建筑施工高空坠落危险的时空分析
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摘要
高空坠落危险源是建筑施工现场的首要危险源，对它的研究分析是当前研究的热点之一。但对于发生在工序层面上的高空坠落危险源对施工作业产生的影响的随机波动性问题，已有的研究很少涉及。本文以施工活动中不断往复循环执行的工序，以及临边高空坠落危险源和起重机高空坠物危险源为研究对象，对上述问题展开研究。本文的主要研究内容和创新点包括：
（1）在工序层面上，运用循环网络模型描述了高空坠落危险源对施工作业产生的动态影响，建立了高空坠落危险源与潜在受害者工序之间的动态时空联系，即前者的存在时间与后者的作业时间发生动态重合并且前者的影响空间与后者的工作空间存在着动态的空间重叠区域，分析得出了对上述高空坠落危险源的影响及其波动性进行定量化分析的思路。
（2）从切断上述动态时空联系从而消除高空坠落危险源影响的角度进行分析，揭示了工序调度的本质是产生危险源工序和潜在受害者工序在独自占用上述空间重叠区域上的排队竞争。通过将这种排队竞争抽象为排队节点，并根据相邻工序施工作业是否连续，以及是否严格遵守先进先出规则，从而给出了四种类型的工序调度循环网络模型，进而通过循环网络仿真，提出了由工序调度导致的施工活动劳动生产率损失率及其随机波动性的定量化估算方法。
（3）从动态时间联系角度出发，运用循环网络仿真技术，将施工人员在高空坠落危险源影响范围内的时间暴露描述为产生危险源工序与潜在受害者工序之间作业时间的动态重叠，并据此提出了动态波动的时间暴露程度的定量化估算方法。
（4）对于前述两种高空坠落危险源，按照它们释放的危害能量在空间中的覆盖范围和能量转换特性，分别构建了它们的影响空间几何分布模型和危害能量分布模型。在此基础上，从空间联系角度出发，给出了施工人员在高空坠落危险源影响范围内的空间暴露程度和危害能量对人体头枕部伤害程度的定量化估算方法。
通过某商办楼项目塔吊高空坠物危险源影响的案例应用研究，说明了本文的研究成果能够在工序层面上对施工作业受到的高空坠落危险源影响及其随机波动性进行定量化分析，并进一步表明，本文的研究成果能够为合理地选择施工措施、更好地确定施工资源的投入等提供有力的数据支撑。
Evaluating the risk of fall from high places, one of the primary hazardson construction sites, is a prevailing research field. However, few studies haveassessed the randomness of the effect of fall hazards on constructionoperations in low-level operations. This research focuses on two types of fallhazards in relation to repetitive operations on construction site. One is withhuman or objects falling from the edge of high places, and the other is withobjects falling from crane hook. Furthermore, this research evaluates thefluctuating effect of falling in the operation level. The major contributions ofthis research are stated as the followings.
(1) Based on the cyclic network model, the dynamic effect of fallhazards on construction operations is described from the perspective oflow-level operations. And then, this research abstracts the dynamicspatio-temporal relationship between fall hazards and potential victimoperations, including dynamic temporal overlap between the existing periodof the former and the duration of the latter, and dynamic spatial intersectionbetween the reachable space of the former and the workspace of the latter.Accordingly, the approaches are proposed for quantitative estimating therandomness of the effect of fall hazards.
(2) Operation coordination can remove the aforementionedspatio-temporal relationship, eliminating the effect of fall hazards. The natureof operation coordination lies in the competition of exclusively utilizing thecommon intersecting space between the hazardous operation and the potential victim operation. Thus, this competition can be abstracted as the Queue node.Subsequently, based on some coordination rules, four types of cyclic networkmodels of operation coordination are created. The typical coordination rulesare whether adjacent operations are continuous and first-in-first-out. Throughthe simulation of cyclic network, this study further develops the quantitativeapproach for computing the fluctuating productivity loss rate of constructionactivities affected by operation coordination.
(3) Using the simulation technique of cyclic network, the temporalexposure of potential victims in relation to fall hazards can be represented asthe dynamic overlaps between the durations of hazardous operations and thetime intervals of potential victim operations from the perspective of thedynamic temporal relationship. Consequently, a number of formulas toquantitative estimate the fluctuating temporal exposure degree are developed.
(4) According to the spatial coverage and the energy conversion featureof harmful energy released from two types of aforementioned fall hazards, thegeometric distribution and the harmful energy distribution of the reachablespace of these hazards are modeled, respectively. From the viewpoint of thespatial relationship, this research further proposes the quantitatively formulaof the spatial exposure degree of potential victims in relation to the effect offall hazards, together with an analysis framework to quantitatively evaluatethe damage degree to the occipital regions arising from harmful energy in thereachable space.
A case study of the effect of a hazard of objects falling from the hook ofa crane on an office building is explored. It shows that the findings of thisresearch can be used to quantitatively evaluate the random fluctuation of theeffect of fall hazard on construction operations in low-level operations.Furthermore, it indicates that these findings provide strong data support for reasonably selecting construction measures and better allocating constructionmanagement resources on construction site.
（1）在工序层面上，运用循环网络模型描述了高空坠落危险源对施工作业产生的动态影响，建立了高空坠落危险源与潜在受害者工序之间的动态时空联系，即前者的存在时间与后者的作业时间发生动态重合并且前者的影响空间与后者的工作空间存在着动态的空间重叠区域，分析得出了对上述高空坠落危险源的影响及其波动性进行定量化分析的思路。
（2）从切断上述动态时空联系从而消除高空坠落危险源影响的角度进行分析，揭示了工序调度的本质是产生危险源工序和潜在受害者工序在独自占用上述空间重叠区域上的排队竞争。通过将这种排队竞争抽象为排队节点，并根据相邻工序施工作业是否连续，以及是否严格遵守先进先出规则，从而给出了四种类型的工序调度循环网络模型，进而通过循环网络仿真，提出了由工序调度导致的施工活动劳动生产率损失率及其随机波动性的定量化估算方法。
（3）从动态时间联系角度出发，运用循环网络仿真技术，将施工人员在高空坠落危险源影响范围内的时间暴露描述为产生危险源工序与潜在受害者工序之间作业时间的动态重叠，并据此提出了动态波动的时间暴露程度的定量化估算方法。
（4）对于前述两种高空坠落危险源，按照它们释放的危害能量在空间中的覆盖范围和能量转换特性，分别构建了它们的影响空间几何分布模型和危害能量分布模型。在此基础上，从空间联系角度出发，给出了施工人员在高空坠落危险源影响范围内的空间暴露程度和危害能量对人体头枕部伤害程度的定量化估算方法。
通过某商办楼项目塔吊高空坠物危险源影响的案例应用研究，说明了本文的研究成果能够在工序层面上对施工作业受到的高空坠落危险源影响及其随机波动性进行定量化分析，并进一步表明，本文的研究成果能够为合理地选择施工措施、更好地确定施工资源的投入等提供有力的数据支撑。
Evaluating the risk of fall from high places, one of the primary hazardson construction sites, is a prevailing research field. However, few studies haveassessed the randomness of the effect of fall hazards on constructionoperations in low-level operations. This research focuses on two types of fallhazards in relation to repetitive operations on construction site. One is withhuman or objects falling from the edge of high places, and the other is withobjects falling from crane hook. Furthermore, this research evaluates thefluctuating effect of falling in the operation level. The major contributions ofthis research are stated as the followings.
(1) Based on the cyclic network model, the dynamic effect of fallhazards on construction operations is described from the perspective oflow-level operations. And then, this research abstracts the dynamicspatio-temporal relationship between fall hazards and potential victimoperations, including dynamic temporal overlap between the existing periodof the former and the duration of the latter, and dynamic spatial intersectionbetween the reachable space of the former and the workspace of the latter.Accordingly, the approaches are proposed for quantitative estimating therandomness of the effect of fall hazards.
(2) Operation coordination can remove the aforementionedspatio-temporal relationship, eliminating the effect of fall hazards. The natureof operation coordination lies in the competition of exclusively utilizing thecommon intersecting space between the hazardous operation and the potential victim operation. Thus, this competition can be abstracted as the Queue node.Subsequently, based on some coordination rules, four types of cyclic networkmodels of operation coordination are created. The typical coordination rulesare whether adjacent operations are continuous and first-in-first-out. Throughthe simulation of cyclic network, this study further develops the quantitativeapproach for computing the fluctuating productivity loss rate of constructionactivities affected by operation coordination.
(3) Using the simulation technique of cyclic network, the temporalexposure of potential victims in relation to fall hazards can be represented asthe dynamic overlaps between the durations of hazardous operations and thetime intervals of potential victim operations from the perspective of thedynamic temporal relationship. Consequently, a number of formulas toquantitative estimate the fluctuating temporal exposure degree are developed.
(4) According to the spatial coverage and the energy conversion featureof harmful energy released from two types of aforementioned fall hazards, thegeometric distribution and the harmful energy distribution of the reachablespace of these hazards are modeled, respectively. From the viewpoint of thespatial relationship, this research further proposes the quantitatively formulaof the spatial exposure degree of potential victims in relation to the effect offall hazards, together with an analysis framework to quantitatively evaluatethe damage degree to the occipital regions arising from harmful energy in thereachable space.
A case study of the effect of a hazard of objects falling from the hook ofa crane on an office building is explored. It shows that the findings of thisresearch can be used to quantitatively evaluate the random fluctuation of theeffect of fall hazard on construction operations in low-level operations.Furthermore, it indicates that these findings provide strong data support for reasonably selecting construction measures and better allocating constructionmanagement resources on construction site.
引文
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