虎纹蛙在海南的濒危状况及其保护措施
|
摘要
全球两栖动物数量正在下降,虎纹蛙已经被收录进IUCN濒危物种红色名录,也已经被确定为国家二级重点保护动物,其濒危程度已经得到共识。海南岛是我国虎纹蛙主要分布区域,历史上虎纹蛙曾广泛分布在全岛各地,近年在野外难见到虎纹蛙的踪迹,以致有学者认为海南虎纹蛙已经消失,了解、把握虎纹蛙资源的现状,采取相应措施有效保护虎纹蛙这个濒危物种已经极为迫切。
为了有效保护海南岛虎纹蛙,作者2006年以来多次在岛内进行调查和实验,掌握海南岛虎纹蛙分布、种群数量、非法贸易、农田用途与种群关系、保护执法、食性、食物在胃中停留时间、人工养殖等情况,结合海南的实际情况,建立起一种适合基层使用的执法方法。探讨了海南岛养殖虎纹蛙的最佳模式,将使虎纹蛙资源得到有效的保护。
在对虎纹蛙的偷捕痕迹进行记录和实地调查的过程中,证明1991--2007年在海南岛的海口、文昌、琼海、万宁、陵水、三亚、澄迈、定安、屯昌、琼中、临高、儋州、昌江、东方、白沙、乐东等十六市县都有虎纹蛙的分布。2006年3、4、5、8月在海南岛的海口、三亚、琼海、白沙、昌江等五市县采取重捕标志法进行虎纹蛙种群数量研究,根据捕获数量和重捕数量进行计算,结果显示海口市大坡镇227亩的农田生境范围内2006年3月分布约有96只虎纹蛙,2007年3月约有56只虎纹蛙；在桂林洋研究点2006年约有37只虎纹蛙；2007年3月没有发现虎纹蛙的存在；琼海市塔洋镇的研究点2006年4月约有18只虎纹蛙；2007年4月约有9只虎纹蛙；位于昌江县七叉乡的研究点2006、2007年均没有发现虎纹蛙的分布；白沙县青松乡研究点2006、2007年种群数量分别为58只、63只,三亚市高峰乡研究点2006、2007年种群数量分别为21只、11只。目前海南岛虎纹蛙生存的环境主要是正在种植水稻的农田、种植莲藕的农田、种植水芹的农田、农田中的排水沟、撂荒的农田、罗非鱼养殖泥塘、废弃的水塘、种植水芋头的农田等等。表明海南岛还有一定数量的野生虎纹蛙种群,但种群数量下降趋势明显。
水田是虎纹蛙的主要栖息地之一,海南岛在发展热带高效农业过程中,实践香蕉下水田、反季节蔬菜生产等新的生产,使水田用途发生相应变化,水田耕作方式也发生变化。通过2006、2007、2008年在海口市东昌农场后湖洋、冯符洋、昌隆洋的研究,发现种植水稻、水芹、水芋头的水田、养殖罗非鱼的泥塘、杂草重生的种植香蕉的水田是虎纹蛙的良好栖息地,种植香蕉、年桔、甘蔗、地瓜、柠檬、青皮冬瓜、番石榴的田块基本没有发现虎纹蛙的分布,表明把水稻田改造为种植水芹、水芋头和养殖罗非鱼的泥塘对虎纹蛙种群的数量没有影响,把水稻田改造为种植香蕉、年桔、甘蔗、地瓜、柠檬、青皮冬瓜、番石榴的田块对虎纹蛙种群数量影响突出,说明在水稻田改种某些作物会对海南岛虎纹蛙种群带来致命的影响,生产中必须慎重考虑改变水田的用途。
通过2006-2008年对海南岛虎纹蛙市场贸易情况进行调查,发现海南岛18个市县都存在虎纹蛙贸易现象,大多数市县除每年的1、2月份外,其它的月份均发现存在虎纹蛙贸易现象。非法贸易的前提是获得虎纹蛙,这就引发偷捕虎纹蛙,破坏虎纹蛙资源现象的发生。海南岛存在职业偷捕者,偷捕方法已经发生变化,目前流行的是电击法,其对虎纹蛙种群的破坏力极大。虎纹蛙市场贸易的主要原因是错误的饮食观念导致消费市场的发生、发展；容易捕获；非法贸易的经济利益较大。上述情况表明非法贸易引发的偷捕虎纹蛙行为已经对海南岛虎纹蛙种群造成严重影响。
在三年的市场贸易调查过程中检查了2691只虎纹蛙,发现寄生虫病,而没有发现人工养殖中多发的腐皮病、胃肠炎、白内障、红腿病、烂腮病等疾病,没有发现野外虎纹蛙成群死亡的现象,说明目前疾病还没有对海南岛虎纹蛙种群造成明显的影响。
对94家养殖场的调查发现2008年海南岛养殖虎纹蛙中疾病的种类有寄生虫病、腐皮病、胃肠炎；2008年海口市、文昌市、三亚市、琼海市在3个养殖周期中都发生过寄生虫病、腐皮病、胃肠炎。养殖中存在对病死虎纹蛙尸体没有进行无害化处理、养殖废水随意排放、亏损出现时停止病蛙治疗向环境放生等现象,对虎纹蛙野生资源将造成一定影响。
通过解剖309只虎纹蛙,发现其中的195只虎纹蛙的胃中没有食物残留,114只虎纹蛙的胃中有食物残留,残留食物的成分主要有中腹足目田螺科、蜘蛛目地蛛科、蜈蚣目蜈蚣科、直翅目蝼蛄科、直翅目蟋蟀科、鞘翅目瓢虫科、鞘翅目金龟子科、鳞翅目天蛾科、无尾目蛙科、十足目溪蟹科、直翅目蝗科、莎草目禾本科。其中蝗科23.3%、蝼蛄科22%、瓢虫科11%、溪蟹科9.39%、蟋蟀科9.39%、地蛛科9.39%、金龟子科4.21%、天蛾科4.21%、田螺科2.91%、蜈蚣科2.67%、蛙科1.94%。研究还发现虎纹蛙成蛙个体的大小与虎纹蛙对食物成分的摄食没有显著的差异,虎纹蛙成蛙个体性别与虎纹蛙对食物成分的摄食没有显著的差异。虎纹蛙是被国家林业部批准开展人工养殖的物种之一,其子二代可以上市销售。海南省保护执法中需要鉴定查处没收的虎纹蛙是否为野生虎纹蛙。由于目前已经建立起来的两栖动物鉴定方法不适合在基层执法单位适用,利用野生虎纹蛙食物成分(主要是中腹足目田螺科、蜘蛛目地蛛科、蜈蚣目蜈蚣科、直翅目蝼蛄科、直翅目蟋蟀科、鞘翅目瓢虫科、鞘翅目金龟子科、鳞翅目天蛾科、无尾目蛙科、十足目溪蟹科、直翅目蝗科、莎草目禾本科)与养殖虎纹蛙食物成分(均为膨化颗粒状配合饲料)的差异,可以建立起简便可行的食物成分鉴定方法。
从养殖场买来60日龄、90日龄、120日龄、150日龄虎纹蛙,按照相同日龄分组,用混合饲料喂养1周后,绝食24小时,喂人工饲料和蝗虫、蝼蛄、蟋蟀、蜘蛛、田螺、瓢虫、虎纹蛙幼蛙、溪蟹等单种食物,观察排粪情况,用X光透视进行确认。研究发现,蝗虫、蝼蛄、蟋蟀、蜘蛛在同日龄虎纹蛙的胃停留时间基本相同,60日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为48h±24h、90日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为48h±12h、120日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为48h±6h、150日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为48h±5h。田螺、瓢虫、虎纹蛙幼蛙、溪蟹在相同日龄虎纹蛙的胃中停留时间基本相同,60日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为96h±24h、90日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为96h±12h、120日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为72h±12h、150日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为48h±12h。蛙膨化型配合饲料在60日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为24h±12h、90日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为24h±6h、120日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为12h±6h、150日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为12h±2h。说明单种膨化型配合饲料在虎纹蛙胃中停留的时间随虎纹蛙的个体增大变短。研究结果说明在海南岛虎纹蛙执法取证的最佳时间是10小时以内,时间超过120小时将失去取证的意义。根据本研究发现虎纹蛙各种食物在胃中停留时间不同,其中最短时间为10小时,最长时间为120小时的结果,有助执法者准确把握虎纹蛙食性分析时机,提高执法的有效性。
从海南省林业局收集到的信息,表明海南省虎纹蛙养殖业开始于1995年,1998年推广到全省,2000、2003、2004、2005、2006、2007年产量分别为超过6000万公斤、200万公斤、150万公斤、558万公斤、648万公斤、518万公斤,2000、2003、2004、2005、2006、2007年产值分别为约108000万元、约8000万元、约6000万元、约3300万元、约3800万元、约3000万元。2000年产量、产值均为养殖史上的最大值。目前虎纹蛙养殖产量处于缓慢恢复的阶段,商品蛙的价格处在低谷徘徊中。对500名虎纹蛙养殖业从业者的调查发现96.6%的被调查者认为是市场销售价格低影响了养殖户的养殖积极性,原因分析中95.5%的被调查者认为是饲料太贵、81.5%的被调查者认为是饲料老板垄断市场,操纵商品蛙的收购价格。海南岛虎纹蛙养殖业的家庭为投资主体的特点,决定了通过降低投入来提高在海南岛养殖虎纹蛙的经济效益的空间不大。
根据海口市和文昌市两个虎纹蛙养殖场虎纹蛙生长的数据,发现在雌雄混合养殖条件下,50、100、150日龄雌蛙的平均体重分别为55.14g、232.76g、386.45g,雄蛙的平均体重分别为30.06g、130.92g、193.15g；在雌雄单性养殖条件下,50、100、150日龄雌蛙的平均体重分别为58.63g、248.22g、415.00g,雄蛙的平均体重分别为30.45g、142.02g、219.15g；在雌雄混合养殖条件下,200、250、300、365日龄种蛙雌蛙的平均体重分别为495.95g、546.79g、576.83g、598.41g,种蛙雄蛙的平均体重分别为234.60g、260.85g、282.47g、396.92g。说明在相同养殖条件下,雌蛙的生长快于雄蛙；在不同的养殖条件下,单性雌蛙养殖的生长最好,可见养殖虎纹蛙的最佳模式为雌蛙单性养殖。
通过室内外试验发现,室外环境中水温在20℃±8℃、22℃±9℃、26℃±8℃、30℃±8℃时,孵化出雌性虎纹蛙的比例分别为72%、67%、55%、12%；室内恒温状况下,15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃实验组的孵出雌蛙率分别为86%、71%、67%、19%、0%,说明相对的低温有效提高虎纹蛙的雌性比例,相对的高温孵出的虎纹蛙中雄蛙比例较高。研究发现,在室外环境的孵化桶水温为20℃±8℃,孵化水体中苯甲酸雌二醇的浓度为0 mg/L、0.01mg/L、0.1mg/L、1mg/L时孵出雌性虎纹蛙占全部孵出蛙的71%、56%、65%、80%。；在室外环境的孵化桶水温为30℃±8℃,孵化水体中苯甲酸雌二醇的浓度为0 mg/L、0.01mg/L、0.1mg/L、1mg/L时孵出雌性虎纹蛙占全部孵出蛙的24%、58%、63%、81%,可见苯甲酸雌二醇明显影响虎纹蛙性别的分化。研究发现在不同温度条件下只要水体中激素浓度相同,孵出雌蛙的比例基本相同,说明在温度和激素条件共同作用下,激素的诱导作用更加明显。
The numbers of amphibians are going down in the globe. Tiger Frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) has been listed in the IUCN Red List of threatened species. It is also defined as National Class II protected animal species in China. A common understanding on its endangered status has been reached. Hainan Island is the main distribution region of H. rugulosus in China. In history H. rugulosus had distributed extensively in the whole island. In recent years it is difficult to find the trace of H. rugulosus in wild. Even some scholars think that H. rugulosus has disappeared in Hainan. So it is very urgent to understand and grasp the current situation of H. rugulosus resources and to take measures to protect H. rugulosus effectively.
In order to protect H. rugulosus in Hainan Island, the author conducted investigations of many times and experiments in the island, grasped the situation of distribution, number of individual in populations, illegal trade, the relationship between use of paddy field and the population, law enforcement for protection, feeding habits, detention time of food in stomach and artificial breeding in Hainan, established a method fit for basis units to distinguish wild or breeding individual through combing the practical situation in Hainan, and explored the optimal breeding model in Hainan Island by using the technology of applying estradiol benzoate in incubation water to promote number of females. In that H. rugulosus resource will be protected effectively.
According to the poaching traces and field studies of tiger frog, it was identified that tiger frogs were distributed in 16 cities or counties in Hianna: Haikou, Wenchang, Qionghai, Wanning, Lingshui, Sanyan, Chenmai, Dingan, Tunchang, Qiongzhong, Lingao, Danzhou, Changjiang, Dongfang, Baisha and Ledong from 1991 and 2007. The populations were studied by using "Labeling and recapturing" method in the 5 cities or counties:Haikou, Sanyan, Qionghai, Baisha and Changjiang on March, April, May and August in 2006. According to the numbers of captured and recaptured individuals and the calculation by the formula of N=Mxn/m(N is the estimated value of the population of tiger frog, M is the captured number of first time, n is the captured number of the second time, m is the captured number of the second time with the label of the first time), it was estimated that there were 96 individuals on March in 2006 and 56 individuals on March in 2007 in 227 mu cropland in Dapo town in Haikou city. In Guilingyang study spot there were 37 individuals on April in 2006 and 0 individuals on April in 2007.In Tayang town in Qionghai city there were 18 individuals on April in 2006 and 9 individuals on April in 2007. In the valley of Mt. Bawanling in Qicha town in Changjiang city there was no frog both in 2006 and in 2007. In Qingsong town in Baisha county there were 58 individuals in 2006 and 63 individuals in 2007. In Gaofeng town in Sanya city there were 21 individuals in 2006 and 11 individuals in 2007. It was found that the major habitats of tiger frogs were paddy field, lotus field, water celery field, ditch in cropland, discarded cropland, muddy pond for tilapia fish, discarded pond, taro field and so on. It was indicated that there were certain numbers of wild population of tiger frog, but the number changed dramatically. It needs more study on the factors impacting on the wild populations, so as to protect wild tiger frogs.
Paddy field is one of the major habitats of tiger frogs. During the development process of high efficient agriculture in Hainan Island, the new practice of banana planting in water field and the production of reverse season vegetables caused the change of land use. The plough way of paddy field was also changed. The study on use of paddy field and the number distribution of tiger frog was conducted in Fengfuyang since 2006 and extended to nearby Houfuyang and Changlong in 2008 in Dongchang Farm in Haikou city. It was found that on March in 2006 there were tiger frogs in paddy field, sweet potato field, water celery field, banana field, taro water field and muddy pond for tilapia fish, but not in tangerine field, sugar cane filed and taro dry field in Fengfuyang in Dongchang Farm. On March in 2007 there were tiger frogs in paddy field, sweet potato field, water celery field, banana field, taro water field and muddy pond for tilapia fish, but not in tangerine field, sugar cane filed and taro dry field in Fengfuyang in Dongchang Farm. On March in 2008 there were tiger frogs in sweet potato field, water celery field, taro water field and muddy pond for tilapia fish, but not in wax gourd field, banana field, tangerine field, sugar cane filed and taro dry field in Fengfuyang in Dongchang Farm. There were tiger frogs in paddy field, banana field, water celery field and taro water field, but not in sweet potato field, sugar cane field and taro dry field in Houhuyang in Dongchang Farm. There were tiger frogs in sweet potato field, water celery field, banana field and taro water field and muddy pond for tilapia fish, but not in tangerine field, sugar cane field and taro dry field in Changlongyang in Dongchang Farm. On March in 2009 there were tiger frogs in sweet potato field, water celery field, banana field, taro water field and muddy pond for tilapia fish, but not in tangerine field, sugar cane filed and taro dry field in Fengfuyang in Dongchang Farm. There were tiger frogs in banana field, water celery field and taro water field, but not in sweet potato field, sugar cane field and taro dry field in Houhuyang in Dongchang Farm. There were tiger frogs in banana field, water celery field, taro water field and muddy pond for tilapia fish, but not in sweet potato field, tangerine field, sugar cane field, taro dry field, lemon field and guava field in Changlongyang in Dongchang Farm.
It was also found that paddy field, water celery field, taro water field, muddy pond for tilapia fish and banana water field with overgrown weeds were good habitats of tiger frogs. It was indicated that the changes of paddy field into water celery field, taro water field or muddy pond for tilapia fish did not affect the individual number of tiger frog's population. The changes of paddy field into banana field, tangerine field, sugar cane field, sweet potato field, lemon field, wax gourd field or guava field affected the individual number of tiger frog's population apparently. So it must be careful to change the use of paddy field.
A survey of the market trading of H. rugulosus in Hainan was conducted during 2006—2008. The results showed that trades of H. rugulosus were found in 18 cities or counties in Hainan lasting 10 months in each year excepting for January and February. There were professional poachers in Hainan. The ways of poaching had changed. The illegal trades were because of a consuming market arising from wrong dietetic idea, easy capture and great benefits from the illegal trades. For protection of H. rugulosus the suggestions are propounded that strengthening enforcement of the law, promoting the public awareness through environmental education activities, conducting scientific researches on H. rugulosus, enhancing the monitoring of the species and complementing the natural population through artificial breeding of the species.
During the 3 years'market investigation 2691 individuals were checked, parasitic disease was found, while skin rot disease, gastroenteritis, cataract, red-leg disease, gill rotten disease and so on which often occuerred in artificial breeding were not found.
Through dissecting 309 individuals of tiger frog, it was found that 195 individuals had no food residue and 114 individuals had food residue in their stomachs. The chief composition of the food residue included animal species belonging to Mesogastropoda Viviparidae, Araneida Atypidae, Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae, Orthoptera Gryllotalpidae, Orthoptera Gryllidae, Coleoptera Coccinellidae, Coleoptera Scarabeidae, Lepidoptera Sphingidae, Anura Ranidae, Decapoda Potamidae, Orthoptera Acrididae and plant species belonging to Cyperales Gramineae, in which Acrididae accounted for 23.3%, Gryllotalpidae 22%, Coccinellidae 11%, Potamidae 9.39%, Gryllidae 9.39%, Atypidae 9.39%, Scarabeidae 4.21%, Sphingidae 4.21%, Viviparidae 2.91%, Scolopendridae 2.67%and Ranidae 1.94%. It was also found that the body size of tiger frogs was not significantly different with the composition of feeding food, and the sex of adult tiger frog was not significantly different with the composition of feeding food.
Tiger frogs, bought from breeding farm with 60 days,90 days,120 days and150 days old, were divided into groups by the age of days. They were fed with mixed diet for 1 week, then hunger stricken for 24-hours, and then fed artificial food, locusts, mole crickets, crickets, spiders, snails, ladybugs, tiger frog, crabs and other single type of food. Defecating conditions were observed and excrements were examined by X-ray. It was found that locust, mole cricket, cricket and spider stayed for basically similar time in the stomach of the frogs with same age of days. The detention time of these types of food was 48h±24h for the group of 60 days' old of frog,48h±12h for the 90 days',48h±6h for the120 days, and 48h±5h for 150 days. Snails, ladybugs, young tiger frogs and river crabs stayed for basically similar time in the stomach of the frogs with same age of days. The detention time of these types of food was 96h±24h for 60 days old of frog,96h±12h for 90 days,72h±12h for 120 days, and 48h±12h for 150 days.
The detention time of the expanded mixed feed for frogs was 24h±12h for 60 days old of frog,24h±6h for 90 days,12h±6h for 120 day, and 12h±2h for 150 days. It is indicated that the detention time of single type of the expanded mixed feed for frogs deceased with the increase of frog size.
The results showed that the optimal time is 10 hours in Hainan for collection of evidence for law enforcement. When the time is more than 120 hours, it lost the meaning of evidence. The results of this study could help to make sure accurate time for analysis of tiger frog's feeding in law enforcement, and to enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement.
The information collected from the Forestry Bureau of Hainan Province showed that tiger frog breeding in Hainan Province began since 1995 and extended to the whole province in 1998. The annual production was more than 60 million,2 million,1.5 million, 5.58 million,6.48 million and 5.18 million kg in 2000,2003,2004,2005,2006 and 2007 respectively, and the output value was about 1.08 billion,80 million,60 million,33 million, 38 million and 30 million yuan in 2000,2003,2004,2005,2006 and 2007 respectively. In 2000 tiger frog breeding got the maximum annual production and the maximum annual output value in the history. Currently the production of tiger frog aquaculture is in a slow recovery phase and the price of marking frogs is hovering in the low valley bottom. The diseases found in tiger frog breeding farm were parasitic disease, skin fester disease and gastroenteritis from the survey of 94 farms in Hainan Island in 2008. Parasitic disease, skin fester disease and gastroenteritis were found in all the three breeding cycles in Haikou City, Wenchang City, Sanya City, and Qionghai City in 2008. It is found from the survey of 500 breeders of tiger frog that 96.6% of respondents believe that the low marketing price of tiger frog impacts the enthusiasm of farmers.95.5% of respondents believe that the feed is too expensive and 81.5% of the respondents think the feed suppliers monopolize the price of feed and manipulate the marketing price of frog. The characteristics of single family as main investor in tiger frog breeding in Hainan determined the little room to increase economic benefits through lowering the cost in tiger frog breeding. It has influenced to certain extent the wildlife resources of tiger frog since no sound processing for dead bodies of tiger frog with diseases, disposition of wastewater without control, release of patient frogs to surrounding environment without treating when economic loss appearing and so on in the breeding.
According to the growth data from two frog farms in Haikou City and Wenchang City, it was found that under the condition of male and female mixed-breeding the average body weight of female individual was 22.15,55.14 90.57,126.48,163.07,199.38,232.76, 294.95 and 386.45g and that of male individual was 12.48,30.06,50.36,73.15,94.37, 114.59,130.92,160.11 and 193.15g for the frogs with the age of 40,50,60,70,80,90,100, 120 and150 days respectively. Under the condition of male and female separated-breeding (single sex breeding) the average body weight of female individual was 23.70,58.63,95.73, 133.85,173.30,212.13,248.22,318.56 and 415.00g and that of male individual was 12.67, 30.45,52.74,75.61,98.73,121.14,142.02,177.81 and 219.15g for the frogs with the same order of age above mentioned. Under the condition of male and female mixed-breeding the average body weight of adult female breeding frog was 495.95,546.79,576.83 and 598.41g and that of adult male breeding frog was234.60g,260.85g,282.47g and 396.92g for the groups with age of 200,250,300 and 365 days respectively. It indicated that under the same breeding conditions female frogs grew faster than males. Under different breeding conditions the best growth of female individual appeared in the single sex breeding case. So the best breeding model was single sex breeding of female.
Through outdoor and indoor experiments it was found that under the outdoor environment conditions with the water temperature at 20℃±8℃,22℃±9℃,26℃±8℃and 30℃±8℃, the hatching rate of female tiger frog was 72%,67%,55% and 12% respectively. Under the indoor conditions with constant room temperature at 15℃,20℃, 25℃,30℃and 35℃, the hatching rate of female tiger frog was 86%,71%,67%,19% and 0% relatively. It was indicated that relatively low temperature could effectively increase the proportion of female tiger frogs, while relatively high temperature hatched a higher proportion of males. Under the outdoor environment condition with water temperature in breeding pond at 20℃±8℃and the concentration of estradiol in incubation water at 0 mg/L,0.01mg/L, 0.1mg/L and 1mg/L, the female frog accounted for 71%,56%,65%and 80%of all hatched frogs respectively. Under the outdoor environment condition with water temperature in breeding pond at 30℃±8℃and the concentration of estradiol in incubation water at 0 mg/L, 0.01mg/L, 0.1mg/L and 1mg/ L, the female frog accounted for 24%,58%,63% and 81% of all hatched frogs respectively. It was shown that estradiol benzoate apparently affected the sexual differentiation of tiger frogs. The results showed that as long as the same concentrations of hormone existed in water under different temperatures, the proportions of the female frog hatched were similar. It was indicated that under the combined action of temperature and hormone, the effect of hormone induction was more apparent.
为了有效保护海南岛虎纹蛙,作者2006年以来多次在岛内进行调查和实验,掌握海南岛虎纹蛙分布、种群数量、非法贸易、农田用途与种群关系、保护执法、食性、食物在胃中停留时间、人工养殖等情况,结合海南的实际情况,建立起一种适合基层使用的执法方法。探讨了海南岛养殖虎纹蛙的最佳模式,将使虎纹蛙资源得到有效的保护。
在对虎纹蛙的偷捕痕迹进行记录和实地调查的过程中,证明1991--2007年在海南岛的海口、文昌、琼海、万宁、陵水、三亚、澄迈、定安、屯昌、琼中、临高、儋州、昌江、东方、白沙、乐东等十六市县都有虎纹蛙的分布。2006年3、4、5、8月在海南岛的海口、三亚、琼海、白沙、昌江等五市县采取重捕标志法进行虎纹蛙种群数量研究,根据捕获数量和重捕数量进行计算,结果显示海口市大坡镇227亩的农田生境范围内2006年3月分布约有96只虎纹蛙,2007年3月约有56只虎纹蛙；在桂林洋研究点2006年约有37只虎纹蛙；2007年3月没有发现虎纹蛙的存在；琼海市塔洋镇的研究点2006年4月约有18只虎纹蛙；2007年4月约有9只虎纹蛙；位于昌江县七叉乡的研究点2006、2007年均没有发现虎纹蛙的分布；白沙县青松乡研究点2006、2007年种群数量分别为58只、63只,三亚市高峰乡研究点2006、2007年种群数量分别为21只、11只。目前海南岛虎纹蛙生存的环境主要是正在种植水稻的农田、种植莲藕的农田、种植水芹的农田、农田中的排水沟、撂荒的农田、罗非鱼养殖泥塘、废弃的水塘、种植水芋头的农田等等。表明海南岛还有一定数量的野生虎纹蛙种群,但种群数量下降趋势明显。
水田是虎纹蛙的主要栖息地之一,海南岛在发展热带高效农业过程中,实践香蕉下水田、反季节蔬菜生产等新的生产,使水田用途发生相应变化,水田耕作方式也发生变化。通过2006、2007、2008年在海口市东昌农场后湖洋、冯符洋、昌隆洋的研究,发现种植水稻、水芹、水芋头的水田、养殖罗非鱼的泥塘、杂草重生的种植香蕉的水田是虎纹蛙的良好栖息地,种植香蕉、年桔、甘蔗、地瓜、柠檬、青皮冬瓜、番石榴的田块基本没有发现虎纹蛙的分布,表明把水稻田改造为种植水芹、水芋头和养殖罗非鱼的泥塘对虎纹蛙种群的数量没有影响,把水稻田改造为种植香蕉、年桔、甘蔗、地瓜、柠檬、青皮冬瓜、番石榴的田块对虎纹蛙种群数量影响突出,说明在水稻田改种某些作物会对海南岛虎纹蛙种群带来致命的影响,生产中必须慎重考虑改变水田的用途。
通过2006-2008年对海南岛虎纹蛙市场贸易情况进行调查,发现海南岛18个市县都存在虎纹蛙贸易现象,大多数市县除每年的1、2月份外,其它的月份均发现存在虎纹蛙贸易现象。非法贸易的前提是获得虎纹蛙,这就引发偷捕虎纹蛙,破坏虎纹蛙资源现象的发生。海南岛存在职业偷捕者,偷捕方法已经发生变化,目前流行的是电击法,其对虎纹蛙种群的破坏力极大。虎纹蛙市场贸易的主要原因是错误的饮食观念导致消费市场的发生、发展；容易捕获；非法贸易的经济利益较大。上述情况表明非法贸易引发的偷捕虎纹蛙行为已经对海南岛虎纹蛙种群造成严重影响。
在三年的市场贸易调查过程中检查了2691只虎纹蛙,发现寄生虫病,而没有发现人工养殖中多发的腐皮病、胃肠炎、白内障、红腿病、烂腮病等疾病,没有发现野外虎纹蛙成群死亡的现象,说明目前疾病还没有对海南岛虎纹蛙种群造成明显的影响。
对94家养殖场的调查发现2008年海南岛养殖虎纹蛙中疾病的种类有寄生虫病、腐皮病、胃肠炎；2008年海口市、文昌市、三亚市、琼海市在3个养殖周期中都发生过寄生虫病、腐皮病、胃肠炎。养殖中存在对病死虎纹蛙尸体没有进行无害化处理、养殖废水随意排放、亏损出现时停止病蛙治疗向环境放生等现象,对虎纹蛙野生资源将造成一定影响。
通过解剖309只虎纹蛙,发现其中的195只虎纹蛙的胃中没有食物残留,114只虎纹蛙的胃中有食物残留,残留食物的成分主要有中腹足目田螺科、蜘蛛目地蛛科、蜈蚣目蜈蚣科、直翅目蝼蛄科、直翅目蟋蟀科、鞘翅目瓢虫科、鞘翅目金龟子科、鳞翅目天蛾科、无尾目蛙科、十足目溪蟹科、直翅目蝗科、莎草目禾本科。其中蝗科23.3%、蝼蛄科22%、瓢虫科11%、溪蟹科9.39%、蟋蟀科9.39%、地蛛科9.39%、金龟子科4.21%、天蛾科4.21%、田螺科2.91%、蜈蚣科2.67%、蛙科1.94%。研究还发现虎纹蛙成蛙个体的大小与虎纹蛙对食物成分的摄食没有显著的差异,虎纹蛙成蛙个体性别与虎纹蛙对食物成分的摄食没有显著的差异。虎纹蛙是被国家林业部批准开展人工养殖的物种之一,其子二代可以上市销售。海南省保护执法中需要鉴定查处没收的虎纹蛙是否为野生虎纹蛙。由于目前已经建立起来的两栖动物鉴定方法不适合在基层执法单位适用,利用野生虎纹蛙食物成分(主要是中腹足目田螺科、蜘蛛目地蛛科、蜈蚣目蜈蚣科、直翅目蝼蛄科、直翅目蟋蟀科、鞘翅目瓢虫科、鞘翅目金龟子科、鳞翅目天蛾科、无尾目蛙科、十足目溪蟹科、直翅目蝗科、莎草目禾本科)与养殖虎纹蛙食物成分(均为膨化颗粒状配合饲料)的差异,可以建立起简便可行的食物成分鉴定方法。
从养殖场买来60日龄、90日龄、120日龄、150日龄虎纹蛙,按照相同日龄分组,用混合饲料喂养1周后,绝食24小时,喂人工饲料和蝗虫、蝼蛄、蟋蟀、蜘蛛、田螺、瓢虫、虎纹蛙幼蛙、溪蟹等单种食物,观察排粪情况,用X光透视进行确认。研究发现,蝗虫、蝼蛄、蟋蟀、蜘蛛在同日龄虎纹蛙的胃停留时间基本相同,60日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为48h±24h、90日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为48h±12h、120日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为48h±6h、150日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为48h±5h。田螺、瓢虫、虎纹蛙幼蛙、溪蟹在相同日龄虎纹蛙的胃中停留时间基本相同,60日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为96h±24h、90日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为96h±12h、120日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为72h±12h、150日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为48h±12h。蛙膨化型配合饲料在60日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为24h±12h、90日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为24h±6h、120日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为12h±6h、150日龄虎纹蛙的停留时间为12h±2h。说明单种膨化型配合饲料在虎纹蛙胃中停留的时间随虎纹蛙的个体增大变短。研究结果说明在海南岛虎纹蛙执法取证的最佳时间是10小时以内,时间超过120小时将失去取证的意义。根据本研究发现虎纹蛙各种食物在胃中停留时间不同,其中最短时间为10小时,最长时间为120小时的结果,有助执法者准确把握虎纹蛙食性分析时机,提高执法的有效性。
从海南省林业局收集到的信息,表明海南省虎纹蛙养殖业开始于1995年,1998年推广到全省,2000、2003、2004、2005、2006、2007年产量分别为超过6000万公斤、200万公斤、150万公斤、558万公斤、648万公斤、518万公斤,2000、2003、2004、2005、2006、2007年产值分别为约108000万元、约8000万元、约6000万元、约3300万元、约3800万元、约3000万元。2000年产量、产值均为养殖史上的最大值。目前虎纹蛙养殖产量处于缓慢恢复的阶段,商品蛙的价格处在低谷徘徊中。对500名虎纹蛙养殖业从业者的调查发现96.6%的被调查者认为是市场销售价格低影响了养殖户的养殖积极性,原因分析中95.5%的被调查者认为是饲料太贵、81.5%的被调查者认为是饲料老板垄断市场,操纵商品蛙的收购价格。海南岛虎纹蛙养殖业的家庭为投资主体的特点,决定了通过降低投入来提高在海南岛养殖虎纹蛙的经济效益的空间不大。
根据海口市和文昌市两个虎纹蛙养殖场虎纹蛙生长的数据,发现在雌雄混合养殖条件下,50、100、150日龄雌蛙的平均体重分别为55.14g、232.76g、386.45g,雄蛙的平均体重分别为30.06g、130.92g、193.15g；在雌雄单性养殖条件下,50、100、150日龄雌蛙的平均体重分别为58.63g、248.22g、415.00g,雄蛙的平均体重分别为30.45g、142.02g、219.15g；在雌雄混合养殖条件下,200、250、300、365日龄种蛙雌蛙的平均体重分别为495.95g、546.79g、576.83g、598.41g,种蛙雄蛙的平均体重分别为234.60g、260.85g、282.47g、396.92g。说明在相同养殖条件下,雌蛙的生长快于雄蛙；在不同的养殖条件下,单性雌蛙养殖的生长最好,可见养殖虎纹蛙的最佳模式为雌蛙单性养殖。
通过室内外试验发现,室外环境中水温在20℃±8℃、22℃±9℃、26℃±8℃、30℃±8℃时,孵化出雌性虎纹蛙的比例分别为72%、67%、55%、12%；室内恒温状况下,15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃实验组的孵出雌蛙率分别为86%、71%、67%、19%、0%,说明相对的低温有效提高虎纹蛙的雌性比例,相对的高温孵出的虎纹蛙中雄蛙比例较高。研究发现,在室外环境的孵化桶水温为20℃±8℃,孵化水体中苯甲酸雌二醇的浓度为0 mg/L、0.01mg/L、0.1mg/L、1mg/L时孵出雌性虎纹蛙占全部孵出蛙的71%、56%、65%、80%。；在室外环境的孵化桶水温为30℃±8℃,孵化水体中苯甲酸雌二醇的浓度为0 mg/L、0.01mg/L、0.1mg/L、1mg/L时孵出雌性虎纹蛙占全部孵出蛙的24%、58%、63%、81%,可见苯甲酸雌二醇明显影响虎纹蛙性别的分化。研究发现在不同温度条件下只要水体中激素浓度相同,孵出雌蛙的比例基本相同,说明在温度和激素条件共同作用下,激素的诱导作用更加明显。
The numbers of amphibians are going down in the globe. Tiger Frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) has been listed in the IUCN Red List of threatened species. It is also defined as National Class II protected animal species in China. A common understanding on its endangered status has been reached. Hainan Island is the main distribution region of H. rugulosus in China. In history H. rugulosus had distributed extensively in the whole island. In recent years it is difficult to find the trace of H. rugulosus in wild. Even some scholars think that H. rugulosus has disappeared in Hainan. So it is very urgent to understand and grasp the current situation of H. rugulosus resources and to take measures to protect H. rugulosus effectively.
In order to protect H. rugulosus in Hainan Island, the author conducted investigations of many times and experiments in the island, grasped the situation of distribution, number of individual in populations, illegal trade, the relationship between use of paddy field and the population, law enforcement for protection, feeding habits, detention time of food in stomach and artificial breeding in Hainan, established a method fit for basis units to distinguish wild or breeding individual through combing the practical situation in Hainan, and explored the optimal breeding model in Hainan Island by using the technology of applying estradiol benzoate in incubation water to promote number of females. In that H. rugulosus resource will be protected effectively.
According to the poaching traces and field studies of tiger frog, it was identified that tiger frogs were distributed in 16 cities or counties in Hianna: Haikou, Wenchang, Qionghai, Wanning, Lingshui, Sanyan, Chenmai, Dingan, Tunchang, Qiongzhong, Lingao, Danzhou, Changjiang, Dongfang, Baisha and Ledong from 1991 and 2007. The populations were studied by using "Labeling and recapturing" method in the 5 cities or counties:Haikou, Sanyan, Qionghai, Baisha and Changjiang on March, April, May and August in 2006. According to the numbers of captured and recaptured individuals and the calculation by the formula of N=Mxn/m(N is the estimated value of the population of tiger frog, M is the captured number of first time, n is the captured number of the second time, m is the captured number of the second time with the label of the first time), it was estimated that there were 96 individuals on March in 2006 and 56 individuals on March in 2007 in 227 mu cropland in Dapo town in Haikou city. In Guilingyang study spot there were 37 individuals on April in 2006 and 0 individuals on April in 2007.In Tayang town in Qionghai city there were 18 individuals on April in 2006 and 9 individuals on April in 2007. In the valley of Mt. Bawanling in Qicha town in Changjiang city there was no frog both in 2006 and in 2007. In Qingsong town in Baisha county there were 58 individuals in 2006 and 63 individuals in 2007. In Gaofeng town in Sanya city there were 21 individuals in 2006 and 11 individuals in 2007. It was found that the major habitats of tiger frogs were paddy field, lotus field, water celery field, ditch in cropland, discarded cropland, muddy pond for tilapia fish, discarded pond, taro field and so on. It was indicated that there were certain numbers of wild population of tiger frog, but the number changed dramatically. It needs more study on the factors impacting on the wild populations, so as to protect wild tiger frogs.
Paddy field is one of the major habitats of tiger frogs. During the development process of high efficient agriculture in Hainan Island, the new practice of banana planting in water field and the production of reverse season vegetables caused the change of land use. The plough way of paddy field was also changed. The study on use of paddy field and the number distribution of tiger frog was conducted in Fengfuyang since 2006 and extended to nearby Houfuyang and Changlong in 2008 in Dongchang Farm in Haikou city. It was found that on March in 2006 there were tiger frogs in paddy field, sweet potato field, water celery field, banana field, taro water field and muddy pond for tilapia fish, but not in tangerine field, sugar cane filed and taro dry field in Fengfuyang in Dongchang Farm. On March in 2007 there were tiger frogs in paddy field, sweet potato field, water celery field, banana field, taro water field and muddy pond for tilapia fish, but not in tangerine field, sugar cane filed and taro dry field in Fengfuyang in Dongchang Farm. On March in 2008 there were tiger frogs in sweet potato field, water celery field, taro water field and muddy pond for tilapia fish, but not in wax gourd field, banana field, tangerine field, sugar cane filed and taro dry field in Fengfuyang in Dongchang Farm. There were tiger frogs in paddy field, banana field, water celery field and taro water field, but not in sweet potato field, sugar cane field and taro dry field in Houhuyang in Dongchang Farm. There were tiger frogs in sweet potato field, water celery field, banana field and taro water field and muddy pond for tilapia fish, but not in tangerine field, sugar cane field and taro dry field in Changlongyang in Dongchang Farm. On March in 2009 there were tiger frogs in sweet potato field, water celery field, banana field, taro water field and muddy pond for tilapia fish, but not in tangerine field, sugar cane filed and taro dry field in Fengfuyang in Dongchang Farm. There were tiger frogs in banana field, water celery field and taro water field, but not in sweet potato field, sugar cane field and taro dry field in Houhuyang in Dongchang Farm. There were tiger frogs in banana field, water celery field, taro water field and muddy pond for tilapia fish, but not in sweet potato field, tangerine field, sugar cane field, taro dry field, lemon field and guava field in Changlongyang in Dongchang Farm.
It was also found that paddy field, water celery field, taro water field, muddy pond for tilapia fish and banana water field with overgrown weeds were good habitats of tiger frogs. It was indicated that the changes of paddy field into water celery field, taro water field or muddy pond for tilapia fish did not affect the individual number of tiger frog's population. The changes of paddy field into banana field, tangerine field, sugar cane field, sweet potato field, lemon field, wax gourd field or guava field affected the individual number of tiger frog's population apparently. So it must be careful to change the use of paddy field.
A survey of the market trading of H. rugulosus in Hainan was conducted during 2006—2008. The results showed that trades of H. rugulosus were found in 18 cities or counties in Hainan lasting 10 months in each year excepting for January and February. There were professional poachers in Hainan. The ways of poaching had changed. The illegal trades were because of a consuming market arising from wrong dietetic idea, easy capture and great benefits from the illegal trades. For protection of H. rugulosus the suggestions are propounded that strengthening enforcement of the law, promoting the public awareness through environmental education activities, conducting scientific researches on H. rugulosus, enhancing the monitoring of the species and complementing the natural population through artificial breeding of the species.
During the 3 years'market investigation 2691 individuals were checked, parasitic disease was found, while skin rot disease, gastroenteritis, cataract, red-leg disease, gill rotten disease and so on which often occuerred in artificial breeding were not found.
Through dissecting 309 individuals of tiger frog, it was found that 195 individuals had no food residue and 114 individuals had food residue in their stomachs. The chief composition of the food residue included animal species belonging to Mesogastropoda Viviparidae, Araneida Atypidae, Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae, Orthoptera Gryllotalpidae, Orthoptera Gryllidae, Coleoptera Coccinellidae, Coleoptera Scarabeidae, Lepidoptera Sphingidae, Anura Ranidae, Decapoda Potamidae, Orthoptera Acrididae and plant species belonging to Cyperales Gramineae, in which Acrididae accounted for 23.3%, Gryllotalpidae 22%, Coccinellidae 11%, Potamidae 9.39%, Gryllidae 9.39%, Atypidae 9.39%, Scarabeidae 4.21%, Sphingidae 4.21%, Viviparidae 2.91%, Scolopendridae 2.67%and Ranidae 1.94%. It was also found that the body size of tiger frogs was not significantly different with the composition of feeding food, and the sex of adult tiger frog was not significantly different with the composition of feeding food.
Tiger frogs, bought from breeding farm with 60 days,90 days,120 days and150 days old, were divided into groups by the age of days. They were fed with mixed diet for 1 week, then hunger stricken for 24-hours, and then fed artificial food, locusts, mole crickets, crickets, spiders, snails, ladybugs, tiger frog, crabs and other single type of food. Defecating conditions were observed and excrements were examined by X-ray. It was found that locust, mole cricket, cricket and spider stayed for basically similar time in the stomach of the frogs with same age of days. The detention time of these types of food was 48h±24h for the group of 60 days' old of frog,48h±12h for the 90 days',48h±6h for the120 days, and 48h±5h for 150 days. Snails, ladybugs, young tiger frogs and river crabs stayed for basically similar time in the stomach of the frogs with same age of days. The detention time of these types of food was 96h±24h for 60 days old of frog,96h±12h for 90 days,72h±12h for 120 days, and 48h±12h for 150 days.
The detention time of the expanded mixed feed for frogs was 24h±12h for 60 days old of frog,24h±6h for 90 days,12h±6h for 120 day, and 12h±2h for 150 days. It is indicated that the detention time of single type of the expanded mixed feed for frogs deceased with the increase of frog size.
The results showed that the optimal time is 10 hours in Hainan for collection of evidence for law enforcement. When the time is more than 120 hours, it lost the meaning of evidence. The results of this study could help to make sure accurate time for analysis of tiger frog's feeding in law enforcement, and to enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement.
The information collected from the Forestry Bureau of Hainan Province showed that tiger frog breeding in Hainan Province began since 1995 and extended to the whole province in 1998. The annual production was more than 60 million,2 million,1.5 million, 5.58 million,6.48 million and 5.18 million kg in 2000,2003,2004,2005,2006 and 2007 respectively, and the output value was about 1.08 billion,80 million,60 million,33 million, 38 million and 30 million yuan in 2000,2003,2004,2005,2006 and 2007 respectively. In 2000 tiger frog breeding got the maximum annual production and the maximum annual output value in the history. Currently the production of tiger frog aquaculture is in a slow recovery phase and the price of marking frogs is hovering in the low valley bottom. The diseases found in tiger frog breeding farm were parasitic disease, skin fester disease and gastroenteritis from the survey of 94 farms in Hainan Island in 2008. Parasitic disease, skin fester disease and gastroenteritis were found in all the three breeding cycles in Haikou City, Wenchang City, Sanya City, and Qionghai City in 2008. It is found from the survey of 500 breeders of tiger frog that 96.6% of respondents believe that the low marketing price of tiger frog impacts the enthusiasm of farmers.95.5% of respondents believe that the feed is too expensive and 81.5% of the respondents think the feed suppliers monopolize the price of feed and manipulate the marketing price of frog. The characteristics of single family as main investor in tiger frog breeding in Hainan determined the little room to increase economic benefits through lowering the cost in tiger frog breeding. It has influenced to certain extent the wildlife resources of tiger frog since no sound processing for dead bodies of tiger frog with diseases, disposition of wastewater without control, release of patient frogs to surrounding environment without treating when economic loss appearing and so on in the breeding.
According to the growth data from two frog farms in Haikou City and Wenchang City, it was found that under the condition of male and female mixed-breeding the average body weight of female individual was 22.15,55.14 90.57,126.48,163.07,199.38,232.76, 294.95 and 386.45g and that of male individual was 12.48,30.06,50.36,73.15,94.37, 114.59,130.92,160.11 and 193.15g for the frogs with the age of 40,50,60,70,80,90,100, 120 and150 days respectively. Under the condition of male and female separated-breeding (single sex breeding) the average body weight of female individual was 23.70,58.63,95.73, 133.85,173.30,212.13,248.22,318.56 and 415.00g and that of male individual was 12.67, 30.45,52.74,75.61,98.73,121.14,142.02,177.81 and 219.15g for the frogs with the same order of age above mentioned. Under the condition of male and female mixed-breeding the average body weight of adult female breeding frog was 495.95,546.79,576.83 and 598.41g and that of adult male breeding frog was234.60g,260.85g,282.47g and 396.92g for the groups with age of 200,250,300 and 365 days respectively. It indicated that under the same breeding conditions female frogs grew faster than males. Under different breeding conditions the best growth of female individual appeared in the single sex breeding case. So the best breeding model was single sex breeding of female.
Through outdoor and indoor experiments it was found that under the outdoor environment conditions with the water temperature at 20℃±8℃,22℃±9℃,26℃±8℃and 30℃±8℃, the hatching rate of female tiger frog was 72%,67%,55% and 12% respectively. Under the indoor conditions with constant room temperature at 15℃,20℃, 25℃,30℃and 35℃, the hatching rate of female tiger frog was 86%,71%,67%,19% and 0% relatively. It was indicated that relatively low temperature could effectively increase the proportion of female tiger frogs, while relatively high temperature hatched a higher proportion of males. Under the outdoor environment condition with water temperature in breeding pond at 20℃±8℃and the concentration of estradiol in incubation water at 0 mg/L,0.01mg/L, 0.1mg/L and 1mg/L, the female frog accounted for 71%,56%,65%and 80%of all hatched frogs respectively. Under the outdoor environment condition with water temperature in breeding pond at 30℃±8℃and the concentration of estradiol in incubation water at 0 mg/L, 0.01mg/L, 0.1mg/L and 1mg/ L, the female frog accounted for 24%,58%,63% and 81% of all hatched frogs respectively. It was shown that estradiol benzoate apparently affected the sexual differentiation of tiger frogs. The results showed that as long as the same concentrations of hormone existed in water under different temperatures, the proportions of the female frog hatched were similar. It was indicated that under the combined action of temperature and hormone, the effect of hormone induction was more apparent.
引文
[1]Wake DB. Declining amphibian populations. Science,1991,253::860
[2]Houlahan JE, Findlay CS, Schidt BR, MeyerAH, Kuzmin SL. Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature,2000,404:752-755.
[3]Amphibian Species Lists. (http://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/index.html)
[4]IUCN Red List Status. http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/red-list-status
[5]Daszak P, Berger L, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD,Green DE, Speare R. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines. Emerg Infect Dis,1999,5(6):735-748.
[6]Alford RA, Richards SJ. Global amphibian declines::a problem in applied ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst,1999,30:133-165.
[7]Laurance W F.Catastrophic declines of Australian rain forest frogs:is unusual weather responsible? Biological Conservation,1996,77:203-212.
[8]Daszak P,Cunningham A A,Hyatt A D.Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife-threats to biodiversity and human health.Science,2000,287:443-449.
[9]Trevor JC. Beebee, Richard A. Griffiths.2005.The amphibian dicline crisis: A watershed for conservation biology? Biological Conservation 125(2005):271-285.
[10]谢峰,刘惠宁,Simon N Stuart,等.中国两栖动物保护需求总述[J].中国科学C辑生命科学,2006,36(6)：570-581.
[11]Blaustein AR,Edmond B,Kiesecker JM,et al.Ambient Ultraviolet radiation causes mortality in salamander eggs[J].Ecol. Appl.,1995,5(3):740-743.
[12]Blaustein AR,Hoffman PD,Hokit DG,et al.UVrepair and resistance to solar UV-B in amphibian eggs:a link to population declines?[J].PANS,1994,91:1791-1795.
[13]Belden LK,Blaustein AR.Population differences in sensitivity to UV-Bradiation for larval long-toed salamenders[J].Ecology,2002,83(6):1586-1590.
[14]Fahrig L,Pedllar JH,Pope SE,et al. Effect of road traffic on amphibian density[J].Biol.Conser., 1995,71:177-182.
[15]Gibbs JP.Distribution of woodland amphibians along a forest fragmentation gradient[J].Landscape Ecol.,1998,13:263-268.
[16]Kolosvary M,Swihart RK. Habitat fragmentation and distribution of amphibians:patch and landscape correlates in farmland[J].Can.J.Zoo.,1999,77:1288-1299.
[17]Vos CC,Chardon JP. Effects of habitat fragmentation and road density on the distribution patter of the moor frog Rana arvalis[J].J.Appl.Biol.,1998,35:44-56.
[18]方精云.全球生态学：气候变化与生态效应[C].北京：高等教育出版社,施普林格出版社.43-70.
[19]何晓瑞.我国特有种滇螈的绝灭及其原因分析[J].四川动物,1998,17(2)：58-60.
[20]Fisher RN.Shaffer HB. The decline of amphibians in Canifornia's Great Central Valley[J].Conser. Biol.,1996,10:1387-1397.
[21]Gillespie GR. The role of introduced trout in the decline of the spotted tree frog (Litoria spenceri) in southeastern Austrilia[J].Biol. Conserv.,2001,100:187-198.
[22]Hamer AJ,Lane SJ,and Mahony MJ.The role of introduced mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) in excluding the native green and golden bell frog(Litoria aurea) from original habitats in south-eastern Australia[J].Oecologia,2002,132:445-452.
[23]Johson PTJ.Lunde KB,Ritchie EG,et al. The effects of trematode infection on amphibian limb development and survivorship[J].Science,1999,284:802-804.
[24]Lawler SP,Dritz D,Srange T,et al. Effects of introduced mosquitofish and bullfrogs on the threatened California red legged frog[J].Conserv.Biol.,1999,13:613-622.
[24]李义明,李典谟.广西野生动物贸易初步研究[A].中国环境与发展国际合作委员会编.保护中国的生物多样性[C].北京：中国环境科学出版社.1997,112-158.
[25]赵尔宓.中国濒危动物红皮书·两栖类和爬行类[M].北京,香港,纽约：科学出版社.1998.
[26]邹学英译.中国南部野生动物贸易调查报告[A].见：中国环境与发展国际合作委员会编.保护中国的生物多样性[C].北京：中国环境科学出版社.1997,235-256.
[27]Alford RA,Richards SJ. Global amphibian declines:a problem in appliedecology[J].Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.,1999,30:133-165.
[28]Somkiat Kanchanakhan, U-malai Saduakdee, Aranya Kreethachat and Supranee Chinabut. Isolation of a FV3-like iridovirus from a cutaneous ulceration and systemic inflammation with exuberant hematopoiesis or CSE disease of cultured frog, Rana tigrina Cantor, in Thailand.The Fourth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture held in Cebu City, Philippines during 22-26 November 1999. (http://www.fisheries.go.th/aahri/Health_new/AAHRI/AAHRI/Topics/Newsletter/News_8_2_1#Ne ws_8_2_1)
[29]Rick Speare (PhD, BVSc, MB BS). SUMMARY OF FORMIDABLE INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF AMPHIBIANS. School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia 4811. (http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/formidable.htm)
[30]Emerson H, Norris C. "Red-leg"-an infectious disease of frogs[J]. Journal of Experimental Medicine.1905,7:32-58.
[31]Kulp W L, Borden D G. Further studies on Proteus hydrophila, the etiological agent in "red leg" disease of frogs[J]. Journal of Bacteriology.1942,44:673-685.
[32]Glorioso J C, Amborski R L, Amborski G F, Culley D D. Microbiological studies on septicaemic bullfrogs(Rana catesbiana) [J]. American Journal of Veterinary Research.1974,35:1241-1245.
[33]Amborski R L, Snider T G, Culley D D. A non-hemolytic, group B Streptococcus infection of cultured bullfrogs, Rana catesbiana, in Brazil[J]. Journal of Wildlife Diseases.1983,19(3): 180-184.
[34]Colt J, Orwicz K, Brooks D. Gas Bubble Disease in the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis[J]. Journal of Herpetology.1984,18(2):131-137.
[35]Groff J M, Mughannam A, McDowell T S, Wong A, Dykstra M J, Frye F L, Hedrick R P. An epizootic of cutaneous zygomycosis in cultured dwarf African clawed frogs(Hymenochirus curtipes) due to Basidiobolus ranarum[J]. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology.1991,29: 215-223.
[36]Olson M E, Gard S, Brown M, Hampton R, Morck D W. Flavobacterium indologenes infection in leopard frogs[J]. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1992, 201(11):1766-1770.
[37]Cunningham A A, Sainsbury A W, Cooper J E. Diagnosis and treatment of a parasitic dermatitis in a laboratory colony of African clawed frogs(Xenopus laevis) [J]. Veterinary Record 1996, 138:640-642.
[38]Ramakrishnan L, Valdivia R H, McKerrow J H, Falkow S. Mycobacterium marinum causes both long term subclinical infection and acute disease in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) [J]. Infection and Immunity 1997,65:767-773.
[39]Daszak P, Berger L, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D, Green D E and Speare R. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines[J]. Emerging Infectious Diseases.1999,5(5):735-748.
[40]Daszak P, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D. Infectious disease and amphibian population declines[J]. Diversity and Distributions 2003,9:141-150.
[41]Berger L, Speare R, Thomas A, Hyatt A. Mucocutaneous fungal disease in tadpoles of Bufo marinus in Australia[J]. Journal of Herpetology 2001,35:330-335.
[42]Killer virus could wipe out species. (http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/uk-mortality-2004.htm)
[43]On the hunt for deadly frog disease. http://www.csiro.au/index.asp?type=mediaRelease&id=FrogFungus&style=mediaRelease)
[44]Temdoung Somsiri and Suriyan Soontornvit. Bacterial diseases of cultured tiger frog (Rana tigerina). The Fourth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture held in Cebu City, Philippines during 22-26 November 1999. (http://www.fisheries.go.th/aahri/Health_new/AAHRI/AAHRI/Topics/Newsletter/News_8_2_1#Ne ws 821)
[45]陈晓凤,陈祈辉,王好镇,等.牛蛙“胀肚病”病原的研究[J].集美大学学报(自然科学版),1995,6(1)：27-30.
[46]陈晓凤,陈祈辉,夏梅珠.牛蛙“白内障”病病原及防治的研究[J].福建水产,1995,(2)：13-18.
[47]陈晓凤,陈祈辉,王好镇,等.牛蛙“肝肿大病”病原的研究[J].集美大学学报(自然科学版),1995,12(2)：32-37.
[48]黄志坚,金燮理,肖克宇,等.牛蛙传染性肝炎的流行病学调查[J].内陆水产,1996,9：26-27.
[49]孔祥会.美国青蛙烂嘴病的防治[J].河南水产,1999(3)：19.
[50]袁春营,崔青曼.牛蛙肝脏坏死病的病原及药物防治研究[J].中国水产,2000,10：30-31.
[51]谢凤,张凤君,黄文芳.美国青蛙肝炎病病原的研究[J].微生物学杂志,2002,9(5)：59-60.
[52]吴科榜,周永灿,吴英华,等.中西药复方制剂对海南虎纹蛙白内障综合症的防治研究[J].中兽医学杂志,2003,4：5-7.
[53]叶雪平,杨广智,罗毅志.牛蛙脑膜炎(歪脖子病)病原分离及防治技术研究[J].浙江海洋学院学报,1996,12(04)：301-304.
[54]吴文忠.嗜水气单胞菌引起牛蛙红腿病及防治[J].中国水产1994(03)：27.
[55]胡成钰,洪一江.牛蛙红腿病病原菌敏感药物的筛选[J].水利渔业,2001(2)：49.
[56]张奇亚,李正秋,吴玉琛.美国青蛙“旋游症”病原菌的分离鉴定及其组织病理学观察[J].中国兽医学报,1999,3(2)：152-155.
[57]陈世濂,张艳璇,刘浩官,等.赖胸蛙疾害因子的调查与分析[J].动物学杂志,1995,30(3)：9-12.
[58]周常义,陈晓凤,吴俊林,等.牛蛙嗜水气单胞菌病的病原研究[J].集美大学学报(自然科学版),2003,4：317-321.
[59]舒新华,金燮理,肖克宇.牛蛙腐皮-红腿病并发症致病菌研究Ⅱ.荧光假单胞菌的分离和鉴定[J].生命科学研究,1997,12(1)：54-59.
[60]Erin Muths,Paul Stephen Corn et al.2003.Evidence for disease-related amphibian decline in Corolado. Biological conservation 110(2003)357-365.
[61]Karen R. Lips, Forrest Brem, Roberto Brenes, et al. Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity. [J]PNAS 2006,103(9):3165-3170.
[62]Jason R.Rohr,Thomas R.Rafel,John M.Romansic,Hamish McCallum,Peter J.Hudson.Evaluating the links between climate,disease spread,and amphibian declines.PNAS.2008,105(45):17436-17441.
[63]Fisher,M.c. Endemic and introduced haplotypes of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Japanese amphibians:sink or source. Molecular Ecology,2009,18,4731-4733.
[64]Bai C, Garner T, Li Y. First evidence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in China: discovery of chytridiomycosis in introduced American bullfrogs and native amphibians in the Yunnan Province, China. EcoHealth 2010,7:127-134.
[65]Daszak P.Berger L,Cunningham AA,et al. Emerging infections Diseases and amphibian population declines[J].Emer.Infect.Disea.,1999.5:735-748.
[66]Trenton W.J. et al,Life history tradeoffs influence mortality associated with the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.Oikos. doi.,2008,10.1111/j.1600-0706.17202.x.
[67]Johnson.P.T.J.,Lunde,K.B.,Thurman,E.M.,Ritchie,E.G.,Wray,S.N.,Sutherland,D.R.,Kapfer,J.M.,Fres t,T.J.,Bowerman,J.,Blaustein,A.R..PARASITE(Ribeiroia ondatrae)infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States. Ecological Monographs,2002,72(2),151-168.
[68]Lips KR. Decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna[J].Conserv.Biol.,1998,12:106-117.
[69]Alford RA,Richards SJ. Global amphibian declines:a problem in appliedecology[J].Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.,1999,30:133-165.
[70]Blaustein AR and Kiesecker J M. Complexity in conservation:lessons from the global decline of amphibian populations [J].Ecol.Letters,2002,5:597-608.
[71]Davidson C,ShafferHB,Jennings MR.Declines of the California red-legged frog:Climate, UV-B, habitat, and pesticideshypotheses[J].Ecol. Appl.,2001,11:464-479.
[72]Stokstad, E. Amphibians hit tow ways by farm chemicals. http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cbi/content/short/2008/1029/2.
[73]Jason R.Rohr. Agrochemicals increase trematode infections in a declining amphibian species. Nature,2008,455.
[74]Carey C, Alexander MA. Climate change and amphibian declines:is there a link? [J].Diver Distrib, 2003,9:111-121.
[75]Sarah K. Mcmenamin, Elizabeth A. hadly, Christopher K.wright. Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park.PNAS:2008,16988-16993.
[1]杨清,陈进,白智林,等.野生动物贸易对生态环境的影响.1999,6：4-5.
[2]国际爱护动物基金会(International Fund for Animal Welfare——IFAW)点击即杀戮--全球网络野生动物贸易状况2008-11-24 http://law.nwupl.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=199
[3]周志华,蒋志刚.野生动植物贸易活动的特点及影响因子研究[J].生物多样性,2005,13(5)：462-471.
[4]周志华,蒋志刚.野生生物、野生动植物和野生来源的定义及范畴[J].生态学报,2004(24)：302-304.
[5]辛白.全球野生动物非法贸易扫描[J].野生动物杂志,1995,10(1)：14-15.
[6]杨东平.从源头遏止滥捕滥吃野生动物的狂潮[J].群言,2003,215：44-45.
[7]何勇.打击非法象牙贸易保护大象[J].中国环境报,2004,3,22.
[8]李瑞林,李志科,周志华.伸出你的手我的手,救救我们的动物朋友[J].森林与人,1999,8：4-8.
[9]尹峰,梦梦,宋慧刚,等.中国食用野生动物状况调查[J].野生动物杂志,2006,27(6)：2-5.
[10]梦梦,卢琳琳,尹峰,等.中国南方地区食用野生动物贸易状况[J].野生动物杂志,2009,30(3)：158-160.
[11]高翌芳.另一种危机,商业化的野生动物非法贸易[J].世界环境,2009,3：19-22.
[12]吴易风,刘凤良,吴汉洪.西方经济学[M].北京,中国人民大学出版社,1999：1-27.
[13]Wilkie DS,Godoy RA(2000)Economics of bushmeat.Science,287,975-976.
[14]Wilkie DS,Godoy RA(2001)Income and price elasticities of bushmeat demand in lowland Amerindian societies.Conservation Biology,15,761-769.
[15]Wilkie DS,Starkey M,Abernethy K,Effa EN,Telfer P,Godoy RA(2005)Role of prices and wealth in con-sumer demand for bushmeat in Gabon,Central Africa.Conservation Biology,19,268-274.
[16]章克家,王小明,吴巍,王正寰,黄松Advance in conservation biology of Chinese giant salamander.生物多样性,2002,10,291-297.
[17]邹莉,谢宗强,欧晓昆。云南香格里拉大峡谷藏族神山在自然保护中的意义[J].生物多样性,2005,13：51-57.
[1]国家重点保护野生动物名录.1988年12月10日国务院批准,1989年1月14日林业部农业部发布实施.
[2]史海涛,蒙激流,熊燕,等.海南陆栖脊椎动物检索(M).海南：海南出版社,2001,226-275.
[3]唐子英,李致动.海南岛脊椎动物调查简报[J].动物学杂志,1957,1(4)：246-249.
[4]广东省昆虫研究所动物室,中山大学生物系.海南岛的鸟兽[M].北京：科学出版社,1983.
[5]王力军,史海涛,洪美玲,等.海南岛两栖动物调查及珍稀和特有种的测量数据[J].四川动物,2005,24(3)：301-308.
[6]王伟,程立生,梁月华.海南岛稻田两栖动物资源调查及保护对策探讨[J].四川动物,2009,28(2)：250-252.
[7]肖智,黎振昌,高利宾.海南岛蛙类新纪录----广西棱皮树蛙[J].动物学杂志,2008,43(4)：131-132.
[8]王伟,程立生,符瑞敏.海南岛稻田饰纹姬蛙的食性分析[J].海南大学学报,2008,26(3)：241-248.
[9]吕顺清,王力军,史海涛.海南岛蜥蜴类多样性[J].四川动物,2005,24(3)：312-314.
[10]龚世平,徐汝梅,史海涛.海南岛淡水龟类区系特点及保护优先性分析[J].动物学杂志,2003,38(6)：68-70.
[11][龚世平,史海涛,谢才坚.海南岛黎母山四眼斑水龟对春季生境的选择性[J].动物学研究,2005,26(2)：142-146.
[12][龚世平,史海涛,谢才坚,等.海南岛黎母山四眼斑水龟种群密度与空间分布格局[J].动物学杂志.2006,41(6)：54-59.
[13]龚世平,谢才坚,陈川.海南岛黎母山淡水龟类生态考察记[J].大自然,2004,6：48-49.
[14]龚世平,徐建平,王志伟,等.海南岛尖峰岭淡水龟类考察记[J].大自然,2005,6：34-35.
[15]Patrick DAVID.山烙铁头蛇属在中国海南岛的发现(蛇亚目：蝰科：蝮亚科).[J].动物分类学报,2006,26(3)：388-393.
[16]赵尔宓.海南岛爬行动物的八个月调查[J].兽类学报,2005,24(3)：323-331.
[17]王韩生,江海生,刘振河,等.海南岛南湾自然保护区野生称猴疾病的调查[J].上海实验动物科学,1989,9(1)：63-42.
[18]江海生,刘振河,袁喜才,等.海南岛南湾猕猴种群结构研究[J].兽类学报,1989,9(4)：254-261.
[19]江海生,刘振河,袁喜才,等.海南岛南湾半岛野生猕猴的繁殖研究[J].兽类学报,1988,8(2)：294-298.
[20]江海生,刘振河,袁喜才,等.海南岛南湾半岛猕猴的活动习性[J].兽类学报,1988,8(4)：105-112.
[21]李玉春,张洪溢,小金泽正昭.海南岛陆栖野生哺乳动物的分布现状及历史变迁.会议
[22]宴学飞,李玉春.海南岛兽类名录整理[J].海南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,22(2)：191-213.
[23]朱斌良,朱光剑,李德伟,等.海南岛翼手目物种多样性的初步调查[J].海南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2008,21(1)：75-81.
[24]李德伟,尹锋,曾玉,等.海南岛翼手类地理分布格局的聚类分析[J].生物学杂志,2010,27(2)：16-20.
[25]李玉春,吴毅,陈忠.海南岛发现大足鼠耳蝠分布新记录[J].兽类学报,2006,26(2)：211-212.
[26]张隆挺.海南岛啮齿类(RODENTIA)的生态地理[J].琼州大学学报(综合版),1994,4(1)：198-203.
[27]陈忠,蒙以航,周峰,等.海南岛棕果蝠的活动节律与食性[J].兽类学报,2007,27(2)：112-119.
[28]彭红元,张剑锋,江海声,等.海南岛海南长臂猿分布的变迁及成因[J].四川动物,2008,27(4)：671-675.
[29]顾茂彬,陈佩珍,姜婷婷,等.海南岛亚龙湾蝴蝶资源调查与开发利用研究[J].林业科学研究,2000,13(3)：333-341.
[30]常弘,毕肖峰,陈桂珠,等.海南岛东寨港国家级自然保护区鸟类组成和区系的研究[J].生态科学,1999,18(2)：53-61.
[31]张国钢,梁伟,刘冬平,等.海南岛越冬水鸟资源状况调查[J].动物学杂志,2005,40(2)：80-85.
[32]张国钢,梁伟,刘冬平,等.黑脸琵鹭在海南岛的越冬地及其保护[J].林业科学,2006,42(1)：96-99.
[33]史海涛.海南岛发现草号鸟分布[J].四川动物,1998,17(1)：44.
[34]史海涛,.海南岛发现黑翅戈鸟[J].四川动物,1998,17(3)：124.
[35]史海涛,程儒庆.海南岛鸟类新纪录----黑眉苇莺[J].四川动物,1998,17(4)：180.
[1]国家重点保护野生动物名录.1988年12月10日国务院批准,1989年1月14日林业部农业部发布实施.
[2]The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org
[3]史海涛,蒙激流,熊燕,等.海南陆栖脊椎动物检索(M).海南：海南出版社,2001,226-275.
[4]陈壁辉.虎纹蛙个体生态调查[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版).1983,2：86-95.
[5]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙的食性与繁殖习性的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1994,10(3)：92-96.
[6]耿宝荣,柯福建,刘中标.虎纹蛙的食性与捕食行为的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).2002,19(3)：73-76.
[7]程建祥,蔡福盛,柯美珍,等.食物与照度对虎纹蛙发育的影响[J].广西医学院学报,1987,4(4)：45-48.
[8]程建祥,蔡福盛,柯美珍,等.氯化汞对虎纹蛙发育的影响[J].广西医学院报,1990,7(1)：80-84.
[9]程建祥,蔡福盛,柯美珍,等.农药对虎纹蛙受精卵和蝌蚪发育影响的实验研究[J].广西医学院学报,1990,7(3)：32-34.
[10]林植华,计翔.浙江丽水虎纹蛙形态特征的两性异形和食性[J].动物学研究,2005,26(3)：255-262.
[11]邵晨,施时迪,谢建芳.酸胁迫对虎纹蛙红细胞及血红蛋白的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(1)：39-42.
[12]章菊明,王爱华,郭平.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].温州医学院学报,1984,14(1)：18-23.
[13]刘楚吾,刘筠.牛蛙、黑斑蛙和虎纹蛙的染色体组型及乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的比较研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,1986,9(1)：66-73.
[14]张维道.芜湖产虎纹蛙G-带初步分析[J].安徽师大学报,1988,3：27-32.
[15]虞世嘉,钱晓薇.四种无尾两栖类SCE分析[J].遗传,1991,13(5)：19-21.
[16]方玲,胡启平,刘清华.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].广西医科大学学报,1998,15(2)：17-19.
[17]邹佩贞.广东韶关地区虎纹蛙·黑斑蛙染色体核型分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(31)：13516-13518.
[18]李大生,陈佳栋,林俊群,等.胰岛素对虎纹蛙外周血液淋巴细胞的增殖作用[J].四川动物,1995,12(4)：11-13.
[19]刘丽,刘楚吾,林东,等.中国虎纹蛙与泰国虎纹蛙的遗传多样性比较[J].水产科学,2005,24(1)：31-33.
[20]龙华,赵刚,陈建武,等.十种鱼和2种蛙的表皮显微观察[J].长江大学学报(自然版),2006,3(3)：143-147.
[21]刘丽,刘楚吾,郭昱嵩,等.基于RAPD的SCAR分子标记技术鉴定虎纹蛙及引进种[J].海洋湖沼通报,2008,2：110-115.
[22]胡增高,王义权,李世广,等.虎纹蛙在产卵前后血浆性激素变化的研究[J].安徽师大学报,1991,2：36-41.
[23]李远友,林浩然GnRH对虎纹蛙LH和FSH分泌活动的调节作用[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1998,37(5)：92-96.
[24]李远友,林浩然.多巴胺、雌二醇及睾酮对虎纹蛙离体脑垂体促性腺激素分泌的影响[J].动物学研究,2000,21(6)：441-445.
[25]李远友,林浩然.多巴胺能药物对虎纹蛙GnRH和LH分泌活动的影响[J].动物学杂志,2002,37(6)：13-16.
[26]LI Yuan-you, LIN Hao-ran. Changes of Gonadotropin Contents According to Age and Season in Rana rugulosa wiegmann [J]. Developmental and Reproductive Biology,2000,9(2):23-29.
[27]李远友,林浩然.虎纹蛙促性腺激素及其释放激素含量的日变化[J].汕头大学学报(自然科学版),1999,14(1)：48-53.
[28]LI Yuan-you, LIN Hao-ran. IN VITRO STUDIES ON GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE SECRETION IN RANARUGULOSA[J]. 动物学报,2002,48(2):221-226.
[29]张小爱,聂刘旺,张海军.虎纹蛙四个Sox基因的克隆及序列分析[J].激光生物学报,2001,10(4)：269-272.
[30]张盛周,朱升学,佟媛,等.pH值和温度对虎纹蛙消化系统蛋白酶活力的影响[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(2)：200-209.
[31]连迎,薛清清,苏丹丹,等.除草剂丁草胺对虎纹蛙成体红细胞的DNA损伤[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,22(3)：90-94.
[32]阮琴,邵晨,胡一中,等.酸胁迫对虎纹蛙血液流变学指标的影响[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,32(1)：103-106.
[33]耿宝荣,陈友铃,张秋金,等.虎纹蛙的早期胚胎发育[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1999,15(4)：85-90.
[34]刘楚吾,刘卫今.虎纹蛙性腺发育的细胞学研究[J].湛江海洋大学学报,1997,17(2)：1-6.
[35]李洋,金磊,李昌春,等.对黑斑蛙、虎纹蛙和牛蛙皮肤的比较组织学[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版).2009,32(5)：466-470.
[36]江剑平,陈文列,余望,等.虎纹蛙视网膜结构与环境适应性的研究[J].应用与环境生物学报.2001,7(1)：51-55.
[37]江剑平,黄键,陈文列,等.虎纹蛙视觉器官组织学研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,17(3)：70-75.
[38]江剑平,陈祖祺,黄浩,等.虎纹蛙消化道解剖学观察[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2002,18(4)：77-80.
[39]潘鸿春,吴孝兵.虎纹蛙和大树蛙肾细胞超微结构及其与环境适应性的关系[J].应用与环境生物学报2002,8(3)：262-266.
[40]潘鸿春.虎纹蛙外周血细胞的超微结构[J].解剖学杂志,2001,24(6)：565-566.
[41]邵晨,洪煌明.金华地区虎纹蛙消化道形态解剖学观察[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(2)：197-200.
[42]张伟妮,林旋,林树根,等.虎纹蛙消化道肥大细胞的组化性质[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2010,39(2)：186-189.
[43]张盛周,吴孝兵,陈壁辉.虎纹蛙消化道两种内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学定位[J].解剖学杂志,2002,25(3)：275-278.[]陈学棋,江剑平,林玮.虎纹蛙消化腺组织学观察[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,19(2)：117-120.
[44]刘楚吾,张轩杰,罗深,等.虎纹蛙和牛蛙醋酶同工酶的比较研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,1993,16(2)：180-182.
[45]虞鹏程,廖东江,简少卿.虎纹蛙蝌蚪与幼蛙肌肉蛋白质的双向电泳图谱对比分析[J].江西科学,2005,23(2)：106-108.
[46]胡知渊,来雅萍,陈文静.棘胸蛙、虎纹蛙、黑斑蛙血细胞的比较[J].四川动物,2005,24(1)：5-8.
[47]戴聪杰,耿宝荣.虎纹蛙的含肉率及蛙肉和蛙皮氨基酸组成分析[J].动物学杂志.2003,38(2)：60-64.
[48]耿宝荣,戴聪杰.虎纹蛙蛙肉和蛙皮的营养成分分析与评价[J].营养学报,2004,26(5)：403-405.
[49]刘丽,刘楚吾,林东年,等.泰国虎纹蛙与中国虎纹蛙肌肉的营养成分比较[J].水利渔业,2008,28(3)：64-66.
[50]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙蝌蚪几种饵料的比较试验[J].福建畜牧兽医,1999,21(4)：5.
[51]黄志平.虎纹蛙、鱼、林生态种养试验[J].水产养殖.2006,27(3)：24-25.
[52]吴建平.虎纹蛙水稻生态种养技术要点[J].渔业致富指南,2008,2：44.
[53]广东省卫生防疫站防疫科,湛江地区卫生防疫站,阳春县卫生防疫站.虎纹蛙在钩端螺旋体病流行病学意义的观察[J].华南预防医学,1979,4：36-39.
[54]苗素英,何建国,张利红,等.虎纹蛙病毒主要衣壳蛋白基因的克隆及其序列[J].水产学报.2001,25(6)：559-563.
[55]周永灿,朱传华,陈国华,等.虎纹蛙白内障病病原的分离鉴定及其免疫防治[J].上海水产大学学报,2001,3(1)：16-21.
[56]吴科榜,周永灿,吴英华,等.中西药复方制剂对海南虎纹蛙白内障综合症的防治研究[J].中兽医学杂志,2003,4：5-7.
[57]苗素英,李方,王晓红,等.虎纹蛙病毒甲基转移酶基因的克隆和分析[J].水产学报.2002,26(2)：157-160.
[58]王晓红,翁少萍,何建国,等.虎纹蛙病毒体外培养及其理化特性[J].水产学报.2002,26(4)：363-367.
[59]吴科榜,刁晓平,韩新畴,等.中西医结合治疗海南虎纹蛙烂皮病的研究[J].中兽医医药杂志,2003,5：8-9.
[70]苗素英,张灵,叶巧真,等.虎纹蛙病毒的ATP酶基因克隆和序列分析[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版).2003,42(2)：74-77.
[71]苗素英,王晓红,叶巧真,等.虎纹蛙病毒的形态结构及其致病性研究[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版).2003,42(4)：69-73.
[72]王玲,张瑞琳,罗海华,等.虎纹蛙自然感染裂头蚴的调查及其在实验教学中的应用[J].中山大学学报论丛,2007,27(3)：37-38.
[73]丁燏,唐晓尘,简纪常,等.虎纹蛙烂趾病病原菌分离鉴定与药敏试验[J].水产科学,2009,28(2)：67-70.
[74]符史杭.2003-2004年海南省人工养殖虎纹蛙主要细菌性传染病的流行情况调查[D].南京农业大学,2005.
[1]Wake DB. Declining amphibian populations. Science,1991,253::860
[2]Houlahan JE, Findlay CS, Schidt BR, MeyerAH, Kuzmin SL. Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature,2000,404:752-755.
[3]Daszak P, Berger L, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD,Green DE, Speare R. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines. Emerg Infect Dis,1999,5(6):735-748.
[4]Alford RA, Richards SJ. Global amphibian declines:a problem in applied ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst,1999,30:133-165.
[5]Laurance W F.Catastrophic declines of Australian rain forest frogs:is unusual weather responsible? Biological Conservation,1996,77:203-212.
[6]高国柱,吴孝兵.两栖动物种群数量减少的原因探讨[J].安徽技术师范学院学报,2005,19(1)：37-41.
[7]宋鸣涛.中国大鲵的生态与分布[J].动物世界,1986,3(1)：75-77.
[8]刘国钧.我国的稀有珍贵动物-大鲵[J].动物学杂志,1989,24(3)：43-45.
[9]赵尔宓.中国濒危动物红皮书：两栖类和爬行类[M].北京：科学出版社,1998.30-33.
[10]史海涛,蒙激流,熊燕,等.海南陆栖脊椎动物检索[M].海南：海南出版社,2001,226-275.
[11]国家重点保护野生动物名录.1988年12月10日国务院批准,1989年1月14日林业部农业部发布实施.
[12]费梁,胡淑琴,叶昌媛,等.中国动物志两栖纲(下卷)无尾目蛙科(M).北京：科学出版社,2009,1319-1327.
[13]陈壁辉.虎纹蛙个体生态调查[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版).1983,2：86-95.
[14]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙的食性与繁殖习性的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1994,10(3)：92-96.
[15]耿宝荣,柯福建,刘中标.虎纹蛙的食性与捕食行为的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).2002,19(3)：73-76.
[16]程建祥,蔡福盛,柯美珍,等.氯化汞对虎纹蛙发育的影响[J].广西医学院报,1990,7(1)：80-84.
[17]程建祥,蔡福盛,柯美珍,等.农药对虎纹蛙受精卵和蝌蚪发育影响的实验研究[J].广西医学院学报,1990,7(3)：32-34.
[18]程建祥,蔡福盛,柯美珍,等.食物与照度对虎纹蛙发育的影响[J].广西医学院学报,1987,4(4)：45-48.
[19]林植华,计翔.浙江丽水虎纹蛙形态特征的两性异形和食性[J].动物学研究,2005,26(3)：255-262.
[20]邵晨,施时迪,谢建芳.酸胁迫对虎纹蛙红细胞及血红蛋白的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(1)：39-42.
[21]章菊明,王爱华,郭平.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].温州医学院学报,1984,14(1)：18-23.
[22]刘楚吾,刘筠.牛蛙、黑斑蛙和虎纹蛙的染色体组型及乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的比较研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,1986,9(1)：66-73.
[23]张维道.芜湖产虎纹蛙G-带初步分析[J].安徽师大学报,1988,3：27-32.
[24]虞世嘉,钱晓薇.四种无尾两栖类SCE分析[J].遗传,1991,13(5)：19-21.
[25]方玲,胡启平,刘清华.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].广西医科大学学报,1998,15(2)：17-19.
[26]邹佩贞.广东韶关地区虎纹蛙·黑斑蛙染色体核型分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(31)：13516-13518.
[27]李大生,陈佳栋,林俊群,等.胰岛素对虎纹蛙外周血液淋巴细胞的增殖作用[J].四川动物,1995,12(4)：11-13.
[28]刘丽,刘楚吾,林东,等.中国虎纹蛙与泰国虎纹蛙的遗传多样性比较[J].水产科学,2005,24(1)：31-33.
[29]龙华,赵刚,陈建武,等.十种鱼和2种蛙的表皮显微观察[J].长江大学学报(自然版),2006,3(3)：143-147.
[30]刘丽,刘楚吾,郭昱嵩,等.基于RAPD的SCAR分子标记技术鉴定虎纹蛙及引进种[J].海洋湖沼通报,2008,2：110-115.
[31]胡增高,王义权,李世广,等.虎纹蛙在产卵前后血浆性激素变化的研究[J].安徽师大学报,1991.,2：36-41.
[32]李远友,林浩然GnRH对虎纹蛙LH和FSH分泌活动的调节作用[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1998,37(5)：92-96.
[33]李远友,林浩然.多巴胺、雌二醇及睾酮对虎纹蛙离体脑垂体促性腺激素分泌的影响[J].动物学研究,2000,21(6)：441-445.
[34]李远友,林浩然.多巴胺能药物对虎纹蛙GnRH和LH分泌活动的影响[J].动物学杂志,2002,37(6)：13-16.
[35]LI Yuan-you, LIN Hao-ran. Changes of Gonadotropin Contents According to Age and Season in Rana rugulosa wiegmann [J]. Developmental and Reproductive Biology,2000,9(2):23-29.
[36]李远友,林浩然.虎纹蛙促性腺激素及其释放激素含量的日变化[J].汕头大学学报(自然科学版),1999,14(1)：48-53.
[37]LI Yuan-you, LIN Hao-ran. IN VITRO STUDIES ON GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE SECRETION IN RANA RUGULOSA[J].动物学报,2002,48(2):221-226.
[38]张小爱,聂刘旺,张海军.虎纹蛙四个Sox基因的克隆及序列分析[J].激光生物学报,2001,10(4)： 269-272.
[39]张盛周,朱升学,佟媛,等.pH值和温度对虎纹蛙消化系统蛋白酶活力的影响[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(2)：200-209.
[40]连迎,薛清清,苏丹丹,等.除草剂丁草胺对虎纹蛙成体红细胞的DNA损伤[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,22(3)：90-94.
[41]阮琴,邵晨,胡一中,等.酸胁迫对虎纹蛙血液流变学指标的影响[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,32(1)：103-106.
[42]耿宝荣,陈友铃,张秋金,等.虎纹蛙的早期胚胎发育[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1999,15(4)：85-90.
[43]刘楚吾,刘卫今.虎纹蛙性腺发育的细胞学研究[J].湛江海洋大学学报,1997,17(2)：1-6.
[44]李洋,金磊,李昌春,等.对黑斑蛙、虎纹蛙和牛蛙皮肤的比较组织学[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版).2009,32(5)：466-470.
[45]江剑平,陈文列,余望,等.虎纹蛙视网膜结构与环境适应性的研究[J].应用与环境生物学报.2001,7(1)：51-55.
[46]江剑平,黄键,陈文列,等.虎纹蛙视觉器官组织学研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,17(3)：70-75.
[47]江剑平,陈祖祺,黄浩,等.虎纹蛙消化道解剖学观察[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2002,18(4)：77-80.
[48]潘鸿春,吴孝兵.虎纹蛙和大树蛙肾细胞超微结构及其与环境适应性的关系[J].应用与环境生物学报2002,8(3)：262-266.
[49]潘鸿春.虎纹蛙外周血细胞的超微结构[J].解剖学杂志,2001,24(6)：565-566.
[50]邵晨,洪煌明.金华地区虎纹蛙消化道形态解剖学观察[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(2)：197-200.
[51]张伟妮,林旋,林树根,等.虎纹蛙消化道肥大细胞的组化性质[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2010,39(2)：186-189.
[52]张盛周,吴孝兵,陈壁辉.虎纹蛙消化道两种内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学定位[J].解剖学杂志,2002,25(3)：275-278.[]陈学棋,江剑平,林玮.虎纹蛙消化腺组织学观察[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,19(2)：117-120.
[53]刘楚吾,张轩杰,罗深,等.虎纹蛙和牛蛙醋酶同工酶的比较研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,1993,16(2)：180-182.
[54]虞鹏程,廖东江,简少卿.虎纹蛙蝌蚪与幼蛙肌肉蛋白质的双向电泳图谱对比分析[J].江西科学,2005,23(2)：106-108.
[55]胡知渊,来雅萍,陈文静.棘胸蛙、虎纹蛙、黑斑蛙血细胞的比较[J].四川动物,2005,24(1)：5-8.
[56]戴聪杰,耿宝荣.虎纹蛙的含肉率及蛙肉和蛙皮氨基酸组成分析[J].动物学杂志.2003,38(2)：60-64.
[57]耿宝荣,戴聪杰.虎纹蛙蛙肉和蛙皮的营养成分分析与评价[J].营养学报,2004,26(5)：403-405.
[58]刘丽,刘楚吾,林东年,等.泰国虎纹蛙与中国虎纹蛙肌肉的营养成分比较[J].水利渔业,2008,28(3)：64-66.
[59]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙蝌蚪几种饵料的比较试验[J].福建畜牧兽医1999,21(4)：5.
[60]黄志平.虎纹蛙、鱼、林生态种养试验[J].水产养殖.2006,27(3)：24-25.
[61]吴建平.虎纹蛙水稻生态种养技术要点[J].渔业致富指南,2008,2：44.
[62]广东省卫生防疫站防疫科,湛江地区卫生防疫站,阳春县卫生防疫站.虎纹蛙在钩端螺旋体病流行病学意义的观察[J].华南预防医学,1979,4：36-39.
[63]苗素英,何建国,张利红,等.虎纹蛙病毒主要衣壳蛋白基因的克隆及其序列[J].水产学报.2001,25(6)：559-563.
[64]周永灿,朱传华,陈国华,等.虎纹蛙白内障病病原的分离鉴定及其免疫防治[J].上海水产大学学报,2001,3(1)：16-21.
[65]吴科榜,周永灿,吴英华,等.中西药复方制剂对海南虎纹蛙白内障综合症的防治研究[J].中兽医学杂志,2003,4：5-7.
[66]苗素英,李方,王晓红,等.虎纹蛙病毒甲基转移酶基因的克隆和分析[J].水产学报.2002,26(2)：157-160.
[67]王晓红,翁少萍,何建国,等.虎纹蛙病毒体外培养及其理化特性[J].水产学报.2002,26(4)：363-367.
[68]吴科榜,刁晓平,韩新畴,等.中西医结合治疗海南虎纹蛙烂皮病的研究[J].中兽医医药杂志,2003,5：8-9.
[69]苗素英,张灵,叶巧真,等.虎纹蛙病毒的ATP酶基因克隆和序列分析[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版).2003,42(2)：74-77.
[70]苗素英,王晓红,叶巧真,等.虎纹蛙病毒的形态结构及其致病性研究[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版).2003,42(4)：69-73.
[71]王玲,张瑞琳,罗海华,等.虎纹蛙自然感染裂头蚴的调查及其在实验教学中的应用[J].中山大学学报论丛,2007,27(3)：37-38.
[72]丁燏,唐晓尘,简纪常,等.虎纹蛙烂趾病病原菌分离鉴定与药敏试验[J].水产科学,2009,28(2)：67-70.
[73]符史杭.2003-2004年海南省人工养殖虎纹蛙主要细菌性传染病的流行情况调查[D].南京农业大学,2005.
[74]Wake DB. Declining amphibian populations. Science,1991,253::860
[75]Houlahan JE, Findlay CS, Schidt BR, MeyerAH, Kuzmin SL. Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature,2000,404:752-755.
[76]谢峰,刘惠宁,Simon N Stuart,等.中国两栖动物保护需求总述[J].中国科学c辑生命科学,2006,36(6)：570-581.
[77]吴正军,李义明.两栖类种群数量下降原因及保护对策[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(1)：140-146.
[1]费梁,胡淑琴,叶昌媛,等.中国动物志两栖纲(下卷)无尾目蛙科[M].北京：科学出版社,2009,1319-1327.
[2]陈壁辉.虎纹蛙个体生态调查[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版).1983,2：86-95.
[3]Wake DB. Declining amphibian populations. Science,1991,253::860
[4]谢峰,刘惠宁,Simon N Stuart,等.中国两栖动物保护需求总述[J].中国科学C辑生命科学,2006,36(6)：570-581.
[5]海南年鉴2009[M].北京,年鉴社,2009,11.
[6]夏鲁平.田园乡野见斑斓----海南农业20年发展经验梳理[J].今日海南,2008,2：20-21.
[1]费梁,胡淑琴,叶昌媛,等.中国动物志两栖纲(下卷)无尾目蛙科(M).北京：科学出版社,2009,1319-1327.
[2]史海涛,蒙激流,熊燕,等.海南陆栖脊椎动物检索[M].海南：海南出版社,2001,226-275.
[3]国家重点保护野生动物名录.1988年12月10日国务院批准,1989年1月14日林业部农业部发布实施.
[4]The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, http://www.iucnredlist.org
[5]高素华,黄增明,张统钦,等.海南岛气候[A].北京：气象出版社,1988,1-17.
[6]罗晓宁.虎纹蛙金环蛇遭捕成盘中餐2004-08-19 01:31:06.http://www.hntqb.com/read.php?news_id=19678
[7]张洁.偷运虎纹蛙和小鸦鹃边防民警一举查获.2008年10月14日11：40南海网-南国都市报http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2008-10-14/114014572197s.shtml
[8]郑全策.客车偷运虎纹蛙森林民警逮正着.2007年05月23日07：28http://news.sohu.com/20070523/n250169134.shtml
[9]陈壁辉.虎纹蛙个体生态调查[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版).1983,2：86-95.
[10]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙的食性与繁殖习性的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1994,10(3)：92-96.
[11]邵晨,施时迪,谢建芳.酸胁迫对虎纹蛙红细胞及血红蛋白的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(1)：39-42.
[12]刘丽,刘楚吾,郭昱嵩,等.基于RAPD的SCAR分子标记技术鉴定虎纹蛙及引进种[J].海洋湖沼通报,2008,2：110-115.
[13]连迎,薛清清,苏丹丹,等.除草剂丁草胺对虎纹蛙成体红细胞的DNA损伤[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,22(3)：90-94.
[14]张伟妮,林旋,林树根,等.虎纹蛙消化道肥大细胞的组化性质[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2010,39(2)：186-189.
[15]黄志平.虎纹蛙、鱼、林生态种养试验[J].水产养殖.2006,27(3)：24-25.
[16]吴建平.虎纹蛙水稻生态种养技术要点[J].渔业致富指南,2008,2：44.
[17]苗素英,何建国,张利红,等.虎纹蛙病毒主要衣壳蛋白基因的克隆及其序列[J].水产学报.2001,25(6)：559-563.
[18]符史杭.2003-2004年海南省人工养殖虎纹蛙主要细菌性传染病的流行情况调查[D].南京农业大学,2005.
[19]杨清,陈进,白智林,等.野生动物贸易对生态环境的影响.1999,6：4-5.
[20]国际爱护动物基金会(International Fund for Animal Welfare——IFAW)点击即杀戮--全球网络野生动物贸易状况2008-11-24 http://law.nwupl.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=199
[21]周志华,蒋志刚.野生动植物贸易活动的特点及影响因子研究[J].生物多样性,2005,13(5)：462-471.
[22]周志华,蒋志刚.野生生物、野生动植物和野生来源的定义及范畴[J].生态学报,2004(24)：302-304.
[23]辛白.全球野生动物非法贸易扫描[J].野生动物杂志,1995,10(1)：14-15.
[24]Wake DB. Declining amphibian populations. Science,1991,253::860
[25]Houlahan JE, Findlay CS, Schidt BR, MeyerAH, Kuzmin SL. Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature,2000,404:752-755.
[26]Amphibian Species Lists.(http://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/index.html
[27]IUCN Red List Status, http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/red-list-status
[1]Wake DB. Declining amphibian populations. Science,1991,253:860
[2]Houlahan JE, Findlay CS, Schidt BR, MeyerAH, Kuzmin SL. Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature,2000,404:752-755.
[3]Amphibian Species Lists.(http://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/index.html
[4]IUCN Red List Status, http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/red-list-status
[5]周永灿,朱传华,陈国华,等.虎纹蛙白内障病病原的分离鉴定及其免疫防治[J].上海水产大学学报,2001,3(1)：16-21.
[6]符史杭.2003-2004年海南省人工养殖虎纹蛙主要细菌性传染病的流行情况调查[D].南京农业大学,2005.
[7]吴健桦,林丽卿.广州市农贸市场出售青蛙感染裂头蚴的调查[J].广州中医药大学学报,1997,14(3)：193-194.
[8]Somkiat Kanchanakhan, U-malai Saduakdee, Aranya Kreethachat and Supranee Chinabut。 Isolation of a FV3-like iridovirus from a cutaneous ulceration and systemic inflammation with exuberant hematopoiesis or CSE disease of cultured frog, Rana tigrina Cantor, in Thailand。 The Fourth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture held in Cebu City, Philippines during 22-26 November 1999.
(http://www.fisheries.go.th/aahri/Health_new/AAHRI/AAHRI/Topics/Newsletter/News_8_2_1#News_8_2_1)
[9]Rick Speare (PhD, BVSc, MB BS). SUMMARY OF FORMIDABLE INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF AMPHIBIANS. School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia 4811. (http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/formidable.htm)
[10]Emerson H, Norris C. "Red-leg" -an infectious disease of frogs[J]. Journal of Experimental Medicine.1905,7:32-58.
[11]Kulp W L, Borden D G. Further studies on Proteus hydrophila, the etiological agent in "red leg" disease of frogs[J]. Journal of Bacteriology.1942,44:673-685.
[12]Glorioso J C, Amborski R L, Amborski G F, Culley D D. Microbiological studies on septicaemic bullfrogs(Rana catesbiana) [J]. American Journal of Veterinary Research.1974,35:1241-1245.
[13]Amborski R L, Snider T G, Culley D. A non-hemolytic, group B Streptococcus infection of cultured bullfrogs, Rana catesbiana, in Brazil[J]. Journal of Wildlife Diseases.1983,19(3):180-184.
[14]Colt J, Orwicz K, Brooks D. Gas Bubble Disease in the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis[J]. Journal of Herpetology.1984,18(2):131-137.
[15]Groff J M, Mughannam A, McDowell T S, Wong A, Dykstra M J, Frye F L, Hedrick R P. An epizootic of cutaneous zygomycosis in cultured dwarf African clawed frogs (Hymenochirus curtipes) due to Basidiobolus ranarum[J]. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology.1991,29:215-223.
[16]Olson M E, Gard S, Brown M, Hampton R, Morck D W. Flavobacterium indologenes infection in leopard frogs[J]. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1992, 201(11):1766-1770.
[17]Cunningham A A, Sainsbury A W, Cooper J E. Diagnosis and treatment of a parasitic dermatitis in a laboratory colony of African clawed frogs(Xenopus laevis) [J]. Veterinary Record 1996, 138:640-642.
[18]Ramakrishnan L, Valdivia R H, McKerrow J H, Falkow S. Mycobacterium marinum causes both long term subclinical infection and acute disease in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) [J]. Infection and Immunity 1997,65:767-773.
[19]Daszak P, Berger L, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D, Green D E and Speare R. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines[J]. Emerging Infectious Diseases.1999,5(5):735-748.
[20]Daszak P, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D. Infectious disease and amphibian population declines[J]. Diversity and Distributions 2003,9:141-150.
[21]Berger L, Speare R, Thomas A, Hyatt A. Mucocutaneous fungal disease in tadpoles of Bufo marinus in Australia[J]. Journal of Herpetology 2001,35:330-335.
[22]Killer virus could wipe out species. (http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/uk-mortality-2004.htm).
[23]On the hunt for deadly frog disease. http://www.csiro.au/index.asp?type=mediaRelease&id=FrogFungus&style=mediaRelease)
[24]Trenton W.J. et al.,Life history tradeoffs influence mortality associated with the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.Oikos. doi.,2008,10.1111/j.1600-0706.17202.x.
[25]林金祥.食源寄生虫病图释[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2009.20-27.
[26]Erin Muths, Paul Stephen Corn, et. al.. Evidence for disease-related amphibian decline in Corolado. Biological conservation.2003,110:357-365.
[27]Erin Muths,Paul Stephen Corn et al.2003.Evidence for disease-related amphibian decline in Corolado. Biological conservation 110(2003)357-365.
[28]Karen R. Lips, Forrest Brem, Roberto Brenes, et al. Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity[J]. PNAS 2006,103(9):3165-3170.
[29]Fisher,M.c. Endemic and introduced haplotypes of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Japanese amphibians:sink or source. Molecular Ecology,2009,18:4731-4733.
[30]Bai C, Garner T, Li Y. First evidence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in China: discovery of chytridiomycosis in introduced American bullfrogs and native amphibians in the Yunnan Province, China. EcoHealth 2010.7:127-134.
[1]国家林业局.《商业性经营利用驯养繁殖技术成熟的陆生野生动物名单》.2003,8.http://www.forestry.gov.cn/portal/main/s/495/content-24341.html
[2]史海涛,蒙激流,熊燕,等.海南陆栖脊椎动物检索(M).海南：海南出版社,2001,226-275.
[3]费梁,叶昌媛.中国两栖动物检索[M].重庆：科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1990,1-363.
[4]刘承钊,胡淑琴.中国无尾两栖类[M].北京：科学出版社,1961,1-303.
[5]章菊明,王爱华,郭平.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].温州医学院学报,1984,14(1)：18-23.
[6]邹佩贞.广东韶关地区虎纹蛙·黑斑蛙染色体核型分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(31)：13516-13518.
[7]刘丽,刘楚吾,林东,等.中国虎纹蛙与泰国虎纹蛙的遗传多样性比较[J].水产科学,2005,24(1)：31-33.
[8]刘丽,刘楚吾,郭昱嵩,等.基于RAPD的SCAR分子标记技术鉴定虎纹蛙及引进种[J].海洋湖沼通报,2008,2：110-115.
[9]林植华,季翔.浙江丽水虎纹蛙形态特征的两性异性和食性[J].动物学研究,2005,26(3)：255-263.
[10]李旭,周伟,杨颖,等.滇蛙的性异性与食性[J].西南林学院学报,2006,26(1)：47-51.
[11]史留功,石灵,崔盛,等.商城产合征姬蛙的食性分析[J].河南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(1)：78-80.
[12]李鸿兴.昆虫分类检索[M].北京：农业出版社,1987,1-517.
[13]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙的食性与繁殖习性的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1994,10(3)：92-96.
[1]赵小春.查办经济案件中审计取证的时机选择[J].审计与理财,2003,10：36-37.
[2]陈马康,钟俊生,杨爱辉,等.中国对虾食物消化排空时间的研究[J].上海水产大学学报,1994,2(4)：169-175.
[3]林植华,季翔.浙江丽水虎纹蛙形态特征的两性异性和食性[J].动物学研究,2005,26(3)：255-263.
[4]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙的食性与繁殖习性的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1994,10(3)：92-96.
[5]徐晋佑,杨勇清,曾孙生,等.蛙类养殖[M].广州：广东科技出版社,1998,74-238.
[6]刘承钊,胡淑琴.中国无尾两栖类[M].北京：科学出版社,1961,1-303.
[7]费梁,胡淑琴,叶昌媛,等.中国动物志两栖纲(下卷)无尾目蛙科(M).北京：科学出版社,2009,1319-1327.
[1]周永灿,朱传华,陈国华,等.虎纹蛙白内障病病原的分离鉴定及其免疫防治[J].上海水产大学学报,2001,3(1)：16-21.
[2]符史杭.2003-2004年海南省人工养殖虎纹蛙主要细菌性传染病的流行情况调查[D].南京农业大学,2005.
[3]徐晋佑,杨勇清,曾孙生,等.蛙类养殖[M].广州：广东科技出版社,1998,74-238.
[4]陈国英,凌跃进.经济蛙类的高效养殖[M].合肥：安徽科技出版社,1999,108-116.
[5]刘楚吾.蛙无公害养殖综合技术[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2003,27-63.
[6]Somkiat Kanchanakhan, U-malai Saduakdee, Aranya Kreethachat and Supranee Chinabut。 Isolation of a FV3-like iridovirus from a cutaneous ulceration and systemic inflammation with exuberant hematopoiesis or CSE disease of cultured frog, Rana tigrina Cantor, in Thailand。 The Fourth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture held in Cebu City, Philippines during 22-26 November 1999. (http://www.fisheries.go.th/aahri/Health_new/AAHRI/AAHRI/Topics/Newsletter/News_8_2_1#New s_8_2_1)
[7]Rick Speare (PhD, BVSc, MB BS). SUMMARY OF FORMIDABLE INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF AMPHIBIANS. School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia 4811. (http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/formidable.htm)
[8]Emerson H, Norris C. "Red-leg" -an infectious disease of frogs[J]. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1905,7:32-58.
[9]Kulp W L, Borden D G. Further studies on Proteus hydrophila, the etiological agent in "red leg" disease of frogs[J]. Journal of Bacteriology.1942,44:673-685.
[10]Glorioso J C, Amborski R L, Amborski G F, Culley D D. Microbiological studies on septicaemic bullfrogs(Rana catesbiana) [J]. American Journal of Veterinary Research.1974,35:1241-1245.
[11]Amborski R L, Snider T G, Culley D D. A non-hemolytic, group B Streptococcus infection of cultured bullfrogs, Rana catesbiana, in Brazil[J]. Journal of Wildlife Diseases.1983,19(3): 180-184.
[12]Colt J, Orwicz K, Brooks D. Gas Bubble Disease in the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis[J]. Journal of Herpetology.1984,18(2):131-137.
[13]Groff J M, Mughannam A, McDowell T S, Wong A, Dykstra M J, Frye F L, Hedrick R P. An epizootic of cutaneous zygomycosis in cultured dwarf African clawed frogs (Hymenochirus curtipes) due to Basidiobolus ranarum[J]. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology.1991,29:215-223.
[14]Olson M E, Gard S, Brown M, Hampton R, Morck D W. Flavobacterium indologenes infection in leopard frogs[J]. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1992,201(11):1766-1770.
[15]Cunningham A A, Sainsbury A W, Cooper J E. Diagnosis and treatment of a parasitic dermatitis in a laboratory colony of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) [J]. Veterinary Record 1996, 138:640-642.
[16]Ramakrishnan L, Valdivia R H, McKerrow J H, Falkow S. Mycobacterium marinum causes both long term subclinical infection and acute disease in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) [J]. Infection and Immunity 1997,65:767-773.
[17]Daszak P, Berger L, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D, Green D E and Speare R. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines[J]. Emerging Infectious Diseases.1999,5(5):735-748.
[18]Daszak P, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D. Infectious disease and amphibian population declines[J]. Diversity and Distributions 2003,9:141-150.
[19]Berger L, Speare R, Thomas A, Hyatt A. Mucocutaneous fungal disease in tadpoles of Bufo marinus in Australia[J]. Journal of Herpetology 2001,35:330-335.
[20]Killer virus could wipe out species. (http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/uk-mortality-2004.htm)
[21]On the hunt for deadly frog disease.
http://www.csiro.au/index.asp?type=mediaRelease&id=FrogFungus&style=mediaRelease)
[22]Erin Muths,Paul Stephen Corn et al.2003.Evidence for disease-related amphibian decline in Corolado. Biological conservation 110(2003)357-365.
[23]谢峰,刘惠宁,Simon N Stuart,等.中国两栖动物保护需求总述[J].中国科学C辑生命科学,2006,36(6)：570-581.
[24]吴洣麓.全球两栖动物面临灭门之灾.北京科技报,2007,10,1.16版
[25]Daszak P,Berger L,Cunningham AA,et al. Emerging infections Diseases and amphibian population Declines[J].Emer.Infect.Disea.,1999.5:735-748.
[26]Trenton W.J. et al.,Life history tradeoffs influence mortality associated with the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.Oikos. doi.,2008,10.1111/j.1600-0706..17202.x.
[1]林植华,计翔.浙江丽水虎纹蛙形态特征的两性异形和食性[J].动物学研究,2005,26(3)：255-262.
[2]杨颖,周伟,李旭,等.昭觉林蛙的食性与两性异形[J].浙江林学院学报2006,23(5)：560-564.
[3]李旭,周伟,杨颖,等.滇蛙的性异形与食性[J].西南林学院学报,26(1)：47-51.
[4]朱华平,黄樟翰,卢迈新.大规模罗非鱼养殖技术[J].现代农业科学,2009,16(2)：107-119.
[5]陈德寿,周振华,张武.吉奥罗非鱼养殖试验[J].内陆水产,2009,1：31-33.
[6]贾云光,肖根祥,李喜春,等.中国林蛙性别控制的初步研究[J].吉林林业科技,2004,33(4)：35-37.
[7]王春清.中国林蛙雌性繁育技术研究进展与应用[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(21)：10008-10009.
[8]刘楚吾.蛙无公害养殖综合技术[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2003,29.
[9]于匆,杨秀荣,姜志民,等.最新实用兽医手册(M).第二版.北京：中国农业科技出版社,1999.323-326.
[10]阮新艳,王月香,阮洪,等.浅谈虎纹蛙人工育苗技术研究[J].中国渔业经济研究,1996,2：35-38.
[1]Dournon C, Houillon C, Pieau C. Temperature sex-reversal in amphibians and reptiles[J]. Biol.1990, 34:81-92.
[2]Witschi E. Studies of sex differentiation and sex detemination in amphibians:Ⅱ. Sex-reversal in female tadpoles of Rana sytvatica following the application of high temperature [J]. Zool.1929,52: 267-291.
[3]Dourmon C, Guillet F, Boucher D, et al. Cytogenetic and genetic evidence of male sexual reversion by heat treament in the newt Pleurodeles poireti[J]. Chromosoma 1984,90:261-264.
[4]Chardard D, Dournon C. Sex reversal by aromatase inhibitor treatment in the newt Pleurodeles waltl[J]. Zool.1999,283:43-50.
[5]Wallace H, Wallace BM. Sex reversal of the newt Triturus critatus reared at extreme temperature[J]. Biol.2000,44 (7):807-810.
[6]Sakata N, Tamori Y, Wakahara M. P450 aromatase experession in the temperatur-sensitive sexual differentiation of salamanderHynobius retardatusgonads[J]. Biol.2005,49:417-425.
[7]王寿兵,张思路,屈云芳,等.温度变化对中国林蛙胚胎发育的影响[J].动物学研究,1996,7(4)：4-419
[8]李新红,赵文阁,郭玉民,等.中国林蛙性腺的发育及温度对其性别分化的影响.动物学研究,200122(5)：351-356.
[9]李桑,尤永隆,林丹军.泽蛙的性腺分化及温度对性别决定的影响[J].动物学报2008,54(2)：271-281.
[10]章菊明,王爱华,郭平.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].温州医学院学报,1984,14(1)：18-23.
[11]张小爱,聂刘旺,张海军.虎纹蛙四个Sox基因的克隆及序列分析[J].激光生物学报,2001,10(4)：269-272.
[12]刘楚吾,刘筠.牛蛙、黑斑蛙和虎纹蛙的染色体组型及乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的比较研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,1986,9(1)：66-73.
[13]张维道.芜湖产虎纹蛙G-带初步分析[J].安徽师大学报,1988,3：27-32.
[14]虞世嘉,钱晓薇.四种无尾两栖类SCE分析[J].遗传,1991,13(5)：19-21.
[15]方玲,胡启平,刘清华.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].广西医科大学学报,1998,15(2)：17-19.
[16]邹佩贞.广东韶关地区虎纹蛙·黑斑蛙染色体核型分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(31)：13516-13518.
[17]王利民,王永军,赵云蛟,等.雌激素对中国林蛙性别分化的影响[J].经济动物学报,2002,6(2)： 44-46.
[18]霍洪亮.中国林挂雌性繁育技术的研究[D].东北师范大学,2002：12-15.
[19]贾云光,肖根祥,李喜春,等.中国林蛙性别控制的初步研究[J].吉林林业科技,2004,33(4)：35-37.
[20]王春清.中国林蛙雌性繁育技术研究进展与应用[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(21)：10008-10009.
[21]国家农业部、卫生部、药品监督管理局.《禁止在饲料和动物饮用水中使用的药物品种目录》.2002.2.9http://wenku.baidu.com/view/65543069a45177232f60a27a.html
[22]杨景峰,曹颖霞.罗非鱼的性别控制技术及发展趋势[J].水产养殖,2003,6：26-36.
[23]黄海所主持完成的“半滑舌鳎人工雌核发育和性别控制技术研究”成果通过鉴定达到国际领先水平http://www.ysfri.ac.cn/jianbaoshow.asp-showid=61&signid=28.htm
[2]Houlahan JE, Findlay CS, Schidt BR, MeyerAH, Kuzmin SL. Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature,2000,404:752-755.
[3]Amphibian Species Lists. (http://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/index.html)
[4]IUCN Red List Status. http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/red-list-status
[5]Daszak P, Berger L, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD,Green DE, Speare R. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines. Emerg Infect Dis,1999,5(6):735-748.
[6]Alford RA, Richards SJ. Global amphibian declines::a problem in applied ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst,1999,30:133-165.
[7]Laurance W F.Catastrophic declines of Australian rain forest frogs:is unusual weather responsible? Biological Conservation,1996,77:203-212.
[8]Daszak P,Cunningham A A,Hyatt A D.Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife-threats to biodiversity and human health.Science,2000,287:443-449.
[9]Trevor JC. Beebee, Richard A. Griffiths.2005.The amphibian dicline crisis: A watershed for conservation biology? Biological Conservation 125(2005):271-285.
[10]谢峰,刘惠宁,Simon N Stuart,等.中国两栖动物保护需求总述[J].中国科学C辑生命科学,2006,36(6)：570-581.
[11]Blaustein AR,Edmond B,Kiesecker JM,et al.Ambient Ultraviolet radiation causes mortality in salamander eggs[J].Ecol. Appl.,1995,5(3):740-743.
[12]Blaustein AR,Hoffman PD,Hokit DG,et al.UVrepair and resistance to solar UV-B in amphibian eggs:a link to population declines?[J].PANS,1994,91:1791-1795.
[13]Belden LK,Blaustein AR.Population differences in sensitivity to UV-Bradiation for larval long-toed salamenders[J].Ecology,2002,83(6):1586-1590.
[14]Fahrig L,Pedllar JH,Pope SE,et al. Effect of road traffic on amphibian density[J].Biol.Conser., 1995,71:177-182.
[15]Gibbs JP.Distribution of woodland amphibians along a forest fragmentation gradient[J].Landscape Ecol.,1998,13:263-268.
[16]Kolosvary M,Swihart RK. Habitat fragmentation and distribution of amphibians:patch and landscape correlates in farmland[J].Can.J.Zoo.,1999,77:1288-1299.
[17]Vos CC,Chardon JP. Effects of habitat fragmentation and road density on the distribution patter of the moor frog Rana arvalis[J].J.Appl.Biol.,1998,35:44-56.
[18]方精云.全球生态学：气候变化与生态效应[C].北京：高等教育出版社,施普林格出版社.43-70.
[19]何晓瑞.我国特有种滇螈的绝灭及其原因分析[J].四川动物,1998,17(2)：58-60.
[20]Fisher RN.Shaffer HB. The decline of amphibians in Canifornia's Great Central Valley[J].Conser. Biol.,1996,10:1387-1397.
[21]Gillespie GR. The role of introduced trout in the decline of the spotted tree frog (Litoria spenceri) in southeastern Austrilia[J].Biol. Conserv.,2001,100:187-198.
[22]Hamer AJ,Lane SJ,and Mahony MJ.The role of introduced mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) in excluding the native green and golden bell frog(Litoria aurea) from original habitats in south-eastern Australia[J].Oecologia,2002,132:445-452.
[23]Johson PTJ.Lunde KB,Ritchie EG,et al. The effects of trematode infection on amphibian limb development and survivorship[J].Science,1999,284:802-804.
[24]Lawler SP,Dritz D,Srange T,et al. Effects of introduced mosquitofish and bullfrogs on the threatened California red legged frog[J].Conserv.Biol.,1999,13:613-622.
[24]李义明,李典谟.广西野生动物贸易初步研究[A].中国环境与发展国际合作委员会编.保护中国的生物多样性[C].北京：中国环境科学出版社.1997,112-158.
[25]赵尔宓.中国濒危动物红皮书·两栖类和爬行类[M].北京,香港,纽约：科学出版社.1998.
[26]邹学英译.中国南部野生动物贸易调查报告[A].见：中国环境与发展国际合作委员会编.保护中国的生物多样性[C].北京：中国环境科学出版社.1997,235-256.
[27]Alford RA,Richards SJ. Global amphibian declines:a problem in appliedecology[J].Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.,1999,30:133-165.
[28]Somkiat Kanchanakhan, U-malai Saduakdee, Aranya Kreethachat and Supranee Chinabut. Isolation of a FV3-like iridovirus from a cutaneous ulceration and systemic inflammation with exuberant hematopoiesis or CSE disease of cultured frog, Rana tigrina Cantor, in Thailand.The Fourth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture held in Cebu City, Philippines during 22-26 November 1999. (http://www.fisheries.go.th/aahri/Health_new/AAHRI/AAHRI/Topics/Newsletter/News_8_2_1#Ne ws_8_2_1)
[29]Rick Speare (PhD, BVSc, MB BS). SUMMARY OF FORMIDABLE INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF AMPHIBIANS. School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia 4811. (http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/formidable.htm)
[30]Emerson H, Norris C. "Red-leg"-an infectious disease of frogs[J]. Journal of Experimental Medicine.1905,7:32-58.
[31]Kulp W L, Borden D G. Further studies on Proteus hydrophila, the etiological agent in "red leg" disease of frogs[J]. Journal of Bacteriology.1942,44:673-685.
[32]Glorioso J C, Amborski R L, Amborski G F, Culley D D. Microbiological studies on septicaemic bullfrogs(Rana catesbiana) [J]. American Journal of Veterinary Research.1974,35:1241-1245.
[33]Amborski R L, Snider T G, Culley D D. A non-hemolytic, group B Streptococcus infection of cultured bullfrogs, Rana catesbiana, in Brazil[J]. Journal of Wildlife Diseases.1983,19(3): 180-184.
[34]Colt J, Orwicz K, Brooks D. Gas Bubble Disease in the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis[J]. Journal of Herpetology.1984,18(2):131-137.
[35]Groff J M, Mughannam A, McDowell T S, Wong A, Dykstra M J, Frye F L, Hedrick R P. An epizootic of cutaneous zygomycosis in cultured dwarf African clawed frogs(Hymenochirus curtipes) due to Basidiobolus ranarum[J]. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology.1991,29: 215-223.
[36]Olson M E, Gard S, Brown M, Hampton R, Morck D W. Flavobacterium indologenes infection in leopard frogs[J]. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1992, 201(11):1766-1770.
[37]Cunningham A A, Sainsbury A W, Cooper J E. Diagnosis and treatment of a parasitic dermatitis in a laboratory colony of African clawed frogs(Xenopus laevis) [J]. Veterinary Record 1996, 138:640-642.
[38]Ramakrishnan L, Valdivia R H, McKerrow J H, Falkow S. Mycobacterium marinum causes both long term subclinical infection and acute disease in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) [J]. Infection and Immunity 1997,65:767-773.
[39]Daszak P, Berger L, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D, Green D E and Speare R. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines[J]. Emerging Infectious Diseases.1999,5(5):735-748.
[40]Daszak P, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D. Infectious disease and amphibian population declines[J]. Diversity and Distributions 2003,9:141-150.
[41]Berger L, Speare R, Thomas A, Hyatt A. Mucocutaneous fungal disease in tadpoles of Bufo marinus in Australia[J]. Journal of Herpetology 2001,35:330-335.
[42]Killer virus could wipe out species. (http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/uk-mortality-2004.htm)
[43]On the hunt for deadly frog disease. http://www.csiro.au/index.asp?type=mediaRelease&id=FrogFungus&style=mediaRelease)
[44]Temdoung Somsiri and Suriyan Soontornvit. Bacterial diseases of cultured tiger frog (Rana tigerina). The Fourth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture held in Cebu City, Philippines during 22-26 November 1999. (http://www.fisheries.go.th/aahri/Health_new/AAHRI/AAHRI/Topics/Newsletter/News_8_2_1#Ne ws 821)
[45]陈晓凤,陈祈辉,王好镇,等.牛蛙“胀肚病”病原的研究[J].集美大学学报(自然科学版),1995,6(1)：27-30.
[46]陈晓凤,陈祈辉,夏梅珠.牛蛙“白内障”病病原及防治的研究[J].福建水产,1995,(2)：13-18.
[47]陈晓凤,陈祈辉,王好镇,等.牛蛙“肝肿大病”病原的研究[J].集美大学学报(自然科学版),1995,12(2)：32-37.
[48]黄志坚,金燮理,肖克宇,等.牛蛙传染性肝炎的流行病学调查[J].内陆水产,1996,9：26-27.
[49]孔祥会.美国青蛙烂嘴病的防治[J].河南水产,1999(3)：19.
[50]袁春营,崔青曼.牛蛙肝脏坏死病的病原及药物防治研究[J].中国水产,2000,10：30-31.
[51]谢凤,张凤君,黄文芳.美国青蛙肝炎病病原的研究[J].微生物学杂志,2002,9(5)：59-60.
[52]吴科榜,周永灿,吴英华,等.中西药复方制剂对海南虎纹蛙白内障综合症的防治研究[J].中兽医学杂志,2003,4：5-7.
[53]叶雪平,杨广智,罗毅志.牛蛙脑膜炎(歪脖子病)病原分离及防治技术研究[J].浙江海洋学院学报,1996,12(04)：301-304.
[54]吴文忠.嗜水气单胞菌引起牛蛙红腿病及防治[J].中国水产1994(03)：27.
[55]胡成钰,洪一江.牛蛙红腿病病原菌敏感药物的筛选[J].水利渔业,2001(2)：49.
[56]张奇亚,李正秋,吴玉琛.美国青蛙“旋游症”病原菌的分离鉴定及其组织病理学观察[J].中国兽医学报,1999,3(2)：152-155.
[57]陈世濂,张艳璇,刘浩官,等.赖胸蛙疾害因子的调查与分析[J].动物学杂志,1995,30(3)：9-12.
[58]周常义,陈晓凤,吴俊林,等.牛蛙嗜水气单胞菌病的病原研究[J].集美大学学报(自然科学版),2003,4：317-321.
[59]舒新华,金燮理,肖克宇.牛蛙腐皮-红腿病并发症致病菌研究Ⅱ.荧光假单胞菌的分离和鉴定[J].生命科学研究,1997,12(1)：54-59.
[60]Erin Muths,Paul Stephen Corn et al.2003.Evidence for disease-related amphibian decline in Corolado. Biological conservation 110(2003)357-365.
[61]Karen R. Lips, Forrest Brem, Roberto Brenes, et al. Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity. [J]PNAS 2006,103(9):3165-3170.
[62]Jason R.Rohr,Thomas R.Rafel,John M.Romansic,Hamish McCallum,Peter J.Hudson.Evaluating the links between climate,disease spread,and amphibian declines.PNAS.2008,105(45):17436-17441.
[63]Fisher,M.c. Endemic and introduced haplotypes of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Japanese amphibians:sink or source. Molecular Ecology,2009,18,4731-4733.
[64]Bai C, Garner T, Li Y. First evidence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in China: discovery of chytridiomycosis in introduced American bullfrogs and native amphibians in the Yunnan Province, China. EcoHealth 2010,7:127-134.
[65]Daszak P.Berger L,Cunningham AA,et al. Emerging infections Diseases and amphibian population declines[J].Emer.Infect.Disea.,1999.5:735-748.
[66]Trenton W.J. et al,Life history tradeoffs influence mortality associated with the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.Oikos. doi.,2008,10.1111/j.1600-0706.17202.x.
[67]Johnson.P.T.J.,Lunde,K.B.,Thurman,E.M.,Ritchie,E.G.,Wray,S.N.,Sutherland,D.R.,Kapfer,J.M.,Fres t,T.J.,Bowerman,J.,Blaustein,A.R..PARASITE(Ribeiroia ondatrae)infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States. Ecological Monographs,2002,72(2),151-168.
[68]Lips KR. Decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna[J].Conserv.Biol.,1998,12:106-117.
[69]Alford RA,Richards SJ. Global amphibian declines:a problem in appliedecology[J].Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.,1999,30:133-165.
[70]Blaustein AR and Kiesecker J M. Complexity in conservation:lessons from the global decline of amphibian populations [J].Ecol.Letters,2002,5:597-608.
[71]Davidson C,ShafferHB,Jennings MR.Declines of the California red-legged frog:Climate, UV-B, habitat, and pesticideshypotheses[J].Ecol. Appl.,2001,11:464-479.
[72]Stokstad, E. Amphibians hit tow ways by farm chemicals. http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cbi/content/short/2008/1029/2.
[73]Jason R.Rohr. Agrochemicals increase trematode infections in a declining amphibian species. Nature,2008,455.
[74]Carey C, Alexander MA. Climate change and amphibian declines:is there a link? [J].Diver Distrib, 2003,9:111-121.
[75]Sarah K. Mcmenamin, Elizabeth A. hadly, Christopher K.wright. Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park.PNAS:2008,16988-16993.
[1]杨清,陈进,白智林,等.野生动物贸易对生态环境的影响.1999,6：4-5.
[2]国际爱护动物基金会(International Fund for Animal Welfare——IFAW)点击即杀戮--全球网络野生动物贸易状况2008-11-24 http://law.nwupl.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=199
[3]周志华,蒋志刚.野生动植物贸易活动的特点及影响因子研究[J].生物多样性,2005,13(5)：462-471.
[4]周志华,蒋志刚.野生生物、野生动植物和野生来源的定义及范畴[J].生态学报,2004(24)：302-304.
[5]辛白.全球野生动物非法贸易扫描[J].野生动物杂志,1995,10(1)：14-15.
[6]杨东平.从源头遏止滥捕滥吃野生动物的狂潮[J].群言,2003,215：44-45.
[7]何勇.打击非法象牙贸易保护大象[J].中国环境报,2004,3,22.
[8]李瑞林,李志科,周志华.伸出你的手我的手,救救我们的动物朋友[J].森林与人,1999,8：4-8.
[9]尹峰,梦梦,宋慧刚,等.中国食用野生动物状况调查[J].野生动物杂志,2006,27(6)：2-5.
[10]梦梦,卢琳琳,尹峰,等.中国南方地区食用野生动物贸易状况[J].野生动物杂志,2009,30(3)：158-160.
[11]高翌芳.另一种危机,商业化的野生动物非法贸易[J].世界环境,2009,3：19-22.
[12]吴易风,刘凤良,吴汉洪.西方经济学[M].北京,中国人民大学出版社,1999：1-27.
[13]Wilkie DS,Godoy RA(2000)Economics of bushmeat.Science,287,975-976.
[14]Wilkie DS,Godoy RA(2001)Income and price elasticities of bushmeat demand in lowland Amerindian societies.Conservation Biology,15,761-769.
[15]Wilkie DS,Starkey M,Abernethy K,Effa EN,Telfer P,Godoy RA(2005)Role of prices and wealth in con-sumer demand for bushmeat in Gabon,Central Africa.Conservation Biology,19,268-274.
[16]章克家,王小明,吴巍,王正寰,黄松Advance in conservation biology of Chinese giant salamander.生物多样性,2002,10,291-297.
[17]邹莉,谢宗强,欧晓昆。云南香格里拉大峡谷藏族神山在自然保护中的意义[J].生物多样性,2005,13：51-57.
[1]国家重点保护野生动物名录.1988年12月10日国务院批准,1989年1月14日林业部农业部发布实施.
[2]史海涛,蒙激流,熊燕,等.海南陆栖脊椎动物检索(M).海南：海南出版社,2001,226-275.
[3]唐子英,李致动.海南岛脊椎动物调查简报[J].动物学杂志,1957,1(4)：246-249.
[4]广东省昆虫研究所动物室,中山大学生物系.海南岛的鸟兽[M].北京：科学出版社,1983.
[5]王力军,史海涛,洪美玲,等.海南岛两栖动物调查及珍稀和特有种的测量数据[J].四川动物,2005,24(3)：301-308.
[6]王伟,程立生,梁月华.海南岛稻田两栖动物资源调查及保护对策探讨[J].四川动物,2009,28(2)：250-252.
[7]肖智,黎振昌,高利宾.海南岛蛙类新纪录----广西棱皮树蛙[J].动物学杂志,2008,43(4)：131-132.
[8]王伟,程立生,符瑞敏.海南岛稻田饰纹姬蛙的食性分析[J].海南大学学报,2008,26(3)：241-248.
[9]吕顺清,王力军,史海涛.海南岛蜥蜴类多样性[J].四川动物,2005,24(3)：312-314.
[10]龚世平,徐汝梅,史海涛.海南岛淡水龟类区系特点及保护优先性分析[J].动物学杂志,2003,38(6)：68-70.
[11][龚世平,史海涛,谢才坚.海南岛黎母山四眼斑水龟对春季生境的选择性[J].动物学研究,2005,26(2)：142-146.
[12][龚世平,史海涛,谢才坚,等.海南岛黎母山四眼斑水龟种群密度与空间分布格局[J].动物学杂志.2006,41(6)：54-59.
[13]龚世平,谢才坚,陈川.海南岛黎母山淡水龟类生态考察记[J].大自然,2004,6：48-49.
[14]龚世平,徐建平,王志伟,等.海南岛尖峰岭淡水龟类考察记[J].大自然,2005,6：34-35.
[15]Patrick DAVID.山烙铁头蛇属在中国海南岛的发现(蛇亚目：蝰科：蝮亚科).[J].动物分类学报,2006,26(3)：388-393.
[16]赵尔宓.海南岛爬行动物的八个月调查[J].兽类学报,2005,24(3)：323-331.
[17]王韩生,江海生,刘振河,等.海南岛南湾自然保护区野生称猴疾病的调查[J].上海实验动物科学,1989,9(1)：63-42.
[18]江海生,刘振河,袁喜才,等.海南岛南湾猕猴种群结构研究[J].兽类学报,1989,9(4)：254-261.
[19]江海生,刘振河,袁喜才,等.海南岛南湾半岛野生猕猴的繁殖研究[J].兽类学报,1988,8(2)：294-298.
[20]江海生,刘振河,袁喜才,等.海南岛南湾半岛猕猴的活动习性[J].兽类学报,1988,8(4)：105-112.
[21]李玉春,张洪溢,小金泽正昭.海南岛陆栖野生哺乳动物的分布现状及历史变迁.会议
[22]宴学飞,李玉春.海南岛兽类名录整理[J].海南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,22(2)：191-213.
[23]朱斌良,朱光剑,李德伟,等.海南岛翼手目物种多样性的初步调查[J].海南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2008,21(1)：75-81.
[24]李德伟,尹锋,曾玉,等.海南岛翼手类地理分布格局的聚类分析[J].生物学杂志,2010,27(2)：16-20.
[25]李玉春,吴毅,陈忠.海南岛发现大足鼠耳蝠分布新记录[J].兽类学报,2006,26(2)：211-212.
[26]张隆挺.海南岛啮齿类(RODENTIA)的生态地理[J].琼州大学学报(综合版),1994,4(1)：198-203.
[27]陈忠,蒙以航,周峰,等.海南岛棕果蝠的活动节律与食性[J].兽类学报,2007,27(2)：112-119.
[28]彭红元,张剑锋,江海声,等.海南岛海南长臂猿分布的变迁及成因[J].四川动物,2008,27(4)：671-675.
[29]顾茂彬,陈佩珍,姜婷婷,等.海南岛亚龙湾蝴蝶资源调查与开发利用研究[J].林业科学研究,2000,13(3)：333-341.
[30]常弘,毕肖峰,陈桂珠,等.海南岛东寨港国家级自然保护区鸟类组成和区系的研究[J].生态科学,1999,18(2)：53-61.
[31]张国钢,梁伟,刘冬平,等.海南岛越冬水鸟资源状况调查[J].动物学杂志,2005,40(2)：80-85.
[32]张国钢,梁伟,刘冬平,等.黑脸琵鹭在海南岛的越冬地及其保护[J].林业科学,2006,42(1)：96-99.
[33]史海涛.海南岛发现草号鸟分布[J].四川动物,1998,17(1)：44.
[34]史海涛,.海南岛发现黑翅戈鸟[J].四川动物,1998,17(3)：124.
[35]史海涛,程儒庆.海南岛鸟类新纪录----黑眉苇莺[J].四川动物,1998,17(4)：180.
[1]国家重点保护野生动物名录.1988年12月10日国务院批准,1989年1月14日林业部农业部发布实施.
[2]The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org
[3]史海涛,蒙激流,熊燕,等.海南陆栖脊椎动物检索(M).海南：海南出版社,2001,226-275.
[4]陈壁辉.虎纹蛙个体生态调查[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版).1983,2：86-95.
[5]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙的食性与繁殖习性的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1994,10(3)：92-96.
[6]耿宝荣,柯福建,刘中标.虎纹蛙的食性与捕食行为的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).2002,19(3)：73-76.
[7]程建祥,蔡福盛,柯美珍,等.食物与照度对虎纹蛙发育的影响[J].广西医学院学报,1987,4(4)：45-48.
[8]程建祥,蔡福盛,柯美珍,等.氯化汞对虎纹蛙发育的影响[J].广西医学院报,1990,7(1)：80-84.
[9]程建祥,蔡福盛,柯美珍,等.农药对虎纹蛙受精卵和蝌蚪发育影响的实验研究[J].广西医学院学报,1990,7(3)：32-34.
[10]林植华,计翔.浙江丽水虎纹蛙形态特征的两性异形和食性[J].动物学研究,2005,26(3)：255-262.
[11]邵晨,施时迪,谢建芳.酸胁迫对虎纹蛙红细胞及血红蛋白的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(1)：39-42.
[12]章菊明,王爱华,郭平.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].温州医学院学报,1984,14(1)：18-23.
[13]刘楚吾,刘筠.牛蛙、黑斑蛙和虎纹蛙的染色体组型及乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的比较研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,1986,9(1)：66-73.
[14]张维道.芜湖产虎纹蛙G-带初步分析[J].安徽师大学报,1988,3：27-32.
[15]虞世嘉,钱晓薇.四种无尾两栖类SCE分析[J].遗传,1991,13(5)：19-21.
[16]方玲,胡启平,刘清华.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].广西医科大学学报,1998,15(2)：17-19.
[17]邹佩贞.广东韶关地区虎纹蛙·黑斑蛙染色体核型分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(31)：13516-13518.
[18]李大生,陈佳栋,林俊群,等.胰岛素对虎纹蛙外周血液淋巴细胞的增殖作用[J].四川动物,1995,12(4)：11-13.
[19]刘丽,刘楚吾,林东,等.中国虎纹蛙与泰国虎纹蛙的遗传多样性比较[J].水产科学,2005,24(1)：31-33.
[20]龙华,赵刚,陈建武,等.十种鱼和2种蛙的表皮显微观察[J].长江大学学报(自然版),2006,3(3)：143-147.
[21]刘丽,刘楚吾,郭昱嵩,等.基于RAPD的SCAR分子标记技术鉴定虎纹蛙及引进种[J].海洋湖沼通报,2008,2：110-115.
[22]胡增高,王义权,李世广,等.虎纹蛙在产卵前后血浆性激素变化的研究[J].安徽师大学报,1991,2：36-41.
[23]李远友,林浩然GnRH对虎纹蛙LH和FSH分泌活动的调节作用[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1998,37(5)：92-96.
[24]李远友,林浩然.多巴胺、雌二醇及睾酮对虎纹蛙离体脑垂体促性腺激素分泌的影响[J].动物学研究,2000,21(6)：441-445.
[25]李远友,林浩然.多巴胺能药物对虎纹蛙GnRH和LH分泌活动的影响[J].动物学杂志,2002,37(6)：13-16.
[26]LI Yuan-you, LIN Hao-ran. Changes of Gonadotropin Contents According to Age and Season in Rana rugulosa wiegmann [J]. Developmental and Reproductive Biology,2000,9(2):23-29.
[27]李远友,林浩然.虎纹蛙促性腺激素及其释放激素含量的日变化[J].汕头大学学报(自然科学版),1999,14(1)：48-53.
[28]LI Yuan-you, LIN Hao-ran. IN VITRO STUDIES ON GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE SECRETION IN RANARUGULOSA[J]. 动物学报,2002,48(2):221-226.
[29]张小爱,聂刘旺,张海军.虎纹蛙四个Sox基因的克隆及序列分析[J].激光生物学报,2001,10(4)：269-272.
[30]张盛周,朱升学,佟媛,等.pH值和温度对虎纹蛙消化系统蛋白酶活力的影响[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(2)：200-209.
[31]连迎,薛清清,苏丹丹,等.除草剂丁草胺对虎纹蛙成体红细胞的DNA损伤[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,22(3)：90-94.
[32]阮琴,邵晨,胡一中,等.酸胁迫对虎纹蛙血液流变学指标的影响[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,32(1)：103-106.
[33]耿宝荣,陈友铃,张秋金,等.虎纹蛙的早期胚胎发育[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1999,15(4)：85-90.
[34]刘楚吾,刘卫今.虎纹蛙性腺发育的细胞学研究[J].湛江海洋大学学报,1997,17(2)：1-6.
[35]李洋,金磊,李昌春,等.对黑斑蛙、虎纹蛙和牛蛙皮肤的比较组织学[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版).2009,32(5)：466-470.
[36]江剑平,陈文列,余望,等.虎纹蛙视网膜结构与环境适应性的研究[J].应用与环境生物学报.2001,7(1)：51-55.
[37]江剑平,黄键,陈文列,等.虎纹蛙视觉器官组织学研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,17(3)：70-75.
[38]江剑平,陈祖祺,黄浩,等.虎纹蛙消化道解剖学观察[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2002,18(4)：77-80.
[39]潘鸿春,吴孝兵.虎纹蛙和大树蛙肾细胞超微结构及其与环境适应性的关系[J].应用与环境生物学报2002,8(3)：262-266.
[40]潘鸿春.虎纹蛙外周血细胞的超微结构[J].解剖学杂志,2001,24(6)：565-566.
[41]邵晨,洪煌明.金华地区虎纹蛙消化道形态解剖学观察[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(2)：197-200.
[42]张伟妮,林旋,林树根,等.虎纹蛙消化道肥大细胞的组化性质[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2010,39(2)：186-189.
[43]张盛周,吴孝兵,陈壁辉.虎纹蛙消化道两种内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学定位[J].解剖学杂志,2002,25(3)：275-278.[]陈学棋,江剑平,林玮.虎纹蛙消化腺组织学观察[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,19(2)：117-120.
[44]刘楚吾,张轩杰,罗深,等.虎纹蛙和牛蛙醋酶同工酶的比较研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,1993,16(2)：180-182.
[45]虞鹏程,廖东江,简少卿.虎纹蛙蝌蚪与幼蛙肌肉蛋白质的双向电泳图谱对比分析[J].江西科学,2005,23(2)：106-108.
[46]胡知渊,来雅萍,陈文静.棘胸蛙、虎纹蛙、黑斑蛙血细胞的比较[J].四川动物,2005,24(1)：5-8.
[47]戴聪杰,耿宝荣.虎纹蛙的含肉率及蛙肉和蛙皮氨基酸组成分析[J].动物学杂志.2003,38(2)：60-64.
[48]耿宝荣,戴聪杰.虎纹蛙蛙肉和蛙皮的营养成分分析与评价[J].营养学报,2004,26(5)：403-405.
[49]刘丽,刘楚吾,林东年,等.泰国虎纹蛙与中国虎纹蛙肌肉的营养成分比较[J].水利渔业,2008,28(3)：64-66.
[50]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙蝌蚪几种饵料的比较试验[J].福建畜牧兽医,1999,21(4)：5.
[51]黄志平.虎纹蛙、鱼、林生态种养试验[J].水产养殖.2006,27(3)：24-25.
[52]吴建平.虎纹蛙水稻生态种养技术要点[J].渔业致富指南,2008,2：44.
[53]广东省卫生防疫站防疫科,湛江地区卫生防疫站,阳春县卫生防疫站.虎纹蛙在钩端螺旋体病流行病学意义的观察[J].华南预防医学,1979,4：36-39.
[54]苗素英,何建国,张利红,等.虎纹蛙病毒主要衣壳蛋白基因的克隆及其序列[J].水产学报.2001,25(6)：559-563.
[55]周永灿,朱传华,陈国华,等.虎纹蛙白内障病病原的分离鉴定及其免疫防治[J].上海水产大学学报,2001,3(1)：16-21.
[56]吴科榜,周永灿,吴英华,等.中西药复方制剂对海南虎纹蛙白内障综合症的防治研究[J].中兽医学杂志,2003,4：5-7.
[57]苗素英,李方,王晓红,等.虎纹蛙病毒甲基转移酶基因的克隆和分析[J].水产学报.2002,26(2)：157-160.
[58]王晓红,翁少萍,何建国,等.虎纹蛙病毒体外培养及其理化特性[J].水产学报.2002,26(4)：363-367.
[59]吴科榜,刁晓平,韩新畴,等.中西医结合治疗海南虎纹蛙烂皮病的研究[J].中兽医医药杂志,2003,5：8-9.
[70]苗素英,张灵,叶巧真,等.虎纹蛙病毒的ATP酶基因克隆和序列分析[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版).2003,42(2)：74-77.
[71]苗素英,王晓红,叶巧真,等.虎纹蛙病毒的形态结构及其致病性研究[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版).2003,42(4)：69-73.
[72]王玲,张瑞琳,罗海华,等.虎纹蛙自然感染裂头蚴的调查及其在实验教学中的应用[J].中山大学学报论丛,2007,27(3)：37-38.
[73]丁燏,唐晓尘,简纪常,等.虎纹蛙烂趾病病原菌分离鉴定与药敏试验[J].水产科学,2009,28(2)：67-70.
[74]符史杭.2003-2004年海南省人工养殖虎纹蛙主要细菌性传染病的流行情况调查[D].南京农业大学,2005.
[1]Wake DB. Declining amphibian populations. Science,1991,253::860
[2]Houlahan JE, Findlay CS, Schidt BR, MeyerAH, Kuzmin SL. Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature,2000,404:752-755.
[3]Daszak P, Berger L, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD,Green DE, Speare R. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines. Emerg Infect Dis,1999,5(6):735-748.
[4]Alford RA, Richards SJ. Global amphibian declines:a problem in applied ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst,1999,30:133-165.
[5]Laurance W F.Catastrophic declines of Australian rain forest frogs:is unusual weather responsible? Biological Conservation,1996,77:203-212.
[6]高国柱,吴孝兵.两栖动物种群数量减少的原因探讨[J].安徽技术师范学院学报,2005,19(1)：37-41.
[7]宋鸣涛.中国大鲵的生态与分布[J].动物世界,1986,3(1)：75-77.
[8]刘国钧.我国的稀有珍贵动物-大鲵[J].动物学杂志,1989,24(3)：43-45.
[9]赵尔宓.中国濒危动物红皮书：两栖类和爬行类[M].北京：科学出版社,1998.30-33.
[10]史海涛,蒙激流,熊燕,等.海南陆栖脊椎动物检索[M].海南：海南出版社,2001,226-275.
[11]国家重点保护野生动物名录.1988年12月10日国务院批准,1989年1月14日林业部农业部发布实施.
[12]费梁,胡淑琴,叶昌媛,等.中国动物志两栖纲(下卷)无尾目蛙科(M).北京：科学出版社,2009,1319-1327.
[13]陈壁辉.虎纹蛙个体生态调查[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版).1983,2：86-95.
[14]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙的食性与繁殖习性的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1994,10(3)：92-96.
[15]耿宝荣,柯福建,刘中标.虎纹蛙的食性与捕食行为的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).2002,19(3)：73-76.
[16]程建祥,蔡福盛,柯美珍,等.氯化汞对虎纹蛙发育的影响[J].广西医学院报,1990,7(1)：80-84.
[17]程建祥,蔡福盛,柯美珍,等.农药对虎纹蛙受精卵和蝌蚪发育影响的实验研究[J].广西医学院学报,1990,7(3)：32-34.
[18]程建祥,蔡福盛,柯美珍,等.食物与照度对虎纹蛙发育的影响[J].广西医学院学报,1987,4(4)：45-48.
[19]林植华,计翔.浙江丽水虎纹蛙形态特征的两性异形和食性[J].动物学研究,2005,26(3)：255-262.
[20]邵晨,施时迪,谢建芳.酸胁迫对虎纹蛙红细胞及血红蛋白的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(1)：39-42.
[21]章菊明,王爱华,郭平.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].温州医学院学报,1984,14(1)：18-23.
[22]刘楚吾,刘筠.牛蛙、黑斑蛙和虎纹蛙的染色体组型及乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的比较研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,1986,9(1)：66-73.
[23]张维道.芜湖产虎纹蛙G-带初步分析[J].安徽师大学报,1988,3：27-32.
[24]虞世嘉,钱晓薇.四种无尾两栖类SCE分析[J].遗传,1991,13(5)：19-21.
[25]方玲,胡启平,刘清华.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].广西医科大学学报,1998,15(2)：17-19.
[26]邹佩贞.广东韶关地区虎纹蛙·黑斑蛙染色体核型分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(31)：13516-13518.
[27]李大生,陈佳栋,林俊群,等.胰岛素对虎纹蛙外周血液淋巴细胞的增殖作用[J].四川动物,1995,12(4)：11-13.
[28]刘丽,刘楚吾,林东,等.中国虎纹蛙与泰国虎纹蛙的遗传多样性比较[J].水产科学,2005,24(1)：31-33.
[29]龙华,赵刚,陈建武,等.十种鱼和2种蛙的表皮显微观察[J].长江大学学报(自然版),2006,3(3)：143-147.
[30]刘丽,刘楚吾,郭昱嵩,等.基于RAPD的SCAR分子标记技术鉴定虎纹蛙及引进种[J].海洋湖沼通报,2008,2：110-115.
[31]胡增高,王义权,李世广,等.虎纹蛙在产卵前后血浆性激素变化的研究[J].安徽师大学报,1991.,2：36-41.
[32]李远友,林浩然GnRH对虎纹蛙LH和FSH分泌活动的调节作用[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1998,37(5)：92-96.
[33]李远友,林浩然.多巴胺、雌二醇及睾酮对虎纹蛙离体脑垂体促性腺激素分泌的影响[J].动物学研究,2000,21(6)：441-445.
[34]李远友,林浩然.多巴胺能药物对虎纹蛙GnRH和LH分泌活动的影响[J].动物学杂志,2002,37(6)：13-16.
[35]LI Yuan-you, LIN Hao-ran. Changes of Gonadotropin Contents According to Age and Season in Rana rugulosa wiegmann [J]. Developmental and Reproductive Biology,2000,9(2):23-29.
[36]李远友,林浩然.虎纹蛙促性腺激素及其释放激素含量的日变化[J].汕头大学学报(自然科学版),1999,14(1)：48-53.
[37]LI Yuan-you, LIN Hao-ran. IN VITRO STUDIES ON GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE SECRETION IN RANA RUGULOSA[J].动物学报,2002,48(2):221-226.
[38]张小爱,聂刘旺,张海军.虎纹蛙四个Sox基因的克隆及序列分析[J].激光生物学报,2001,10(4)： 269-272.
[39]张盛周,朱升学,佟媛,等.pH值和温度对虎纹蛙消化系统蛋白酶活力的影响[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(2)：200-209.
[40]连迎,薛清清,苏丹丹,等.除草剂丁草胺对虎纹蛙成体红细胞的DNA损伤[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,22(3)：90-94.
[41]阮琴,邵晨,胡一中,等.酸胁迫对虎纹蛙血液流变学指标的影响[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,32(1)：103-106.
[42]耿宝荣,陈友铃,张秋金,等.虎纹蛙的早期胚胎发育[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1999,15(4)：85-90.
[43]刘楚吾,刘卫今.虎纹蛙性腺发育的细胞学研究[J].湛江海洋大学学报,1997,17(2)：1-6.
[44]李洋,金磊,李昌春,等.对黑斑蛙、虎纹蛙和牛蛙皮肤的比较组织学[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版).2009,32(5)：466-470.
[45]江剑平,陈文列,余望,等.虎纹蛙视网膜结构与环境适应性的研究[J].应用与环境生物学报.2001,7(1)：51-55.
[46]江剑平,黄键,陈文列,等.虎纹蛙视觉器官组织学研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,17(3)：70-75.
[47]江剑平,陈祖祺,黄浩,等.虎纹蛙消化道解剖学观察[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2002,18(4)：77-80.
[48]潘鸿春,吴孝兵.虎纹蛙和大树蛙肾细胞超微结构及其与环境适应性的关系[J].应用与环境生物学报2002,8(3)：262-266.
[49]潘鸿春.虎纹蛙外周血细胞的超微结构[J].解剖学杂志,2001,24(6)：565-566.
[50]邵晨,洪煌明.金华地区虎纹蛙消化道形态解剖学观察[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(2)：197-200.
[51]张伟妮,林旋,林树根,等.虎纹蛙消化道肥大细胞的组化性质[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2010,39(2)：186-189.
[52]张盛周,吴孝兵,陈壁辉.虎纹蛙消化道两种内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学定位[J].解剖学杂志,2002,25(3)：275-278.[]陈学棋,江剑平,林玮.虎纹蛙消化腺组织学观察[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,19(2)：117-120.
[53]刘楚吾,张轩杰,罗深,等.虎纹蛙和牛蛙醋酶同工酶的比较研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,1993,16(2)：180-182.
[54]虞鹏程,廖东江,简少卿.虎纹蛙蝌蚪与幼蛙肌肉蛋白质的双向电泳图谱对比分析[J].江西科学,2005,23(2)：106-108.
[55]胡知渊,来雅萍,陈文静.棘胸蛙、虎纹蛙、黑斑蛙血细胞的比较[J].四川动物,2005,24(1)：5-8.
[56]戴聪杰,耿宝荣.虎纹蛙的含肉率及蛙肉和蛙皮氨基酸组成分析[J].动物学杂志.2003,38(2)：60-64.
[57]耿宝荣,戴聪杰.虎纹蛙蛙肉和蛙皮的营养成分分析与评价[J].营养学报,2004,26(5)：403-405.
[58]刘丽,刘楚吾,林东年,等.泰国虎纹蛙与中国虎纹蛙肌肉的营养成分比较[J].水利渔业,2008,28(3)：64-66.
[59]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙蝌蚪几种饵料的比较试验[J].福建畜牧兽医1999,21(4)：5.
[60]黄志平.虎纹蛙、鱼、林生态种养试验[J].水产养殖.2006,27(3)：24-25.
[61]吴建平.虎纹蛙水稻生态种养技术要点[J].渔业致富指南,2008,2：44.
[62]广东省卫生防疫站防疫科,湛江地区卫生防疫站,阳春县卫生防疫站.虎纹蛙在钩端螺旋体病流行病学意义的观察[J].华南预防医学,1979,4：36-39.
[63]苗素英,何建国,张利红,等.虎纹蛙病毒主要衣壳蛋白基因的克隆及其序列[J].水产学报.2001,25(6)：559-563.
[64]周永灿,朱传华,陈国华,等.虎纹蛙白内障病病原的分离鉴定及其免疫防治[J].上海水产大学学报,2001,3(1)：16-21.
[65]吴科榜,周永灿,吴英华,等.中西药复方制剂对海南虎纹蛙白内障综合症的防治研究[J].中兽医学杂志,2003,4：5-7.
[66]苗素英,李方,王晓红,等.虎纹蛙病毒甲基转移酶基因的克隆和分析[J].水产学报.2002,26(2)：157-160.
[67]王晓红,翁少萍,何建国,等.虎纹蛙病毒体外培养及其理化特性[J].水产学报.2002,26(4)：363-367.
[68]吴科榜,刁晓平,韩新畴,等.中西医结合治疗海南虎纹蛙烂皮病的研究[J].中兽医医药杂志,2003,5：8-9.
[69]苗素英,张灵,叶巧真,等.虎纹蛙病毒的ATP酶基因克隆和序列分析[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版).2003,42(2)：74-77.
[70]苗素英,王晓红,叶巧真,等.虎纹蛙病毒的形态结构及其致病性研究[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版).2003,42(4)：69-73.
[71]王玲,张瑞琳,罗海华,等.虎纹蛙自然感染裂头蚴的调查及其在实验教学中的应用[J].中山大学学报论丛,2007,27(3)：37-38.
[72]丁燏,唐晓尘,简纪常,等.虎纹蛙烂趾病病原菌分离鉴定与药敏试验[J].水产科学,2009,28(2)：67-70.
[73]符史杭.2003-2004年海南省人工养殖虎纹蛙主要细菌性传染病的流行情况调查[D].南京农业大学,2005.
[74]Wake DB. Declining amphibian populations. Science,1991,253::860
[75]Houlahan JE, Findlay CS, Schidt BR, MeyerAH, Kuzmin SL. Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature,2000,404:752-755.
[76]谢峰,刘惠宁,Simon N Stuart,等.中国两栖动物保护需求总述[J].中国科学c辑生命科学,2006,36(6)：570-581.
[77]吴正军,李义明.两栖类种群数量下降原因及保护对策[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(1)：140-146.
[1]费梁,胡淑琴,叶昌媛,等.中国动物志两栖纲(下卷)无尾目蛙科[M].北京：科学出版社,2009,1319-1327.
[2]陈壁辉.虎纹蛙个体生态调查[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版).1983,2：86-95.
[3]Wake DB. Declining amphibian populations. Science,1991,253::860
[4]谢峰,刘惠宁,Simon N Stuart,等.中国两栖动物保护需求总述[J].中国科学C辑生命科学,2006,36(6)：570-581.
[5]海南年鉴2009[M].北京,年鉴社,2009,11.
[6]夏鲁平.田园乡野见斑斓----海南农业20年发展经验梳理[J].今日海南,2008,2：20-21.
[1]费梁,胡淑琴,叶昌媛,等.中国动物志两栖纲(下卷)无尾目蛙科(M).北京：科学出版社,2009,1319-1327.
[2]史海涛,蒙激流,熊燕,等.海南陆栖脊椎动物检索[M].海南：海南出版社,2001,226-275.
[3]国家重点保护野生动物名录.1988年12月10日国务院批准,1989年1月14日林业部农业部发布实施.
[4]The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, http://www.iucnredlist.org
[5]高素华,黄增明,张统钦,等.海南岛气候[A].北京：气象出版社,1988,1-17.
[6]罗晓宁.虎纹蛙金环蛇遭捕成盘中餐2004-08-19 01:31:06.http://www.hntqb.com/read.php?news_id=19678
[7]张洁.偷运虎纹蛙和小鸦鹃边防民警一举查获.2008年10月14日11：40南海网-南国都市报http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2008-10-14/114014572197s.shtml
[8]郑全策.客车偷运虎纹蛙森林民警逮正着.2007年05月23日07：28http://news.sohu.com/20070523/n250169134.shtml
[9]陈壁辉.虎纹蛙个体生态调查[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版).1983,2：86-95.
[10]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙的食性与繁殖习性的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1994,10(3)：92-96.
[11]邵晨,施时迪,谢建芳.酸胁迫对虎纹蛙红细胞及血红蛋白的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(1)：39-42.
[12]刘丽,刘楚吾,郭昱嵩,等.基于RAPD的SCAR分子标记技术鉴定虎纹蛙及引进种[J].海洋湖沼通报,2008,2：110-115.
[13]连迎,薛清清,苏丹丹,等.除草剂丁草胺对虎纹蛙成体红细胞的DNA损伤[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,22(3)：90-94.
[14]张伟妮,林旋,林树根,等.虎纹蛙消化道肥大细胞的组化性质[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2010,39(2)：186-189.
[15]黄志平.虎纹蛙、鱼、林生态种养试验[J].水产养殖.2006,27(3)：24-25.
[16]吴建平.虎纹蛙水稻生态种养技术要点[J].渔业致富指南,2008,2：44.
[17]苗素英,何建国,张利红,等.虎纹蛙病毒主要衣壳蛋白基因的克隆及其序列[J].水产学报.2001,25(6)：559-563.
[18]符史杭.2003-2004年海南省人工养殖虎纹蛙主要细菌性传染病的流行情况调查[D].南京农业大学,2005.
[19]杨清,陈进,白智林,等.野生动物贸易对生态环境的影响.1999,6：4-5.
[20]国际爱护动物基金会(International Fund for Animal Welfare——IFAW)点击即杀戮--全球网络野生动物贸易状况2008-11-24 http://law.nwupl.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=199
[21]周志华,蒋志刚.野生动植物贸易活动的特点及影响因子研究[J].生物多样性,2005,13(5)：462-471.
[22]周志华,蒋志刚.野生生物、野生动植物和野生来源的定义及范畴[J].生态学报,2004(24)：302-304.
[23]辛白.全球野生动物非法贸易扫描[J].野生动物杂志,1995,10(1)：14-15.
[24]Wake DB. Declining amphibian populations. Science,1991,253::860
[25]Houlahan JE, Findlay CS, Schidt BR, MeyerAH, Kuzmin SL. Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature,2000,404:752-755.
[26]Amphibian Species Lists.(http://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/index.html
[27]IUCN Red List Status, http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/red-list-status
[1]Wake DB. Declining amphibian populations. Science,1991,253:860
[2]Houlahan JE, Findlay CS, Schidt BR, MeyerAH, Kuzmin SL. Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature,2000,404:752-755.
[3]Amphibian Species Lists.(http://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/index.html
[4]IUCN Red List Status, http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/red-list-status
[5]周永灿,朱传华,陈国华,等.虎纹蛙白内障病病原的分离鉴定及其免疫防治[J].上海水产大学学报,2001,3(1)：16-21.
[6]符史杭.2003-2004年海南省人工养殖虎纹蛙主要细菌性传染病的流行情况调查[D].南京农业大学,2005.
[7]吴健桦,林丽卿.广州市农贸市场出售青蛙感染裂头蚴的调查[J].广州中医药大学学报,1997,14(3)：193-194.
[8]Somkiat Kanchanakhan, U-malai Saduakdee, Aranya Kreethachat and Supranee Chinabut。 Isolation of a FV3-like iridovirus from a cutaneous ulceration and systemic inflammation with exuberant hematopoiesis or CSE disease of cultured frog, Rana tigrina Cantor, in Thailand。 The Fourth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture held in Cebu City, Philippines during 22-26 November 1999.
(http://www.fisheries.go.th/aahri/Health_new/AAHRI/AAHRI/Topics/Newsletter/News_8_2_1#News_8_2_1)
[9]Rick Speare (PhD, BVSc, MB BS). SUMMARY OF FORMIDABLE INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF AMPHIBIANS. School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia 4811. (http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/formidable.htm)
[10]Emerson H, Norris C. "Red-leg" -an infectious disease of frogs[J]. Journal of Experimental Medicine.1905,7:32-58.
[11]Kulp W L, Borden D G. Further studies on Proteus hydrophila, the etiological agent in "red leg" disease of frogs[J]. Journal of Bacteriology.1942,44:673-685.
[12]Glorioso J C, Amborski R L, Amborski G F, Culley D D. Microbiological studies on septicaemic bullfrogs(Rana catesbiana) [J]. American Journal of Veterinary Research.1974,35:1241-1245.
[13]Amborski R L, Snider T G, Culley D. A non-hemolytic, group B Streptococcus infection of cultured bullfrogs, Rana catesbiana, in Brazil[J]. Journal of Wildlife Diseases.1983,19(3):180-184.
[14]Colt J, Orwicz K, Brooks D. Gas Bubble Disease in the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis[J]. Journal of Herpetology.1984,18(2):131-137.
[15]Groff J M, Mughannam A, McDowell T S, Wong A, Dykstra M J, Frye F L, Hedrick R P. An epizootic of cutaneous zygomycosis in cultured dwarf African clawed frogs (Hymenochirus curtipes) due to Basidiobolus ranarum[J]. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology.1991,29:215-223.
[16]Olson M E, Gard S, Brown M, Hampton R, Morck D W. Flavobacterium indologenes infection in leopard frogs[J]. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1992, 201(11):1766-1770.
[17]Cunningham A A, Sainsbury A W, Cooper J E. Diagnosis and treatment of a parasitic dermatitis in a laboratory colony of African clawed frogs(Xenopus laevis) [J]. Veterinary Record 1996, 138:640-642.
[18]Ramakrishnan L, Valdivia R H, McKerrow J H, Falkow S. Mycobacterium marinum causes both long term subclinical infection and acute disease in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) [J]. Infection and Immunity 1997,65:767-773.
[19]Daszak P, Berger L, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D, Green D E and Speare R. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines[J]. Emerging Infectious Diseases.1999,5(5):735-748.
[20]Daszak P, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D. Infectious disease and amphibian population declines[J]. Diversity and Distributions 2003,9:141-150.
[21]Berger L, Speare R, Thomas A, Hyatt A. Mucocutaneous fungal disease in tadpoles of Bufo marinus in Australia[J]. Journal of Herpetology 2001,35:330-335.
[22]Killer virus could wipe out species. (http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/uk-mortality-2004.htm).
[23]On the hunt for deadly frog disease. http://www.csiro.au/index.asp?type=mediaRelease&id=FrogFungus&style=mediaRelease)
[24]Trenton W.J. et al.,Life history tradeoffs influence mortality associated with the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.Oikos. doi.,2008,10.1111/j.1600-0706.17202.x.
[25]林金祥.食源寄生虫病图释[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2009.20-27.
[26]Erin Muths, Paul Stephen Corn, et. al.. Evidence for disease-related amphibian decline in Corolado. Biological conservation.2003,110:357-365.
[27]Erin Muths,Paul Stephen Corn et al.2003.Evidence for disease-related amphibian decline in Corolado. Biological conservation 110(2003)357-365.
[28]Karen R. Lips, Forrest Brem, Roberto Brenes, et al. Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity[J]. PNAS 2006,103(9):3165-3170.
[29]Fisher,M.c. Endemic and introduced haplotypes of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Japanese amphibians:sink or source. Molecular Ecology,2009,18:4731-4733.
[30]Bai C, Garner T, Li Y. First evidence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in China: discovery of chytridiomycosis in introduced American bullfrogs and native amphibians in the Yunnan Province, China. EcoHealth 2010.7:127-134.
[1]国家林业局.《商业性经营利用驯养繁殖技术成熟的陆生野生动物名单》.2003,8.http://www.forestry.gov.cn/portal/main/s/495/content-24341.html
[2]史海涛,蒙激流,熊燕,等.海南陆栖脊椎动物检索(M).海南：海南出版社,2001,226-275.
[3]费梁,叶昌媛.中国两栖动物检索[M].重庆：科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1990,1-363.
[4]刘承钊,胡淑琴.中国无尾两栖类[M].北京：科学出版社,1961,1-303.
[5]章菊明,王爱华,郭平.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].温州医学院学报,1984,14(1)：18-23.
[6]邹佩贞.广东韶关地区虎纹蛙·黑斑蛙染色体核型分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(31)：13516-13518.
[7]刘丽,刘楚吾,林东,等.中国虎纹蛙与泰国虎纹蛙的遗传多样性比较[J].水产科学,2005,24(1)：31-33.
[8]刘丽,刘楚吾,郭昱嵩,等.基于RAPD的SCAR分子标记技术鉴定虎纹蛙及引进种[J].海洋湖沼通报,2008,2：110-115.
[9]林植华,季翔.浙江丽水虎纹蛙形态特征的两性异性和食性[J].动物学研究,2005,26(3)：255-263.
[10]李旭,周伟,杨颖,等.滇蛙的性异性与食性[J].西南林学院学报,2006,26(1)：47-51.
[11]史留功,石灵,崔盛,等.商城产合征姬蛙的食性分析[J].河南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(1)：78-80.
[12]李鸿兴.昆虫分类检索[M].北京：农业出版社,1987,1-517.
[13]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙的食性与繁殖习性的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1994,10(3)：92-96.
[1]赵小春.查办经济案件中审计取证的时机选择[J].审计与理财,2003,10：36-37.
[2]陈马康,钟俊生,杨爱辉,等.中国对虾食物消化排空时间的研究[J].上海水产大学学报,1994,2(4)：169-175.
[3]林植华,季翔.浙江丽水虎纹蛙形态特征的两性异性和食性[J].动物学研究,2005,26(3)：255-263.
[4]耿宝荣,蔡明章.虎纹蛙的食性与繁殖习性的研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版).1994,10(3)：92-96.
[5]徐晋佑,杨勇清,曾孙生,等.蛙类养殖[M].广州：广东科技出版社,1998,74-238.
[6]刘承钊,胡淑琴.中国无尾两栖类[M].北京：科学出版社,1961,1-303.
[7]费梁,胡淑琴,叶昌媛,等.中国动物志两栖纲(下卷)无尾目蛙科(M).北京：科学出版社,2009,1319-1327.
[1]周永灿,朱传华,陈国华,等.虎纹蛙白内障病病原的分离鉴定及其免疫防治[J].上海水产大学学报,2001,3(1)：16-21.
[2]符史杭.2003-2004年海南省人工养殖虎纹蛙主要细菌性传染病的流行情况调查[D].南京农业大学,2005.
[3]徐晋佑,杨勇清,曾孙生,等.蛙类养殖[M].广州：广东科技出版社,1998,74-238.
[4]陈国英,凌跃进.经济蛙类的高效养殖[M].合肥：安徽科技出版社,1999,108-116.
[5]刘楚吾.蛙无公害养殖综合技术[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2003,27-63.
[6]Somkiat Kanchanakhan, U-malai Saduakdee, Aranya Kreethachat and Supranee Chinabut。 Isolation of a FV3-like iridovirus from a cutaneous ulceration and systemic inflammation with exuberant hematopoiesis or CSE disease of cultured frog, Rana tigrina Cantor, in Thailand。 The Fourth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture held in Cebu City, Philippines during 22-26 November 1999. (http://www.fisheries.go.th/aahri/Health_new/AAHRI/AAHRI/Topics/Newsletter/News_8_2_1#New s_8_2_1)
[7]Rick Speare (PhD, BVSc, MB BS). SUMMARY OF FORMIDABLE INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF AMPHIBIANS. School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia 4811. (http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/formidable.htm)
[8]Emerson H, Norris C. "Red-leg" -an infectious disease of frogs[J]. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1905,7:32-58.
[9]Kulp W L, Borden D G. Further studies on Proteus hydrophila, the etiological agent in "red leg" disease of frogs[J]. Journal of Bacteriology.1942,44:673-685.
[10]Glorioso J C, Amborski R L, Amborski G F, Culley D D. Microbiological studies on septicaemic bullfrogs(Rana catesbiana) [J]. American Journal of Veterinary Research.1974,35:1241-1245.
[11]Amborski R L, Snider T G, Culley D D. A non-hemolytic, group B Streptococcus infection of cultured bullfrogs, Rana catesbiana, in Brazil[J]. Journal of Wildlife Diseases.1983,19(3): 180-184.
[12]Colt J, Orwicz K, Brooks D. Gas Bubble Disease in the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis[J]. Journal of Herpetology.1984,18(2):131-137.
[13]Groff J M, Mughannam A, McDowell T S, Wong A, Dykstra M J, Frye F L, Hedrick R P. An epizootic of cutaneous zygomycosis in cultured dwarf African clawed frogs (Hymenochirus curtipes) due to Basidiobolus ranarum[J]. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology.1991,29:215-223.
[14]Olson M E, Gard S, Brown M, Hampton R, Morck D W. Flavobacterium indologenes infection in leopard frogs[J]. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1992,201(11):1766-1770.
[15]Cunningham A A, Sainsbury A W, Cooper J E. Diagnosis and treatment of a parasitic dermatitis in a laboratory colony of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) [J]. Veterinary Record 1996, 138:640-642.
[16]Ramakrishnan L, Valdivia R H, McKerrow J H, Falkow S. Mycobacterium marinum causes both long term subclinical infection and acute disease in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) [J]. Infection and Immunity 1997,65:767-773.
[17]Daszak P, Berger L, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D, Green D E and Speare R. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines[J]. Emerging Infectious Diseases.1999,5(5):735-748.
[18]Daszak P, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D. Infectious disease and amphibian population declines[J]. Diversity and Distributions 2003,9:141-150.
[19]Berger L, Speare R, Thomas A, Hyatt A. Mucocutaneous fungal disease in tadpoles of Bufo marinus in Australia[J]. Journal of Herpetology 2001,35:330-335.
[20]Killer virus could wipe out species. (http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/uk-mortality-2004.htm)
[21]On the hunt for deadly frog disease.
http://www.csiro.au/index.asp?type=mediaRelease&id=FrogFungus&style=mediaRelease)
[22]Erin Muths,Paul Stephen Corn et al.2003.Evidence for disease-related amphibian decline in Corolado. Biological conservation 110(2003)357-365.
[23]谢峰,刘惠宁,Simon N Stuart,等.中国两栖动物保护需求总述[J].中国科学C辑生命科学,2006,36(6)：570-581.
[24]吴洣麓.全球两栖动物面临灭门之灾.北京科技报,2007,10,1.16版
[25]Daszak P,Berger L,Cunningham AA,et al. Emerging infections Diseases and amphibian population Declines[J].Emer.Infect.Disea.,1999.5:735-748.
[26]Trenton W.J. et al.,Life history tradeoffs influence mortality associated with the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.Oikos. doi.,2008,10.1111/j.1600-0706..17202.x.
[1]林植华,计翔.浙江丽水虎纹蛙形态特征的两性异形和食性[J].动物学研究,2005,26(3)：255-262.
[2]杨颖,周伟,李旭,等.昭觉林蛙的食性与两性异形[J].浙江林学院学报2006,23(5)：560-564.
[3]李旭,周伟,杨颖,等.滇蛙的性异形与食性[J].西南林学院学报,26(1)：47-51.
[4]朱华平,黄樟翰,卢迈新.大规模罗非鱼养殖技术[J].现代农业科学,2009,16(2)：107-119.
[5]陈德寿,周振华,张武.吉奥罗非鱼养殖试验[J].内陆水产,2009,1：31-33.
[6]贾云光,肖根祥,李喜春,等.中国林蛙性别控制的初步研究[J].吉林林业科技,2004,33(4)：35-37.
[7]王春清.中国林蛙雌性繁育技术研究进展与应用[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(21)：10008-10009.
[8]刘楚吾.蛙无公害养殖综合技术[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2003,29.
[9]于匆,杨秀荣,姜志民,等.最新实用兽医手册(M).第二版.北京：中国农业科技出版社,1999.323-326.
[10]阮新艳,王月香,阮洪,等.浅谈虎纹蛙人工育苗技术研究[J].中国渔业经济研究,1996,2：35-38.
[1]Dournon C, Houillon C, Pieau C. Temperature sex-reversal in amphibians and reptiles[J]. Biol.1990, 34:81-92.
[2]Witschi E. Studies of sex differentiation and sex detemination in amphibians:Ⅱ. Sex-reversal in female tadpoles of Rana sytvatica following the application of high temperature [J]. Zool.1929,52: 267-291.
[3]Dourmon C, Guillet F, Boucher D, et al. Cytogenetic and genetic evidence of male sexual reversion by heat treament in the newt Pleurodeles poireti[J]. Chromosoma 1984,90:261-264.
[4]Chardard D, Dournon C. Sex reversal by aromatase inhibitor treatment in the newt Pleurodeles waltl[J]. Zool.1999,283:43-50.
[5]Wallace H, Wallace BM. Sex reversal of the newt Triturus critatus reared at extreme temperature[J]. Biol.2000,44 (7):807-810.
[6]Sakata N, Tamori Y, Wakahara M. P450 aromatase experession in the temperatur-sensitive sexual differentiation of salamanderHynobius retardatusgonads[J]. Biol.2005,49:417-425.
[7]王寿兵,张思路,屈云芳,等.温度变化对中国林蛙胚胎发育的影响[J].动物学研究,1996,7(4)：4-419
[8]李新红,赵文阁,郭玉民,等.中国林蛙性腺的发育及温度对其性别分化的影响.动物学研究,200122(5)：351-356.
[9]李桑,尤永隆,林丹军.泽蛙的性腺分化及温度对性别决定的影响[J].动物学报2008,54(2)：271-281.
[10]章菊明,王爱华,郭平.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].温州医学院学报,1984,14(1)：18-23.
[11]张小爱,聂刘旺,张海军.虎纹蛙四个Sox基因的克隆及序列分析[J].激光生物学报,2001,10(4)：269-272.
[12]刘楚吾,刘筠.牛蛙、黑斑蛙和虎纹蛙的染色体组型及乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的比较研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,1986,9(1)：66-73.
[13]张维道.芜湖产虎纹蛙G-带初步分析[J].安徽师大学报,1988,3：27-32.
[14]虞世嘉,钱晓薇.四种无尾两栖类SCE分析[J].遗传,1991,13(5)：19-21.
[15]方玲,胡启平,刘清华.虎纹蛙的染色体组型[J].广西医科大学学报,1998,15(2)：17-19.
[16]邹佩贞.广东韶关地区虎纹蛙·黑斑蛙染色体核型分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(31)：13516-13518.
[17]王利民,王永军,赵云蛟,等.雌激素对中国林蛙性别分化的影响[J].经济动物学报,2002,6(2)： 44-46.
[18]霍洪亮.中国林挂雌性繁育技术的研究[D].东北师范大学,2002：12-15.
[19]贾云光,肖根祥,李喜春,等.中国林蛙性别控制的初步研究[J].吉林林业科技,2004,33(4)：35-37.
[20]王春清.中国林蛙雌性繁育技术研究进展与应用[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(21)：10008-10009.
[21]国家农业部、卫生部、药品监督管理局.《禁止在饲料和动物饮用水中使用的药物品种目录》.2002.2.9http://wenku.baidu.com/view/65543069a45177232f60a27a.html
[22]杨景峰,曹颖霞.罗非鱼的性别控制技术及发展趋势[J].水产养殖,2003,6：26-36.
[23]黄海所主持完成的“半滑舌鳎人工雌核发育和性别控制技术研究”成果通过鉴定达到国际领先水平http://www.ysfri.ac.cn/jianbaoshow.asp-showid=61&signid=28.htm