进气掺混CO_2对DME发动机燃烧与非常规排放物影响的研究
|
摘要
面临能源危机和环境污染的双重挑战,内燃机的高效清洁燃烧已经在各国内燃机界引起了广泛的关注。二甲醚(DME)因其突出的理化特性及超低排放被认为是清洁高效的车用发动机燃料,近年来国内外开展了大量的二甲醚燃烧性能和排放的实验与模拟研究。
本文首先就内燃机代用燃料的发展以及二甲醚的理化特性与在发动机上的应用,EGR技术的发展进行了简要的介绍。然后对DME发动机燃烧的非常规排放物进行了变参数试验研究,得到了限制非常规排放物的试验条件与发动机运行参数。探讨了非常规排放物的反应机理及非常规排放物与常规排放物(甲醛与HC排放、甲酸与NO排放)之间的关系。
建立了进气掺混CO_2的DME发动机试验台架,自行设计了台架的进气系统,校准了瑞士生产的高精度Kistler压电传感器同与之配套的电荷放大器,设置了测量非常规排放物的傅立叶变换红外分析仪的CALCMET检测库。在燃烧性能与排放的试验中,测量了CO_2添加后,DME发动机的缸内压力、压力升高率及压力升高加速度,油耗率、排气温度、噪声、过量空气系数,排气中的常规排放物CO、CO_2、O_2、HC与NOx,以及非常规排放物甲醛,甲酸与甲酸甲酯的浓度。为进一步深入的理论计算提供了大量的实验数据。
采用watson零维模型就进气添加CO_2对DME发动机燃烧特性参数(如缸内温度,比热比等)与性能参数(如缸内压力)的影响进行了数值模拟与试验验证,证实了watson模型及其计算程序的有效性。同时。利用实测的发动机示功图,进行了DME发动机燃烧放热率的计算与参数分析研究。
在watson零维模型的基础上,采用准维多区模型对DME发动机NOx的排放进行数值模拟,探讨了其随CO_2掺混量变化而变化的规律,并且通过试验数据验证了该模型的适用性和良好的预测能力。
Facing the double challenges of energy crisis and enviriomental pollution, the hight efficient and clean combustion of internal combustion engine (ICE) were more and more concerned world widely. The excellent physical - chemical characteristics and ultra low emission of DME (Dimethyl Ether) made it as a clean and high efficient alternative fuel of automotive. A great many of experimental and numerical research on the combustion and emission of DME were carried out around the world during recent years.
The development of alternative fuels, physical-chemical characteristics of DME and its application on ICE and the EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) were introduced firstly in this paper. The suitable parameters of the test engine for DME are obtained from the experimental study of variable parameters of DME engine. The relationships between regular and un-regulated emissions of DME engine were discussed in this paper.
The experimental setups of the effect of CO_2 addition in intake air on combustion and unregulated emissions of DME engine were established. The design of intake air system and the calibration of high precision Kistler pressure sensor with the supporting charge amplifier and the establishment of library of CALCMET of FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) which used for the detection of the unregulated emissions were accomplished by the author. The in-cylinder pressure, the rate of pressure rise and the acceleration of pressure rise, the rate of DME consumption ,emission temperature, noise, excess, air coefficient, the concentrations of CO, CO_2, O_2, HCand NOx, HCHO(fomaldehyde), HCOOH(formic acid) and CH3OCHO(methyl formate) were also measured during the experiment. These datas could be used for the further numericial studys.
Based on the experimental studys, the in-cylinder temperature and specific heat ratio and the in-cylinder pressure were calculated by watson zero dimentional model. The effectiveness of WATSON zero dimentional model was verified. Meanwhile, the heat release ratio was calculated by using the experience formulas on the basis of p-φpictures which were got from the experiments.
The NOx emissions of DME engine were simulated by the quasi-dimentional multi-zone model.and the law of NOx emission diminished as the quantity of addition CO_2 increased was testified. In conclusion, the quasi-dimentional multi-zone model was predictable and useful.
本文首先就内燃机代用燃料的发展以及二甲醚的理化特性与在发动机上的应用,EGR技术的发展进行了简要的介绍。然后对DME发动机燃烧的非常规排放物进行了变参数试验研究,得到了限制非常规排放物的试验条件与发动机运行参数。探讨了非常规排放物的反应机理及非常规排放物与常规排放物(甲醛与HC排放、甲酸与NO排放)之间的关系。
建立了进气掺混CO_2的DME发动机试验台架,自行设计了台架的进气系统,校准了瑞士生产的高精度Kistler压电传感器同与之配套的电荷放大器,设置了测量非常规排放物的傅立叶变换红外分析仪的CALCMET检测库。在燃烧性能与排放的试验中,测量了CO_2添加后,DME发动机的缸内压力、压力升高率及压力升高加速度,油耗率、排气温度、噪声、过量空气系数,排气中的常规排放物CO、CO_2、O_2、HC与NOx,以及非常规排放物甲醛,甲酸与甲酸甲酯的浓度。为进一步深入的理论计算提供了大量的实验数据。
采用watson零维模型就进气添加CO_2对DME发动机燃烧特性参数(如缸内温度,比热比等)与性能参数(如缸内压力)的影响进行了数值模拟与试验验证,证实了watson模型及其计算程序的有效性。同时。利用实测的发动机示功图,进行了DME发动机燃烧放热率的计算与参数分析研究。
在watson零维模型的基础上,采用准维多区模型对DME发动机NOx的排放进行数值模拟,探讨了其随CO_2掺混量变化而变化的规律,并且通过试验数据验证了该模型的适用性和良好的预测能力。
Facing the double challenges of energy crisis and enviriomental pollution, the hight efficient and clean combustion of internal combustion engine (ICE) were more and more concerned world widely. The excellent physical - chemical characteristics and ultra low emission of DME (Dimethyl Ether) made it as a clean and high efficient alternative fuel of automotive. A great many of experimental and numerical research on the combustion and emission of DME were carried out around the world during recent years.
The development of alternative fuels, physical-chemical characteristics of DME and its application on ICE and the EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) were introduced firstly in this paper. The suitable parameters of the test engine for DME are obtained from the experimental study of variable parameters of DME engine. The relationships between regular and un-regulated emissions of DME engine were discussed in this paper.
The experimental setups of the effect of CO_2 addition in intake air on combustion and unregulated emissions of DME engine were established. The design of intake air system and the calibration of high precision Kistler pressure sensor with the supporting charge amplifier and the establishment of library of CALCMET of FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) which used for the detection of the unregulated emissions were accomplished by the author. The in-cylinder pressure, the rate of pressure rise and the acceleration of pressure rise, the rate of DME consumption ,emission temperature, noise, excess, air coefficient, the concentrations of CO, CO_2, O_2, HCand NOx, HCHO(fomaldehyde), HCOOH(formic acid) and CH3OCHO(methyl formate) were also measured during the experiment. These datas could be used for the further numericial studys.
Based on the experimental studys, the in-cylinder temperature and specific heat ratio and the in-cylinder pressure were calculated by watson zero dimentional model. The effectiveness of WATSON zero dimentional model was verified. Meanwhile, the heat release ratio was calculated by using the experience formulas on the basis of p-φpictures which were got from the experiments.
The NOx emissions of DME engine were simulated by the quasi-dimentional multi-zone model.and the law of NOx emission diminished as the quantity of addition CO_2 increased was testified. In conclusion, the quasi-dimentional multi-zone model was predictable and useful.
引文
[1]王艳华,郑国璋.甲醇燃料在车用发动机上的应用研究[J].内燃机工程,2005,26(2):22～25.
[2]任继文,吴建全,李建新,张然治.发展我国车用甲醇发动机的实践与思考[J].车用发动机,2003,145(3):1～5.
[3]原满红.车用动力使用甲醇燃料的可行性分析[J].车用发动机,2002,140(4):38～40.
[4]邓元望,刘放浪,刘学英.乙醇燃料及其在发动机中的应用[J].小型内燃机与摩托车,2005,34(1):28～30.
[5]吕兴才,李德钢,黄震等.柴油机燃用乙醇柴油燃料的燃烧与排放特性[J].汽车工程,2004,26(2):131～135.
[6]于世涛,郭英男,卓斌等.柴油乙醇混合燃料的性质及对发动机性能的影响[J].车用发动机,2004,151(3):16～18.
[7]吕兴才,杨剑光,张武高等.乙醇柴油混合燃料的理化特性研究[J].内燃机学报,2004,22(4):289～295.
[8]梁桂森,周毅,李建军等.车用发动机的一种新型能源──液化石油气[J].车用发动机,1999,121(3):1～6.
[9]周俊杰,李锋,吴永红. LPG柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性的研究[J].内燃机工程,2001,41(3):56～63.
[10]邓玉龙,张惠明,张德福等.天然气压缩着火燃烧过程的研究[J].车用发动机,2006,161(1):15～18.
[11] John T. Kubesh .Development of a Throttleless Natural Gas Engine[C].SAE paper 2001-01-2522:1198~2009.
[12]王强,历彦忠,张哲,焦安军. LNG在汽车工业中的发展优势[J].天然气工业,2006,22(5):93～96.
[13]熊标,华贲,徐文东.LNG汽车在我国的发展优势及其产业链分析[J].天然气工业,2006,26(6):146～148.
[14]袁银南,江清阳,孙平,王忠.柴油机燃用生物柴油的排放特性研究[J].内燃机学报,2003,21(6):423～427.
[15] Krahl J , Munack A , Bahadir M , Schumacher L , ElserN. Survey about Biodiesel Exhaust Emissions and Their Environment Effects [C]. Proceedings of the Third Liquid Fuel Conference. Nashville, TN, 1996.
[16] Ofner H ,Gill D W,Krotscheck C. Dimethyl Ether as Fuel for CI Engines-A New Technology and its Environmental Potential. SAE paper: 981158.
[17] Sorenson Spencer C, Glensvig Michael, Abata Duane L. Dimethyl Ether in Diesel Fuel Injection Systems. SAE paper: 981159.
[18] Fleisch Theo, McCarthy Chris, Basu Arun, et al. A New Clean Diesel Technology: Demonstration of UlEV Emissions on a Navistar Diesel Engine Fueled with Dimethyl Ether[C]. SAE Paper: 950061.
[19] Paul K, Herwig O. Development of Fuel Injection Equipment and Combustion System for DI Diesels Operated on Dimethyl Ether [C]. SAE Paper :950062.
[20] Yoshitugi Kikkawa ,Ichizo Aoki . Dimethyl Ether Fuel Proposed as An Alternative to LNG. Oil & Gas J . 1998 ,96 (14) :55～59.
[21]王东升,谭猗生,韩怡卓.一步法合成二甲醚反应中水煤气变换反应的初步研究[J].天然气化工,2006,31(3):1～4.
[22]谢光全,谢闵.天然气制二甲醚的经济评价[J].石油与天然气化工,2001,30(5):221～224.
[23]王铁军,常杰,吕鹏梅,付严,鲁皓.生物质热化学转化合成二甲醚[J].过程工程学报,2005,5(3):277～280.
[24]郭莹,黎汉生,王德峥,王金福.合成气一步法制二甲醚反应宏观动力学[J].石油化工,2003,32(6):478～482.
[25]张煜盛,常汉宝等.柴油机高效清洁燃料二甲醚(DME)的研究及其发展[J].内燃机工程,2001,22(1):17～22.
[26] Reader G T et al. Diesel Engines Working with Modified Oxidation Mixture. Proceedings of International Conference on IC Engines, Wuhan, China, 765~778.
[27]张翠平,杨庆佛,胡真. ZS195柴油机燃用二甲醚(DME)—柴油混合燃料的试验研究[J].内燃机学报:2004,22(4):305～309.
[28]张光德,黄震,乔信起等.二甲醚发动机的燃烧与排放研究[J].汽车工程,2003,25(2):124～127.
[29] Zhang Yusheng,Mo Chunlan,Zhang Huiya,et al. A Study on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Dimethyl Ether [J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2005,23(4):336～342.
[30]尧命发,许斯都,许俊峰.二甲醚(DME)燃烧特性研究[J].内燃机学报,2001,19(3):197～203.
[31]尧命发,许斯都,罗毅.直喷式柴油机燃用二甲基醚(DME)试验研究[J] .燃烧科学技术,2002,8(3):252～257.
[32] Zhou Longbao, Wang Hewu, et al. Study on Performances and Combustion Characteristics of DME Fueled Light Duty Direct-Injection Diesel Engine[C]. SAE Paper :1999-01-3669.
[33] Sorenson S C. Dimethyl ether in diesel engines Progress and perspectives [J]. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2001, 123 (7):652 - 658.
[34] Hashimoto K, Mat suzawa M , Harasawa N , et al .Dimethyl ether (DME) and its seal materials[J]. The Society of Rubber Industry, 2005, 78 (3):111 - 118.
[35]吴宁,张武高,黄震.二甲醚对发动机密封件性能的影响[J].上海交通大学学报,2006,40(8):1257～1261.
[36]李跟宝,周龙保,柳泉冰,潘克煜.二甲醚发动机中燃料与橡胶密封件的相容性研究[J].西安交通大学学报,2005,39(3):317～320.
[37] Shashank G.arimella. DME - The Next Gen Fuel. Available online: www.enzenglobal .com. Jan 23, 2007.
[38]韩健.二甲醚发动机HCCI燃烧与排放的多维模拟与试验研究[硕士学位论文].华中科技大学图书馆,2006.
[39]谢克昌,李忠编著.甲醇及其衍生物[M].北京:化学工业出版社(精细化工出版中心),2002.
[40] S.Kajitani, Z. l. Chen, and M. Konno,K. T. Rhee. Engine Performance and Exhaust Characteristics of Direct Inject Diesel Engine Operated with DME[C]. SAE paper: 972973.
[41] Tobias Husberg, Savo Gjirja and Ingemar Denbratt. Visualization of EGR Influence onDiesel Combustion with long Ignition Delay In a Heavy-Duty Engine[C]. SAE paper: 2004-01-2947.
[42] Dan Haupt, Kent Nord, and Bror Tingvall et al. Investigating the Potential to Obtain Low Emissions from a Diesel Engine Running on Ethanol and Equipped with EGR, Catalyst and DPF[C]. SAE paper:2004-01-1884.
[43] Hitoshi Yokomura, Susumu Kouketsu, Seijro Kotoka, and Yoshiyuki. Transient EGR Control for a Turbocharged Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine[C]. SAE paper: 2004-01-0120.
[44] D. A. Kouremenos and D.T. Hountalas, K.B. Binder. The Effect of EGR on the Performance and Pollutant Emissions of Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Using Constant and Variable AFR[C]. SAE paper:2001-01-0198.
[45] Cathy K.W. Ng and Murray J. Thomson. A Computational Study of the Effect of the Effect of Fuel Reforming EGR and Initial Temperature on Lean Ethanol HCCI Combustion[C]. SAE paper:2004-01-0556.
[46] Dean Tomazic, Andreas Pfeifer. Cooled EGR-A must or an option for 2002/04[C].SAE paper: 2002-01-0962.
[47] Andreas Pfeifer, Maurice Smeats and Hans-otto Herrmann, Dean Tomazic, Felix Richert and Axel Schloβer[C]. SAE paper: 2002-01-0964.
[48] A. Tsolakis and A.Megaritis. Exhaust Gas Fuel Reforming for Diesel Engines—A Way to Reduce Smoke and NOx Emissions Simultaneously[C]. SAE paper: 2004-01-1844
[49] Junji Honma, Toshiaki Murao, and Youji Yamashita et al. Development of a Highly Effcient and reliable Multi-Tube EGR Cooler[C]. SAE paper: 2004-01-1446.
[50] S. langridge and H. Fessler. Strategies for high EGR Rates in A Diesel Engine [C]. SAE paper: 2002-01-0961.
[51]周奇,倪计民,孟铭,陈源等.采用排气再循环系统的发展及应用研究[J].小型内燃机与摩托车,2002,31(2):4～6.
[52]魏春源,张卫正,葛蕴珊编著.高等内燃机学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2001.
[53]张煜盛,常汉宝,陆艺红.排气再循环对柴油机性能影响的计算研究[J].小型内燃机与摩托车,2001,30(4):1～4.
[54]王贺武,周龙保,蒋德明.柴油机燃用二甲醚时采用排气再循环降低NOx排放[J].西安交通大学学报:2000,34(7):9～11.
[55]庄兵,罗福强,李占成,黄贤龙.内燃机废气再循环(EGR)吕评价方法研究[J].农机化研究:2006(8):203～205.
[56]李约上编著.内燃机排气与净化[M].大连:大连理工大学出版社, 1990年7月.
[57]孙家峰,姚春德等.进气含有高浓度CO2的柴油机燃烧特性[J].燃烧科学与技术,2002,8(4):348~352.
[58]姚春德,刘增勇,孙家峰,高昌卿.进气加入CO2对直喷式柴油机燃烧的影响[J].工程热物理学报,2003,24(4):707～710.
[59]姚春德,居钰生,孙家峰,高昌卿.惰性气体对准均质压燃燃烧过程的影响[J].内燃机学报,2003,21(4):205～210.
[60]郑尊清,尧命发,汪洋,刘世文.二甲醚均质压燃燃烧过程的试验研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,2003,9(6):561～565.
[61]方俊华,黄震,乔信起.进气中浓度对预混合燃烧和排放影响的试验和模拟研究[J].工程热物理学报,2005,26(4):709～712.
[62]钟赟,乔信起等. CO2和H2对HCCI二甲醚发动机燃烧影响的数值模拟[J].汽车工程,2006,28(1):20～23.
[63]王贺武,周龙保,蒋德明等.直喷式柴油机燃用二甲醚排放特性的研究[J].内燃机学报,2000,18(1):6～10.
[64] http://www.yinhuan-flowmeter.com
[65] http://www.gongkong.com/PRODUCT/include/1629.asp(kistler)
[66] Irene Liu, Cant N W, Bromly J H, et al .Formate species in the low-temperature oxi dati-on[J].Chemosphere, 2001, 42(5/7):583~589.
[67] Curran H J,Pizz W J, Marinov N M,et al Wide modeling study of dimethyl ether oxi dation[J].Int.J. Chem. Kinet. , 1998, 30(3):229~241.
[68] Curran H J , Fischer S L,Dryer F L.Reaction kinetics of dimethyl ether.II low-temp- erature oxidation in flow reactors[J].Int.J.Chem.Kinetics,2000,32(12):741~759.
[69]郎静,张煜盛.论DME燃烧与微量污染物生成机理的研究[J].内燃机工程,2005,26(6):30～34.
[70] Dagaut P., Boettner J. C., Cathonnet M. Chemical Kinetic Study of Dimethyl Ether Oxidation in a Jet Stirred Reactor from 1 to 10 atm Experiments and KineticModeling. The 26th Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1996: 627～632.
[71] Chen Z, Yao M F et al. An Experimental Study on the Effects of EGR on HCCI Combustion Process of DME/Methanol Dual Fuels[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2006,24(2):116～121.
[72]郎静,周小松,张煜盛,韩建.柴油机燃用二甲醚排放的实验研究[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(9):78~80.
[73]刘永长.内燃机原理[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2001:252～253
[74] http://www.samsco.com.cn/info/90597.htm
[75] http://www.instrument.com.cn/netshow/SH100259/C10302.htm
[76]孙海英,张煜盛,莫春兰,韩健.二甲醚HCCI发动机微量排放物研究[C].华中科技大学能源学院学术年会,2006:8～9.
[77]吴宏伟,郎静,张煜盛,莫春兰.柴油机燃用DME的非常规排放物的试验研究[J].车用发动机,2007,167(1):67～71.
[78]刘永长.内燃机工作过程数值模拟[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,1996:162～163.
[79]解茂昭.内燃机计算燃烧学(第二版)[M].大连:大连理工大学出版社,2005.
[80] Watson N,Pilley A D, Marzouk M A. A combustion correlation for diesel combustion engine simulation[C]. SAE paper: 800029, 1980(1):51~63.
[81]陆艺红,张煜盛,刘镇. DME发动机着火与燃烧过程的数值模拟研究[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2002,30(7):23～26.
[82]莫春兰,张煜盛,张辉亚,陆艺红.二甲基醚发动机工作过程的数值模拟研究[J]. .华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(6):38～41.
[83]朱访君,吴坚.内燃机工作过程数值计算及其优化[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1997年.
[84]张鹏,张煜盛,莫春兰.基于准维多区模型的DME发动机燃烧数值模拟[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(12):101～104.
[85] Edgar B L,Dibble R W, Naegel D W. Autoignition of dimethyl ether and dimethoxy methane sprays at high pressures[C]. SAE paper: 971677.
[2]任继文,吴建全,李建新,张然治.发展我国车用甲醇发动机的实践与思考[J].车用发动机,2003,145(3):1～5.
[3]原满红.车用动力使用甲醇燃料的可行性分析[J].车用发动机,2002,140(4):38～40.
[4]邓元望,刘放浪,刘学英.乙醇燃料及其在发动机中的应用[J].小型内燃机与摩托车,2005,34(1):28～30.
[5]吕兴才,李德钢,黄震等.柴油机燃用乙醇柴油燃料的燃烧与排放特性[J].汽车工程,2004,26(2):131～135.
[6]于世涛,郭英男,卓斌等.柴油乙醇混合燃料的性质及对发动机性能的影响[J].车用发动机,2004,151(3):16～18.
[7]吕兴才,杨剑光,张武高等.乙醇柴油混合燃料的理化特性研究[J].内燃机学报,2004,22(4):289～295.
[8]梁桂森,周毅,李建军等.车用发动机的一种新型能源──液化石油气[J].车用发动机,1999,121(3):1～6.
[9]周俊杰,李锋,吴永红. LPG柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性的研究[J].内燃机工程,2001,41(3):56～63.
[10]邓玉龙,张惠明,张德福等.天然气压缩着火燃烧过程的研究[J].车用发动机,2006,161(1):15～18.
[11] John T. Kubesh .Development of a Throttleless Natural Gas Engine[C].SAE paper 2001-01-2522:1198~2009.
[12]王强,历彦忠,张哲,焦安军. LNG在汽车工业中的发展优势[J].天然气工业,2006,22(5):93～96.
[13]熊标,华贲,徐文东.LNG汽车在我国的发展优势及其产业链分析[J].天然气工业,2006,26(6):146～148.
[14]袁银南,江清阳,孙平,王忠.柴油机燃用生物柴油的排放特性研究[J].内燃机学报,2003,21(6):423～427.
[15] Krahl J , Munack A , Bahadir M , Schumacher L , ElserN. Survey about Biodiesel Exhaust Emissions and Their Environment Effects [C]. Proceedings of the Third Liquid Fuel Conference. Nashville, TN, 1996.
[16] Ofner H ,Gill D W,Krotscheck C. Dimethyl Ether as Fuel for CI Engines-A New Technology and its Environmental Potential. SAE paper: 981158.
[17] Sorenson Spencer C, Glensvig Michael, Abata Duane L. Dimethyl Ether in Diesel Fuel Injection Systems. SAE paper: 981159.
[18] Fleisch Theo, McCarthy Chris, Basu Arun, et al. A New Clean Diesel Technology: Demonstration of UlEV Emissions on a Navistar Diesel Engine Fueled with Dimethyl Ether[C]. SAE Paper: 950061.
[19] Paul K, Herwig O. Development of Fuel Injection Equipment and Combustion System for DI Diesels Operated on Dimethyl Ether [C]. SAE Paper :950062.
[20] Yoshitugi Kikkawa ,Ichizo Aoki . Dimethyl Ether Fuel Proposed as An Alternative to LNG. Oil & Gas J . 1998 ,96 (14) :55～59.
[21]王东升,谭猗生,韩怡卓.一步法合成二甲醚反应中水煤气变换反应的初步研究[J].天然气化工,2006,31(3):1～4.
[22]谢光全,谢闵.天然气制二甲醚的经济评价[J].石油与天然气化工,2001,30(5):221～224.
[23]王铁军,常杰,吕鹏梅,付严,鲁皓.生物质热化学转化合成二甲醚[J].过程工程学报,2005,5(3):277～280.
[24]郭莹,黎汉生,王德峥,王金福.合成气一步法制二甲醚反应宏观动力学[J].石油化工,2003,32(6):478～482.
[25]张煜盛,常汉宝等.柴油机高效清洁燃料二甲醚(DME)的研究及其发展[J].内燃机工程,2001,22(1):17～22.
[26] Reader G T et al. Diesel Engines Working with Modified Oxidation Mixture. Proceedings of International Conference on IC Engines, Wuhan, China, 765~778.
[27]张翠平,杨庆佛,胡真. ZS195柴油机燃用二甲醚(DME)—柴油混合燃料的试验研究[J].内燃机学报:2004,22(4):305～309.
[28]张光德,黄震,乔信起等.二甲醚发动机的燃烧与排放研究[J].汽车工程,2003,25(2):124～127.
[29] Zhang Yusheng,Mo Chunlan,Zhang Huiya,et al. A Study on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Dimethyl Ether [J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2005,23(4):336～342.
[30]尧命发,许斯都,许俊峰.二甲醚(DME)燃烧特性研究[J].内燃机学报,2001,19(3):197～203.
[31]尧命发,许斯都,罗毅.直喷式柴油机燃用二甲基醚(DME)试验研究[J] .燃烧科学技术,2002,8(3):252～257.
[32] Zhou Longbao, Wang Hewu, et al. Study on Performances and Combustion Characteristics of DME Fueled Light Duty Direct-Injection Diesel Engine[C]. SAE Paper :1999-01-3669.
[33] Sorenson S C. Dimethyl ether in diesel engines Progress and perspectives [J]. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2001, 123 (7):652 - 658.
[34] Hashimoto K, Mat suzawa M , Harasawa N , et al .Dimethyl ether (DME) and its seal materials[J]. The Society of Rubber Industry, 2005, 78 (3):111 - 118.
[35]吴宁,张武高,黄震.二甲醚对发动机密封件性能的影响[J].上海交通大学学报,2006,40(8):1257～1261.
[36]李跟宝,周龙保,柳泉冰,潘克煜.二甲醚发动机中燃料与橡胶密封件的相容性研究[J].西安交通大学学报,2005,39(3):317～320.
[37] Shashank G.arimella. DME - The Next Gen Fuel. Available online: www.enzenglobal .com. Jan 23, 2007.
[38]韩健.二甲醚发动机HCCI燃烧与排放的多维模拟与试验研究[硕士学位论文].华中科技大学图书馆,2006.
[39]谢克昌,李忠编著.甲醇及其衍生物[M].北京:化学工业出版社(精细化工出版中心),2002.
[40] S.Kajitani, Z. l. Chen, and M. Konno,K. T. Rhee. Engine Performance and Exhaust Characteristics of Direct Inject Diesel Engine Operated with DME[C]. SAE paper: 972973.
[41] Tobias Husberg, Savo Gjirja and Ingemar Denbratt. Visualization of EGR Influence onDiesel Combustion with long Ignition Delay In a Heavy-Duty Engine[C]. SAE paper: 2004-01-2947.
[42] Dan Haupt, Kent Nord, and Bror Tingvall et al. Investigating the Potential to Obtain Low Emissions from a Diesel Engine Running on Ethanol and Equipped with EGR, Catalyst and DPF[C]. SAE paper:2004-01-1884.
[43] Hitoshi Yokomura, Susumu Kouketsu, Seijro Kotoka, and Yoshiyuki. Transient EGR Control for a Turbocharged Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine[C]. SAE paper: 2004-01-0120.
[44] D. A. Kouremenos and D.T. Hountalas, K.B. Binder. The Effect of EGR on the Performance and Pollutant Emissions of Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Using Constant and Variable AFR[C]. SAE paper:2001-01-0198.
[45] Cathy K.W. Ng and Murray J. Thomson. A Computational Study of the Effect of the Effect of Fuel Reforming EGR and Initial Temperature on Lean Ethanol HCCI Combustion[C]. SAE paper:2004-01-0556.
[46] Dean Tomazic, Andreas Pfeifer. Cooled EGR-A must or an option for 2002/04[C].SAE paper: 2002-01-0962.
[47] Andreas Pfeifer, Maurice Smeats and Hans-otto Herrmann, Dean Tomazic, Felix Richert and Axel Schloβer[C]. SAE paper: 2002-01-0964.
[48] A. Tsolakis and A.Megaritis. Exhaust Gas Fuel Reforming for Diesel Engines—A Way to Reduce Smoke and NOx Emissions Simultaneously[C]. SAE paper: 2004-01-1844
[49] Junji Honma, Toshiaki Murao, and Youji Yamashita et al. Development of a Highly Effcient and reliable Multi-Tube EGR Cooler[C]. SAE paper: 2004-01-1446.
[50] S. langridge and H. Fessler. Strategies for high EGR Rates in A Diesel Engine [C]. SAE paper: 2002-01-0961.
[51]周奇,倪计民,孟铭,陈源等.采用排气再循环系统的发展及应用研究[J].小型内燃机与摩托车,2002,31(2):4～6.
[52]魏春源,张卫正,葛蕴珊编著.高等内燃机学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2001.
[53]张煜盛,常汉宝,陆艺红.排气再循环对柴油机性能影响的计算研究[J].小型内燃机与摩托车,2001,30(4):1～4.
[54]王贺武,周龙保,蒋德明.柴油机燃用二甲醚时采用排气再循环降低NOx排放[J].西安交通大学学报:2000,34(7):9～11.
[55]庄兵,罗福强,李占成,黄贤龙.内燃机废气再循环(EGR)吕评价方法研究[J].农机化研究:2006(8):203～205.
[56]李约上编著.内燃机排气与净化[M].大连:大连理工大学出版社, 1990年7月.
[57]孙家峰,姚春德等.进气含有高浓度CO2的柴油机燃烧特性[J].燃烧科学与技术,2002,8(4):348~352.
[58]姚春德,刘增勇,孙家峰,高昌卿.进气加入CO2对直喷式柴油机燃烧的影响[J].工程热物理学报,2003,24(4):707～710.
[59]姚春德,居钰生,孙家峰,高昌卿.惰性气体对准均质压燃燃烧过程的影响[J].内燃机学报,2003,21(4):205～210.
[60]郑尊清,尧命发,汪洋,刘世文.二甲醚均质压燃燃烧过程的试验研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,2003,9(6):561～565.
[61]方俊华,黄震,乔信起.进气中浓度对预混合燃烧和排放影响的试验和模拟研究[J].工程热物理学报,2005,26(4):709～712.
[62]钟赟,乔信起等. CO2和H2对HCCI二甲醚发动机燃烧影响的数值模拟[J].汽车工程,2006,28(1):20～23.
[63]王贺武,周龙保,蒋德明等.直喷式柴油机燃用二甲醚排放特性的研究[J].内燃机学报,2000,18(1):6～10.
[64] http://www.yinhuan-flowmeter.com
[65] http://www.gongkong.com/PRODUCT/include/1629.asp(kistler)
[66] Irene Liu, Cant N W, Bromly J H, et al .Formate species in the low-temperature oxi dati-on[J].Chemosphere, 2001, 42(5/7):583~589.
[67] Curran H J,Pizz W J, Marinov N M,et al Wide modeling study of dimethyl ether oxi dation[J].Int.J. Chem. Kinet. , 1998, 30(3):229~241.
[68] Curran H J , Fischer S L,Dryer F L.Reaction kinetics of dimethyl ether.II low-temp- erature oxidation in flow reactors[J].Int.J.Chem.Kinetics,2000,32(12):741~759.
[69]郎静,张煜盛.论DME燃烧与微量污染物生成机理的研究[J].内燃机工程,2005,26(6):30～34.
[70] Dagaut P., Boettner J. C., Cathonnet M. Chemical Kinetic Study of Dimethyl Ether Oxidation in a Jet Stirred Reactor from 1 to 10 atm Experiments and KineticModeling. The 26th Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1996: 627～632.
[71] Chen Z, Yao M F et al. An Experimental Study on the Effects of EGR on HCCI Combustion Process of DME/Methanol Dual Fuels[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2006,24(2):116～121.
[72]郎静,周小松,张煜盛,韩建.柴油机燃用二甲醚排放的实验研究[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(9):78~80.
[73]刘永长.内燃机原理[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2001:252～253
[74] http://www.samsco.com.cn/info/90597.htm
[75] http://www.instrument.com.cn/netshow/SH100259/C10302.htm
[76]孙海英,张煜盛,莫春兰,韩健.二甲醚HCCI发动机微量排放物研究[C].华中科技大学能源学院学术年会,2006:8～9.
[77]吴宏伟,郎静,张煜盛,莫春兰.柴油机燃用DME的非常规排放物的试验研究[J].车用发动机,2007,167(1):67～71.
[78]刘永长.内燃机工作过程数值模拟[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,1996:162～163.
[79]解茂昭.内燃机计算燃烧学(第二版)[M].大连:大连理工大学出版社,2005.
[80] Watson N,Pilley A D, Marzouk M A. A combustion correlation for diesel combustion engine simulation[C]. SAE paper: 800029, 1980(1):51~63.
[81]陆艺红,张煜盛,刘镇. DME发动机着火与燃烧过程的数值模拟研究[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2002,30(7):23～26.
[82]莫春兰,张煜盛,张辉亚,陆艺红.二甲基醚发动机工作过程的数值模拟研究[J]. .华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(6):38～41.
[83]朱访君,吴坚.内燃机工作过程数值计算及其优化[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1997年.
[84]张鹏,张煜盛,莫春兰.基于准维多区模型的DME发动机燃烧数值模拟[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(12):101～104.
[85] Edgar B L,Dibble R W, Naegel D W. Autoignition of dimethyl ether and dimethoxy methane sprays at high pressures[C]. SAE paper: 971677.