林下参种子化学成分及其生物活性的研究
|
摘要
林下参(Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.),习称“籽海”,属五加科(Araliceae)人参属(Panax)植物,是播种在山林野生状态下自然生长的中药材,经过20年以上的自然生长其质量可与同龄的山参相媲美。
已发现的人参化学成分有人参皂苷、人参多糖、挥发油、氨基酸、多肽、有机酸、脂肪油、生物碱、甾醇、木质素、无机元素、黄酮类、维生素类等。人参活性成分主要有人参皂苷、人参多糖、挥发油、氨基酸和多肽等几大类,现代药理研究表明,人参具有抗疲劳、改善记忆、抗抑郁、镇静及镇痛、抗心律失常、抗肿瘤、抗辐射等药理活性。
本文主要对林下参种子做了以下几方面的工作:
1.综述了人参的化学成分、生物活性研究及临床应用的研究概况。
2.对林下参种子中的总皂苷含量进行了测定。
3.化学成分研究:利用柱层析法、萃取、重结晶等化学和物理方法,从林下参种子中分离得到10个单体化合物,依据理化性质、光谱学分析和化学方法,确定了其中7个单体化合物的结构,分别为:20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3(Ⅰ)、人参皂苷Re(Ⅱ)、人参皂苷Rd(Ⅲ)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rh2(Ⅳ)、蔗糖(Ⅴ)、人参皂苷Rc(Ⅵ)和顺-6-十八碳烯酸(Ⅶ)。
4.对林下参种子70%乙醇提取物、人参皂苷Rg3、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷二醇组、人参皂苷三醇组进行了抗利尿实验研究。
In this paper, the chemical compositions and pharmacological activities of the seeds of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. were studied.
According to the references, many kinds of compounds has been isolated and identified, such as panaxsaponin,panaxan, essential oil,flavonoids,alkaloid,amino acids,vitamin,mineral element and so on. The modern pharmacological studies showed that Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. had the effects of anti-tiredness,improve remembrance,anti- athymia,mitigate effect, analgesic effect, anti- arhythmia, anti- tumor,anti-aging,anti-radiation etc.. In order to find out more chemical constituents which have bioactivities in the seed of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. and develop more new drug products, our group gave a Systematic investigation on the seed of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.. The research methods and results as follow:
Firstly, pulverized and dried the seeds of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. (0.5kg).Than, the powder were extracted with 70% ethanol and the extracts were concentrated in vacuo and got a ethanol parts(51.2g). Secondly, ethanol parts were divided into two parts.One was the ethanol part(25g),which which were dealt with silica gel chromatography by using several kinds of solvent systems and recrystallizing repeatly,got seven compounds.The other was extracted with n-butanol, concentrated in vacuo and got a n-butanol part. Than , this part was elute by 4020 resin for saponin. The saponin was also dealt with silica gel chromatography by using several kinds of solvent systems and recrystallizing repeatly , got three compounds.
Among of them, the structures of seven compounds were established and identified on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence(1HNMR , 13CNMR , 2DNMR). They are 20(S)-ginsenside Rg3(Ⅰ), ginsenside Re(Ⅱ), ginsenside Rd(Ⅲ), 20( S)-ginsenside Rh2 (Ⅳ), sucrose(Ⅴ), ginsenside Rc(Ⅵ),(z)-6-octadecenoic acid (Ⅶ).
The antidiuresis of the ethanol extractive of the seeds of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.,ginsenoside Rg3, ginsenoside Re , Panaxadiol Saponin,Panaxatriol Saponin. The results showed that the ethanol extractive of the seed of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.,ginsenoside Rg3,Panaxadiol Saponin , Panaxatriol Saponin had conspicuous effect on antidiuresis.But the ginsenoside Re was weaker than other. At the same time, the effective of Panaxadiol Saponin and Panaxatriol Saponin are better than others. Than, with the kits method,the content of K+,Na+ and Cl- in urine collected were measured. The result indicated that the effective of antidiuresis relates to the drainage of K+.
已发现的人参化学成分有人参皂苷、人参多糖、挥发油、氨基酸、多肽、有机酸、脂肪油、生物碱、甾醇、木质素、无机元素、黄酮类、维生素类等。人参活性成分主要有人参皂苷、人参多糖、挥发油、氨基酸和多肽等几大类,现代药理研究表明,人参具有抗疲劳、改善记忆、抗抑郁、镇静及镇痛、抗心律失常、抗肿瘤、抗辐射等药理活性。
本文主要对林下参种子做了以下几方面的工作:
1.综述了人参的化学成分、生物活性研究及临床应用的研究概况。
2.对林下参种子中的总皂苷含量进行了测定。
3.化学成分研究:利用柱层析法、萃取、重结晶等化学和物理方法,从林下参种子中分离得到10个单体化合物,依据理化性质、光谱学分析和化学方法,确定了其中7个单体化合物的结构,分别为:20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3(Ⅰ)、人参皂苷Re(Ⅱ)、人参皂苷Rd(Ⅲ)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rh2(Ⅳ)、蔗糖(Ⅴ)、人参皂苷Rc(Ⅵ)和顺-6-十八碳烯酸(Ⅶ)。
4.对林下参种子70%乙醇提取物、人参皂苷Rg3、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷二醇组、人参皂苷三醇组进行了抗利尿实验研究。
In this paper, the chemical compositions and pharmacological activities of the seeds of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. were studied.
According to the references, many kinds of compounds has been isolated and identified, such as panaxsaponin,panaxan, essential oil,flavonoids,alkaloid,amino acids,vitamin,mineral element and so on. The modern pharmacological studies showed that Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. had the effects of anti-tiredness,improve remembrance,anti- athymia,mitigate effect, analgesic effect, anti- arhythmia, anti- tumor,anti-aging,anti-radiation etc.. In order to find out more chemical constituents which have bioactivities in the seed of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. and develop more new drug products, our group gave a Systematic investigation on the seed of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.. The research methods and results as follow:
Firstly, pulverized and dried the seeds of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. (0.5kg).Than, the powder were extracted with 70% ethanol and the extracts were concentrated in vacuo and got a ethanol parts(51.2g). Secondly, ethanol parts were divided into two parts.One was the ethanol part(25g),which which were dealt with silica gel chromatography by using several kinds of solvent systems and recrystallizing repeatly,got seven compounds.The other was extracted with n-butanol, concentrated in vacuo and got a n-butanol part. Than , this part was elute by 4020 resin for saponin. The saponin was also dealt with silica gel chromatography by using several kinds of solvent systems and recrystallizing repeatly , got three compounds.
Among of them, the structures of seven compounds were established and identified on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence(1HNMR , 13CNMR , 2DNMR). They are 20(S)-ginsenside Rg3(Ⅰ), ginsenside Re(Ⅱ), ginsenside Rd(Ⅲ), 20( S)-ginsenside Rh2 (Ⅳ), sucrose(Ⅴ), ginsenside Rc(Ⅵ),(z)-6-octadecenoic acid (Ⅶ).
The antidiuresis of the ethanol extractive of the seeds of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.,ginsenoside Rg3, ginsenoside Re , Panaxadiol Saponin,Panaxatriol Saponin. The results showed that the ethanol extractive of the seed of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.,ginsenoside Rg3,Panaxadiol Saponin , Panaxatriol Saponin had conspicuous effect on antidiuresis.But the ginsenoside Re was weaker than other. At the same time, the effective of Panaxadiol Saponin and Panaxatriol Saponin are better than others. Than, with the kits method,the content of K+,Na+ and Cl- in urine collected were measured. The result indicated that the effective of antidiuresis relates to the drainage of K+.
引文
[1] 国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(一部)[M].2005 年版.北京:化学工业出版社,2005:7～8
[2] 李学军,张益武.野生人参的生长环境及形态特征[J].人参研究,2006,2:16
[3] 王铁生.中国人参[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2001:673～677
[4] 邱峰,马忠泽,裴玉萍,等.人参花蕾化学成分的研究[J].中国药物化学杂志,1998,8(3):205～207
[5] 窦德强,陈英杰,竹田忠.自人参叶中得到的一对差向异构体的分离与鉴定[J].中国药物化学杂志,1997,7(3):202～204
[6] Dou DQ, Wen Y, Pei YP, et al.Ginsenoside-Ia:A Novel Minor Saponin from the ginseng.Planta Leaves of Panax ginseng[J].Planta Mdeica,1996,62:179
[7] 窦德强,文晔,裴玉萍,等.人参叶中微量成分的研究[J].中国中药杂志,1997,22(1):35～37
[8] 赵春芳. 西洋参果人参皂甙及其活性的研究:[学位论文][D].长春:吉林大学,1999
[9] 赵俊,吴宏,王亚平.人参多糖的化学与药理学研究进展[J].国外医学中医中药分册,2004,26(2):79～81
[10] T.F.Solov’eva,L.V,Arsenyuk and Yu.S.Ovodov.Some structural features of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey pectin[J].Carbohydrate Res, 1969, 10:13
[11] 张翼伸,李润秋,王玉万.人参多糖的研究(Ⅰ) [J].东北师大学报,1982,22 (2):97
[12] Chohachi Konno,Kazuhiko Sugiyama,Mitsuyo Kano,et al.Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of Panaxans A,B,C,D and E,Glycans of Panax ginseng Roots[J].Planta Med,1984,50 (5) :434
[13] Hiroshi Hikino,Yoshiteru Oshima,Yutaka Suzuki,et al.Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of Panaxans F,G and H , Glycans of Panax ginseng Roots[J].Shayakugaku Zasshi,1985,39(4):331
[14] Yoshiteru Oshima,Chohachi Konno,Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of Panaxans I,J,K and L,glycans of Panax ginseng roots[J].Ethnopharmacol,1985,14:255
[15] Chohachi Konno,Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of Panaxans M,N,O and P,glycans of Panax ginseng roots[J].Int,J . Crude Drug Res,1987,25:53
[16] 台桂花,张翼伸,梁忠岩.人参茎中水溶性多糖的研究[J].生物化学与生物物理学报,1988,20(2):119
[17] 刘春兰,张翼伸,李润秋.人参果中水溶性多糖的研究:杂多糖F的分离提纯与结构分析[J].药学学报,1988,23(11):863
[18] Qi-pin Gao,Hiroaki Kiyohara,Haruki Yamada.Futher structural studies of anti-complementary acidic hetheroglycans from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer[J].Carbohydrate Research,1988,181:175
[19] Xiao-Bo Sun,Tsukasa Matsumoto,Haruki Yamada.Purification of anti -ulcer polysaccharide from the leaves of Panax ginseng[J].Planta Med.,1992,58:445
[20] Qi-pin Gao,Hiroaki Kiyohara,Haruki Yamada.Further structural studies of anti-complementary acidic heteroglycans from the leaves ofPanax ginseng C.A.Meyer[J].Carbohydrate Research,1990,196:111
[21] Qi-pin Gao,Hiroaki Kiyohara,Jong-chol cyong,et al.Chemical properties and anti-complementary activities of heteroglycans from the leaves of Panax ginseng[J].Planta Med.,1991,57:132
[22] Hiroaki Kiyohara,Masumi Hirano , Xiao-Guang Wen , et al.Characterisation of anti-ulcer pectic polysaccharide from leaves of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer [J].Carbohydrate Research, 1994, 263:89
[23] 王铁生.中国人参[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2001:756
[24] 阎吉昌,张宏,卫永弟,等.人参挥发油的提取和分析[J].分析测试学报,1994,13(3):46～50
[25] 陈 虹.中草药与抗肿瘤新药研究[J].武警医学院学报,2003,12(4):247～249
[26] 赵桂红,王世平,黄香文.黑龙江省人参果不同部位营养成分分析[J].食品科技,2002,11:70～71
[27] 林春驿,赵丽琴,李春英.人参不同部位无机元素含量测定[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,1998,10(1):68～69
[28] 张晓芬,任伯成,张青森.人参抗运动疲劳的实验研究[J].中医药学报,1995,6:29
[29] 张爱民.人参提取物对小鼠耐力影响的初步研究[J].聊城师院学报,2001,14(3):51～53
[30] 刘颖,李玺,袁海峰.人参皂甙Rg1促进学习记忆作用研究进展[J]. 中国中西医结合杂志,2006,26(10):956～960
[31] 邵碧霞,白洁,孙文虹,等.人参根和茎叶皂苷对大鼠学习记忆功能的影响[J].中草药,2005,36(6):895～898
[32] 陈彩霞,张宏艳.人参皂苷Re的研究进展[J].国外医学儿科学分册,2004,31:110～112
[33] 高世勇,倪小虎,于蕾,等.人参茎叶皂甙、人参根皂甙抗抑郁作用研究[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,18(2):135～136
[34] 倪小虎,于多,孙文虹,等.人参皂苷对电激痉挛所致小鼠神经失调的改善作用的研究[J].时珍国医国药,2004,15(5):257～258
[35] 张纯武,滕红林,柳献云,等.人参皂甙对强直性脊柱炎镇痛和抗炎作用的实验研究[J].浙江中医杂志,2005,9:402～403
[36] 方云祥,李灿,王志纯,等.人参总皂甙对犬冠脉流量和血液动力学的影响[J].湖南医科大学学报,1995 ,20(1):5～7
[37] 孙文娟,刘洁,曲少春,等.人参皂甙Rg2 对兔戊巴比妥钠心力衰竭的影响[J].中国现代应用药学杂志,2004,21(6):447～450
[38] 王天成,张宏艳.人参皂甙抗心律失常作用研究进展[J].中国心脏起搏与心电生理杂志,2004,18(4):309～310
[39] 吕文伟,刘洁,赵丽娟,等.人参皂苷Rg2对麻醉犬急性心源性休克血流动力学和氧代谢的影响[J].林大学学报(医学版),2004,30(4):534～537
[40] 陈享,文小丹,曾珊,等.人参皂甙对开心术心肌保护作用的超微形态计量学研究[J].湖南医科大学学报,2002,27(5): 419～421
[41] 张树臣. 中国人参与西洋人参药理作用的比较[J].中医杂志,1980,(10):73～74
[42] 任莉莉,魏影非,杜惠兰. 人参抗肿瘤作用研究进展[J]. 中成药,2005,27(8):947～950
[43] 张有为,窦德强,陈英杰,等.人参皂苷对人体骨肉瘤细胞U2OS增殖的影响[J].中草药,2001,32(3):232～236
[44] 高船舟,杨佩满,吕广艳,等.20(R)-人参皂苷Rg3 逆转K562/ ADM细胞MDR及诱导其凋亡的研究[J].解剖科学进展,2000,8(1):32～35
[45] 曲婷婷.人参有效成分抗肿瘤的研究进展[J].中医药学刊,2005,23(12):2275～2277
[46] 王卫霞,王谦.人参皂苷的免疫调节作用及其应用[J].中华中医药杂志,2005,20(4):234～236
[47] 任杰红,陈林芳,张路晗,等.人参皂苷Rg1的免疫促进作用[J]. 中药新药与临床药理,2002,13 (2):92～93
[48] 徐承水.人参抗衰老作用的实验研究[J].赣南师范学院学报,2000,3:54～56
[49] 唐斌,程绪菊,刘江等.人参皂苷药理作用研究进展[J].西南军医,2005,7(3):45～47
[50] 刘伟宏,龚守良,李新民,等.人参三醇组甙对雄性大鼠免疫器官的辐射防护作用[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1994,20(1): 32
[51] 刘丽波,孙晓玲,张海英,等.人参三醇组甙对小鼠骨髓细胞染色体的辐射防护作用[J].中华放射医学与防护杂志,2002,22(2): 114～115
[52] 邵春杰,徐景达.薄层扫描法和比色法测定人参皂苷的含量[J].中草药,1982,13(8):19～23
[53] 滕荣伟,李海舟,王德祖,等.三个原人参二醇型单糖链配糖体的NMR信号全指定[J].波谱学杂志.2000,17(6):461～468
[54] 王本祥,王铁生,徐东铭.人参研究进展[M].天津:天津科技出版社,1991:29～34
[55] 郑友兰,李向高,鲍建才,等.西洋参芦头化学成分研究[J].中国药学杂志,2005,40(11):815～816
[56] 孟祥颖,李向高,于洋.国产西洋参花蕾化学成分的研究Ⅰ人参皂苷的分离、鉴定及含量测定[J].吉林农业大学学报,2000,22(3): 1～8
[57] 周乐,王宁,苗方,等.秦岭龙胆的化学成分[J].有机化学,2004,24(10):1249～1252
[58] 何光星,李秀婵,谯雅嘉.益肾固泉液抗利尿作用研究[J].中药药理与临床,2002;18(1):36～38
[59] 罗顺德,刘安清,刘月盈.人参芦与人参根有效成分和药理作用的比较[J].药学通报,1983;18(8):22～24
[60] 张树臣.人参不同部位中人参皂苷的药理作用[J].中成药研究,1980;(5):45～46
[61] 温淑荣,戚世祥.罐藏鲜人参与生晒参、红参药理作用的比较[J].中成药研究,1983;(11):25～26
[62] 王铁生.中国人参[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2001年:938～943
[63] 许家骝,张诚光,罗霄山.参苓颗粒利尿作用的实验研究[J].新中医,2003;35(7):74～75
[64] 晁志, 马丽玲, 周秀佳.益母草中生物碱成分对大鼠的利尿作用研究[J].时珍国医国药,2005,16(1):11～12
[2] 李学军,张益武.野生人参的生长环境及形态特征[J].人参研究,2006,2:16
[3] 王铁生.中国人参[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2001:673～677
[4] 邱峰,马忠泽,裴玉萍,等.人参花蕾化学成分的研究[J].中国药物化学杂志,1998,8(3):205～207
[5] 窦德强,陈英杰,竹田忠.自人参叶中得到的一对差向异构体的分离与鉴定[J].中国药物化学杂志,1997,7(3):202～204
[6] Dou DQ, Wen Y, Pei YP, et al.Ginsenoside-Ia:A Novel Minor Saponin from the ginseng.Planta Leaves of Panax ginseng[J].Planta Mdeica,1996,62:179
[7] 窦德强,文晔,裴玉萍,等.人参叶中微量成分的研究[J].中国中药杂志,1997,22(1):35～37
[8] 赵春芳. 西洋参果人参皂甙及其活性的研究:[学位论文][D].长春:吉林大学,1999
[9] 赵俊,吴宏,王亚平.人参多糖的化学与药理学研究进展[J].国外医学中医中药分册,2004,26(2):79～81
[10] T.F.Solov’eva,L.V,Arsenyuk and Yu.S.Ovodov.Some structural features of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey pectin[J].Carbohydrate Res, 1969, 10:13
[11] 张翼伸,李润秋,王玉万.人参多糖的研究(Ⅰ) [J].东北师大学报,1982,22 (2):97
[12] Chohachi Konno,Kazuhiko Sugiyama,Mitsuyo Kano,et al.Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of Panaxans A,B,C,D and E,Glycans of Panax ginseng Roots[J].Planta Med,1984,50 (5) :434
[13] Hiroshi Hikino,Yoshiteru Oshima,Yutaka Suzuki,et al.Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of Panaxans F,G and H , Glycans of Panax ginseng Roots[J].Shayakugaku Zasshi,1985,39(4):331
[14] Yoshiteru Oshima,Chohachi Konno,Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of Panaxans I,J,K and L,glycans of Panax ginseng roots[J].Ethnopharmacol,1985,14:255
[15] Chohachi Konno,Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of Panaxans M,N,O and P,glycans of Panax ginseng roots[J].Int,J . Crude Drug Res,1987,25:53
[16] 台桂花,张翼伸,梁忠岩.人参茎中水溶性多糖的研究[J].生物化学与生物物理学报,1988,20(2):119
[17] 刘春兰,张翼伸,李润秋.人参果中水溶性多糖的研究:杂多糖F的分离提纯与结构分析[J].药学学报,1988,23(11):863
[18] Qi-pin Gao,Hiroaki Kiyohara,Haruki Yamada.Futher structural studies of anti-complementary acidic hetheroglycans from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer[J].Carbohydrate Research,1988,181:175
[19] Xiao-Bo Sun,Tsukasa Matsumoto,Haruki Yamada.Purification of anti -ulcer polysaccharide from the leaves of Panax ginseng[J].Planta Med.,1992,58:445
[20] Qi-pin Gao,Hiroaki Kiyohara,Haruki Yamada.Further structural studies of anti-complementary acidic heteroglycans from the leaves ofPanax ginseng C.A.Meyer[J].Carbohydrate Research,1990,196:111
[21] Qi-pin Gao,Hiroaki Kiyohara,Jong-chol cyong,et al.Chemical properties and anti-complementary activities of heteroglycans from the leaves of Panax ginseng[J].Planta Med.,1991,57:132
[22] Hiroaki Kiyohara,Masumi Hirano , Xiao-Guang Wen , et al.Characterisation of anti-ulcer pectic polysaccharide from leaves of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer [J].Carbohydrate Research, 1994, 263:89
[23] 王铁生.中国人参[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2001:756
[24] 阎吉昌,张宏,卫永弟,等.人参挥发油的提取和分析[J].分析测试学报,1994,13(3):46～50
[25] 陈 虹.中草药与抗肿瘤新药研究[J].武警医学院学报,2003,12(4):247～249
[26] 赵桂红,王世平,黄香文.黑龙江省人参果不同部位营养成分分析[J].食品科技,2002,11:70～71
[27] 林春驿,赵丽琴,李春英.人参不同部位无机元素含量测定[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,1998,10(1):68～69
[28] 张晓芬,任伯成,张青森.人参抗运动疲劳的实验研究[J].中医药学报,1995,6:29
[29] 张爱民.人参提取物对小鼠耐力影响的初步研究[J].聊城师院学报,2001,14(3):51～53
[30] 刘颖,李玺,袁海峰.人参皂甙Rg1促进学习记忆作用研究进展[J]. 中国中西医结合杂志,2006,26(10):956～960
[31] 邵碧霞,白洁,孙文虹,等.人参根和茎叶皂苷对大鼠学习记忆功能的影响[J].中草药,2005,36(6):895～898
[32] 陈彩霞,张宏艳.人参皂苷Re的研究进展[J].国外医学儿科学分册,2004,31:110～112
[33] 高世勇,倪小虎,于蕾,等.人参茎叶皂甙、人参根皂甙抗抑郁作用研究[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,18(2):135～136
[34] 倪小虎,于多,孙文虹,等.人参皂苷对电激痉挛所致小鼠神经失调的改善作用的研究[J].时珍国医国药,2004,15(5):257～258
[35] 张纯武,滕红林,柳献云,等.人参皂甙对强直性脊柱炎镇痛和抗炎作用的实验研究[J].浙江中医杂志,2005,9:402～403
[36] 方云祥,李灿,王志纯,等.人参总皂甙对犬冠脉流量和血液动力学的影响[J].湖南医科大学学报,1995 ,20(1):5～7
[37] 孙文娟,刘洁,曲少春,等.人参皂甙Rg2 对兔戊巴比妥钠心力衰竭的影响[J].中国现代应用药学杂志,2004,21(6):447～450
[38] 王天成,张宏艳.人参皂甙抗心律失常作用研究进展[J].中国心脏起搏与心电生理杂志,2004,18(4):309～310
[39] 吕文伟,刘洁,赵丽娟,等.人参皂苷Rg2对麻醉犬急性心源性休克血流动力学和氧代谢的影响[J].林大学学报(医学版),2004,30(4):534～537
[40] 陈享,文小丹,曾珊,等.人参皂甙对开心术心肌保护作用的超微形态计量学研究[J].湖南医科大学学报,2002,27(5): 419～421
[41] 张树臣. 中国人参与西洋人参药理作用的比较[J].中医杂志,1980,(10):73～74
[42] 任莉莉,魏影非,杜惠兰. 人参抗肿瘤作用研究进展[J]. 中成药,2005,27(8):947～950
[43] 张有为,窦德强,陈英杰,等.人参皂苷对人体骨肉瘤细胞U2OS增殖的影响[J].中草药,2001,32(3):232～236
[44] 高船舟,杨佩满,吕广艳,等.20(R)-人参皂苷Rg3 逆转K562/ ADM细胞MDR及诱导其凋亡的研究[J].解剖科学进展,2000,8(1):32～35
[45] 曲婷婷.人参有效成分抗肿瘤的研究进展[J].中医药学刊,2005,23(12):2275～2277
[46] 王卫霞,王谦.人参皂苷的免疫调节作用及其应用[J].中华中医药杂志,2005,20(4):234～236
[47] 任杰红,陈林芳,张路晗,等.人参皂苷Rg1的免疫促进作用[J]. 中药新药与临床药理,2002,13 (2):92～93
[48] 徐承水.人参抗衰老作用的实验研究[J].赣南师范学院学报,2000,3:54～56
[49] 唐斌,程绪菊,刘江等.人参皂苷药理作用研究进展[J].西南军医,2005,7(3):45～47
[50] 刘伟宏,龚守良,李新民,等.人参三醇组甙对雄性大鼠免疫器官的辐射防护作用[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1994,20(1): 32
[51] 刘丽波,孙晓玲,张海英,等.人参三醇组甙对小鼠骨髓细胞染色体的辐射防护作用[J].中华放射医学与防护杂志,2002,22(2): 114～115
[52] 邵春杰,徐景达.薄层扫描法和比色法测定人参皂苷的含量[J].中草药,1982,13(8):19～23
[53] 滕荣伟,李海舟,王德祖,等.三个原人参二醇型单糖链配糖体的NMR信号全指定[J].波谱学杂志.2000,17(6):461～468
[54] 王本祥,王铁生,徐东铭.人参研究进展[M].天津:天津科技出版社,1991:29～34
[55] 郑友兰,李向高,鲍建才,等.西洋参芦头化学成分研究[J].中国药学杂志,2005,40(11):815～816
[56] 孟祥颖,李向高,于洋.国产西洋参花蕾化学成分的研究Ⅰ人参皂苷的分离、鉴定及含量测定[J].吉林农业大学学报,2000,22(3): 1～8
[57] 周乐,王宁,苗方,等.秦岭龙胆的化学成分[J].有机化学,2004,24(10):1249～1252
[58] 何光星,李秀婵,谯雅嘉.益肾固泉液抗利尿作用研究[J].中药药理与临床,2002;18(1):36～38
[59] 罗顺德,刘安清,刘月盈.人参芦与人参根有效成分和药理作用的比较[J].药学通报,1983;18(8):22～24
[60] 张树臣.人参不同部位中人参皂苷的药理作用[J].中成药研究,1980;(5):45～46
[61] 温淑荣,戚世祥.罐藏鲜人参与生晒参、红参药理作用的比较[J].中成药研究,1983;(11):25～26
[62] 王铁生.中国人参[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2001年:938～943
[63] 许家骝,张诚光,罗霄山.参苓颗粒利尿作用的实验研究[J].新中医,2003;35(7):74～75
[64] 晁志, 马丽玲, 周秀佳.益母草中生物碱成分对大鼠的利尿作用研究[J].时珍国医国药,2005,16(1):11～12