有机无机肥磷配施的协同效应与机理研究
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摘要
磷素是植物生长必需的大量营养元素之一,但我国磷肥生产和应用面临以下三个问题：(1)磷矿资源不足；(2)化学磷肥的利用效率低,制约了农业的发展；(3)过量的磷肥投入导致环境污染。因此,提高磷肥利用率对农业可持续发展和保护生态环境具有重要意义。有机无机肥配施是提高养分效率的重要途径,有关其协同效应前人多以氮素为研究对象,获得了有机无机肥氮配施的最佳比例和协同增效的机理,而在有机无机肥配施对磷的影响方面关注较少,尤其是保证作物稳产高产的有机无机肥磷的最佳配比、有机无机肥配施提高磷肥利用率的机理方面研究更少。本文旨在探求不同有机无机肥磷配施的协同效应及机理,为农业生产上磷肥高效利用提供理论依据。
采用盆栽模拟生物试验,分别以过磷酸钙和猪粪为无机和有机肥磷源,设置不施磷肥(0：0)、化肥磷(100：0)、90%化肥磷+10%有机肥磷(90：10)、85%化肥磷+15%有机肥磷(85：15)、80%化肥磷+20%有机肥磷(80：20)、70%化肥磷+30%有机肥磷(70：30)、有机肥磷(0：100)等7个处理；在上述有机无机肥配施的基础上,另设5个解磷菌(荧光假单胞杆菌)处理：90：10K3(90：10+K3解磷菌)、85：15K3、80：20K3、70：30K3和0：100K3。通过连续种植小麦、水稻、小麦和大豆四茬作物,研究了有机无机肥磷配施对作物产量、土壤磷素形态、土壤微生物量碳磷、土壤磷素的吸附解吸和迁移的影响及有机无机磷配施并接种解磷菌后作物产量和土壤微生物群落的变化。主要结果如下：
分析麦-稻-麦-豆四茬作物的产量发现,第一茬小麦籽粒产量以100：0处理最高,但与80：20的处理差异不显著,其他有机无机肥磷配施处理显著低于80：20处理；第二茬水稻籽粒产量以100：0处理最高,且显著高于各有机无机肥磷配施处理；第三茬小麦产量以80：20的处理最高,显著高于100：0处理,80：20处理与70：30处理之间无显著差异；第四茬大豆产量也以80：20处理的最高,显著高于100：0处理,但与其他有机无机肥磷配施处理间无显著差异。该结果表明,有机无机肥磷的协同效应随着处理茬数增多而愈发明显。
经过四茬有机无机肥磷配施后,酸性水稻土上90：10、85：15、80：20和70：30处理的活性有机磷分别比100：0处理增加40.0%、53.3%、60.0%和64.4%,中等活性有机磷分别比100：0处理增加29.6%、39.8%、51.7%和53.4%。有机无机肥配施也影响土壤无机磷的形态,形态分级测定发现,酸性水稻土中80：20处理的铁磷和闭蓄态磷含量较100：0处理显著降低,其他形态的无机磷含量变化很小；石灰性中土壤经过三季有机无机配施后,80：20处理的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P和Fe-P的相对含量比100：0处理显著提高,Calo-P和O-P的相对含量显著降低,施入土壤的无机磷主要转化为Ca2-P和Ca8-P,分别占无机磷积累总量的28.5%和27.8%。
土壤植酸酶活性经过四茬施肥后发生了改变,随着有机肥磷配施比例的提高,植酸酶活性显著增加,80：20处理植酸酶活性在小麦、水稻、小麦和大豆季比100：0处理分别提高14.9%、12.7%、49.6%和28.1%。80：20和70：30处理的土壤微生物量碳均显著高于100：0处理。大豆幼苗期、开花期、鼓粒期和成熟期80：20处理的土壤微生物量碳含量分别比100：0处理增加29.2%、31.9%、85.7%和130%,处理80：20土壤微生物量磷含量分别是处理100：0的2.11、1.84、2.16和1.49倍；处理80：20的作物磷素累积量分别比100：0处理增加43.1%、42.7%、64.7%和24.1%。土壤速效磷含量大豆幼苗期80：20处理显著低于100：0处理,开花期处理80：20是100：0处理的1.36倍,鼓粒期的土壤速效磷含量为70：30>80：20>85：15>90：10>100：0处理,成熟期处理80：20的土壤速效磷含量是处理100：0的2.10倍。
有机无机肥磷配施影响磷在土壤中吸附解吸和迁移。经过四茬不同施肥后,酸性水稻土上80：20处理的磷吸附亲和力常数和最大吸附量显著低于100：0处理,磷累积解吸量高于100：0处理；石灰性土壤上经过连续3茬有机无机肥磷配施后,80：20处理的磷吸附亲和力常数在4和8h时显著低于100：0处理。32P示踪薄层层析试验表明,酸性水稻土中80：20处理的32P随展开剂迁移的距离明显高于100：0处理,80：20处理的比移值在4、8和12h内分别比100：0处理高11.7%、16.6%和34.8%。土柱淋洗试验中80：20处理的32P在淋洗液达到13.1mL时即出现,而100：0处理则延后至淋洗液达19.0mL时始出现；处理0：0、100：0和80：20在50mL总淋洗液中淋出的32P量分别占32P总加入量的1.6%、8.4%和9.8%。石灰性土壤中80：20的处理在淋洗液达到48.1mL时出现32P,而100：0的处理在淋洗液达到70.3mL时方检测到32P。
在有机无机肥磷配施的基础上接种解磷菌显著影响作物产量。第一茬小麦产量以80：20K3的处理最高,分别比处理80：20和100：0增加8.3%和5.2%；第二茬水稻籽粒产量80：20K3处理比80：20处理增加20.7%；第三茬小麦产量处理80：20K3比100：0处理增加54.95%；第四茬大豆产量以70：30K3最高,80：20K3处理比100：0处理高16.82%。有机无机肥磷配施四茬并接种解磷菌,改变了土壤微生物群落,平板计数结果显示,处理80：20K3的细菌数量比处理80：20增加一个数量级,真菌数量则比后者少一个数量级。变性梯度凝胶电泳研究结果表明,80：20K3处理的细菌群落与100：0处理明显不同,处理80：20K3的真菌群落与处理100：0仅有0.1的相似性。BIOLOG磷源分析发现,处理80：20K3的土壤平均颜色变化值显著高于处理100：0,处理80：20K3的Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Mclntosh指数均高于100：0处理,这些可能是接种解磷菌较有机无机配施提高作物产量的机理之一。。
综合四茬的结果,80%无机肥磷与20%有机肥磷配合施用能够提高作物产量,是本试验条件下有机无机肥磷配施的最佳比例。有机无机肥磷协同增效的主要机理是减少酸性水稻土上铁磷和闭蓄态磷的固定,显著降低石灰性土壤上Ca10-P和O-P含量,增加Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量；提高植酸酶活性,增加活性和中等活性有机磷含量；减少土壤对磷的吸附,增加磷在土壤中的移动性；土壤微生物通过其生物量磷的变化调节土壤磷素供给进而与作物需磷规律相吻合,提高磷素有效性。解磷微生物的应用进一步活化土壤磷素,尤其在有机无机肥磷配施的第一、二季,对于保持作物的稳产高产,提高磷肥利用率具有积极意义。
Phosphorus (P) is a major nutrient limiting plant growth in many soils. The problems of phosphate fertilizer industry China is facing today include1) limited resources of phosphate minerals;2) low use efficiency;3) Environmental pollution caused by overuse of phosphate fertilizer. Phosphorus availability to crops can be increased by application of organic or inorganic amendments such as manures, composts, crop residues, rock phosphates or various commercial inorganic P fertilizers. Little is known about the effects of long-term application of organic and inorganic P fertilization on P fixation, organic P mineralization and crop yields. The objectives of this study are1) to investigate the effects of additions of relatively small amounts of superphosphate (SP) combined with various rates of pig manure (PM) on crop yields, organic and inorganic P fractions, accumulation of microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus (MB-C, P) and the correlation between MB and yields.2) to determine the P fate by using32P tracing technology.3) to investigate the effect of combined application of SP and PM inoculated with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB).
The pot experiment with different ratios of inorganic to organic fertilizer was conducted to evaluate the best proportion of SP to PM. The treatments included0:0,100:0,90:10,85:15,80:20,70:30, and0:100of inorganic to organic P fertilizer ratios. Another pot experiment used SP and manure in combination and in the same time inoculated with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) K3. The treatments included the90:10K3(SP manure+K3),85:15K3,80:20K3,70:30K3,0:100K3. The main results obtained were as follows.
The100:0treatment gave the highest yield and shoot biomass, which was similar to the yield from80:20treatment in the first wheat season.The yield of rice grain was the highest in the100:0treatment, which was much higher than any other treatments. The80:20treatment gave the highest content of soil available P, which was similar to the yield from the third wheat in the70:30treatment. The grain yield from80:20treatment was significantly higher than that from100:0treatment. There was no difference between the yields from70:30and0:100treatments. The yield of soybean was the highest in the100:0treatment, which was significantly higher than that from the100:0treatment, increasing by5.7%. The result indicated that the combined organic and inorganic phosphorous fertilizer had a significant synergistic effect in long time application.
As for various forms of organic P under different fertilization in paddy soil, labile organic P(LOP) in90:10,85:15,80:20and70:30treatments was higher than that of the100:0treatment, increasing by40.0%,53.3%,60.0%and64.4%, respectively. In the treatment of no P application, the contents of moderately labile organic P (MLOP) decreased. The decreasing rate was in order of0:100>70:30=80:20>85:15>90:10>100:0>0:0. The combination of organic and inorganic P fertilizers had stronger effects on iron phosphates (Fe-P), calcium phosphates (Ca-P) and occluded P (O-P) than on aluminium phosphates (Al-P) in paddy soil. Compared with the100:0treatment, soil inorganic phosphorous (Pi) decreased by12.4%,16.1%,17.8%and19.3%when the ratios of TSP/PM fertilizer were90:10,80:20,70:30, and0:100, respectively. When combining chemical fertilizer and organic manure application to the calcareous soil, the accumulated phosphorus was transformed mainly into readily available forms of Ca2-P and Ca8-P, which increased the inorganic phosphorus pool of Ca8-P、A1-P、Fe-P and Ca2-P by combine use of chemical fertilizer and organic manure, and increased the contents of these forms of inorganic phosphorus as well.
The phytase activity of the80:20treatment was higher than that of the100:0treatment, increasing by14.9%(the first wheat season)、12.7%(the second rice season)、49.6%(the third wheat season) and28.1%(the fourth soybean season), respectively. MB-C and MB-P of the80:20treatment was higher than that of the100:0treatment at soybean different stages, and P accumulation of the80:20treatment was also higher than that of the100:0treatment, increasing by43.1%(the seeding stage),42.7%(the flowering stage),64.7%(the seed filling stage),24.1%(the harvest stage), respectively. Under the combined fertilization, the dynamics of soybean phosphorous uptake was well regulated by MB-P, which promoted the soil available P and phosphorous accumulation in plant. We found a remarkably close relationship between MB-P and yield, which was y=23.413Ln(x)-40.254(r2=0.9584).
We conducted a32P-labeled experiment to investigate the mechanisms affecting P availability in the paddy soil and calcareous soil. Sorption isotherms of the treated paddy soils were different.32P in the80:20treatment moved faster than the other two treatments in the paddy soil. The leachate volumes collected from the paddy soil before32P first appeared were13.1(80:20),19.0(100:0) and19.8(0:0) mL. Total32P recovery for the100:0and the80:20treatments increased significantly after about45mL of leachate were collected. When the amount of leachate was50mL, only1.6%,8.4%and9.8%of the total32P added leached out from the0:0,100:0and80:20treated soils, respectively. The other result indicated that the phosphorus isothermal adsorption curves of the3experimental calcareous soils all properly fitted the Langmuir adsorption equation. The affinity constant of P in the80:20treatment was lower than in the100:0treatment.32P in the80:20treatment also moved faster than the other two treatments in the calcareous soil. The leachate volumes collected from the calcareous soil before32P first appeared were40.8(80:20) and70.3(100:0) mL
The result showed the80:20K3treatment gave the higher yield than the100:0treatment in every season. The80:20K3treatment was not significantly different from the70:30K3treatment and higher than the100:0treatment in shoot biomass. The combination of TSP and manure inoculated with PSB could increase quantities of bacteria, decrease counts of fungi remarkably and affect on soil microbial communities through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and change the average well color development (AWCD).
Our results indicated that a ratio of80:20resulted in the best grain yield, which was a more suitable ratio than the other ratios. Mechanisms of combined application of organic and inorganic phosphorous fertilizers improving the phosphorous use efficiency were that1) Fe-P and O-P were decreased in paddy soil, and Ca2-P, Ca8-P were increased meanwhile Ca10-P, O-P were decreased in calcareous soil.2) The phytase activity had been promoted by the combining organic and inorganic fertilization. LOP and MROP of the combined organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments were higher than that of the inorganic fertilizer treatment.3) The manure could block P-absorbing sites effectively, thus decreasing Pi from fixation.4) Plant phosphorous uptake was well regulated by MB-P, which increased fertilizer use efficiency. Inoculation with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria can activated soil P and observably improve the P use efficiency in the first and second seasons, which has a positive significance for keeping high and stable yields.
采用盆栽模拟生物试验,分别以过磷酸钙和猪粪为无机和有机肥磷源,设置不施磷肥(0：0)、化肥磷(100：0)、90%化肥磷+10%有机肥磷(90：10)、85%化肥磷+15%有机肥磷(85：15)、80%化肥磷+20%有机肥磷(80：20)、70%化肥磷+30%有机肥磷(70：30)、有机肥磷(0：100)等7个处理；在上述有机无机肥配施的基础上,另设5个解磷菌(荧光假单胞杆菌)处理：90：10K3(90：10+K3解磷菌)、85：15K3、80：20K3、70：30K3和0：100K3。通过连续种植小麦、水稻、小麦和大豆四茬作物,研究了有机无机肥磷配施对作物产量、土壤磷素形态、土壤微生物量碳磷、土壤磷素的吸附解吸和迁移的影响及有机无机磷配施并接种解磷菌后作物产量和土壤微生物群落的变化。主要结果如下：
分析麦-稻-麦-豆四茬作物的产量发现,第一茬小麦籽粒产量以100：0处理最高,但与80：20的处理差异不显著,其他有机无机肥磷配施处理显著低于80：20处理；第二茬水稻籽粒产量以100：0处理最高,且显著高于各有机无机肥磷配施处理；第三茬小麦产量以80：20的处理最高,显著高于100：0处理,80：20处理与70：30处理之间无显著差异；第四茬大豆产量也以80：20处理的最高,显著高于100：0处理,但与其他有机无机肥磷配施处理间无显著差异。该结果表明,有机无机肥磷的协同效应随着处理茬数增多而愈发明显。
经过四茬有机无机肥磷配施后,酸性水稻土上90：10、85：15、80：20和70：30处理的活性有机磷分别比100：0处理增加40.0%、53.3%、60.0%和64.4%,中等活性有机磷分别比100：0处理增加29.6%、39.8%、51.7%和53.4%。有机无机肥配施也影响土壤无机磷的形态,形态分级测定发现,酸性水稻土中80：20处理的铁磷和闭蓄态磷含量较100：0处理显著降低,其他形态的无机磷含量变化很小；石灰性中土壤经过三季有机无机配施后,80：20处理的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P和Fe-P的相对含量比100：0处理显著提高,Calo-P和O-P的相对含量显著降低,施入土壤的无机磷主要转化为Ca2-P和Ca8-P,分别占无机磷积累总量的28.5%和27.8%。
土壤植酸酶活性经过四茬施肥后发生了改变,随着有机肥磷配施比例的提高,植酸酶活性显著增加,80：20处理植酸酶活性在小麦、水稻、小麦和大豆季比100：0处理分别提高14.9%、12.7%、49.6%和28.1%。80：20和70：30处理的土壤微生物量碳均显著高于100：0处理。大豆幼苗期、开花期、鼓粒期和成熟期80：20处理的土壤微生物量碳含量分别比100：0处理增加29.2%、31.9%、85.7%和130%,处理80：20土壤微生物量磷含量分别是处理100：0的2.11、1.84、2.16和1.49倍；处理80：20的作物磷素累积量分别比100：0处理增加43.1%、42.7%、64.7%和24.1%。土壤速效磷含量大豆幼苗期80：20处理显著低于100：0处理,开花期处理80：20是100：0处理的1.36倍,鼓粒期的土壤速效磷含量为70：30>80：20>85：15>90：10>100：0处理,成熟期处理80：20的土壤速效磷含量是处理100：0的2.10倍。
有机无机肥磷配施影响磷在土壤中吸附解吸和迁移。经过四茬不同施肥后,酸性水稻土上80：20处理的磷吸附亲和力常数和最大吸附量显著低于100：0处理,磷累积解吸量高于100：0处理；石灰性土壤上经过连续3茬有机无机肥磷配施后,80：20处理的磷吸附亲和力常数在4和8h时显著低于100：0处理。32P示踪薄层层析试验表明,酸性水稻土中80：20处理的32P随展开剂迁移的距离明显高于100：0处理,80：20处理的比移值在4、8和12h内分别比100：0处理高11.7%、16.6%和34.8%。土柱淋洗试验中80：20处理的32P在淋洗液达到13.1mL时即出现,而100：0处理则延后至淋洗液达19.0mL时始出现；处理0：0、100：0和80：20在50mL总淋洗液中淋出的32P量分别占32P总加入量的1.6%、8.4%和9.8%。石灰性土壤中80：20的处理在淋洗液达到48.1mL时出现32P,而100：0的处理在淋洗液达到70.3mL时方检测到32P。
在有机无机肥磷配施的基础上接种解磷菌显著影响作物产量。第一茬小麦产量以80：20K3的处理最高,分别比处理80：20和100：0增加8.3%和5.2%；第二茬水稻籽粒产量80：20K3处理比80：20处理增加20.7%；第三茬小麦产量处理80：20K3比100：0处理增加54.95%；第四茬大豆产量以70：30K3最高,80：20K3处理比100：0处理高16.82%。有机无机肥磷配施四茬并接种解磷菌,改变了土壤微生物群落,平板计数结果显示,处理80：20K3的细菌数量比处理80：20增加一个数量级,真菌数量则比后者少一个数量级。变性梯度凝胶电泳研究结果表明,80：20K3处理的细菌群落与100：0处理明显不同,处理80：20K3的真菌群落与处理100：0仅有0.1的相似性。BIOLOG磷源分析发现,处理80：20K3的土壤平均颜色变化值显著高于处理100：0,处理80：20K3的Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Mclntosh指数均高于100：0处理,这些可能是接种解磷菌较有机无机配施提高作物产量的机理之一。。
综合四茬的结果,80%无机肥磷与20%有机肥磷配合施用能够提高作物产量,是本试验条件下有机无机肥磷配施的最佳比例。有机无机肥磷协同增效的主要机理是减少酸性水稻土上铁磷和闭蓄态磷的固定,显著降低石灰性土壤上Ca10-P和O-P含量,增加Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量；提高植酸酶活性,增加活性和中等活性有机磷含量；减少土壤对磷的吸附,增加磷在土壤中的移动性；土壤微生物通过其生物量磷的变化调节土壤磷素供给进而与作物需磷规律相吻合,提高磷素有效性。解磷微生物的应用进一步活化土壤磷素,尤其在有机无机肥磷配施的第一、二季,对于保持作物的稳产高产,提高磷肥利用率具有积极意义。
Phosphorus (P) is a major nutrient limiting plant growth in many soils. The problems of phosphate fertilizer industry China is facing today include1) limited resources of phosphate minerals;2) low use efficiency;3) Environmental pollution caused by overuse of phosphate fertilizer. Phosphorus availability to crops can be increased by application of organic or inorganic amendments such as manures, composts, crop residues, rock phosphates or various commercial inorganic P fertilizers. Little is known about the effects of long-term application of organic and inorganic P fertilization on P fixation, organic P mineralization and crop yields. The objectives of this study are1) to investigate the effects of additions of relatively small amounts of superphosphate (SP) combined with various rates of pig manure (PM) on crop yields, organic and inorganic P fractions, accumulation of microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus (MB-C, P) and the correlation between MB and yields.2) to determine the P fate by using32P tracing technology.3) to investigate the effect of combined application of SP and PM inoculated with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB).
The pot experiment with different ratios of inorganic to organic fertilizer was conducted to evaluate the best proportion of SP to PM. The treatments included0:0,100:0,90:10,85:15,80:20,70:30, and0:100of inorganic to organic P fertilizer ratios. Another pot experiment used SP and manure in combination and in the same time inoculated with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) K3. The treatments included the90:10K3(SP manure+K3),85:15K3,80:20K3,70:30K3,0:100K3. The main results obtained were as follows.
The100:0treatment gave the highest yield and shoot biomass, which was similar to the yield from80:20treatment in the first wheat season.The yield of rice grain was the highest in the100:0treatment, which was much higher than any other treatments. The80:20treatment gave the highest content of soil available P, which was similar to the yield from the third wheat in the70:30treatment. The grain yield from80:20treatment was significantly higher than that from100:0treatment. There was no difference between the yields from70:30and0:100treatments. The yield of soybean was the highest in the100:0treatment, which was significantly higher than that from the100:0treatment, increasing by5.7%. The result indicated that the combined organic and inorganic phosphorous fertilizer had a significant synergistic effect in long time application.
As for various forms of organic P under different fertilization in paddy soil, labile organic P(LOP) in90:10,85:15,80:20and70:30treatments was higher than that of the100:0treatment, increasing by40.0%,53.3%,60.0%and64.4%, respectively. In the treatment of no P application, the contents of moderately labile organic P (MLOP) decreased. The decreasing rate was in order of0:100>70:30=80:20>85:15>90:10>100:0>0:0. The combination of organic and inorganic P fertilizers had stronger effects on iron phosphates (Fe-P), calcium phosphates (Ca-P) and occluded P (O-P) than on aluminium phosphates (Al-P) in paddy soil. Compared with the100:0treatment, soil inorganic phosphorous (Pi) decreased by12.4%,16.1%,17.8%and19.3%when the ratios of TSP/PM fertilizer were90:10,80:20,70:30, and0:100, respectively. When combining chemical fertilizer and organic manure application to the calcareous soil, the accumulated phosphorus was transformed mainly into readily available forms of Ca2-P and Ca8-P, which increased the inorganic phosphorus pool of Ca8-P、A1-P、Fe-P and Ca2-P by combine use of chemical fertilizer and organic manure, and increased the contents of these forms of inorganic phosphorus as well.
The phytase activity of the80:20treatment was higher than that of the100:0treatment, increasing by14.9%(the first wheat season)、12.7%(the second rice season)、49.6%(the third wheat season) and28.1%(the fourth soybean season), respectively. MB-C and MB-P of the80:20treatment was higher than that of the100:0treatment at soybean different stages, and P accumulation of the80:20treatment was also higher than that of the100:0treatment, increasing by43.1%(the seeding stage),42.7%(the flowering stage),64.7%(the seed filling stage),24.1%(the harvest stage), respectively. Under the combined fertilization, the dynamics of soybean phosphorous uptake was well regulated by MB-P, which promoted the soil available P and phosphorous accumulation in plant. We found a remarkably close relationship between MB-P and yield, which was y=23.413Ln(x)-40.254(r2=0.9584).
We conducted a32P-labeled experiment to investigate the mechanisms affecting P availability in the paddy soil and calcareous soil. Sorption isotherms of the treated paddy soils were different.32P in the80:20treatment moved faster than the other two treatments in the paddy soil. The leachate volumes collected from the paddy soil before32P first appeared were13.1(80:20),19.0(100:0) and19.8(0:0) mL. Total32P recovery for the100:0and the80:20treatments increased significantly after about45mL of leachate were collected. When the amount of leachate was50mL, only1.6%,8.4%and9.8%of the total32P added leached out from the0:0,100:0and80:20treated soils, respectively. The other result indicated that the phosphorus isothermal adsorption curves of the3experimental calcareous soils all properly fitted the Langmuir adsorption equation. The affinity constant of P in the80:20treatment was lower than in the100:0treatment.32P in the80:20treatment also moved faster than the other two treatments in the calcareous soil. The leachate volumes collected from the calcareous soil before32P first appeared were40.8(80:20) and70.3(100:0) mL
The result showed the80:20K3treatment gave the higher yield than the100:0treatment in every season. The80:20K3treatment was not significantly different from the70:30K3treatment and higher than the100:0treatment in shoot biomass. The combination of TSP and manure inoculated with PSB could increase quantities of bacteria, decrease counts of fungi remarkably and affect on soil microbial communities through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and change the average well color development (AWCD).
Our results indicated that a ratio of80:20resulted in the best grain yield, which was a more suitable ratio than the other ratios. Mechanisms of combined application of organic and inorganic phosphorous fertilizers improving the phosphorous use efficiency were that1) Fe-P and O-P were decreased in paddy soil, and Ca2-P, Ca8-P were increased meanwhile Ca10-P, O-P were decreased in calcareous soil.2) The phytase activity had been promoted by the combining organic and inorganic fertilization. LOP and MROP of the combined organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments were higher than that of the inorganic fertilizer treatment.3) The manure could block P-absorbing sites effectively, thus decreasing Pi from fixation.4) Plant phosphorous uptake was well regulated by MB-P, which increased fertilizer use efficiency. Inoculation with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria can activated soil P and observably improve the P use efficiency in the first and second seasons, which has a positive significance for keeping high and stable yields.
引文
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