect effects on productivity.
Then, this article examines the effect of international inter-industry and intra-industry R&D spillovers on productivity based on the media of international trade in the open economic conditions. Different from the previous study with disadvantage of selecting relative data to measure indicators, we accurately estimate international intra-industry and inter-industry R&D spillover effect on productivity promotion through absolute data. We finds that our access to international R&D spillovers mainly comes from inter-industry R&D spillovers, the international intra-industry spillovers don't have significant effects on TFP,TC and EC. The analysis on R&D spillovers impacting R&D effort shows that there exists the complementary effects between international interindustry R&D spillovers and R&D effort, there exists the substitution effects between international intraindustry R&D spillovers and R&D effort. International interindustry R&D spillovers have a positive direct and indirect effects on productivity. However, international intraindustry R&D spillovers have a negative direct and indirect effects on productivity.
Further, considering spatial factor and modifying MRW model, this article constructs the spatial panel model and spatial simultaneous equations and estimates accurately the R&D spatial effects, which avoids partial defects because of using cross-section data and the omission of spatial variables, which is a new expansion to previous study. Results of spatial panel model show that R&D of spatial adjacent areas of region has positive spillover effects on economy growth, but spillover effects mainly come from R&D spillovers of enterprises. The results from Spatial simultaneous equations between productivity and R&D from Multinational companies in China show that R&D spillovers from Multinational companies by neighboring areas has positive spillover effects on productivity. Regional R&D spatial spillover, R&D spatial spillovers of Multinational companies actively promote own R&D effort. What's more, R&D spatial spillovers have a positive direct and indirect spillover effects on productivity.
Finally, according to the assumption that the absorption capacity has effects on R&D spillover, this article establishes dynamic threshold panel data model and firstly examines the threshold value of different R&D spillovers. Using some variables such as openness, market-oriented, R&D effort, industry growth,the article measures the integrated absorption capacity unlike most existing literature using a single variable such as human capital to measure. We finds that different elements play different role in R&D spillovers in model of different spillover sources and that the threshold in different spillover sources has certain disparity. The above conclusion provides a quantitative basis with choice of appropriate technology.
引文
[1]易先忠.自主创新、技术模仿与中国技术赶超：[湖南大学博士学位论文].长沙：湖南大学,2008,5：1-4
[2]张维迎.经济高增长需要技术进步.中华工商时报,2003-11-20
[3]Marjolein C.J. Caniels. Knowledge spillovers and economic growth-regional growth differentials across MA.USA Europe Edward Elgar,2000,81-86
[4]Grossman Gene M, Helpman Elhanan. Innovation and growth in the global economy. The MIT Press Cambridge, MA,1991,112-135
[5]Griliches Z. R&D and productivity:econometric results and measurement issues, in P.Stoneman(eds). Handbook of the Econometric of Innovation and Technological Change. Cambridge:Basil Blackwell,1995,31-40
[6]Nadiri M Ishap. Innovations and technological spillovers. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 4423.1993,1-40
[7]Nelson Richard R. Modeling the connections in the cross section between technical progress and R&D internsity rand. Journal of Economics, 1988,478-485
[8]Griliches Z.The search for R&D spillovers. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 1992,(94):29-47
[9]王立平.知识溢出及其对我国区域经济增长作用的实证研究：[西南交通大学博士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学,2006,1-10
[10]Romer, P.Endogenous technological change. The Journal of Political Economy 1990, (5):71-102
[11]M.J.Moseley. Growth poles and growth centres. Oxford Market Economics, 1974,11(2):21-44
[12]E.J.Malecki. Technology and regional development:A Survey International Regional Scinence Review,1983,(8):89-125
[13]李青.知识溢出：对研究脉络的基本回顾.数量经济技术经济研究,2007,(6)：153-161
[14]Jaffe. A. Technological opportunity and spillovers of R&D evidence from firms patent, profits and market value.American Economic Review,1986,76: 984-1001
[15]Jaffe A.Real Effects of academic research. American Economic Review, 1989,79:957-970
[16]David B. Audretsch, M.P.Fledman. Knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation. Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics,2004,(4):2063-3073
[17]G.D.A.MacDougall.The benfits and costs of private investment from abroad:a theory approach. Economic Record,1960,36:13-35
[18]Stiglitz JE.A new view of technological change.Economic Journal, 1969,(79):116-131
[19]Branstetter LG. Looking for international knowledge spillovers-a review of the literature with suggestions for new approaches. Annales d'Economics et de Statistique,1998,(49):517-540
[20]Arrow, Kenneth J.The economic implications of learning by doing, The Review of Economic Studies,1962,(29):155-173
[21]Romer,P. Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Polotical Economy,1986,(94):1002-1037
[22]Lucas,R.E On the mechanics of economic development, Journal of Monetary Economics,1988,(22):3-42
[23]Krugman,P.,Increasing returns and economic geography,Journal of Polotical Economy,1991,(99):483-499
[24]Jaffe A,Trajtenberg M,Henderson R. Geographic location of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1993,108:577-598
[25]Anselin, L.,Varga A,Acs Z.Local geographic spillovers between university reasearch and high technology innovations. Journal of Urban Economics, 1997,42(3):422-448
[26]Verspagen BI, De Loo.Technology spillovers between sectors and over time. Technological Forecasting and Social Change,1999,(60):215-235
[27]宁军明.知识溢出与区域经济增长.北京：经济科学出版社,2008,77-81
[28]Coe D,Helpman E. International R&D spilovers.European Economic Review, 1995,39(8):59-87
[29]Bruno Van, Pottelsberghe De La Potterie.Issues in assessing,the effect of interindustry R&D spillovers. Economic System Research,1997,(9):331-356
[30]Philip McCann, Jaakko Simonen.Innovation, knowledge spillovers and local labour markets.Region Science,2005,(84):465-485
[31]Almeida P,Kogut B. Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks. Management Science,1999,45:905-916
[32]Belderbosa R, Carreeb M, Lokshinb B. Cooperative R&D and firm performance. Research Policy,2004,33:1477-1492
[33]Cassiman B,Veugelers R. R&D Cooperation and spillovers:Some empirical evidence from Belgium. American Economic Review,2002,92(4):1169-1184
[34]Fritsch M, Franke G. Innovation, regional knowledge spillovers and R&D cooperation. Research Policy,2004,33:245-255
[35]Najib Harabi. Channels of R&D spillovers:an empirical investigation of Swiss firms. Technovation,1997,17:627-635
[36]Rivera-Batiz, Luis,Paul Romer. Economic integration and endogenous growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1991,106(2):531-555
[37]朱春临.国际技术外溢与自主创新：[复旦大学博士论文].上海：复旦大学,2008,52-55
[38]Ethier, William. National and international returns to scale in the modern theory of international trade. Amercian Economics Review,1982,72:389-405
[39]Aghion Philippe,Howitt Peter. A model of growth through creative destruction.Econometrica,1992,60(2):323-351
[40]Connolly Michelle P. Technology,trade and growth:some empirical findings. Federal Reserve, Bank of New York Research Paper9727,1997,1-32
[41]Bernstein Jeffrey I M,Ishaq Nadiri. Interindustry R&D spillovers, rates of return, and production in high-tech industries.The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the One-Hundredth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association,1988,78(2):429-434
[42]Los B,Verspagen B. R&D spillovers and productivity:evidence from U.S. manufacturing micro data. Empirical Economics,2000,(25):127-148
[43]Werner Bonte.Spillovers from publicly financed business R&D:some empirical evidence from Germany. Research Policy,2004,33:1635-1655
[44]Mamuneas TP,Nadiri,M I. Public R&D policies and cost behavior of the US manufacturing industries. Journal of Industrial Organization,1996,215-239
[45]Mamuneas TP.Spillovers from publicly financed R&D captial in high-tech industries. International Journal of Public Economics,1999,63:83-102
[46]Terleckyj N E.What do R&D numbers tell us about technological Change?.American Economic Review,1980,70:55-61
[47]Edward N.Wolff,M.Ishap Nadiri. Spillover effects, linkage structure, and research and development. Structural Change and Economic Dynamic 1993,(4): 315-331
[48]Griliches Z,Lichtenbegr F. Interindustry technology flows and productivity growth:A reexamination.Review of Economics and Statistics,1984,66(2): 324-329
[49]Griliches Z.Patent statistics as economic indicators:a survey. Journal of Economic Literature.1990,1661-1701
[50]Joachim,Inkmann. Horizontal and vertical R&D cooperation center of finance and econometrics.Working Paper,1999,1-26
[51]Levin R C,Reiss P C. Tests of a schumpeterian model of R&D and market structure in Griliches Z, ed. R&D patents and productivity. Chicago University of Chicago Press,1984,36-51
[52]Inkmann J,Pohlmeier W.R&D spillovers,technological distance and innovation success, Working Paper of University of Konstanz Mimeo,1995,1-28
[53]Beise M,Stahl H.Public research and industrial innovations in Germany. Research Policy,1999,28(4):397-422
[54]Anselin, L.,Varga A,Acs Z.Local geographic spillovers between university reasearch and high technology innovations. Journal of Urban Economics, 1997,42(3):422-448
[55]Funke Niebuhr,Niebuhr Annekatrin. Regional geographic research and development spillovers and economic growth:evidence from west germany. Regional Studies,2005,39:143-153
[56]Anselin Luc. Spatial econometrics:methods and models.Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers,1988,76-89
[57]Griliches Z. Issues in assessing the contribution of research and development to productivity growth. The Bell Journal of Economics,1979,(10):92-116
[58]Spence M. Cost reduction competition and industry performance. Econometrical January,1984,(52):101-121
[59]Bernstein Jeffrey I.Cost of production,intra-and interindustry R&D spillovers:Canadian evidence.The Canadian Journal of Economics,1988,(21): 324-347
[60]Giuseppe Medda,Claudio APiga. Technological spillovers and productivity in Italian manufacturing. RCEA Working Paper 2008,(7):1-15
[61]Dalia Hakura,F. Jaumptte.The role of inter- and intraindustry trade in technology diffusion. IMF Working Paper NO.99/58,1999,1-25
[62]Park J. International and intersectoral R&D spillovers in the OECD and east Asian economies. Economic Inquiry,2004,42(4):739-757
[63]Keller. Trade and the transmission of technology. Journal of Economic Growth,2002,(7):5-24
[64]Frantzen D. Intersectoral and international R&D knowledge spillovers and total factor productivity growth.Scottish Jounal of Economics,2002,49(3):280-303
[65]Franco Malerba, Maria Luisa Mancusi, Fabio Montobbio. Innovation, international R&D spillovers and the sectoral heterogeneity of knowledge flows. KITES, Centre for Knowledge, Internationalization and Technology Studies, 2007,1-35
[66]Funke M A, Niebuhr.Regional geographic research and development spillovers and economic growth:evidence from west germany. Regional Studies,2005, 39:143-153
[67]王立平.我国高校R&D知识溢出的实证研究—以高技术产业为例.中国软科学,2005,(12)：54-59
[68]苏方林.中国省域R&D溢出的空间模式研究.科学学研究,2006,(5)：696-701
[69]吴玉鸣.空间计量经济模型在省域研发与创新中的应用研究.数量经济技术经济研究,2006,(1)：101-108
[70]Barro R, Sala-I-Martin X. Economic growth. McGraw-Hill, New York,1995, 38-51
[71]Alessandra Cassar, Rosella Nicolini,Spillovers and growth in a local interaction model,Annual of Regional Science.2008,(42):291-306
[72]Barro,Robert J,Xavier Sala-I-Martin.Economic Growth, MIT,2004,172-258
[73]尹静,平新乔.中国地区(制造业行业)间的技术溢出分析.产业经济研究,2006,(1)：1-10
[74]李小平,朱钟棣.国际贸易、R&D溢出和生产增长率.经济研究,2006,(2)：31-43
[75]韩颖,刘星宇,李丽君,孙志敏.我国产业间R&D溢出效应横向比较分析.预测,2007,(4)：69-75
[76]Dirk Frantzen. Intersectoral and international R&D knowledge spillovers and total factor productivity. Scottish Journal of Polotical Economy,2002,49(3): 280-303
[77]程华.科技资助促进企业R&D研究.科研管理,2005,(4)：68-71
[78]Verspagen B. Estimating international technology spillovers Using technology flow matrices. Weltwirtschafthches Archiv,1997,133:226-324
[79]Bernstein Jeffrey I. Interindustry R&D spillovers for electrical and electronic products:the Canadian case.Economic System Research,1997,111-125
[80]Odagiri H. Research activity, output growth, and productivity increase in Japanese manufacturing industries.Research Policy,1985,14:117-130
[81]Sveikauskas L.Technology inputs and multifactor productivity growth. Review of Economics and Statistics,1981,63:275-282
[82]Yamada T,Yamada T Liu G.Labor productivity and market competition in Japan. Working Paper No3800, NBER.1991,1-32
[83]Verspagen B. Measuring intersectoral spillovers:estimates from the European and US patent office databases.Economic Systems Research,1997,(9):47-66
[84]Jaffe, S.A.A price index for deflation of academic R&D expenditures.Washington, D.C.:The National Science Foundation (NSF) 1972, 72-310
[85]吴延兵.自主研发、技术引进与生产率—基于中国地区工业的实证研究.经济研究,2008,(8)：51-62
[86]Hall B H,Mairesse J. Exploring the relationship between R&D and productivity in French manufacturing firms. Journal of Econometrics,1995,65:263-293
[87]黄苹.物化溢出、纯知识溢出与生产率-中国制造业的实证.科学学研究,2010,(10)：1484-1489
[88]张晓峒.Eviews使用指南与案例.北京：机械工业出版社,2007,(2)：134-135
[89]Pedroni P.Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Special Issue, 1999, (61):653-669
[90]Pedroni. Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. Advances in Econometrics.2000, (15):93-130
[91]U. Banerjee,Approximation of the solution of a fourth order boundary value problem with nonsmooth coefficient,Numerische Mathematik,1986,(50): 125-145
[92]叶光.自举法与协整参数的FMOLS估计.数量经济技术经济研究,2009,(5)：132-144
[93]鄂永健,丁剑平.人民币汇率购买力平价的面板数据协整检验—基于与发达国家货币和发展中国家货币之间的比较研究.世界经济文汇,2006,(6)：47-55
[94]Phillips.P.C.B., B.E.Hansen. Stastistical inference in instrumental variables regression with Ⅰ(1)Processes. Reviews of Economic Studies,1990, (57): 99-125
[95]朱平芳,徐伟民.政府的科技激励政策对大中型工业企业R&D投入与专利产出的影响-上海市的实证研究.经济研究,2003,(6)：45-52
[96]原小能.制造业创新与服务业创新：比较与融合.财贸研究,2009,(3)：14-19
[97]Licht G, Hipp C,Kukuk. Innovation in the service sector:the demand for services-specific innovation measurement concepts and typologies.Research Policy,1997,517-535
[98]Sirilli G,Evangelista R.Technological innovation in services and manufacturing: results from Italian surveys. Research Policy,1998,27(9):881-899
[99]Kaiser U. Measuring knowledge spillovers in manufacturing and services:an empirical assessment of alternative appro aches. Research Policy,2002,31: 125-144
[100]Kleinknecht A.Measuring and analysing innovation in services and manufacturing:an assessment of the experience in the netherlands. Rotterdam Institute for Business Studies Discussion Paper,1998,1-28
[101]张军,吴桂英,张吉鹏.中国省际物质资本存量估算：1952-2000.经济研究,2004,10：35-44
[102]David P A,Hall B.H,Toole A A. Is Public R&D a complement or a substitute for private R&D? a review of the econometric evidence.Research Policy,2000, (29):497-529
[103]David M. Levy,Nestor E. Terleckyj.Effects of government R&D on private R&D investment and productivity:a macroeconomic analysis.The Bell Journal of Economics,1983,(14):551-561
[104]Martin T. Robson.Federal funding and the level of private expenditure on basic research.Southern Economic Journal,1993,(60):63-71
[105]吴延兵.R&D创新与生产率--中国工业的经验证据：[中国社会科学院博士学位论文].北京：中国社会科学院,2006,74-79
[106]Klaus Kultti, Tuomas Takalo.R&D spillovers and information exchange. Economic Letters,1998,(61):121-123
[107]Bernstein Jeffrey I.The structure of Canadian inter-industry R&D spillovers and the rates of return to R&D.The Journal of Industrial Economics, 1989,3(37):315-328
[108]Bernstein Jeffrey I. Cost of production,intra-and interindustry R&D spillovers: Canadian evidence. The Canadian Journal of Economics 1988,(21):324-347
[109]Wei Y, Liu X. Productivity spillovers from R&D exports and FDI in China's manufacturing sector.Journal of International Business Studies,2006,37: 544-557
[110]亓朋,许和连,艾洪山.外商直接投资企业对内资企业的溢出效应：对中国制造业企业的实证研究.管理世界,2008,(4)：58-68
[111]许和连,亓朋,李海峥.外商直接投资、劳动力市场与工资溢出效应.管理世界,2009,(9)：53-68
[112]王争,史晋川.转型时期中国工业生产绩效的地区差异及波动性的解释——基于随机前沿生产函数的分析.世界经济文汇,2007,(4)：29-45
[113]白俊红,江可申,李婧.中国地区研发创新的相对效率与全要素生产率增长分解.计量经济技术经济研究,2009,(3)：139-151
[114]哈尔R范里安.微观经济学：现代观点.上海：上海三联书店,2005,(11)：418-432
[115]黄薇.中国保险业范围经济的实证研究-基于广义超越对数成本函数的分析.数量经济技术经济研究,2007,(11)：86-95
[116]严太华.中国商业银行成本效率SFA方法的实证研究.金融理论与实践,2009,(1)：19-20
[117]Hyeogg Ug Kwon,Measuring the rate of return to R&D interindustry R&D spillover in Korean manufacturing industries.Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics,2003,(44):49-57.
[118]Andreas Poldahl. Domestic vs international spillovers:evidence from Swedish firm level data.Journal of Industry,Competition and Trade 2006,(6):277-294
[119]沈坤荣,李剑.企业间技术外溢的测度.经济研究,2009,(4)：77-89
[120]Kokko, A.Foreign direct investment, host country characteristics and spillovers economic. Research Institute, Stockholm.1992,1-30
[121]Lichtenberg F R.R&D investment and international productivity differences. In Horst Siebert,ed, Economic Growth in the World Economy:Symposium, Tu Bingen:Mohr,1992,89-110
[122]Frantzen D. Intersectoral and international R&D knowledge spillovers and total factor productivity growth.Scottish Jounal of Economics,2002,49 (3): 280-303
[123]Franco Malerba,et al. Innovation international R&D spillovers and the sectoral heterogeneity of knowledge flows. Working Paper, http://www.cespri. unibocconi.it, WP2041-35,2007,1-19
[124]Henrik Braconier, Fredrik Sjoholm.National and international spillover from R&D:comparing a neoclassical and endogenous growth approach. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,1998,134(4):638-663
[125]Coelli T J,et.al. An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis. Kluwer Academic Publishers,1998,58-63
[126]刘立涛.基于产业集群的高新区竞争力定量评价及提升机制：[湖南大学博士 学位论文].长沙：湖南大学,2008,41-45
[127]FareR S,Grosskopf M Norris,Z Zhang. Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficienvy change in industrialized countries.Amercian Economic Review,1994,84:66-83
[128]张海洋.R&D两面性、外资活动与中国工业生产率增长.经济研究,2005,(5)：107-117
[129]Griliches, Z.Firm productivity in Israeli industry 1979-1988.Journal of Econometrics,1995,(65):175-203
[130]Griliches, Z. Productivity, R&D and basic research at the firm level in the 1970s. American Economic Review,1986,76(6):141-154
[131]Griffith et al. Taxes and the location of production:evidence.Journal of Public Economics,1998,(68):335-367
[132]王少平,封福育.外商直接投资对中国贸易的效应与区域差异：基于动态面板数据模型的分析.世界经济,2006,(8)：23-30
[133]祝树金,付晓燕.政策优惠、经济环境影响FDI的动态效应与区域差异—兼论我国内外资企业所得税并轨.数量经济技术经济研究,2008,(1)：15-27
[134]Tomas Lindstrom. External economies at the firm level:evidence from Swedish manufacturing.Central Bank of Sweden Working Paper Series 1999,1-35
[135]Harald Badinger,Peter Egger.Intra- and inter-industry productivity spillovers in OECD manufacturing:a spatial econometric perspective. Cesifo Working Paper No.2181 Category Industrial Organisation,2008,1-21
[136]陈晓玲,李国平.我国地区经济收敛的空间面板数据模型分析.经济科学,2006,(5)：5-17
[137]张继红,吴玉鸣,何建坤.专利创新与区域经济增长关联机制的空间计量经济分析.科学学与科学技术管理,2007,1：83-89
[138]Michael Funke,Annekatrin Niebuhr. Spatial R&D spillovers and economic growth -evidence from west Germany. Hwwa Discussuion Paper Edited by the Department European Integration,2000,1-27
[139]林光平,龙志和,吴梅.我国地区经济收敛的空间计量实证分析：1978-2002年经济学(季刊),2005,(4)：67-82
[140]林光平,龙志和,吴梅.中国地区经济σ—收敛的空间计量实证分析.数量经济技术经济研究,2006,(4)：14-21
[141]姚德龙.中国省域工业集聚的空间计量经济学分析.统计与决策,2008,(3)123-125
[142]Mankiw G D. Romer, and D Weil. A contribution to the empirics of economic growth.Quarterly Journal of Economics,1992,407-437
[143]王铮.中美间R&D溢出估计.科学学研究,2003,(4)：396-399
[144]赵彦云,张明倩.东盟10+3区域R&D投入与经济增长分析.科技管理研究,2005,(12)：66-69
[145]Lichtenberg F R.R&D Investment and international productivity differences. In Horst siebert,ed, Economic Growth in the World Economy:Symposium, Tu Bingen:Mohr,1992,89-110
[146]包群,彭水军,阳小晓.是否存在环境库兹涅茨倒U型曲线?——基于六类污染指标的经验研究.上海经济研究,2005,(12)：3-13
[147]黄苹.自主创新、技术模仿与地区经济增长.软科学,2008,(8)：78-81
[148]Pearce.R.D.The Internationalization of research and development by multinational enterprises, Macmillan London,1989,3:297-311
[149]Zejan.Mario.C.R&D activities in affiliates of Swedish multinational enterprises, Scandinavian Journal of Economics,1990,(3):487-500
[150]Kuemmerle W.Home base and investment into research and development abroad.Research Policy,1999,28(2):179-192
[151]Kumar, Nagesh. Determinants of location of overseas R&D activity of multinational enterprises:the case of US and Japanese corporations. Research Policy,2001,(30):159-174
[152]Rapp R T,R P Rozek.Benefits and costs of intellectual property protection in developing countries.Working paper of National Economic Research Associates, 1nc,1990, (3):1-20
[153]Florida R L. The Globalization of R&D:results of a survey of foreign-affiliated R&D laboratories in the USA. Research Policy,1997,(26):85-103
[154]Cantwell J, L Piscitello. The Location of technological activities of MNCs in european regions:the role of spillovers and local competencies. Journal of International Management,2002,(8):69-96
[155]喻世友,万欣荣,史卫.论跨国公司R&D投资的国别选择.管理世界,2004,(1)：46-61
[156]何琼,王铮.跨国R&D投资在中国的区位因素分析.中国软科学,2006,(7)：72-77
[157]薛澜,沈群红,王书贵.全球化战略下跨国公司在华研发投资布局—基于跨国公司在华独立研发机构行业分布差异的实证分析.管理世界,2002,(3)：33-42
[158]杜群阳.跨国公司在华R&D机构的问卷调研—动机、职能与技术外溢渠道.中国工业经济,2007,(5)：121-128
[159]Coughlin C C, E Segev.Foreign direct investment in China:a spatial econometric study. The World Economy,2000,23(1):1-23
[160]Ke S.Agglomeration, Productivity and spatial spillovers.Annals of Regional Science Forthcoming, DOI 10.1007/s00168-008-0285-0,2009,1-18
[161]柯善咨.扩散与回流：城市在中部崛起中的主导作用.管理世界,2009,(1)：61-71
[162]郑秀君.我国外商直接投资技术溢出效应实证研究述评.数量经济技术经济研究,2006,(9)：58-68
[163]Rey, S. J.,Boarnet, M. G. A taxonomy of spatial econometric models for simultaneous equations systems.Advances in Spatial Econometrics,2004, 99-119
[164]张宇,蒋殿春.FDI技术外溢的地区差异与门槛效应—基于DEA与中国省际面板数据的实证检验.当代经济科学,2007,(5)：101-111
[165]Findley.R.Relative backwardness,Direct foreign investment and the transfer of technology:a simple dynamic model.Quarterly Journal of Economics,1978 (92):1-16
[166]Luis A. Rivera Batiz, Paul M. Romer.International trade with endogenous te-chnological change. European Economic Review,1991,(35):971-1001
[167]郑秀君.我国外国直接投资技术溢出效应影响因素的实证研究.国际贸易问题,2007,(3)：72-77
[168]W.Keller.Absorptive capacity:on the creation and acquisition of technology in development. Journal of Development Economics,1996,(49):199-227
[169]E.Borenztein,De Gregorio J,Lee, J.W. How does foreign investment affect economic growth.Journal of International Economics,1998,(45):115-135
[170]杨俊.国内外R&D溢出与技术创新：对人力资本门槛的检验.中国软科学,2009,(4)：31-41
[171]符宁.人力资本、研发强度与进口贸易技术溢出-基于我国吸收能力的实证研究.世界经济研究,2007,(11)：37-42
[172]Cohen W M, Levinthal D A. Innovation and learning:the two faces of R &D.The Rconomic Journal,1989,(9):569-596
[173]E.Mansfield, Composition of R&D expenditures:relationship to size of firm, concentration, and innovative output The Review of Economics and Statistics 1981,(63):610-615
[174]Du, L., Harrison, A.E.Jefferson G.Testing for horizontal and vertical foreign investment spillovers in China:1998-2005. University of California,2008,1-35
[175]陈琳.外商直接投资对中国制造业企业的溢出效应：基于企业所有制结构的视角管理世界2009,(9)：24-33
[176]葛小寒,陈凌.国际R&D溢出的技术进步效应-基于吸收能力的实证分析.数量经济技术经济研究,2009,(7)：86-98
[177]何洁.外国直接投资对中国工业部门外溢效应的进一步精确量化.世界经济,2000,(12)：29-36
[178]陈涛涛,陈娇.行业增长因素与我国FDI行业内溢出效应.经济研究,2006,(6)：39-47
[179]包群,赖明勇.FDI技术外溢的动态测算及原因解释.统计研究,2003,(6)：33-38
[180]Quandt R E.The estimation of a linear rearession system obeying.two separate regimes. Journal of the American Statistical Association,1958,53:873-880
[181]刘厚俊,刘正良.人力资本门槛与FDI效应吸收-中国地区数据的实证检验.经济科学,2006,(5)：90-98
[182]M.C.J, Caniels.Knowledge spillovers and economic growth-regional growth differentials across Europe.Edward Elgar Publishing,2000,36-42
[183]郑展,韩伯棠,张向东.区域知识溢出与吸收能力研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2007,(4)：97-101
[184]Kaiser The application of electronic computers to factor analysis.Education and Psychological Measurement,1960,(20):141-151
[185]王泉泉,李晶.跨国公司在华研发投资：溢出效应与制约因素.前沿,2006,(2)：46-48
[2]张维迎.经济高增长需要技术进步.中华工商时报,2003-11-20
[3]Marjolein C.J. Caniels. Knowledge spillovers and economic growth-regional growth differentials across MA.USA Europe Edward Elgar,2000,81-86
[4]Grossman Gene M, Helpman Elhanan. Innovation and growth in the global economy. The MIT Press Cambridge, MA,1991,112-135
[5]Griliches Z. R&D and productivity:econometric results and measurement issues, in P.Stoneman(eds). Handbook of the Econometric of Innovation and Technological Change. Cambridge:Basil Blackwell,1995,31-40
[6]Nadiri M Ishap. Innovations and technological spillovers. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 4423.1993,1-40
[7]Nelson Richard R. Modeling the connections in the cross section between technical progress and R&D internsity rand. Journal of Economics, 1988,478-485
[8]Griliches Z.The search for R&D spillovers. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 1992,(94):29-47
[9]王立平.知识溢出及其对我国区域经济增长作用的实证研究：[西南交通大学博士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学,2006,1-10
[10]Romer, P.Endogenous technological change. The Journal of Political Economy 1990, (5):71-102
[11]M.J.Moseley. Growth poles and growth centres. Oxford Market Economics, 1974,11(2):21-44
[12]E.J.Malecki. Technology and regional development:A Survey International Regional Scinence Review,1983,(8):89-125
[13]李青.知识溢出：对研究脉络的基本回顾.数量经济技术经济研究,2007,(6)：153-161
[14]Jaffe. A. Technological opportunity and spillovers of R&D evidence from firms patent, profits and market value.American Economic Review,1986,76: 984-1001
[15]Jaffe A.Real Effects of academic research. American Economic Review, 1989,79:957-970
[16]David B. Audretsch, M.P.Fledman. Knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation. Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics,2004,(4):2063-3073
[17]G.D.A.MacDougall.The benfits and costs of private investment from abroad:a theory approach. Economic Record,1960,36:13-35
[18]Stiglitz JE.A new view of technological change.Economic Journal, 1969,(79):116-131
[19]Branstetter LG. Looking for international knowledge spillovers-a review of the literature with suggestions for new approaches. Annales d'Economics et de Statistique,1998,(49):517-540
[20]Arrow, Kenneth J.The economic implications of learning by doing, The Review of Economic Studies,1962,(29):155-173
[21]Romer,P. Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Polotical Economy,1986,(94):1002-1037
[22]Lucas,R.E On the mechanics of economic development, Journal of Monetary Economics,1988,(22):3-42
[23]Krugman,P.,Increasing returns and economic geography,Journal of Polotical Economy,1991,(99):483-499
[24]Jaffe A,Trajtenberg M,Henderson R. Geographic location of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1993,108:577-598
[25]Anselin, L.,Varga A,Acs Z.Local geographic spillovers between university reasearch and high technology innovations. Journal of Urban Economics, 1997,42(3):422-448
[26]Verspagen BI, De Loo.Technology spillovers between sectors and over time. Technological Forecasting and Social Change,1999,(60):215-235
[27]宁军明.知识溢出与区域经济增长.北京：经济科学出版社,2008,77-81
[28]Coe D,Helpman E. International R&D spilovers.European Economic Review, 1995,39(8):59-87
[29]Bruno Van, Pottelsberghe De La Potterie.Issues in assessing,the effect of interindustry R&D spillovers. Economic System Research,1997,(9):331-356
[30]Philip McCann, Jaakko Simonen.Innovation, knowledge spillovers and local labour markets.Region Science,2005,(84):465-485
[31]Almeida P,Kogut B. Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks. Management Science,1999,45:905-916
[32]Belderbosa R, Carreeb M, Lokshinb B. Cooperative R&D and firm performance. Research Policy,2004,33:1477-1492
[33]Cassiman B,Veugelers R. R&D Cooperation and spillovers:Some empirical evidence from Belgium. American Economic Review,2002,92(4):1169-1184
[34]Fritsch M, Franke G. Innovation, regional knowledge spillovers and R&D cooperation. Research Policy,2004,33:245-255
[35]Najib Harabi. Channels of R&D spillovers:an empirical investigation of Swiss firms. Technovation,1997,17:627-635
[36]Rivera-Batiz, Luis,Paul Romer. Economic integration and endogenous growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1991,106(2):531-555
[37]朱春临.国际技术外溢与自主创新：[复旦大学博士论文].上海：复旦大学,2008,52-55
[38]Ethier, William. National and international returns to scale in the modern theory of international trade. Amercian Economics Review,1982,72:389-405
[39]Aghion Philippe,Howitt Peter. A model of growth through creative destruction.Econometrica,1992,60(2):323-351
[40]Connolly Michelle P. Technology,trade and growth:some empirical findings. Federal Reserve, Bank of New York Research Paper9727,1997,1-32
[41]Bernstein Jeffrey I M,Ishaq Nadiri. Interindustry R&D spillovers, rates of return, and production in high-tech industries.The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the One-Hundredth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association,1988,78(2):429-434
[42]Los B,Verspagen B. R&D spillovers and productivity:evidence from U.S. manufacturing micro data. Empirical Economics,2000,(25):127-148
[43]Werner Bonte.Spillovers from publicly financed business R&D:some empirical evidence from Germany. Research Policy,2004,33:1635-1655
[44]Mamuneas TP,Nadiri,M I. Public R&D policies and cost behavior of the US manufacturing industries. Journal of Industrial Organization,1996,215-239
[45]Mamuneas TP.Spillovers from publicly financed R&D captial in high-tech industries. International Journal of Public Economics,1999,63:83-102
[46]Terleckyj N E.What do R&D numbers tell us about technological Change?.American Economic Review,1980,70:55-61
[47]Edward N.Wolff,M.Ishap Nadiri. Spillover effects, linkage structure, and research and development. Structural Change and Economic Dynamic 1993,(4): 315-331
[48]Griliches Z,Lichtenbegr F. Interindustry technology flows and productivity growth:A reexamination.Review of Economics and Statistics,1984,66(2): 324-329
[49]Griliches Z.Patent statistics as economic indicators:a survey. Journal of Economic Literature.1990,1661-1701
[50]Joachim,Inkmann. Horizontal and vertical R&D cooperation center of finance and econometrics.Working Paper,1999,1-26
[51]Levin R C,Reiss P C. Tests of a schumpeterian model of R&D and market structure in Griliches Z, ed. R&D patents and productivity. Chicago University of Chicago Press,1984,36-51
[52]Inkmann J,Pohlmeier W.R&D spillovers,technological distance and innovation success, Working Paper of University of Konstanz Mimeo,1995,1-28
[53]Beise M,Stahl H.Public research and industrial innovations in Germany. Research Policy,1999,28(4):397-422
[54]Anselin, L.,Varga A,Acs Z.Local geographic spillovers between university reasearch and high technology innovations. Journal of Urban Economics, 1997,42(3):422-448
[55]Funke Niebuhr,Niebuhr Annekatrin. Regional geographic research and development spillovers and economic growth:evidence from west germany. Regional Studies,2005,39:143-153
[56]Anselin Luc. Spatial econometrics:methods and models.Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers,1988,76-89
[57]Griliches Z. Issues in assessing the contribution of research and development to productivity growth. The Bell Journal of Economics,1979,(10):92-116
[58]Spence M. Cost reduction competition and industry performance. Econometrical January,1984,(52):101-121
[59]Bernstein Jeffrey I.Cost of production,intra-and interindustry R&D spillovers:Canadian evidence.The Canadian Journal of Economics,1988,(21): 324-347
[60]Giuseppe Medda,Claudio APiga. Technological spillovers and productivity in Italian manufacturing. RCEA Working Paper 2008,(7):1-15
[61]Dalia Hakura,F. Jaumptte.The role of inter- and intraindustry trade in technology diffusion. IMF Working Paper NO.99/58,1999,1-25
[62]Park J. International and intersectoral R&D spillovers in the OECD and east Asian economies. Economic Inquiry,2004,42(4):739-757
[63]Keller. Trade and the transmission of technology. Journal of Economic Growth,2002,(7):5-24
[64]Frantzen D. Intersectoral and international R&D knowledge spillovers and total factor productivity growth.Scottish Jounal of Economics,2002,49(3):280-303
[65]Franco Malerba, Maria Luisa Mancusi, Fabio Montobbio. Innovation, international R&D spillovers and the sectoral heterogeneity of knowledge flows. KITES, Centre for Knowledge, Internationalization and Technology Studies, 2007,1-35
[66]Funke M A, Niebuhr.Regional geographic research and development spillovers and economic growth:evidence from west germany. Regional Studies,2005, 39:143-153
[67]王立平.我国高校R&D知识溢出的实证研究—以高技术产业为例.中国软科学,2005,(12)：54-59
[68]苏方林.中国省域R&D溢出的空间模式研究.科学学研究,2006,(5)：696-701
[69]吴玉鸣.空间计量经济模型在省域研发与创新中的应用研究.数量经济技术经济研究,2006,(1)：101-108
[70]Barro R, Sala-I-Martin X. Economic growth. McGraw-Hill, New York,1995, 38-51
[71]Alessandra Cassar, Rosella Nicolini,Spillovers and growth in a local interaction model,Annual of Regional Science.2008,(42):291-306
[72]Barro,Robert J,Xavier Sala-I-Martin.Economic Growth, MIT,2004,172-258
[73]尹静,平新乔.中国地区(制造业行业)间的技术溢出分析.产业经济研究,2006,(1)：1-10
[74]李小平,朱钟棣.国际贸易、R&D溢出和生产增长率.经济研究,2006,(2)：31-43
[75]韩颖,刘星宇,李丽君,孙志敏.我国产业间R&D溢出效应横向比较分析.预测,2007,(4)：69-75
[76]Dirk Frantzen. Intersectoral and international R&D knowledge spillovers and total factor productivity. Scottish Journal of Polotical Economy,2002,49(3): 280-303
[77]程华.科技资助促进企业R&D研究.科研管理,2005,(4)：68-71
[78]Verspagen B. Estimating international technology spillovers Using technology flow matrices. Weltwirtschafthches Archiv,1997,133:226-324
[79]Bernstein Jeffrey I. Interindustry R&D spillovers for electrical and electronic products:the Canadian case.Economic System Research,1997,111-125
[80]Odagiri H. Research activity, output growth, and productivity increase in Japanese manufacturing industries.Research Policy,1985,14:117-130
[81]Sveikauskas L.Technology inputs and multifactor productivity growth. Review of Economics and Statistics,1981,63:275-282
[82]Yamada T,Yamada T Liu G.Labor productivity and market competition in Japan. Working Paper No3800, NBER.1991,1-32
[83]Verspagen B. Measuring intersectoral spillovers:estimates from the European and US patent office databases.Economic Systems Research,1997,(9):47-66
[84]Jaffe, S.A.A price index for deflation of academic R&D expenditures.Washington, D.C.:The National Science Foundation (NSF) 1972, 72-310
[85]吴延兵.自主研发、技术引进与生产率—基于中国地区工业的实证研究.经济研究,2008,(8)：51-62
[86]Hall B H,Mairesse J. Exploring the relationship between R&D and productivity in French manufacturing firms. Journal of Econometrics,1995,65:263-293
[87]黄苹.物化溢出、纯知识溢出与生产率-中国制造业的实证.科学学研究,2010,(10)：1484-1489
[88]张晓峒.Eviews使用指南与案例.北京：机械工业出版社,2007,(2)：134-135
[89]Pedroni P.Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Special Issue, 1999, (61):653-669
[90]Pedroni. Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. Advances in Econometrics.2000, (15):93-130
[91]U. Banerjee,Approximation of the solution of a fourth order boundary value problem with nonsmooth coefficient,Numerische Mathematik,1986,(50): 125-145
[92]叶光.自举法与协整参数的FMOLS估计.数量经济技术经济研究,2009,(5)：132-144
[93]鄂永健,丁剑平.人民币汇率购买力平价的面板数据协整检验—基于与发达国家货币和发展中国家货币之间的比较研究.世界经济文汇,2006,(6)：47-55
[94]Phillips.P.C.B., B.E.Hansen. Stastistical inference in instrumental variables regression with Ⅰ(1)Processes. Reviews of Economic Studies,1990, (57): 99-125
[95]朱平芳,徐伟民.政府的科技激励政策对大中型工业企业R&D投入与专利产出的影响-上海市的实证研究.经济研究,2003,(6)：45-52
[96]原小能.制造业创新与服务业创新：比较与融合.财贸研究,2009,(3)：14-19
[97]Licht G, Hipp C,Kukuk. Innovation in the service sector:the demand for services-specific innovation measurement concepts and typologies.Research Policy,1997,517-535
[98]Sirilli G,Evangelista R.Technological innovation in services and manufacturing: results from Italian surveys. Research Policy,1998,27(9):881-899
[99]Kaiser U. Measuring knowledge spillovers in manufacturing and services:an empirical assessment of alternative appro aches. Research Policy,2002,31: 125-144
[100]Kleinknecht A.Measuring and analysing innovation in services and manufacturing:an assessment of the experience in the netherlands. Rotterdam Institute for Business Studies Discussion Paper,1998,1-28
[101]张军,吴桂英,张吉鹏.中国省际物质资本存量估算：1952-2000.经济研究,2004,10：35-44
[102]David P A,Hall B.H,Toole A A. Is Public R&D a complement or a substitute for private R&D? a review of the econometric evidence.Research Policy,2000, (29):497-529
[103]David M. Levy,Nestor E. Terleckyj.Effects of government R&D on private R&D investment and productivity:a macroeconomic analysis.The Bell Journal of Economics,1983,(14):551-561
[104]Martin T. Robson.Federal funding and the level of private expenditure on basic research.Southern Economic Journal,1993,(60):63-71
[105]吴延兵.R&D创新与生产率--中国工业的经验证据：[中国社会科学院博士学位论文].北京：中国社会科学院,2006,74-79
[106]Klaus Kultti, Tuomas Takalo.R&D spillovers and information exchange. Economic Letters,1998,(61):121-123
[107]Bernstein Jeffrey I.The structure of Canadian inter-industry R&D spillovers and the rates of return to R&D.The Journal of Industrial Economics, 1989,3(37):315-328
[108]Bernstein Jeffrey I. Cost of production,intra-and interindustry R&D spillovers: Canadian evidence. The Canadian Journal of Economics 1988,(21):324-347
[109]Wei Y, Liu X. Productivity spillovers from R&D exports and FDI in China's manufacturing sector.Journal of International Business Studies,2006,37: 544-557
[110]亓朋,许和连,艾洪山.外商直接投资企业对内资企业的溢出效应：对中国制造业企业的实证研究.管理世界,2008,(4)：58-68
[111]许和连,亓朋,李海峥.外商直接投资、劳动力市场与工资溢出效应.管理世界,2009,(9)：53-68
[112]王争,史晋川.转型时期中国工业生产绩效的地区差异及波动性的解释——基于随机前沿生产函数的分析.世界经济文汇,2007,(4)：29-45
[113]白俊红,江可申,李婧.中国地区研发创新的相对效率与全要素生产率增长分解.计量经济技术经济研究,2009,(3)：139-151
[114]哈尔R范里安.微观经济学：现代观点.上海：上海三联书店,2005,(11)：418-432
[115]黄薇.中国保险业范围经济的实证研究-基于广义超越对数成本函数的分析.数量经济技术经济研究,2007,(11)：86-95
[116]严太华.中国商业银行成本效率SFA方法的实证研究.金融理论与实践,2009,(1)：19-20
[117]Hyeogg Ug Kwon,Measuring the rate of return to R&D interindustry R&D spillover in Korean manufacturing industries.Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics,2003,(44):49-57.
[118]Andreas Poldahl. Domestic vs international spillovers:evidence from Swedish firm level data.Journal of Industry,Competition and Trade 2006,(6):277-294
[119]沈坤荣,李剑.企业间技术外溢的测度.经济研究,2009,(4)：77-89
[120]Kokko, A.Foreign direct investment, host country characteristics and spillovers economic. Research Institute, Stockholm.1992,1-30
[121]Lichtenberg F R.R&D investment and international productivity differences. In Horst Siebert,ed, Economic Growth in the World Economy:Symposium, Tu Bingen:Mohr,1992,89-110
[122]Frantzen D. Intersectoral and international R&D knowledge spillovers and total factor productivity growth.Scottish Jounal of Economics,2002,49 (3): 280-303
[123]Franco Malerba,et al. Innovation international R&D spillovers and the sectoral heterogeneity of knowledge flows. Working Paper, http://www.cespri. unibocconi.it, WP2041-35,2007,1-19
[124]Henrik Braconier, Fredrik Sjoholm.National and international spillover from R&D:comparing a neoclassical and endogenous growth approach. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,1998,134(4):638-663
[125]Coelli T J,et.al. An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis. Kluwer Academic Publishers,1998,58-63
[126]刘立涛.基于产业集群的高新区竞争力定量评价及提升机制：[湖南大学博士 学位论文].长沙：湖南大学,2008,41-45
[127]FareR S,Grosskopf M Norris,Z Zhang. Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficienvy change in industrialized countries.Amercian Economic Review,1994,84:66-83
[128]张海洋.R&D两面性、外资活动与中国工业生产率增长.经济研究,2005,(5)：107-117
[129]Griliches, Z.Firm productivity in Israeli industry 1979-1988.Journal of Econometrics,1995,(65):175-203
[130]Griliches, Z. Productivity, R&D and basic research at the firm level in the 1970s. American Economic Review,1986,76(6):141-154
[131]Griffith et al. Taxes and the location of production:evidence.Journal of Public Economics,1998,(68):335-367
[132]王少平,封福育.外商直接投资对中国贸易的效应与区域差异：基于动态面板数据模型的分析.世界经济,2006,(8)：23-30
[133]祝树金,付晓燕.政策优惠、经济环境影响FDI的动态效应与区域差异—兼论我国内外资企业所得税并轨.数量经济技术经济研究,2008,(1)：15-27
[134]Tomas Lindstrom. External economies at the firm level:evidence from Swedish manufacturing.Central Bank of Sweden Working Paper Series 1999,1-35
[135]Harald Badinger,Peter Egger.Intra- and inter-industry productivity spillovers in OECD manufacturing:a spatial econometric perspective. Cesifo Working Paper No.2181 Category Industrial Organisation,2008,1-21
[136]陈晓玲,李国平.我国地区经济收敛的空间面板数据模型分析.经济科学,2006,(5)：5-17
[137]张继红,吴玉鸣,何建坤.专利创新与区域经济增长关联机制的空间计量经济分析.科学学与科学技术管理,2007,1：83-89
[138]Michael Funke,Annekatrin Niebuhr. Spatial R&D spillovers and economic growth -evidence from west Germany. Hwwa Discussuion Paper Edited by the Department European Integration,2000,1-27
[139]林光平,龙志和,吴梅.我国地区经济收敛的空间计量实证分析：1978-2002年经济学(季刊),2005,(4)：67-82
[140]林光平,龙志和,吴梅.中国地区经济σ—收敛的空间计量实证分析.数量经济技术经济研究,2006,(4)：14-21
[141]姚德龙.中国省域工业集聚的空间计量经济学分析.统计与决策,2008,(3)123-125
[142]Mankiw G D. Romer, and D Weil. A contribution to the empirics of economic growth.Quarterly Journal of Economics,1992,407-437
[143]王铮.中美间R&D溢出估计.科学学研究,2003,(4)：396-399
[144]赵彦云,张明倩.东盟10+3区域R&D投入与经济增长分析.科技管理研究,2005,(12)：66-69
[145]Lichtenberg F R.R&D Investment and international productivity differences. In Horst siebert,ed, Economic Growth in the World Economy:Symposium, Tu Bingen:Mohr,1992,89-110
[146]包群,彭水军,阳小晓.是否存在环境库兹涅茨倒U型曲线?——基于六类污染指标的经验研究.上海经济研究,2005,(12)：3-13
[147]黄苹.自主创新、技术模仿与地区经济增长.软科学,2008,(8)：78-81
[148]Pearce.R.D.The Internationalization of research and development by multinational enterprises, Macmillan London,1989,3:297-311
[149]Zejan.Mario.C.R&D activities in affiliates of Swedish multinational enterprises, Scandinavian Journal of Economics,1990,(3):487-500
[150]Kuemmerle W.Home base and investment into research and development abroad.Research Policy,1999,28(2):179-192
[151]Kumar, Nagesh. Determinants of location of overseas R&D activity of multinational enterprises:the case of US and Japanese corporations. Research Policy,2001,(30):159-174
[152]Rapp R T,R P Rozek.Benefits and costs of intellectual property protection in developing countries.Working paper of National Economic Research Associates, 1nc,1990, (3):1-20
[153]Florida R L. The Globalization of R&D:results of a survey of foreign-affiliated R&D laboratories in the USA. Research Policy,1997,(26):85-103
[154]Cantwell J, L Piscitello. The Location of technological activities of MNCs in european regions:the role of spillovers and local competencies. Journal of International Management,2002,(8):69-96
[155]喻世友,万欣荣,史卫.论跨国公司R&D投资的国别选择.管理世界,2004,(1)：46-61
[156]何琼,王铮.跨国R&D投资在中国的区位因素分析.中国软科学,2006,(7)：72-77
[157]薛澜,沈群红,王书贵.全球化战略下跨国公司在华研发投资布局—基于跨国公司在华独立研发机构行业分布差异的实证分析.管理世界,2002,(3)：33-42
[158]杜群阳.跨国公司在华R&D机构的问卷调研—动机、职能与技术外溢渠道.中国工业经济,2007,(5)：121-128
[159]Coughlin C C, E Segev.Foreign direct investment in China:a spatial econometric study. The World Economy,2000,23(1):1-23
[160]Ke S.Agglomeration, Productivity and spatial spillovers.Annals of Regional Science Forthcoming, DOI 10.1007/s00168-008-0285-0,2009,1-18
[161]柯善咨.扩散与回流：城市在中部崛起中的主导作用.管理世界,2009,(1)：61-71
[162]郑秀君.我国外商直接投资技术溢出效应实证研究述评.数量经济技术经济研究,2006,(9)：58-68
[163]Rey, S. J.,Boarnet, M. G. A taxonomy of spatial econometric models for simultaneous equations systems.Advances in Spatial Econometrics,2004, 99-119
[164]张宇,蒋殿春.FDI技术外溢的地区差异与门槛效应—基于DEA与中国省际面板数据的实证检验.当代经济科学,2007,(5)：101-111
[165]Findley.R.Relative backwardness,Direct foreign investment and the transfer of technology:a simple dynamic model.Quarterly Journal of Economics,1978 (92):1-16
[166]Luis A. Rivera Batiz, Paul M. Romer.International trade with endogenous te-chnological change. European Economic Review,1991,(35):971-1001
[167]郑秀君.我国外国直接投资技术溢出效应影响因素的实证研究.国际贸易问题,2007,(3)：72-77
[168]W.Keller.Absorptive capacity:on the creation and acquisition of technology in development. Journal of Development Economics,1996,(49):199-227
[169]E.Borenztein,De Gregorio J,Lee, J.W. How does foreign investment affect economic growth.Journal of International Economics,1998,(45):115-135
[170]杨俊.国内外R&D溢出与技术创新：对人力资本门槛的检验.中国软科学,2009,(4)：31-41
[171]符宁.人力资本、研发强度与进口贸易技术溢出-基于我国吸收能力的实证研究.世界经济研究,2007,(11)：37-42
[172]Cohen W M, Levinthal D A. Innovation and learning:the two faces of R &D.The Rconomic Journal,1989,(9):569-596
[173]E.Mansfield, Composition of R&D expenditures:relationship to size of firm, concentration, and innovative output The Review of Economics and Statistics 1981,(63):610-615
[174]Du, L., Harrison, A.E.Jefferson G.Testing for horizontal and vertical foreign investment spillovers in China:1998-2005. University of California,2008,1-35
[175]陈琳.外商直接投资对中国制造业企业的溢出效应：基于企业所有制结构的视角管理世界2009,(9)：24-33
[176]葛小寒,陈凌.国际R&D溢出的技术进步效应-基于吸收能力的实证分析.数量经济技术经济研究,2009,(7)：86-98
[177]何洁.外国直接投资对中国工业部门外溢效应的进一步精确量化.世界经济,2000,(12)：29-36
[178]陈涛涛,陈娇.行业增长因素与我国FDI行业内溢出效应.经济研究,2006,(6)：39-47
[179]包群,赖明勇.FDI技术外溢的动态测算及原因解释.统计研究,2003,(6)：33-38
[180]Quandt R E.The estimation of a linear rearession system obeying.two separate regimes. Journal of the American Statistical Association,1958,53:873-880
[181]刘厚俊,刘正良.人力资本门槛与FDI效应吸收-中国地区数据的实证检验.经济科学,2006,(5)：90-98
[182]M.C.J, Caniels.Knowledge spillovers and economic growth-regional growth differentials across Europe.Edward Elgar Publishing,2000,36-42
[183]郑展,韩伯棠,张向东.区域知识溢出与吸收能力研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2007,(4)：97-101
[184]Kaiser The application of electronic computers to factor analysis.Education and Psychological Measurement,1960,(20):141-151
[185]王泉泉,李晶.跨国公司在华研发投资：溢出效应与制约因素.前沿,2006,(2)：46-48