基于阴极电位控制理论的船舶节能减排技术研究
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摘要
全球大气污染日益恶劣,空气质量的极速下降容易引发多种自然灾害,大气污染的恶果已开始威胁到人类的生活和生存,世界各国对大气的保护意识逐渐加强。船舶担负着全球80%以上的运输任务,其巨大的尾气排放量使全球大气污染日益加剧,船舶尾气排放控制势在必行,同时,在能源逐渐稀缺的今天,燃料成本迅速提高,节约能耗尤其是石油类产品的消耗也是各国技术研究的热点,因此对于船舶节能减排的技术研究将对全球的可持续发展产生重要意义。
如今,磁化技术的应用研究逐步成熟,各种磁化防污垢和磁化节能产品相继问世,各研究者也在不断改善磁化条件以适应不同的应用,针对永久性磁场的不可调节性,日本东北大学教授首次发现了低压交流电磁场阴极电位控制技术,并成功应用于排污水管的防垢以及各类汽车的节能减排。
本文通过试验测试阴极电位控制器对于船舶发动机的使用效果,并初步探测该控制器应用于船舶发动机的最佳试验条件。试验分为室内台架试验和实船试验：
1、台架试验模拟发动机的运行,通过使用控制器前后油耗情况、产能情况以及尾气中各类污染性气体的含量的变化,初步掌握阴极电位控制器的节能和减排效果,探索其最佳运行条件；
2、实船试验中,尾气的排放检测较难开展,所以只对燃油流量和输出功率进行记录,经比较分析控制器的节能效果。
台架试验结果显示控制器对于柴油发动机尾气排放中的各污染性气体含量有降低的作用,油耗量和油耗率的降低并不明显,通过试验初步估计阴极电位控制器的最佳频率段在6K-8KHz。
实船试验结果显示,使用控制器后油耗量降低、平均输出功率更平稳等,说明控制器对于实船发动机也有节能的效果。
With the deterioration of global air pollution, the air quality is going from bad to worse. This situation is apt to cause a variety of natural disasters. The adverse effects of air pollution have started to threaten human life and survival. Every country has gradually strengthened the awareness of protect the world's atmosphere. Sea transportation shoulders more than 80 percent of transport task in the whole world, its huge exhaust emissions lead increasingly global atmospheric pollution, so ship emissions control is imperative. Meanwhile, energy resources is scarce gradually, and the fuel costs rapidly increase. Reducing energy consumption, especially the consumption of petroleum products becomes a global technical research focus. Therefore, the research about technology of marine energy conservation and emission reduction has important significance to the global sustainable development.
Today, applied research about the magnetization technology is gradually mature, a variety of magnetization antifouling products and magnetization energy-saving products have been brought forth. Researchers are constantly improving the magnetization conditions to adapt to different applications, aiming at the unadjustable about permanent magnetic field, a professor of Tohoku University, Japanfirst discovered the cathode potential control technology of low-voltage alternating current field, and successfully applied to the antifouling of the drainage pipe and energy-saving and emission reduction about different cars.
This paper tests the effects of the cathode potential controller used for marine engines, to search the optimal experimental conditions of the engine of the ship. The test is divided into indoor bench test and the ship test:
1. The test-bed measurement simulates the engine working, by the change of the fuel consumption, the change of energy and the change of exhaust gas before and after the use of controller, to try to grasp the energy saving and emission reduction effect of the cathode potential controller, and exploring the best operating conditions;
2. In the ship test, the exhaust emissions testing is very difficult to carry out, so only the fuel flow and power were recorded to analyse the energy saving effect of the controller by comparing.
The test-bed measurement results show that the controller can reduce the content of polluting gas from diesel engines emissions, but the reduce of fuel consumption and fuel consumption rate is not so obvious. Based on the results, a preliminary estimate can be done that the optimum frequency of the cathode potential controller is 6K～8KHz.
The ship test results showed that the use of the controller reduced fuel consumption and made the average output power more stable, indicating that the controller can also achieve energy-saving effect when installed on the ship engine.
如今,磁化技术的应用研究逐步成熟,各种磁化防污垢和磁化节能产品相继问世,各研究者也在不断改善磁化条件以适应不同的应用,针对永久性磁场的不可调节性,日本东北大学教授首次发现了低压交流电磁场阴极电位控制技术,并成功应用于排污水管的防垢以及各类汽车的节能减排。
本文通过试验测试阴极电位控制器对于船舶发动机的使用效果,并初步探测该控制器应用于船舶发动机的最佳试验条件。试验分为室内台架试验和实船试验：
1、台架试验模拟发动机的运行,通过使用控制器前后油耗情况、产能情况以及尾气中各类污染性气体的含量的变化,初步掌握阴极电位控制器的节能和减排效果,探索其最佳运行条件；
2、实船试验中,尾气的排放检测较难开展,所以只对燃油流量和输出功率进行记录,经比较分析控制器的节能效果。
台架试验结果显示控制器对于柴油发动机尾气排放中的各污染性气体含量有降低的作用,油耗量和油耗率的降低并不明显,通过试验初步估计阴极电位控制器的最佳频率段在6K-8KHz。
实船试验结果显示,使用控制器后油耗量降低、平均输出功率更平稳等,说明控制器对于实船发动机也有节能的效果。
With the deterioration of global air pollution, the air quality is going from bad to worse. This situation is apt to cause a variety of natural disasters. The adverse effects of air pollution have started to threaten human life and survival. Every country has gradually strengthened the awareness of protect the world's atmosphere. Sea transportation shoulders more than 80 percent of transport task in the whole world, its huge exhaust emissions lead increasingly global atmospheric pollution, so ship emissions control is imperative. Meanwhile, energy resources is scarce gradually, and the fuel costs rapidly increase. Reducing energy consumption, especially the consumption of petroleum products becomes a global technical research focus. Therefore, the research about technology of marine energy conservation and emission reduction has important significance to the global sustainable development.
Today, applied research about the magnetization technology is gradually mature, a variety of magnetization antifouling products and magnetization energy-saving products have been brought forth. Researchers are constantly improving the magnetization conditions to adapt to different applications, aiming at the unadjustable about permanent magnetic field, a professor of Tohoku University, Japanfirst discovered the cathode potential control technology of low-voltage alternating current field, and successfully applied to the antifouling of the drainage pipe and energy-saving and emission reduction about different cars.
This paper tests the effects of the cathode potential controller used for marine engines, to search the optimal experimental conditions of the engine of the ship. The test is divided into indoor bench test and the ship test:
1. The test-bed measurement simulates the engine working, by the change of the fuel consumption, the change of energy and the change of exhaust gas before and after the use of controller, to try to grasp the energy saving and emission reduction effect of the cathode potential controller, and exploring the best operating conditions;
2. In the ship test, the exhaust emissions testing is very difficult to carry out, so only the fuel flow and power were recorded to analyse the energy saving effect of the controller by comparing.
The test-bed measurement results show that the controller can reduce the content of polluting gas from diesel engines emissions, but the reduce of fuel consumption and fuel consumption rate is not so obvious. Based on the results, a preliminary estimate can be done that the optimum frequency of the cathode potential controller is 6K～8KHz.
The ship test results showed that the use of the controller reduced fuel consumption and made the average output power more stable, indicating that the controller can also achieve energy-saving effect when installed on the ship engine.
引文
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[4]吴娴,龚强,杨雪.《船舶防止大气污染规则》在我国履约面临问题及对策探讨[J].中国水运(下半月),2010,(07)：89-90.
[5]黄万能,谢以超.船舶污染大气及国外的控制措施[J].航海技术,2005,(04)：59-61.
[6]Rue CMdl, Anderson CB. Shipping and the environment:law and practice[M]. London: Informa Law,2009:cx,1247 p.
[7]Molders N, Porter SE, Cahill CF, et al. Influence of ship emissions on air quality and input of contaminants in southern Alaska National Parks and Wilderness Areas during the 2006 tourist season[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(11):1400-1413.
[8]黄云头,王志标.《防止船舶造成大气污染规则》对我国航运业的影响及对策[J].交通建设与管理,2009,(07)：68-70.
[9]Capaldo K, Corbett JJ, Kasibhatla P, et al. Effects of ship emissions on sulphur cycling and radiative climate forcing over the ocean[J]. Nature,1999,400(6746):743-746.
[10]Lawrence MG, Crutzen PJ. Influence of NOx emissions from ships on tropospheric photochemistry and climate[J]. Nature,1999,402(6758):167-170.
[11]Onagawa K. Study on the impact of air pollutions emitted from ships in Tokyo Bay area[J]. Proceedings of MARIENV' 95,1995,2:824-829.
[12]Streets DG, Carmichael GR, Arndt RL. Sulfur dioxide emissions and sulfur deposition from international shipping in Asian waters[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1997,31(10):1573-1582.
[13]CARLTON J S RGL, WRIGHT A A, DANTON S D, WEBSTER AD. Marine Exhaust Emissions: Results from Shipboard Measurements and Regional Surveys.[J]. Proc ISME Yokohama 95 Vol 1,1995:57-67.
[14]Trozzi C, Vaccaro, R. Actual and future air pollutant emissions from ships[J].8th International Symposium Transport and Air Pollution including COST 319 Final Conference, 1999:403-415.
[15]Cooper DA, Peterson K, Simpson D. Hydrocarbon, PAH and PCB emissions from ferries:A case study in the Skagerak-Kattegatt-Oresund region[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(14): 2463-2473.
[16]Cooper DA, Andreasson K. Predictive NOx emission monitoring on board a passenger ferry[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(28):4637-4650.
[17]Saxe H, Larsen T. Air pollution from ships in three Danish ports[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(24):4057-4067.
[18]Kesgin U, Vardar N. A study on exhaust gas emissions from ships in Turkish Straits[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2001,35(10):1863-1870.
[19]邓礼标.船舶污染的途径及对策探析[J].海洋开发与管理,2010,(03)：52-55.
[20]陈宝忠鲁.船舶管理(轮机)[M].北京：人民交通出版社.2000：96-139.
[21]吴险峰.我国海洋环境保护的法律原则和政策措施[J].海洋环境科学,2005,(03)：72-76.
[22]韩宪彬,吴桂涛,孙培廷.我国实施MARPOL73/78附则Ⅳ对策的建议[J].航海技术,2007,(05)：44-47.
[23]许忠兵.防止船舶生活污水污染的监管与建议[J].航海技术,2008,(03)：47-50.
[24]范云志.如何面对船舶大气污染[J].中国船检,2004,(10)：58-59.
[25]金建忠.船舶污染现状和防止措施[J].中国水运,2011,(07)：20-21.
[26]黄炜.船舶节能减排的建议及思考[J].中国水运(下半月),2009,(11)：64-65.
[27]普兵,施建伟,阳宇麟,et al.防止船舶造成空气污染的检验研究[J].珠江水运,2011,(12)：48-55.
[28]郑守岩.浅析船舶节能减排之有效途径[J].天津航海,2009,(03)：12-13+17.
[29]Annex VI of MARPOL 73/78 Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships [M].
[30]王晓中.船舶柴油机废气的危害及排放限制[J].科技资讯,2010,(01)：145-146.
[31]郭和军,刘治中,陈运超,et a1.燃油磁化节能机理的探讨[J].节能,1997,(04)：4-6.
[32]纪壮,仇世国.内燃机燃油磁化节能技术——汽／柴油用磁化节油净化装置介绍[J].设备管理与维修,1989,(10)：44-45.
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