第二十六王朝时期埃及对外交往研究
摘要
埃及新王朝后期，阿蒙神祭司集团获得了极大的权力，同时由于战争而兴起的新兴军事贵族拥兵自重，独霸一方，他们的存在极大的削弱了埃及的中央政权。公元前1069年，斯门德斯一世宣布自己为埃及国王，建立了埃及第二十一王朝。但是南方底比斯祭司集团并不服从他的统治，地方贵族也各自为政，因此，斯门德斯仅仅只是名义上的埃及国王。从第二十一王朝建立直到公元前664年，埃及政治分裂、经济衰退、文化凋敝。不仅如此，外来民族也先后入侵埃及，埃及出现了前所未有的低谷。
在这种内忧外患的局面下，普撒美提克一世建立了第二十六王朝。他继位之后，首先统一埃及，然后趁亚述忙于内战，摆脱属国身份，从此使埃及走上一条复兴道路。第二十六王朝时期，埃及积极融入东地中海世界，不仅谋求政治上的大国地位，同时也追求最大化的经济利益。纵观埃及第二十六王朝的历史，埃及的政治决策、经济发展，文化复兴，无一不打上了东地中海世界的烙印。可以说，埃及第二十六王朝的历史就是一部埃及对外交往史。特别是瑙克拉提斯城的创立，更是浓缩了埃及与希腊之间的政治、经济、文化等多个方面的往来，是埃及对外交往历史上最为成功的范例。
本文收集并整理了第二十六王朝时期对外交往的原始文献资料，并透过文献重构第二十六王朝时期的军事外交、经济交往以及文化交往的过程与内容，进而构建起公元前八世纪—六世纪整个东地中海世界的交往体系。本文拟从以下几个方面来阐述埃及第二十六王朝时期的对外交往：第一部分主要论述第二十六王朝建立的历史背景以及第二十六王朝的建立。第二部分主要论述埃及的外交与战争。这一时期，埃及对外战争频繁，与亚述、新巴比伦、犹太王国、腓尼基人以及叙巴地区的城邦都发生过战争，埃及的对外交往史就是一部战争史。第三部分主要论述埃及的经济和文化往来。这一时期埃及同亚述、叙巴地区、希腊等地都有频繁的贸易往来。贸易往来带来了频繁的人员流动，在这一过程中也带来了他国文化。但是文化上的交往较之战争和经济往来并不明显，是一种长时期的潜移默化的过程。前三个部分是对第二十六王朝时期埃及对外交往的宏观阐释，为了更好的将这一时期埃及的对外交往揭示出来，本论文接下来将以这一时期埃及对外交往的一个成功范例对第二十六王朝的对外关系进行微观阐释，于是便有了本论文的第四部分对瑙克拉提斯城的创立以及其功能的讨论。总之，第二十六王朝是埃及的第二次对外交往，它全面开启了埃及文明融入整个地中海世界的大门，由此给希腊文化以深刻影响。
During the late New Kingdom Egypt, the Amun priests Group received a great deal ofpower, and because of the war, the military general Group rose in the war, which controlledthe military and dominate themselves. Their presence greatly weakened Egypt's centralgovernment.1069BC, Smends I declared himself king of Egypt, and established theTwenty-Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. But the priests of Thebes Southern Group did not obey hisrule, where the military generals also fragmented and ruled in their own way, and therefore,Adams Mendes was merely nominal king of Egypt. After the Twenty-First dynastyestablished until664BC, between which Egypt political division, economic recession, culturedepressed, not only that, the foreign national has also invaded Egypt, Egypt was in anunprecedented lows.
With such internal and external problems, Psamtik I established the Twenty-SixthDynasty. He first unified Egypt, then took advantage of Assyria fighting a civil war to get ridof vassal status, from then on Egypt embarked on a road to recovery. During the Twenty-Sixthdynasty, the Egypt actively integrated into the eastern Mediterranean world, not only to seekpolitical power status, but also to pursuit to maximize the economic interests. Throughout theTwenty-Sixth Dynasty of Egypt history, Egypt's political decision-making, economicdevelopment, cultural revival, all marked by the stigma of the eastern Mediterranean world. Itcan be said twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt's history is a history of the Egyptian foreignexchanges. Especially the found of Naukratis, is a concentrated history of exchanges betweenEgypt and Greece, in various aspects of the political, economic, cultural, etc., which is themost successful foreign relations paradigm in the history of the Egyptian.
In this paper, through the collection and collating of firsthand literature of the foreignrelations during the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty, and with the help of these literature, the authorattains to reconstruct the process and content of the military and diplomatic, economic andcultural exchanges in the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty and ultimately builds the exchanges’ systemthroughout the eastern Mediterranean world from the eighth century BC to six century BC.This paper describes the following aspects of foreign exchanges during the period ofTwenty-Sixth Dynasty of Egypt: The first part describes the replacement of Twenty-Fifth toTwenty-Sixth Dynasties, and the establishment of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. The second partdescribes the Egyptian foreign diplomacy and war. During this period, the Egyptian foreignwars broke out frequently with Assyria, Neo-Babylon, the Jewish kingdom, the Phoeniciansand the Syria-Palestinian’s city-states, which shows the history of Egypt's foreign relations isalso a history of war. The third part describes the Egyptian foreign economic and culturalexchanges. Egypt and Assyria, Syria and the Palestinian areas, Greece and other places havefrequent trade during this period. Trade brings frequent movement of persons, in the processalso brought him national culture. However, cultural and economic exchanges than war is not obvious, are a prolonged imperceptible influences process. The fourth part the Naukratis ismainly introduced.
Finally, the conclusion points out that, the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty is the second period offoreign relations of Egypt, which brings great influence to the Greek culture.
在这种内忧外患的局面下，普撒美提克一世建立了第二十六王朝。他继位之后，首先统一埃及，然后趁亚述忙于内战，摆脱属国身份，从此使埃及走上一条复兴道路。第二十六王朝时期，埃及积极融入东地中海世界，不仅谋求政治上的大国地位，同时也追求最大化的经济利益。纵观埃及第二十六王朝的历史，埃及的政治决策、经济发展，文化复兴，无一不打上了东地中海世界的烙印。可以说，埃及第二十六王朝的历史就是一部埃及对外交往史。特别是瑙克拉提斯城的创立，更是浓缩了埃及与希腊之间的政治、经济、文化等多个方面的往来，是埃及对外交往历史上最为成功的范例。
本文收集并整理了第二十六王朝时期对外交往的原始文献资料，并透过文献重构第二十六王朝时期的军事外交、经济交往以及文化交往的过程与内容，进而构建起公元前八世纪—六世纪整个东地中海世界的交往体系。本文拟从以下几个方面来阐述埃及第二十六王朝时期的对外交往：第一部分主要论述第二十六王朝建立的历史背景以及第二十六王朝的建立。第二部分主要论述埃及的外交与战争。这一时期，埃及对外战争频繁，与亚述、新巴比伦、犹太王国、腓尼基人以及叙巴地区的城邦都发生过战争，埃及的对外交往史就是一部战争史。第三部分主要论述埃及的经济和文化往来。这一时期埃及同亚述、叙巴地区、希腊等地都有频繁的贸易往来。贸易往来带来了频繁的人员流动，在这一过程中也带来了他国文化。但是文化上的交往较之战争和经济往来并不明显，是一种长时期的潜移默化的过程。前三个部分是对第二十六王朝时期埃及对外交往的宏观阐释，为了更好的将这一时期埃及的对外交往揭示出来，本论文接下来将以这一时期埃及对外交往的一个成功范例对第二十六王朝的对外关系进行微观阐释，于是便有了本论文的第四部分对瑙克拉提斯城的创立以及其功能的讨论。总之，第二十六王朝是埃及的第二次对外交往，它全面开启了埃及文明融入整个地中海世界的大门，由此给希腊文化以深刻影响。
During the late New Kingdom Egypt, the Amun priests Group received a great deal ofpower, and because of the war, the military general Group rose in the war, which controlledthe military and dominate themselves. Their presence greatly weakened Egypt's centralgovernment.1069BC, Smends I declared himself king of Egypt, and established theTwenty-Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. But the priests of Thebes Southern Group did not obey hisrule, where the military generals also fragmented and ruled in their own way, and therefore,Adams Mendes was merely nominal king of Egypt. After the Twenty-First dynastyestablished until664BC, between which Egypt political division, economic recession, culturedepressed, not only that, the foreign national has also invaded Egypt, Egypt was in anunprecedented lows.
With such internal and external problems, Psamtik I established the Twenty-SixthDynasty. He first unified Egypt, then took advantage of Assyria fighting a civil war to get ridof vassal status, from then on Egypt embarked on a road to recovery. During the Twenty-Sixthdynasty, the Egypt actively integrated into the eastern Mediterranean world, not only to seekpolitical power status, but also to pursuit to maximize the economic interests. Throughout theTwenty-Sixth Dynasty of Egypt history, Egypt's political decision-making, economicdevelopment, cultural revival, all marked by the stigma of the eastern Mediterranean world. Itcan be said twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt's history is a history of the Egyptian foreignexchanges. Especially the found of Naukratis, is a concentrated history of exchanges betweenEgypt and Greece, in various aspects of the political, economic, cultural, etc., which is themost successful foreign relations paradigm in the history of the Egyptian.
In this paper, through the collection and collating of firsthand literature of the foreignrelations during the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty, and with the help of these literature, the authorattains to reconstruct the process and content of the military and diplomatic, economic andcultural exchanges in the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty and ultimately builds the exchanges’ systemthroughout the eastern Mediterranean world from the eighth century BC to six century BC.This paper describes the following aspects of foreign exchanges during the period ofTwenty-Sixth Dynasty of Egypt: The first part describes the replacement of Twenty-Fifth toTwenty-Sixth Dynasties, and the establishment of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. The second partdescribes the Egyptian foreign diplomacy and war. During this period, the Egyptian foreignwars broke out frequently with Assyria, Neo-Babylon, the Jewish kingdom, the Phoeniciansand the Syria-Palestinian’s city-states, which shows the history of Egypt's foreign relations isalso a history of war. The third part describes the Egyptian foreign economic and culturalexchanges. Egypt and Assyria, Syria and the Palestinian areas, Greece and other places havefrequent trade during this period. Trade brings frequent movement of persons, in the processalso brought him national culture. However, cultural and economic exchanges than war is not obvious, are a prolonged imperceptible influences process. The fourth part the Naukratis ismainly introduced.
Finally, the conclusion points out that, the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty is the second period offoreign relations of Egypt, which brings great influence to the Greek culture.
引文
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4H. W. Parker, Greek Mercenary Soldiers from Earliest Times to the Battle of Ipsus, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1933.
5Matthew Trundle, Greek Mercenaries: From the Late Archaic Period to Alexander, London and New York: Routledge,2004.
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8Daniel M. Master,“Trade and Politics: Ashkelon’s Balancing Act in the Seventh Century B.C.E.,” BASOR330(2003),pp.47-64.
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10Carl Roebuck,“The Grain Trade between Greece and Egypt,” Classical Philology, Vol.45,1950, pp.236-247.
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3Peter Der Manuelian, Living in the Past: Studies in Archaism of the Egyptian Twenty-Sixth Dynasty, London: KeganPaul International,1994.
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6郭丹彤：《古代埃及对外关系研究》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2005年。
7郭丹彤：《埃及与东地中海世界的交往》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2011年。
8刘文鹏：《古代埃及史》，北京：商务印书馆，2000年。
1本文将与第二十五王朝、第二十六王朝相关文献整理并收录作为附录的第一部分，不作为正文部分。
1关于新亚述帝国国王的统治时间，参见，Ameilie Kuhrt, The Ancient Near East c.3000-330, Vol. II, London:Routledge,1995, p.479.
2Ameilie Kuhrt, The Ancient Near East c.3000-330, Vol. II, London: Routledge,1995, pp.496-497.
3叙利亚巴勒斯坦地区包括今天的黎巴嫩、叙利亚、以色列、巴勒斯坦地区。在古代，这一地区的主要居民为犹太人、非利士人以及腓尼基人。
1[英]奥斯温默里，晏绍祥译：《早期希腊》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年，第95页—第96页。
2K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.77.
3K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, xi.
4K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, pp.465-468.本文第二十一王朝—第二十六王朝年代参照科琛所著的《第三中间期》一书。
1Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature Vol. III: The Late Period, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University ofCalifornia Press, pp.66-84.
2Robert G. Morkot, The Black Pharaoh: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers, London: The Rubicon Press,2000, pp.1-5; AmeilieKuhrt, The Ancient Near East c.3000-330, Vol. II, London: Routledge,1995, p.632.
3Ian Shaw ed, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.352-359.
4卡什塔是作为努比亚王朝在努比亚境内统治的第一位国王。而埃及学的学者们普遍认为第二十五王朝的第一位国王为皮亚。
5Ian Shaw ed, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.353.
6J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.441-443.
1K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.388.
2塔努塔蒙的统治时间分为两个时间段：他在埃及的统治时间为公元前664—前663年，他退出埃及，在努比亚地区的统治时间为公元前663年—前656年。
3J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.471.
4J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.452; p.466; p.469.
1R. O. Faulkner,“Egypt: from the Inception of the Nineteenth Dynasty to the Death of Ramesses III.” CAH, II,1975, pp.244-247.
2J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.357-365.
3ANET, pp.283-284.
4Hayim Tadmor, The Inscription of Tiglath-pileser III King of Assyria, Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences andHumanities,1994, p.179.
1K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.380.
4ARAB, Vol. II, p.119.交战的地点就是现今的考古遗址提尔·艾斯沙拉夫，距离阿什杜德10公里左右，具体情况参见，B. Mazar,“The Cities of the Territory of Dan,” IEJ10(1960), pp.72-77.
1《圣经·以赛亚书》36:6-7，第694页。
2《圣经·列王记下》18:21，第370页。
3地名，具体位置不详。
5由于阿舒尔巴尼拔统治晚期没有留下任何能够证明他统治时间的文献，因此，学界对阿舒尔巴尼拔统治结束的时间仍存在着争议。一些学者认为是公元前631年，另一些有学者则认为是公元前627年。
1Robert G. Morkot, The Black Pharaohs: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers, London: The Rubicon Press,2000, p.302.
2Robert G. Morkot, The Black Pharaohs: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers, London: The Rubicon Press,2000, pp.303-304.
2J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.470-473.
3Herodotus, The Histories II.151-152, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.130-131.
1K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p337
2K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p371
3J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.439-441; M.Lichetheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London: California University Press,1980, pp.78-79.
4即上文所提哈提阿瑞巴。
5K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.400.
1K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.400.
2Herodotus, The Histories II.152-153, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.130-131.
3K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.402.
4K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.403.
1K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.480.
2即从被圣女收养的时间算起，而非真正继承圣女的时间。
34J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.481-482.J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.482-483.
5Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of A Mediterranean Power,” inAncient EgyptianAdministration,ed.by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno, Boston: Brill,2013, pp.977-978
6H. de Meulenaere,“La statue d’un vizir thébain, Philadelphia, University Museum E.16025,” JEA68(1982),pp.139-144.
1J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.482.
2本文参考了《剑桥古代史》，《牛津古代史》以及科琛所著的《第三中间期》等三个版本，三个版本时间一致。同时本文也参考了相关论文：R. A. Parker,“The Length ofAmasis and the Beginning of the26th Dynasty,” MDAIK15(1957), pp.208-221; Erik Hornung,“Die Sonnenfinsternis nach dem Tode Psammetichs I,” Z S75(1965).pp.38-39.
3J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.492-494, pp.501-503, pp.513-514.
4M. Lichetheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London: California UniversityPress,1980, p.37.
1Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of a Mediterranean Power,” in Ancient EgyptianAdministration, ed. by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno, Boston: Brill,2013, p.973.
2Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of A Mediterranean Power,” in Ancient EgyptianAdministration, ed. by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno,Boston: Brill,2013, p.969.
3G. Vittmann, Der Demotische Papyrus Rylands9, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz,1998, pp.387-388.
4R. Caminos,“The Nitocris Adoption Stela,” JEA50(1964), pp.71-101.
5J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.484, pp.487-488.
6B. G. Trigger,etal., Ancient Egypt: A Social History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1983, pp.328-329.
1O. Perdu,“Le directeur des scribes du conseil,” Revue d'egyptologie Vol.49,1998, pp.175–194.
2Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of A Mediterranean Power,” in Ancient EgyptianAdministration, ed. by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno, Boston: Brill,2013, pp.1000-1002.
3这一官职的名称为“大门的管理者”。
4Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of a Mediterranean Power,” in Ancient EgyptianAdministration, ed. by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno, Boston: Brill,2013, p.987.
5H. de Meulenaere,“Trois personnages sa tes,” Cdé31(1956), pp.255-256.
6Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of a Mediterranean Power,” in Ancient EgyptianAdministration, ed. by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno, Boston: Brill,2013, p.987.
7Alan B. Llyoyd,“Triremes and the Saite Navy,” JEA58（1972, pp.268-272.
8Alan B. Lloyd,“Triremes and the Saite Navy,” JEA58(1972), p.269.
9Raymond O. Faulkner, A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute Ashmolean Museum,1981, p.285.
10J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.512.
1Jean Claude Goyon,“La statuette funéraire I.E.84de Lyon et le titre sa te [...][avec3planches],” BIFAO67(1967), p.169.
2Jean Claude Goyon,“La statuette funéraire I.E.84de Lyon et le titre sa te [...][avec3planches],” BIFAO67(1967), p.167.
3M. Lichetheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London: California UniversityPress,1980, p.37.
4Herodotus, The Histories, II.161, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.134.
5Cyril Aldred, Egyptian art in the Days of the Pharaohs3100-320BC, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, pp.225-228.
1Cyril Aldred, Egyptian art in the Days of the Pharaohs3100-320BC, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, p.228.
2Cyril Aldred, Egyptian art in the Days of the Pharaohs3100-320BC, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, p.230.
1ARAB,Vol. II, p.226; ARAB, Vol. II, p.293.
2关于亚述和埃及的结盟，安东尼·斯帕灵格使用了“adu-alliance”这一表达方式，一个阿卡德词同英文的结合。楔形文字字典对“adu”有多种解释。根据词语出现的环境，应翻译为“协议”，或者翻译为“一种特殊的关系，参见, Anthony Spalinger,“Psammetichus: King of Egypt I,” JACRE13(1976), p.135; CAD, I, part1, pp.132-133。但是在亚述和埃及文献中，并没有发现相应的记录。
1P. G. Elgood, Later Dynasties of Egypt, London and Oxford: Basil Blackwell&Mott, Limited,1951, p.79.
2Anthony Spalinger,“Psammetichus: King of Egypt I,” JACRE13(1976), pp.135-136; Geroges Roux, Ancient Iraq,London: Penguin Books,1992, p.332.
5对这次战争发生的时间，学者们存在争议。
9按照时间顺序，这七篇是滚筒印E、拉萨姆滚筒印、滚筒印B、D、C、F、A。参见，Anthony Spalinger，“Assurbanipal and Egypt: A Source Study,” JAOS94(1974), pp.316-322.同时哈特曼认为部分亚述年表记载的时间与历史事实有出入，参见，Louis F. Hartman,“The Date of the Cimmerian Threat againstAshurbanipalAccording toABL1391,” JNES21(1962), p.25.
1Anthony Spalinger,“Psammetichus: King of Egypt I,” JACRE13(1976), p.143.
2ARAB, Vol. II, p.325, p.346。对应滚筒印E的文献。
3这一间的记载可能与真实的历史有出入。
4Anthony Spalinger,“Psammetichus: King of Egypt I,” JACRE13(1976), p.136, Louis F. Hartman,“The Date of theCimmerian Threat against Ashurbanipal According to ABL1391,” JNES2(1962), pp.25-26, A. T. Olmstead,“BabylonianAstronomy: Historical Sketch,” The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol.55,1938, pp.113-129.后两篇文章通过卜辞和天文学勘定了吕底亚国王战死的时间。
1关于亚述与埃及达成的同盟，亚述文献与埃及文献都缺乏记载。巴比伦的年表提及亚述和埃及共同对抗阿卡德的国王，至少能够说明埃及与亚述站在同一个阵营对抗巴比伦。另外，关于亚述和埃及结盟的时间，学者推断应该早于公元前616年。参见，Jacob Milgrom,“The Date of Jeremiah, Chapter2,” JNES14(1955), p.67, A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King of Egypt: II,” JARCE15(1978), pp.51-53.
2本文中所使用的月份的转换参见，CAH, III, Part2, p.750.
5这一词语的意思参见，A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King of Egypt: II,” JARCE15(1978), p.54.
7郭丹彤：《古代埃及对外关系研究》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2005，第168页。
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.157, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.132.
2Hayim Tadmor,“Philistia under Assyrian Rule,”BA29(1966), pp.101-102, A. Malamat,“Josiah’s Bid for Armageddon:The Background of the Judean-Egyptian Encounter in609B.C.,” JANES5(1973), p.272.
3关于约西亚的宗教改革在《圣经·列王记下》22:3—23:25和《圣经·历代志下》34:1—35:19中有详细的论述，本文不再赘述。
4《圣经·历代志下》，34:33，第441页。
5John Bright, A History of Israel, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press,1974, p.316; A. Malamat,“Josiah's Bid forArmageddon: The Background of the Judean-Egyptian Encounter in609B.C.,” JANES5(1973), p.270.公元前922年，所罗门去世，以色列一分为二，北方为以色列王国，南方为犹太王国。约西亚约西亚向北推进的意图还在于推进他的宗教改革。
1Anthony Spalinger,“Psammetichus: King of Egypt II,” JACRE15(1978), p.52.
2《圣经·以赛亚书》，30:1-3，第687页—688页。
5Herodotus, The Histories, I.104, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.40.
6“亚洲北部”（Upper Asia）指的是东至哈利河，北至吕底，但是不包含亚述的地域。本文认为将Upper Asia翻译为“亚洲的北部”比较贴切。参见，A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King of Egypt,” JARCE2(1978), p.49.
7埃及与赛西亚人的战争发生在公元前622年至617年之间。斯帕灵格认为在这一时期，埃及与赛西亚人最有可能在叙巴地区相遇。如果早于公元前622年，赛西亚人还没有控制亚洲的北部地区；晚于公元前617年，赛西亚人被击退，吕底人控制了亚洲北部地区。
8Herodotus, The Histories, I.104-105, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.40-41.
9A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus: King of Egypt II,”JACRE15(1978), p.52; A. Malamat,“Josiah's Bid for Armageddon,The Background of the Judean-Egyptian Encounter in609B.C.,” JANES5(1973), pp.270-272.
1K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,” JAOS90/3(1970), p.477; G. Steindorff,“The Statuette of an Egyptian Commissioner in Syria,” JEA25(1939), pp.30-33
2J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.493-494, D. B.Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1992, p.442。普撒美提克一世统治后期，埃及已经完全控制了叙利亚巴勒斯坦地区。阿皮斯神牛的安葬铭文曾这样写道：“（前略）每一个工匠都会完成他们的工作，为它的身躯涂上软膏，穿上每位神都会穿的王室的衣服，他的棺材选用的是上好的“hd，mr-wood”和雪松制成。在宫殿里，他们的首领表示臣服，他们身边有朝臣陪同。他们的税收上交给宫殿，如同在埃及国土上一样。”这篇文献告诉我们，埃及不仅获得了雪松，而且还使雪松产地的首领臣服。纵观埃及历史，埃及一直从黎巴嫩进口雪松。第二十王朝时期的文学作品《温纳蒙历险记》曾提及温纳蒙前往巴比罗斯购买雪松，中途发生了诸多意外。而这段文献却明确的说明埃及获得了雪松，因此，我们可以推断，埃及同黎巴嫩地区建立了贸易往来。并且从这一地区的首领表示臣服来看，埃及至少控制了叙巴地区的大部分国家，建立了从埃及前往黎巴嫩的贸易路线。
3郭丹彤：《古代埃及对外关系研究》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2005年，第347—358页。
4D. B. Redford, ed., Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Vol. III, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2001, pp.257-260.
5J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. III, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.239-253;W. F.Edgerton and J. A. Wilson, Historical Records of Ramses III, Chicago, Press of University Chicago,1936, pp.53-56.
6Homer, tanslated by A.T. Murray, William F. Wyatt, The Iliad, IX,379-386, Cambridge, Massachusetts, HarvardUniversity Press,1999.
1Homer, tanslated by A. T. Murray, The Odyssey, XIV.246-316, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,1919.
2《圣经·以西结书》，27:13，第838页。具体内容如下：人子啊，要为推罗作起哀歌……雅完人、土巴人、米设人都与你交易；他们用人口和铜器兑换你的货物。雅完人是犹太人对希腊人的称呼。
3《圣经·撒母耳记下》，20:23，第312页，具体内容为：约押作以色列全军的元帅；耶何耶大的儿子比拿雅统辖基利提人和比利提人）；《圣经·列王记上》，1:38，第319页，具体内容为：于是祭司撒督、先知拿单、耶何耶大的儿子比拿雅和基利提人、比利提人，都下去使所罗门骑大卫王的骡子，将他送到基训。文中的基利提人即来自克里特岛的希腊人。
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.151-153, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.130-131.
2Herodotus, The Histories, II.30, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.88.
3Herodotus, The Histories, II.154, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.131.
4R. M. Cook,“Amasis and the Greeks in Egypt,“JHS57(1937), p.234.
1A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King of Egypt I,” JARCE13(1976), p.140.
2A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King of Egypt I,” JARCE13(1976), p.140.这段文献的原文来自H. Goedicke,“PsamtikI. und die Libyer,”MDAIK18(1962), pp.26-49; M. Basta,“Excavations in the Desert Road at Dahshur,” ASAE60(1968),pp.57-63，翻译与注释参见, A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King of Egypt I,” JARCE13(1976), pp.146-147.
3M. Basta,“Excavations in the Desert Road at Dahshur,” ASAE60(1968), pp.57-63.
1Robert G. Morkot, The Black Pharaoh: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers, London: The Rubicon Press,2000. p.297.
2Kahn, Dan‘el,“The Assyrian Invasions of Egypt(673B.C.-663B. C.) and the Final Expulsion of the Kushites,” SAK334(2006), p.266.J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.71-101.
4Herodotus, The Histories II.30, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.88.
5Sauneron and Yoyotte,“La campagne nubienne de Psammétique II et sa signification historique,” BIFAO50(1951), p.201.
6K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC),Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.406.
1《圣经·耶利米书》，2:17-19，第733-734页
2《圣经·耶利米书》，2:36，第735页。
3A. Malamat,“The Last Wars of the Kingdom of Judah,” JNES9(1950), p.219.
4D. B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1992, p.448.
1CAH, III, Part2, p.391.
2R. S. Lamon and G. M. Shipton, Megiddo1, Chicago: The University of Chicago,1939, pp.62-87.
3犹太国王已经将其领土扩张到了以色列国的边境地区，米基都即为其边境上的城市。因此，犹太国王在此修筑了防御要塞。参见，A. Malamat,“Josiah's Bid forArmageddon: The Background of the Judean-Egyptian Encounter in609B.C.,” JANES5(1973), p.268.
4R. S. Lamon and G. M. Shipton, Megiddo1, Chicago: The University of Chicago,1939, p.87.
5《圣经·列王纪下》，23:29-30，第376页。但是这一记载与历史事实稍有出入，公元前609年，尼科二世率领埃及军队前往幼发拉底河去帮助亚述君王，而不是攻击。
6《圣经·历代志下》，35:20-23，第442页。
7R. S. Lamon and G. M. Shipton, Megiddo1, Chicago: The University of Chicago,1939, p.87.
1《圣经·列王纪下》，23:33，第376页。
2《圣经·历代志下》，36:1-3，第442页。
3《圣经·列王纪下》，23:34，第376页。
4《圣经·列王纪下》，23:35，第376页。
1ABC, pp.99-100.尼布甲尼撒一世统治的第17年，即公元前609年，亚述和埃及联手进攻哈如然，并占领了哈如然。同年，尼布甲尼撒一世击败了埃及和亚述的联军，夺回哈如然。在尼布甲尼撒一世统治的第18年，即公元前608年，亚述人就从尼布甲尼撒一世的年表中消失了。
1ABC, pp.98-99.
2《圣经·耶利米书》，46:9，第788页。原文为：马匹上去吧！车辆急行吧！勇士，就是手拿盾牌的古实人和弗人（又作利比亚人），并拉弓的路德族，都出去吧！古实人指的是努比亚人即库什人，弗人指的是利比亚人，拉弓的路德族的含义比较模糊，有学者认为是吕底亚人，有学者认为是靠近埃及的一个非洲部族。
5《圣经·耶利米书》，46:2，第787页。
6《圣经·耶利米书》，46:5-6，第788页。
7D. B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1992, p.454.根据这一次以及其他诸多次战争，该书作者得出这一结论。
8D. B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1992, p.454, P. G.Elgood, Later Dynasties of Egypt, London and Oxford: Basil Blackwell&Mott, Limited,1951, pp.90-91.
3D. J. Wismen, Chronicles of Chaldean Kings (626-556B. C.) in the British Museum, London: The British Museum,1956, p.68.
4《圣经·列王纪下》，24:1，第377页。
5《圣经·列王纪下》，24:7，第377页。
6D. J. Wismen, Chronicles of Chaldean Kings (626-556B. C.) in the British Museum, London: The British Museum,1956, p.28.
7D. J. Wismen, Chronicles of Chaldean Kings (626-556B. C.) in the British Museum, London: The British Museum,1956. p.70.
8R. Zadok,“Phoenicians, Philistines, and Moabites in Mesopotamia,” BASOR230(1978),p.61; I. Ephal,“TheWestern Minorities of Babylonia in the6th-5th centuries BC: Maintenance and Cohesion,” Or.47(1978), p.80.
9J. D. Quin,“Alcaeus48(B16) and the Fall of Ascalon (604B. C.)” BASOR164(1961), pp.19-20.
2R. G. Morkot, The Black Pharaohs: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers, London: The Rubicon Press,2000, pp.302-303.
3H. Sch fer, Urkunden der lteren thiopenk nige, I, Leipzig,1905, pp.82-100.
4CAH, III, Part2, p.727.
1M. Lichetheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London,1980, p.85.
2即为库瑞古斯，位于尼罗河第四瀑布附近。
3Matthew P. J. Dillon,“A Homeric Pun from Abu Simbel (Meiggs&Lewis7a),” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie undEpigraphik, Vol.118,1997, p.129.
4W. M. Davis,“Egypt, Samos, and the Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture,” JEA67(1981), p.68.
1《圣经·列王纪下》，24:10-12，第377页。
2《圣经·列王纪下》，24:17，第377页。
4K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources.” JAOS90/3(1970), p.475.
5《圣经·耶利米书》，27:3-8，第767页。中间有省略。
6瑞兰德斯纸草书写于大流士一世统治时期，在埃尔·黑本赫（El Hibeh）出土。
1K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,”JAOS
290/3(1970), p.479. Moshe Greenberg,“Ezekial17and the Policy of Psammatichus II,” JBL74(1957), p.306.K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,”JAOS90/3(1970), p.479.
3D. B. Redford,“The Hyksos Invasion in History and Tradition,” Or.39(1970), pp.1-51.在这篇文章中，瑞德福德解释了“花束”的含义，他认为花束带有宗教的意义，并且花朵也代表了和平。
4Moshe Greenberg,“Ezekial17and the Policy of Psammatichus II,” JBL74(1957), p.306.
5P. G. Elgood, Later Dynasties of Egypt, London and Oxford: Basil Blackwell&Mott, Limited,1951, pp.93-94.
6K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,”JAOS90/3(1970), p.480.
1《圣经·以西结书》，17:12-15，第826页。前后文有省略。
2关于这个同盟，由于没有相关文献记载，我们的结论只是通过推断而来。
3《圣经·列王纪下》，25:1，第377页。
4那基什书信记载了这一内容。具体内容参见，ANET, p.322.
5K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,” JAOS90/3(1970), p.480.
1《圣经·列王纪下》，25:1-4，第377页。
2《圣经·耶利米书》，41:17，第784页。
3《圣经·耶利米书》，42:11-17，第785页。
4《圣经·耶利米书》，43:5-7，第785页。答比匿即为达弗尼。
5《圣经·耶利米书》，44:1，第786页。
1Sir G. Maspero, History of Egypt, VIII, London: The Grolier Society Publishers,1903, pp.437-438.
2W. F. Albright,“The Seal of Eliakim and the Latest Pre xilic History of Judah, with Some Observations on Ezekiel,”JBL51/2(1932), p.94; K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian andEgyptian Sources,” JAOS90/3(1970), p.481.
3K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,” JAOS90/3(1970), pp.483-484..
4K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,” JAOS90/3(1970), p.482.
5Herodotus, The Histories, II.161, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.134, Diodorus of Sicily, The Library ofHistory Books, I.68, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp.235-238.
6《圣经·以西结书》，28:20-23，第840页。以西结书的第27、28章描写了新巴比伦、埃及对推罗和西顿的战争，并在第29章做出预言，埃及也将遭到新巴比伦的灭亡。
1A. Spalinger,“Egypt and Babylonia: A Survey(c.620-550B.C.),” SAK5(1977), p.234.
2Alan B. Lloyd,“Triremes and the Saite Navy,” JEA58(1972), pp.268-279。该文详细介绍了埃及三桅帆船的制造与发展。
3Herodotus, The Histories, II.161, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.134.
4Diodorus of Sicily, The Library of History Books, I,68, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,pp.235-238.
5Alan B. Lloyd,“Triremes and the Saite Navy,” JEA58(1972), pp.268-279; Alan B. Lloyd,“Were Necho’s TriremesPhoenician?” JHS95(1975), pp.45-61。在这两篇文章中劳埃德分析了帮助埃及人制造三桅帆船的到底有无腓尼基人，他认为腓尼基人不会加入埃及海军帮助埃及人攻击自己的国家。
1J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906.
2Diodorus of Sicily, The Library of History Books, I,68, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp.233-236.
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.173-174, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.137.
2J. H. Breasted, Ancient Record of Egypt IV, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1906, pp.510-511.
3希腊人在利比亚建立的殖民地。
4地名,具体位置不详。
1Herodotus, The Histories, IV.159, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.245-246.
2J. H. Breasted, Ancient Record of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1906, pp.511。马拉奇特的土地：地名，在舍易斯和布托附近。
3J. H. Breasted, Ancient Record of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1906, pp.508.
1J. H. Breasted, Ancient Record of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1906, pp.509-512.
2公元前六世纪，波斯人在伊朗高原兴起。至居鲁士的统治时期，波斯开始了征服战争。公元前540年，波斯击败吕底亚。公元前539年，波斯占领巴比伦，逐渐成为东地中海世界最为强大的国家。
3CAH, III, Part3, p.65.
4Herodotus, The Histories, II.182, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.139-140.
1里希认为第二次内战以前阿玛西斯就有可能征服了塞浦路斯，以切断海外势力对阿皮瑞斯的支持。参见，Anthony Leahy,“The Earliest Dated Monument of Amasis and the End of the Reign of Apries,”JEA74(1988), pp.193-196.但是本文认为，在第二次内战以前阿玛西斯没有余力去征服塞浦路斯，因为除了阿皮瑞斯之外，尼布甲尼撒二世也对埃及虎视眈眈，并在公元前567年，尼布甲尼撒二世对埃及发动了进攻。阿玛西斯应该全力应付来自巴比伦和阿皮瑞斯的进攻，无暇顾及塞浦路斯。
2G. Daressay,“Stele de l'an III d'Amasis,” RT22(1900), pp.1-9.
3Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History, I,68-1, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1933, p.237.
4Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History, I,68-6, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1933, p.237.
5即为吕底亚国王。
6Xenophon, Cyropaedia, The Education of Cyrus, VII,32-45, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1997.
1Herodotus, The Histories, III.47, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.158.
2Herodotus, The Histories, III.47, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.158.
3CAH, III, Part3, p.52.
4Herodotus, The Histories, II.182, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.139-140.
2Herodotus, The Histories. III.1, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.141-142.
3Herodotus, The Histories, III.4-7, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.142-143.
1Pierre Briant, translated by Peter T. Daniels, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of Persian Empire,Winona Lake,Indiana: Eisenbrauns,2002, pp.51-52.
2M. Lichetheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London: California UniversityPress,1980, p.37.
1郭丹彤：《古代埃及对外关系研究》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2005，第59—72页。
2阿玛尔纳，现代考古遗址名，第十八王朝国王埃赫纳吞统治时期的埃及首都。阿玛尔纳书信是指在玛尔纳王宫附近的一座建筑物中发现的来自西亚国家写给埃及国王的书信。这些书信反映了埃及与两河流域国家之间的政治、经济往来，是研究这一时期国际关系的重要文献资料。
1Moshe Elat,“The Economic Relation of the Neo-Assyrian Empire with Egypt,” JAOS98(1978), p.20.文章作者认为赠送的礼物（tribute）和掠夺的财物（booty）都属于经济往来的范畴，但是这两者不能属于贸易来往的范畴。
2在古代，如果一个国家收到来自异国的动物，表明动物送出国对送入国国王的尊重。通常，国王将这些动物安置在王室花园中，因为他认为神通过这些动物赐予了他们更大的力量，并且他的权威和影响力也通过这些动物传播到了其他地方。参见，D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. I, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, p.211.
3Moshe Elat,“The Economic Relation of the Neo-Assyrian Empire with Egypt,” JAOS98(1978), p.22.作者认为此处提及的埃及献给亚述国王的动物应该是礼物，而不是贡品。沙拉曼塞尔三世统治时期，埃及与新亚述帝国之间没有发生战争，因此不存在贡品的问题。
4D. J. Wiseman,“A Fragmentary Inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III from Nimrud,” Iraq18(1956), p.126.
5Hayim Tadmor,“The Campaigns of Sargon II of Assur: A Chronological-Historical Study,” JCS12(1958), p.34, C. J.Gadd,“Inscribed Prisms of Sargon II from Nimrud,” Iraq16(1954), pp.173-201.
1ARAB, II, pp.7-8.伊拉特认为在萨尔贡二世统治时代，阿拉伯半岛并没有饲养马匹，他认为这些马匹来自埃及。
2CAD, Vol.10-M, Part I, Chicage: Oriental Institute of University of Chicage,1977, pp.13-16.
3埃萨尔哈东和阿舒尔巴尼拔掠夺的战利品清单在他们的年表和石碑中均有出现。
4LU. GAL KAR.MES这一词语中LU. GAL的意思是伟大的人，即国王或者官员；KAR的意思是港口，港口区域，MES是表示的是复数，因此这个词语翻译成中文的含义是负责港口的官员。参见，CAD, Vol.17-S, Part II,1992, pp.76-82; Vol.8-K,1971, pp.231-239.
5B. Parker,“Administrative Tablets from the North West Palace, Nimrud,” Iraq23(1961), p.48.
6H. W. F. Saggs,“The Nimrud Letters,1952, Part VII,” Iraq27(1965), p.24.
1[法]马塞尔莫斯：《礼物》，汲喆译，陈瑞桦校，上海：上海人民出版社，2002，第194—196页。
2郭丹彤：《古代埃及对外关系研究》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2005。
3J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, Vol, IV, pp.557-591；徐昊，吴宇虹：《〈温阿蒙历险记〉译注》，《古代文明》，2010年第一期，第18—29页。
1Avraham Faust and Ehud Weiss,“Judah, Philistia, and the Mediterranean World: Reconstructing the Economic Systemof the Seventh Century B.C.E.,” BASOR338(2005), p.71.
2Avraham Faust and Ehud Weiss,“Judah, Philistia, and the Mediterranean World: Reconstructing the Economic Systemof the Seventh Century B.C.E.,” BASOR338(2005), pp.78-81.
3Avraham Faust and Ehud Weiss,“Judah, Philistia, and the Mediterranean World: Reconstructing the Economic Systemof the Seventh Century B.C.E.,” BASOR338(2005), p.75.
1J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.493-494.
2Aren M. Maeir,“The Relations between Egypt and the Southern Levant during the Late Iron Age: The MaterialEvidence from Egypt,” gypten und Levante, Vol.12,2002, pp.235-237.
3Aren M. Maeir,“The Relations between Egypt and the Southern Levant during the Late Iron Age: The MaterialEvidence from Egypt,” gypten und Levante, Vol.12,2002, p.239.
1W. M. F. Petrie(ed. al), Tanis Part II, Nebesheh and Defennah, London: Trübner,1888. p.64.
2地名，距离开罗50公里，位于尼罗河的西岸。
3D. B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1992, p.443.
4[英]奥斯温·默里，晏绍祥译：《早期希腊》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008，第94—97页。
2Carl Roebuck,“The Grain Trade between Greece and Egypt,” Classical Philology, Vol.45,1950, p.237.
3J. G. Milne,“Trade between Greece and Egypt before Alexander the Great,” JEA25(1939), pp.177-183.需要指出的是，生产银币的地区并非只有色雷斯—马其顿地区，希腊其他地区也有生产。然而由于各地在生产银币时使用的标准不同，导致不同地区的银币其含银量不同。
4Carl Roebuck,“The Grain Trade between Greece and Egypt,” Classical Philology, Vol.45,1950, p.237.
5W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, pp.63-67.
1J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. I, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.150-154; pp.159-161.
23J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. II, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.102-122.Herodotus, The Histories, II.158, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004
4以东是闪米特人曾居住过的一个地区，位于黎凡特的南部。
5N. Glueck,“The First Campaign at Tell el-Kheleifeh(Ezion-geber),” BASOR71(1938), pp.3-18; N. Glueck,“Ezion-geber,” BA28(1965), pp.69-87.
6《圣经·以西结书》，27:15，第838页。
1Herodotus, The Histories, VI.42, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004.
2Alan B. Lloyd,“Necho and The Red Sea: Some Considerations,” JEA63(1977), pp.148-155.
3Alan B. Lloyd,“Necho and The Red Sea: Some Considerations,” JEA63(1977), p.148.
1P. Bruneau,“Ganymède et l'aigle: images, caricatures et parodies animales du rapt,” Bulletin de CorrespondanceHellénique,85(1962), p.193.
2John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, pp.144-147.
3John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, pp.144-146.本文图片来自博德曼的这一著作，但略有修改。
1[英]奥斯温·默里，晏绍祥译：《早期希腊》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008，第227页。
2CAH, III, Part3, p.45-46.图片来自剑桥古代史，而图片最初的来源于阿布西尔的壁画。
1I. Eph’al,“The Western Minorities in Babylonia in the6the-5thCenturies B. C.: Maintenance and Cohesion,” Or.47(1978), pp.76-78.
2F. Ll. Griffith, Catalogue of the Demotic Papyri in the John Rylands Library, Vol. III, Manchester: ManchesterUniversity Press,1909, p.10.
1CAH, III, part2, p.740.
2虽然新的书写方式已经广为流传，但是原有的书写形式如祭司体埃及语和铭刻体埃及语仍然使用。
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.178, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.138.
2关于瑙克拉提斯城建立的具体时间，后文将做详细的分析。
3Von A. Erman und U. Wilcken,“Die Naukratisstele,” Z S38(1900), pp.127-35; M. Lichetheim, Ancient EgyptianLiterature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London,1980, pp.86-9.这里的安努河岸指的是卡诺比斯河；派尔迈瑞斯城即为瑙克拉提斯城。
1托勒密绘制的公元2世纪时期的世界地图中的主体是罗马帝国。
2《波伊廷格古地图》类似现今的旅游地图，绘制了罗马帝国的公路交通网。
3W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.1.
4即对《波伊廷格古地图》重新绘制版。
5关于罗马公路地图的记载，参见，W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.2
6W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.2.
7此书绘制了罗马帝国公路网。
8W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.2.
9Herodotus, The Histories, II.97, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.109.
12Herodotus, The Histories, II.179, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.139.Strabo, The Geography of Strabo VIII,17. I.23, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1932, p.73.
3Strabo, The Geography of Strabo VIII,17. I.18, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1932, p.67.斯特拉波认为是米利都人建立了瑙克拉提斯城，这与实际的历史事实有较大出入。当代历史学家基本不采用这一说法。但是斯特拉波对于瑙克拉提斯城的地理位置的记载依然具有参考价值。
4Pliny, The Natural History, V.9.罗马帝国时代共有两位普林尼，本文中提及的普利尼是更为年长的一位，学者称其为老普利尼，英文为Pliny the Elder。
5Pliny, The Natural History, V.11.
6Pliny, The Natural History, V.11.
1W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886.
2E. A. Gardner, with an Appendix by F. Ll. Griffith, Naukratis II, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1888.
3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
4D. G. Hogarth, C.C. Edger, and Clement, Gutch,“Excavations at Naukratis,” ABSA5(1898/1899), pp.26-97.
5H. L. Lorimer, D. G. Hogarth and C. C. Edgar,“Naukratis,1903,” JHS25(1905), pp.105-136.
67E. M. Smith, Naukratis:“A Chapter in the History of the Hellenization of Egypt,” JSOR10(1926), pp.119-206.A.Leonard,“Ancient Naukratis: Excavation at a Greek Emporium in Egypt. Part I: The Excavation at Kom Ge’if,”AASOR54(1997), passim; A.Leonard, Ancient Naukratis:“Excavation at a Greek Emporium in Egypt. Part I: TheExcavation at Kom Hadid,” AASOR55(1998); William Coulson, Albert Leonard Jr. and Nancy Wilkir,“Three Seasons ofExcavations and Survey at Naukratis and Environs,” JARCE19(1982), pp.73-109; William D. E. Coulson and AlbertLeonard Jr.,“Investigation at Naukratis and Environs,1980and1981,” AJA86(1982), pp.361-380.
1Herodotus, The Histories, II,178, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.138.
2这位国王的统治时间为公元前625年至公元前585年。
3Strabo, The Geography of Strabo VIII,17. I.18, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1932, p.67.
4一位生活在公元前三世纪的作家。
5W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.4.
1数据来源Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, pp.120-136; JohnBoardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Oxford University Press,1980, pp.140-141.
1Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, pp.120-136.
2[英]奥斯温默里，晏绍祥译：《早期希腊》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年，第220页。
3M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.36.
4Astrid M ller, Naukratiis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.153.
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.178, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.138.
1P. G. Elgood, Later Dynasties of Egypt, London and Oxford: Basil Blackwell&Mott, Limited,1951, p.104.
2Carl Roebuch,“The Organization of Naukratis,” Classical Philology, Vol.46,1951, pp.212-220.
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.178, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.138.
2Carl Roebuck,“The Organization of Naukratis,” Classical Philology, Vol.46,1951, p.212.
3Carl Roebuck,“The Organization of Naukratis,”Classical Philology, Vol.46,1951, p.213.
1这一词语可以被理解为城邦的管理者。
2Astrid M ller, Naukratiis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.195.
3Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of A Mediterranean Power in Ancient EgyptianAdministration,” in Ancient Egyptian Administration, ed. by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno,Boston: Brill,2013, p.1006.
4通常情况下，埃及都要在边境地区设置关口或者是海关。根据文献可以推断出，舍易斯王朝时期的国王们继承并发展了这一传统。由于第二十六王朝时期埃及与东地中海沿岸国家以及近东地区贸易活动的频繁，他们加强了这一机构。
5J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.499.
6J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.507.
7H. Gauthier,“à travers la Basse Egypte (suite), X.—Un notable de Salüs: Ouahab-Re,” ASAE22(1922), pp.81–107, esp.pp.88–89.
8Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, pp.195-196.
1Herodotus, The Histories, II178, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.138.
2Carl Roebuck,“The Organization of Naukratis,” Classical Philology, Vol.46,1951, p.213.
3Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, pp.194.
1Carl Roebuck,“The Organization of Naukratis,” Classical Philology, Vol.46,1951, p.214.
2John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, pp.121-125, W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, pp.46-54.
1最早运输到埃及的陶器。
2雅典的陶器最终在埃及占据主导地位，其制作工艺非常精致，工匠手艺精湛。
3John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, p.135.
1对陶器所使用的泥土进行化学分析后得出的结论。参见，Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000, pp.119-120; p.139.
2John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, p.123.
3M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, pp.36-38.
4Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.154.
1M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.39.
2M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.39.
3J. G. Milne,“Trade between Greece and Egypt before Alexander the Great,” JEA,25(1939), p.178.
1Herodotus, The Histories, III.6, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.143.
2舍易斯城出土的瑙克拉提斯城生产的雕像，现存于开罗博物馆，编号为27425。参见，C. C. Edgar, Cataloguegeneral des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire: Greek Sculpture, Caire: L'Institut fran ais d'archéologie orientale,1903, pl.1
3M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.39.
4Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.206.
5A. Gorton, Egyptian and Egyptianzing Scarabs: A Typology of Steatite, Faience and Paste Scarabs from Punic andOther Mediterranean Sites, Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology,1996, pp.180-183.
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.179, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.139.
2M. Lichetheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London,1980, pp.86-89.
1J. G. Milne,“Trade between Greece and Egypt before Alexander the Great,” JEA25(1939), pp.177-83;H. Michell,Economics of Ancient Greece, New York: Barnes and Noble,1957, p.263.
2Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.210.
3Herodotus, The Histories, II.105, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.111.
4M. M. Austin, Greece and Egypt in the Archaic Age, Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society,1970, p.36.
5Herodotus, The Histories, II.179, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.138.原文是这样记载的：在他给予某些希腊人的其他优惠当中，他特别把瑙克拉提斯这个城市给予愿意定居在埃及的希腊人居住。对于那些愿意在沿海进行贸易，但不想定居在埃及国内的人们，他答应给他们一些土地，使他们用来安设祭坛和修建神殿。
1Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.198.
2Herodotus, The Histories, II.134-135, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.123-124
3莫勒认为他们独立于神殿之外，本文认为，由于不受神殿的管理，他们更为独立。
4Carl Roebuck,“The Organization of Naukratis,” Classical Philology, Vol.46,1951, p.214.
5陶器的种类参见前文。
1John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, p.135.
2Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.206.
3关于语言的变化，参见文化部分
4M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, pp.39-40, pp.63-69.
1汉斯·摩根索：《国家间的政治》，徐昕、郝望、李保平译，北京：北京大学出版社，1990，第128页—第137页。
1理查德·内德·勒博：《国际关系的文化理论》，陈锴译，上海：上海社会科学出版社，2012，第48页—57页。
2获得各种物资这一点，在本文第二章、第三章都有所提及。埃及对腓尼基城市的控制是为了获取黎巴嫩地区的木材，提及最多的即是雪松。
3理查德·内德·勒博：《国际关系的文化理论》，陈锴译，上海：上海社会科学出版社，2012，第13页。
1郭丹彤：《埃及与东地中海世界的交往》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2011，第15页—16页。
1H. Sch fer,Urkunden der lteren thiopenk nige, Leipzig,1905, pp.1-56.
2J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago: Press of University ofChicago,1906, pp.406-444.
3M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London,1980, pp.66-83.
1J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago: Press of University ofChicago,1906, p.454.
2K. Sethe,“Das ‘Denkmal memphitischer Theologie’ der Schabakostein des Britischen Museums” Untersuchungen zurGeschichte und Altertumskunde yptens, Leipzig,1928, Vol. Ⅹ, part1.
3在当代的埃及学大家中，仅有格瑞玛尔继续把这篇铭文归于古王国，参见，N. Grimal, A History of Ancient Egyp,Oxford and Cambridge,1992, p.28。
4Wim van den Dungen,“the Memphis Theology——fugal monotheism, creative speech&pan-en-theism in AncientEgyptian thought”, www.maat.sofiatopia.org/memphis.
5J. A. Wilson, in The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Text and Pictures, ed. by J. B. Pritchard, Princeton,1958, pp.1-2.
1H. Frankfort, Ancient Egyptian Religion, New York,1961, pp.24-32.
2M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. I, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London,1975, pp.51-57.
3J. P. Allen, Genesis in Egypt: The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Account, New Haven,1988, pp.43-44.
4郭丹彤：《沙巴卡石碑及其学术价值》，《世界历史》，2009年第4期，第96页—105页。
1S. Birch,“Inscription of Tahraka,” Z S18(1880), pp.22-24; W. M. F. Petrie, Tanis, II, Dabney Press,2013, Pl. IX,136.
2J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago: Press of University ofChicago,1906, pp.455-457.
1J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago: Press of University ofChicago,1906, pp.465-466.
1H. Sch fer, Urkunden der lteren thiopenk nige, Vol. I, Leipzig,1905, pp.58-77.
2J. H. Breasted, Ancient Record of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago: Press of University ofChicago,1906, pp.467-473.
12B. Gunn and R. Engelbach,“The Statues of Harwa [with7plates].,” BIFAO30(1931), pp.791-815.M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press,1980, pp.24-28.
1M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press,1980, pp.29-33
1J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago: Press of University ofChicago,1906, pp.477-488.
2Ricardo A. Caminos,“The Nitocris Adoption Stela,” JEA50(1964), pp.71-101.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, p.26.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, p.40.
2D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, p.46.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, p.119.
2D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.142-143.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.219-220.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.224-227.
2D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.228-229.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, p.274.
2D. D.Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.292-296.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.323-325.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.340-341.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.348-351.
1A. K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns,2000, p.91, p.96.
2A. K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns,2000, p.98.
3A. K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns,2000, p.99.
1J. B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Priceton: Princeton University Press,1955, p.308.
2Diodorus Siculus: Library of History I, translate by C.H. Oldfather, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1998.
1本文只涉及了新亚述帝国和新巴比伦王国时期的巴比伦君主，因此有部分君主本文没有列出。
2塔哈尔卡是第二十五王朝的国王，尼科一世是舍易斯地区的君主，统治时间相重合。
1塔努塔蒙与普撒美提克一世同时成为国王，塔努塔蒙是第二十五王朝的最后一位国王，普撒美提克一世是第二十六王朝的第一位国王。
2公元前626年，巴比伦地区出现没有国王统治的局面。
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[1]郭丹彤：《古代埃及对外关系研究》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2005。
[2]郭丹彤：《埃及与东地中海世界的交往》，北京：社会科学出版社，2011年。
[3]刘文鹏：《古代埃及史》，北京：商务印书馆，2000。
[4][美]汉斯摩根索：《国家间的政治》，徐昕、郝望、李保平译，北京：北京大学出版社，1990。
[5][法]马塞尔莫斯：《礼物》，汲喆译，陈瑞桦校，上海：上海人民出版社，2002。
[6][美]理查德内德勒博：《国际关系的文化理论》，陈锴译，上海：上海社会科学出版社，2012。
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8C. J. Gadd, The Fall of Nineveh, London: The British Museum,1923.
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7P. G. Elgood, Later Dynasties of Egypt, London and Oxford: Basil Blackwell&Mott, Limited,1951.
1K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC),Warminster: Aris&Phillips,,1973.
2J. Boardman and N. G. L. Hammond, eds., The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. III, part2, London: CambridgeUniversity Press,2002.
3B. G. Trigger,etal., Ancient Egypt: A Social History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1983.
4Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of A Mediterranean Power,” in Ancient EgyptianAdministration, ed. by Juan Carlos Moreno García, Leiden&Boston: Brill,2013.
5Nicolas Grimal, translated by Ian Show, A History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Blackwell,1992; Ian Show, ed., TheOxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2004; A. Gardiner, Egypt of the pharaohs, London:Oxford University Press,1980; B. G. Trigger, B. J. Kemp, D. O’ Connor and A.B. Lloyd, Ancient Egypt: A Social History,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1983.
1Silvie Zamazalová, Before the Assyrian Conquest in671B.C.E.: Relations between Egypt, Kush and Assyria, in J.Mynárová, ed., Egypt and the Near East-The Crossroads: Proceeding of an International Conference on the Relation ofEgypt and Near East in the Bronze Age, Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology,2010.
2Kahn, Dan‘el,“The Assyrian Invasions of Egypt(673B.C.-663B. C.) and the Final Expulsion of the Kushites,” SAK34(2006), pp.251-267.
3A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King of Egypt I,” JARCE13(1976), pp.138-147; A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King ofEgypt II,” JARCE15(1978), pp.49-57.
4A. Spalinger,“The Concept of Monarchy during the Saite Epoch,” Or.47(1978), pp.14-36.
5A. Spalinger,“Egypt and Babylonia: A Survey (c.620B. C.–550B. C.),” SAK5(1977), pp.221-244.
6D. B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1992.
7K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Biblical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,”JAOS90/3（1970, pp.462-285.
8A. Malamat,“The Last Kings of Judah and the Fall of Jerusalem-An Historical-Chronological study,” IEJ18(1968), pp.137-156; A. Malamat,“The Last Wars of the Kingdom of Judah,” JNES9(1950), pp.218-227.
9A. Malamat,“Josiah's Bid for Armageddon: The Background of the Judean-Egyptian Encounter in609B.C.,” JANES
5(1973), pp.267-279.
1J. Boardman, The Greeks Overseas, London: Thames and Hudson Limited,1988.
2H. De Meulenaere, Herodotos over de26ste Dynastie(II147-III15), Leuven: Leuvense Universitaire Uitgaven,1951.
3M. M. Austin, Greece and Egypt in the Archaic Age, Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society,1970.
4H. W. Parker, Greek Mercenary Soldiers from Earliest Times to the Battle of Ipsus, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1933.
5Matthew Trundle, Greek Mercenaries: From the Late Archaic Period to Alexander, London and New York: Routledge,2004.
6Moshe Elat,“The Economic Relation of the Neo-Assyrian Empire with Egypt,” JAOS98(1978), pp.20-34.
7Avraham Faust and Ehud Weiss,“Judah, Philistia, and the Mediterranean World: Reconstructing the Economic Systemof the Seventh Century B.C.E.,” BASOR338(2005), pp.71-92.
8Daniel M. Master,“Trade and Politics: Ashkelon’s Balancing Act in the Seventh Century B.C.E.,” BASOR330(2003),pp.47-64.
9Aren M. Maeir,“The Relations between Egypt and the Southern Levant during the Late Iron Age: The MaterialEvidence from Egypt,” gypten und Levarte Vol.12,2002, pp.235-246.
10Carl Roebuck,“The Grain Trade between Greece and Egypt,” Classical Philology, Vol.45,1950, pp.236-247.
11J. G. Milne,“Trade between Greece and Egypt before Alexander the Great,” JEA25(1939), pp.177-183.
1Bernard Bothmer et al., Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period700BC to AD100, New York: Ayer Company Publishers,1960.
2W. S. Smith, The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt, City of New Haven: Yale University Press,1998.
3Peter Der Manuelian, Living in the Past: Studies in Archaism of the Egyptian Twenty-Sixth Dynasty, London: KeganPaul International,1994.
4W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886; M. A. Gardner, Naukratis II, Chicago: Ares Publishers,Inc,1888, with an Appendix by F. Ll. Griffith; D. G. Hogarth, C.C. Edger, and Clement, Gutch,“Excavations atNaukratis,” ABSA5(1898/1899), pp.26-97; H. L. Lorimer, D. G. Hogarth and C. C. Edgar,“Naukratis,1903,” JHS25(1905), pp.105-136; A. Leonard,“Ancient Naukratis: Excavation at a Greek Emporium in Egypt. Part I: TheExcavation at Kom Ge’if,” AASOR54(1997); A. Leonard,“Ancient Naukratis: Excavation at a Greek Emporium in Egypt.Part II: The Excavation at Kom Hadid,” AASOR55(1998); William Coulson, Albert Leonard Jr. and Nancy Wilkir,“ThreeSeasons of Excavations and Survey at Naukratis and Environs,” JARCE19(1982), pp.73-109; William D. E. Coulson andAlbert Leonard Jr.“Investigation at Naukratis and Environs,1980and1981,” AJA86(1982), pp.361-380.
5Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000.
6郭丹彤：《古代埃及对外关系研究》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2005年。
7郭丹彤：《埃及与东地中海世界的交往》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2011年。
8刘文鹏：《古代埃及史》，北京：商务印书馆，2000年。
1本文将与第二十五王朝、第二十六王朝相关文献整理并收录作为附录的第一部分，不作为正文部分。
1关于新亚述帝国国王的统治时间，参见，Ameilie Kuhrt, The Ancient Near East c.3000-330, Vol. II, London:Routledge,1995, p.479.
2Ameilie Kuhrt, The Ancient Near East c.3000-330, Vol. II, London: Routledge,1995, pp.496-497.
3叙利亚巴勒斯坦地区包括今天的黎巴嫩、叙利亚、以色列、巴勒斯坦地区。在古代，这一地区的主要居民为犹太人、非利士人以及腓尼基人。
1[英]奥斯温默里，晏绍祥译：《早期希腊》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年，第95页—第96页。
2K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.77.
3K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, xi.
4K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, pp.465-468.本文第二十一王朝—第二十六王朝年代参照科琛所著的《第三中间期》一书。
1Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature Vol. III: The Late Period, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University ofCalifornia Press, pp.66-84.
2Robert G. Morkot, The Black Pharaoh: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers, London: The Rubicon Press,2000, pp.1-5; AmeilieKuhrt, The Ancient Near East c.3000-330, Vol. II, London: Routledge,1995, p.632.
3Ian Shaw ed, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.352-359.
4卡什塔是作为努比亚王朝在努比亚境内统治的第一位国王。而埃及学的学者们普遍认为第二十五王朝的第一位国王为皮亚。
5Ian Shaw ed, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.353.
6J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.441-443.
1K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.388.
2塔努塔蒙的统治时间分为两个时间段：他在埃及的统治时间为公元前664—前663年，他退出埃及，在努比亚地区的统治时间为公元前663年—前656年。
3J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.471.
4J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.452; p.466; p.469.
1R. O. Faulkner,“Egypt: from the Inception of the Nineteenth Dynasty to the Death of Ramesses III.” CAH, II,1975, pp.244-247.
2J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.357-365.
3ANET, pp.283-284.
4Hayim Tadmor, The Inscription of Tiglath-pileser III King of Assyria, Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences andHumanities,1994, p.179.
1K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.380.
4ARAB, Vol. II, p.119.交战的地点就是现今的考古遗址提尔·艾斯沙拉夫，距离阿什杜德10公里左右，具体情况参见，B. Mazar,“The Cities of the Territory of Dan,” IEJ10(1960), pp.72-77.
1《圣经·以赛亚书》36:6-7，第694页。
2《圣经·列王记下》18:21，第370页。
3地名，具体位置不详。
5由于阿舒尔巴尼拔统治晚期没有留下任何能够证明他统治时间的文献，因此，学界对阿舒尔巴尼拔统治结束的时间仍存在着争议。一些学者认为是公元前631年，另一些有学者则认为是公元前627年。
1Robert G. Morkot, The Black Pharaohs: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers, London: The Rubicon Press,2000, p.302.
2Robert G. Morkot, The Black Pharaohs: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers, London: The Rubicon Press,2000, pp.303-304.
2J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.470-473.
3Herodotus, The Histories II.151-152, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.130-131.
1K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p337
2K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p371
3J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.439-441; M.Lichetheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London: California University Press,1980, pp.78-79.
4即上文所提哈提阿瑞巴。
5K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.400.
1K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.400.
2Herodotus, The Histories II.152-153, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.130-131.
3K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.402.
4K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.403.
1K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC), Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.480.
2即从被圣女收养的时间算起，而非真正继承圣女的时间。
34J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.481-482.J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.482-483.
5Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of A Mediterranean Power,” inAncient EgyptianAdministration,ed.by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno, Boston: Brill,2013, pp.977-978
6H. de Meulenaere,“La statue d’un vizir thébain, Philadelphia, University Museum E.16025,” JEA68(1982),pp.139-144.
1J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.482.
2本文参考了《剑桥古代史》，《牛津古代史》以及科琛所著的《第三中间期》等三个版本，三个版本时间一致。同时本文也参考了相关论文：R. A. Parker,“The Length ofAmasis and the Beginning of the26th Dynasty,” MDAIK15(1957), pp.208-221; Erik Hornung,“Die Sonnenfinsternis nach dem Tode Psammetichs I,” Z S75(1965).pp.38-39.
3J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.492-494, pp.501-503, pp.513-514.
4M. Lichetheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London: California UniversityPress,1980, p.37.
1Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of a Mediterranean Power,” in Ancient EgyptianAdministration, ed. by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno, Boston: Brill,2013, p.973.
2Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of A Mediterranean Power,” in Ancient EgyptianAdministration, ed. by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno,Boston: Brill,2013, p.969.
3G. Vittmann, Der Demotische Papyrus Rylands9, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz,1998, pp.387-388.
4R. Caminos,“The Nitocris Adoption Stela,” JEA50(1964), pp.71-101.
5J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.484, pp.487-488.
6B. G. Trigger,etal., Ancient Egypt: A Social History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1983, pp.328-329.
1O. Perdu,“Le directeur des scribes du conseil,” Revue d'egyptologie Vol.49,1998, pp.175–194.
2Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of A Mediterranean Power,” in Ancient EgyptianAdministration, ed. by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno, Boston: Brill,2013, pp.1000-1002.
3这一官职的名称为“大门的管理者”。
4Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of a Mediterranean Power,” in Ancient EgyptianAdministration, ed. by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno, Boston: Brill,2013, p.987.
5H. de Meulenaere,“Trois personnages sa tes,” Cdé31(1956), pp.255-256.
6Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of a Mediterranean Power,” in Ancient EgyptianAdministration, ed. by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno, Boston: Brill,2013, p.987.
7Alan B. Llyoyd,“Triremes and the Saite Navy,” JEA58（1972, pp.268-272.
8Alan B. Lloyd,“Triremes and the Saite Navy,” JEA58(1972), p.269.
9Raymond O. Faulkner, A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute Ashmolean Museum,1981, p.285.
10J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.512.
1Jean Claude Goyon,“La statuette funéraire I.E.84de Lyon et le titre sa te [...][avec3planches],” BIFAO67(1967), p.169.
2Jean Claude Goyon,“La statuette funéraire I.E.84de Lyon et le titre sa te [...][avec3planches],” BIFAO67(1967), p.167.
3M. Lichetheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London: California UniversityPress,1980, p.37.
4Herodotus, The Histories, II.161, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.134.
5Cyril Aldred, Egyptian art in the Days of the Pharaohs3100-320BC, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, pp.225-228.
1Cyril Aldred, Egyptian art in the Days of the Pharaohs3100-320BC, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, p.228.
2Cyril Aldred, Egyptian art in the Days of the Pharaohs3100-320BC, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, p.230.
1ARAB,Vol. II, p.226; ARAB, Vol. II, p.293.
2关于亚述和埃及的结盟，安东尼·斯帕灵格使用了“adu-alliance”这一表达方式，一个阿卡德词同英文的结合。楔形文字字典对“adu”有多种解释。根据词语出现的环境，应翻译为“协议”，或者翻译为“一种特殊的关系，参见, Anthony Spalinger,“Psammetichus: King of Egypt I,” JACRE13(1976), p.135; CAD, I, part1, pp.132-133。但是在亚述和埃及文献中，并没有发现相应的记录。
1P. G. Elgood, Later Dynasties of Egypt, London and Oxford: Basil Blackwell&Mott, Limited,1951, p.79.
2Anthony Spalinger,“Psammetichus: King of Egypt I,” JACRE13(1976), pp.135-136; Geroges Roux, Ancient Iraq,London: Penguin Books,1992, p.332.
5对这次战争发生的时间，学者们存在争议。
9按照时间顺序，这七篇是滚筒印E、拉萨姆滚筒印、滚筒印B、D、C、F、A。参见，Anthony Spalinger，“Assurbanipal and Egypt: A Source Study,” JAOS94(1974), pp.316-322.同时哈特曼认为部分亚述年表记载的时间与历史事实有出入，参见，Louis F. Hartman,“The Date of the Cimmerian Threat againstAshurbanipalAccording toABL1391,” JNES21(1962), p.25.
1Anthony Spalinger,“Psammetichus: King of Egypt I,” JACRE13(1976), p.143.
2ARAB, Vol. II, p.325, p.346。对应滚筒印E的文献。
3这一间的记载可能与真实的历史有出入。
4Anthony Spalinger,“Psammetichus: King of Egypt I,” JACRE13(1976), p.136, Louis F. Hartman,“The Date of theCimmerian Threat against Ashurbanipal According to ABL1391,” JNES2(1962), pp.25-26, A. T. Olmstead,“BabylonianAstronomy: Historical Sketch,” The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol.55,1938, pp.113-129.后两篇文章通过卜辞和天文学勘定了吕底亚国王战死的时间。
1关于亚述与埃及达成的同盟，亚述文献与埃及文献都缺乏记载。巴比伦的年表提及亚述和埃及共同对抗阿卡德的国王，至少能够说明埃及与亚述站在同一个阵营对抗巴比伦。另外，关于亚述和埃及结盟的时间，学者推断应该早于公元前616年。参见，Jacob Milgrom,“The Date of Jeremiah, Chapter2,” JNES14(1955), p.67, A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King of Egypt: II,” JARCE15(1978), pp.51-53.
2本文中所使用的月份的转换参见，CAH, III, Part2, p.750.
5这一词语的意思参见，A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King of Egypt: II,” JARCE15(1978), p.54.
7郭丹彤：《古代埃及对外关系研究》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2005，第168页。
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.157, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.132.
2Hayim Tadmor,“Philistia under Assyrian Rule,”BA29(1966), pp.101-102, A. Malamat,“Josiah’s Bid for Armageddon:The Background of the Judean-Egyptian Encounter in609B.C.,” JANES5(1973), p.272.
3关于约西亚的宗教改革在《圣经·列王记下》22:3—23:25和《圣经·历代志下》34:1—35:19中有详细的论述，本文不再赘述。
4《圣经·历代志下》，34:33，第441页。
5John Bright, A History of Israel, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press,1974, p.316; A. Malamat,“Josiah's Bid forArmageddon: The Background of the Judean-Egyptian Encounter in609B.C.,” JANES5(1973), p.270.公元前922年，所罗门去世，以色列一分为二，北方为以色列王国，南方为犹太王国。约西亚约西亚向北推进的意图还在于推进他的宗教改革。
1Anthony Spalinger,“Psammetichus: King of Egypt II,” JACRE15(1978), p.52.
2《圣经·以赛亚书》，30:1-3，第687页—688页。
5Herodotus, The Histories, I.104, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.40.
6“亚洲北部”（Upper Asia）指的是东至哈利河，北至吕底，但是不包含亚述的地域。本文认为将Upper Asia翻译为“亚洲的北部”比较贴切。参见，A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King of Egypt,” JARCE2(1978), p.49.
7埃及与赛西亚人的战争发生在公元前622年至617年之间。斯帕灵格认为在这一时期，埃及与赛西亚人最有可能在叙巴地区相遇。如果早于公元前622年，赛西亚人还没有控制亚洲的北部地区；晚于公元前617年，赛西亚人被击退，吕底人控制了亚洲北部地区。
8Herodotus, The Histories, I.104-105, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.40-41.
9A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus: King of Egypt II,”JACRE15(1978), p.52; A. Malamat,“Josiah's Bid for Armageddon,The Background of the Judean-Egyptian Encounter in609B.C.,” JANES5(1973), pp.270-272.
1K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,” JAOS90/3(1970), p.477; G. Steindorff,“The Statuette of an Egyptian Commissioner in Syria,” JEA25(1939), pp.30-33
2J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.493-494, D. B.Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1992, p.442。普撒美提克一世统治后期，埃及已经完全控制了叙利亚巴勒斯坦地区。阿皮斯神牛的安葬铭文曾这样写道：“（前略）每一个工匠都会完成他们的工作，为它的身躯涂上软膏，穿上每位神都会穿的王室的衣服，他的棺材选用的是上好的“hd，mr-wood”和雪松制成。在宫殿里，他们的首领表示臣服，他们身边有朝臣陪同。他们的税收上交给宫殿，如同在埃及国土上一样。”这篇文献告诉我们，埃及不仅获得了雪松，而且还使雪松产地的首领臣服。纵观埃及历史，埃及一直从黎巴嫩进口雪松。第二十王朝时期的文学作品《温纳蒙历险记》曾提及温纳蒙前往巴比罗斯购买雪松，中途发生了诸多意外。而这段文献却明确的说明埃及获得了雪松，因此，我们可以推断，埃及同黎巴嫩地区建立了贸易往来。并且从这一地区的首领表示臣服来看，埃及至少控制了叙巴地区的大部分国家，建立了从埃及前往黎巴嫩的贸易路线。
3郭丹彤：《古代埃及对外关系研究》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2005年，第347—358页。
4D. B. Redford, ed., Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Vol. III, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2001, pp.257-260.
5J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. III, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.239-253;W. F.Edgerton and J. A. Wilson, Historical Records of Ramses III, Chicago, Press of University Chicago,1936, pp.53-56.
6Homer, tanslated by A.T. Murray, William F. Wyatt, The Iliad, IX,379-386, Cambridge, Massachusetts, HarvardUniversity Press,1999.
1Homer, tanslated by A. T. Murray, The Odyssey, XIV.246-316, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,1919.
2《圣经·以西结书》，27:13，第838页。具体内容如下：人子啊，要为推罗作起哀歌……雅完人、土巴人、米设人都与你交易；他们用人口和铜器兑换你的货物。雅完人是犹太人对希腊人的称呼。
3《圣经·撒母耳记下》，20:23，第312页，具体内容为：约押作以色列全军的元帅；耶何耶大的儿子比拿雅统辖基利提人和比利提人）；《圣经·列王记上》，1:38，第319页，具体内容为：于是祭司撒督、先知拿单、耶何耶大的儿子比拿雅和基利提人、比利提人，都下去使所罗门骑大卫王的骡子，将他送到基训。文中的基利提人即来自克里特岛的希腊人。
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.151-153, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.130-131.
2Herodotus, The Histories, II.30, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.88.
3Herodotus, The Histories, II.154, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.131.
4R. M. Cook,“Amasis and the Greeks in Egypt,“JHS57(1937), p.234.
1A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King of Egypt I,” JARCE13(1976), p.140.
2A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King of Egypt I,” JARCE13(1976), p.140.这段文献的原文来自H. Goedicke,“PsamtikI. und die Libyer,”MDAIK18(1962), pp.26-49; M. Basta,“Excavations in the Desert Road at Dahshur,” ASAE60(1968),pp.57-63，翻译与注释参见, A. Spalinger,“Psammetichus, King of Egypt I,” JARCE13(1976), pp.146-147.
3M. Basta,“Excavations in the Desert Road at Dahshur,” ASAE60(1968), pp.57-63.
1Robert G. Morkot, The Black Pharaoh: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers, London: The Rubicon Press,2000. p.297.
2Kahn, Dan‘el,“The Assyrian Invasions of Egypt(673B.C.-663B. C.) and the Final Expulsion of the Kushites,” SAK334(2006), p.266.J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.71-101.
4Herodotus, The Histories II.30, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.88.
5Sauneron and Yoyotte,“La campagne nubienne de Psammétique II et sa signification historique,” BIFAO50(1951), p.201.
6K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100BC-650BC),Warminster: Aris&Phillips,1973, p.406.
1《圣经·耶利米书》，2:17-19，第733-734页
2《圣经·耶利米书》，2:36，第735页。
3A. Malamat,“The Last Wars of the Kingdom of Judah,” JNES9(1950), p.219.
4D. B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1992, p.448.
1CAH, III, Part2, p.391.
2R. S. Lamon and G. M. Shipton, Megiddo1, Chicago: The University of Chicago,1939, pp.62-87.
3犹太国王已经将其领土扩张到了以色列国的边境地区，米基都即为其边境上的城市。因此，犹太国王在此修筑了防御要塞。参见，A. Malamat,“Josiah's Bid forArmageddon: The Background of the Judean-Egyptian Encounter in609B.C.,” JANES5(1973), p.268.
4R. S. Lamon and G. M. Shipton, Megiddo1, Chicago: The University of Chicago,1939, p.87.
5《圣经·列王纪下》，23:29-30，第376页。但是这一记载与历史事实稍有出入，公元前609年，尼科二世率领埃及军队前往幼发拉底河去帮助亚述君王，而不是攻击。
6《圣经·历代志下》，35:20-23，第442页。
7R. S. Lamon and G. M. Shipton, Megiddo1, Chicago: The University of Chicago,1939, p.87.
1《圣经·列王纪下》，23:33，第376页。
2《圣经·历代志下》，36:1-3，第442页。
3《圣经·列王纪下》，23:34，第376页。
4《圣经·列王纪下》，23:35，第376页。
1ABC, pp.99-100.尼布甲尼撒一世统治的第17年，即公元前609年，亚述和埃及联手进攻哈如然，并占领了哈如然。同年，尼布甲尼撒一世击败了埃及和亚述的联军，夺回哈如然。在尼布甲尼撒一世统治的第18年，即公元前608年，亚述人就从尼布甲尼撒一世的年表中消失了。
1ABC, pp.98-99.
2《圣经·耶利米书》，46:9，第788页。原文为：马匹上去吧！车辆急行吧！勇士，就是手拿盾牌的古实人和弗人（又作利比亚人），并拉弓的路德族，都出去吧！古实人指的是努比亚人即库什人，弗人指的是利比亚人，拉弓的路德族的含义比较模糊，有学者认为是吕底亚人，有学者认为是靠近埃及的一个非洲部族。
5《圣经·耶利米书》，46:2，第787页。
6《圣经·耶利米书》，46:5-6，第788页。
7D. B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1992, p.454.根据这一次以及其他诸多次战争，该书作者得出这一结论。
8D. B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1992, p.454, P. G.Elgood, Later Dynasties of Egypt, London and Oxford: Basil Blackwell&Mott, Limited,1951, pp.90-91.
3D. J. Wismen, Chronicles of Chaldean Kings (626-556B. C.) in the British Museum, London: The British Museum,1956, p.68.
4《圣经·列王纪下》，24:1，第377页。
5《圣经·列王纪下》，24:7，第377页。
6D. J. Wismen, Chronicles of Chaldean Kings (626-556B. C.) in the British Museum, London: The British Museum,1956, p.28.
7D. J. Wismen, Chronicles of Chaldean Kings (626-556B. C.) in the British Museum, London: The British Museum,1956. p.70.
8R. Zadok,“Phoenicians, Philistines, and Moabites in Mesopotamia,” BASOR230(1978),p.61; I. Ephal,“TheWestern Minorities of Babylonia in the6th-5th centuries BC: Maintenance and Cohesion,” Or.47(1978), p.80.
9J. D. Quin,“Alcaeus48(B16) and the Fall of Ascalon (604B. C.)” BASOR164(1961), pp.19-20.
2R. G. Morkot, The Black Pharaohs: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers, London: The Rubicon Press,2000, pp.302-303.
3H. Sch fer, Urkunden der lteren thiopenk nige, I, Leipzig,1905, pp.82-100.
4CAH, III, Part2, p.727.
1M. Lichetheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London,1980, p.85.
2即为库瑞古斯，位于尼罗河第四瀑布附近。
3Matthew P. J. Dillon,“A Homeric Pun from Abu Simbel (Meiggs&Lewis7a),” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie undEpigraphik, Vol.118,1997, p.129.
4W. M. Davis,“Egypt, Samos, and the Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture,” JEA67(1981), p.68.
1《圣经·列王纪下》，24:10-12，第377页。
2《圣经·列王纪下》，24:17，第377页。
4K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources.” JAOS90/3(1970), p.475.
5《圣经·耶利米书》，27:3-8，第767页。中间有省略。
6瑞兰德斯纸草书写于大流士一世统治时期，在埃尔·黑本赫（El Hibeh）出土。
1K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,”JAOS
290/3(1970), p.479. Moshe Greenberg,“Ezekial17and the Policy of Psammatichus II,” JBL74(1957), p.306.K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,”JAOS90/3(1970), p.479.
3D. B. Redford,“The Hyksos Invasion in History and Tradition,” Or.39(1970), pp.1-51.在这篇文章中，瑞德福德解释了“花束”的含义，他认为花束带有宗教的意义，并且花朵也代表了和平。
4Moshe Greenberg,“Ezekial17and the Policy of Psammatichus II,” JBL74(1957), p.306.
5P. G. Elgood, Later Dynasties of Egypt, London and Oxford: Basil Blackwell&Mott, Limited,1951, pp.93-94.
6K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,”JAOS90/3(1970), p.480.
1《圣经·以西结书》，17:12-15，第826页。前后文有省略。
2关于这个同盟，由于没有相关文献记载，我们的结论只是通过推断而来。
3《圣经·列王纪下》，25:1，第377页。
4那基什书信记载了这一内容。具体内容参见，ANET, p.322.
5K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,” JAOS90/3(1970), p.480.
1《圣经·列王纪下》，25:1-4，第377页。
2《圣经·耶利米书》，41:17，第784页。
3《圣经·耶利米书》，42:11-17，第785页。
4《圣经·耶利米书》，43:5-7，第785页。答比匿即为达弗尼。
5《圣经·耶利米书》，44:1，第786页。
1Sir G. Maspero, History of Egypt, VIII, London: The Grolier Society Publishers,1903, pp.437-438.
2W. F. Albright,“The Seal of Eliakim and the Latest Pre xilic History of Judah, with Some Observations on Ezekiel,”JBL51/2(1932), p.94; K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian andEgyptian Sources,” JAOS90/3(1970), p.481.
3K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,” JAOS90/3(1970), pp.483-484..
4K. S. Freedy and D. B. Redford,“The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Bilical, Babylonian and Egyptian Sources,” JAOS90/3(1970), p.482.
5Herodotus, The Histories, II.161, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.134, Diodorus of Sicily, The Library ofHistory Books, I.68, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp.235-238.
6《圣经·以西结书》，28:20-23，第840页。以西结书的第27、28章描写了新巴比伦、埃及对推罗和西顿的战争，并在第29章做出预言，埃及也将遭到新巴比伦的灭亡。
1A. Spalinger,“Egypt and Babylonia: A Survey(c.620-550B.C.),” SAK5(1977), p.234.
2Alan B. Lloyd,“Triremes and the Saite Navy,” JEA58(1972), pp.268-279。该文详细介绍了埃及三桅帆船的制造与发展。
3Herodotus, The Histories, II.161, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.134.
4Diodorus of Sicily, The Library of History Books, I,68, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,pp.235-238.
5Alan B. Lloyd,“Triremes and the Saite Navy,” JEA58(1972), pp.268-279; Alan B. Lloyd,“Were Necho’s TriremesPhoenician?” JHS95(1975), pp.45-61。在这两篇文章中劳埃德分析了帮助埃及人制造三桅帆船的到底有无腓尼基人，他认为腓尼基人不会加入埃及海军帮助埃及人攻击自己的国家。
1J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906.
2Diodorus of Sicily, The Library of History Books, I,68, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp.233-236.
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.173-174, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.137.
2J. H. Breasted, Ancient Record of Egypt IV, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1906, pp.510-511.
3希腊人在利比亚建立的殖民地。
4地名,具体位置不详。
1Herodotus, The Histories, IV.159, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.245-246.
2J. H. Breasted, Ancient Record of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1906, pp.511。马拉奇特的土地：地名，在舍易斯和布托附近。
3J. H. Breasted, Ancient Record of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1906, pp.508.
1J. H. Breasted, Ancient Record of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1906, pp.509-512.
2公元前六世纪，波斯人在伊朗高原兴起。至居鲁士的统治时期，波斯开始了征服战争。公元前540年，波斯击败吕底亚。公元前539年，波斯占领巴比伦，逐渐成为东地中海世界最为强大的国家。
3CAH, III, Part3, p.65.
4Herodotus, The Histories, II.182, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.139-140.
1里希认为第二次内战以前阿玛西斯就有可能征服了塞浦路斯，以切断海外势力对阿皮瑞斯的支持。参见，Anthony Leahy,“The Earliest Dated Monument of Amasis and the End of the Reign of Apries,”JEA74(1988), pp.193-196.但是本文认为，在第二次内战以前阿玛西斯没有余力去征服塞浦路斯，因为除了阿皮瑞斯之外，尼布甲尼撒二世也对埃及虎视眈眈，并在公元前567年，尼布甲尼撒二世对埃及发动了进攻。阿玛西斯应该全力应付来自巴比伦和阿皮瑞斯的进攻，无暇顾及塞浦路斯。
2G. Daressay,“Stele de l'an III d'Amasis,” RT22(1900), pp.1-9.
3Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History, I,68-1, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1933, p.237.
4Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History, I,68-6, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1933, p.237.
5即为吕底亚国王。
6Xenophon, Cyropaedia, The Education of Cyrus, VII,32-45, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1997.
1Herodotus, The Histories, III.47, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.158.
2Herodotus, The Histories, III.47, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.158.
3CAH, III, Part3, p.52.
4Herodotus, The Histories, II.182, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.139-140.
2Herodotus, The Histories. III.1, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.141-142.
3Herodotus, The Histories, III.4-7, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.142-143.
1Pierre Briant, translated by Peter T. Daniels, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of Persian Empire,Winona Lake,Indiana: Eisenbrauns,2002, pp.51-52.
2M. Lichetheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London: California UniversityPress,1980, p.37.
1郭丹彤：《古代埃及对外关系研究》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2005，第59—72页。
2阿玛尔纳，现代考古遗址名，第十八王朝国王埃赫纳吞统治时期的埃及首都。阿玛尔纳书信是指在玛尔纳王宫附近的一座建筑物中发现的来自西亚国家写给埃及国王的书信。这些书信反映了埃及与两河流域国家之间的政治、经济往来，是研究这一时期国际关系的重要文献资料。
1Moshe Elat,“The Economic Relation of the Neo-Assyrian Empire with Egypt,” JAOS98(1978), p.20.文章作者认为赠送的礼物（tribute）和掠夺的财物（booty）都属于经济往来的范畴，但是这两者不能属于贸易来往的范畴。
2在古代，如果一个国家收到来自异国的动物，表明动物送出国对送入国国王的尊重。通常，国王将这些动物安置在王室花园中，因为他认为神通过这些动物赐予了他们更大的力量，并且他的权威和影响力也通过这些动物传播到了其他地方。参见，D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. I, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, p.211.
3Moshe Elat,“The Economic Relation of the Neo-Assyrian Empire with Egypt,” JAOS98(1978), p.22.作者认为此处提及的埃及献给亚述国王的动物应该是礼物，而不是贡品。沙拉曼塞尔三世统治时期，埃及与新亚述帝国之间没有发生战争，因此不存在贡品的问题。
4D. J. Wiseman,“A Fragmentary Inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III from Nimrud,” Iraq18(1956), p.126.
5Hayim Tadmor,“The Campaigns of Sargon II of Assur: A Chronological-Historical Study,” JCS12(1958), p.34, C. J.Gadd,“Inscribed Prisms of Sargon II from Nimrud,” Iraq16(1954), pp.173-201.
1ARAB, II, pp.7-8.伊拉特认为在萨尔贡二世统治时代，阿拉伯半岛并没有饲养马匹，他认为这些马匹来自埃及。
2CAD, Vol.10-M, Part I, Chicage: Oriental Institute of University of Chicage,1977, pp.13-16.
3埃萨尔哈东和阿舒尔巴尼拔掠夺的战利品清单在他们的年表和石碑中均有出现。
4LU. GAL KAR.MES这一词语中LU. GAL的意思是伟大的人，即国王或者官员；KAR的意思是港口，港口区域，MES是表示的是复数，因此这个词语翻译成中文的含义是负责港口的官员。参见，CAD, Vol.17-S, Part II,1992, pp.76-82; Vol.8-K,1971, pp.231-239.
5B. Parker,“Administrative Tablets from the North West Palace, Nimrud,” Iraq23(1961), p.48.
6H. W. F. Saggs,“The Nimrud Letters,1952, Part VII,” Iraq27(1965), p.24.
1[法]马塞尔莫斯：《礼物》，汲喆译，陈瑞桦校，上海：上海人民出版社，2002，第194—196页。
2郭丹彤：《古代埃及对外关系研究》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2005。
3J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, Vol, IV, pp.557-591；徐昊，吴宇虹：《〈温阿蒙历险记〉译注》，《古代文明》，2010年第一期，第18—29页。
1Avraham Faust and Ehud Weiss,“Judah, Philistia, and the Mediterranean World: Reconstructing the Economic Systemof the Seventh Century B.C.E.,” BASOR338(2005), p.71.
2Avraham Faust and Ehud Weiss,“Judah, Philistia, and the Mediterranean World: Reconstructing the Economic Systemof the Seventh Century B.C.E.,” BASOR338(2005), pp.78-81.
3Avraham Faust and Ehud Weiss,“Judah, Philistia, and the Mediterranean World: Reconstructing the Economic Systemof the Seventh Century B.C.E.,” BASOR338(2005), p.75.
1J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.493-494.
2Aren M. Maeir,“The Relations between Egypt and the Southern Levant during the Late Iron Age: The MaterialEvidence from Egypt,” gypten und Levante, Vol.12,2002, pp.235-237.
3Aren M. Maeir,“The Relations between Egypt and the Southern Levant during the Late Iron Age: The MaterialEvidence from Egypt,” gypten und Levante, Vol.12,2002, p.239.
1W. M. F. Petrie(ed. al), Tanis Part II, Nebesheh and Defennah, London: Trübner,1888. p.64.
2地名，距离开罗50公里，位于尼罗河的西岸。
3D. B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1992, p.443.
4[英]奥斯温·默里，晏绍祥译：《早期希腊》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008，第94—97页。
2Carl Roebuck,“The Grain Trade between Greece and Egypt,” Classical Philology, Vol.45,1950, p.237.
3J. G. Milne,“Trade between Greece and Egypt before Alexander the Great,” JEA25(1939), pp.177-183.需要指出的是，生产银币的地区并非只有色雷斯—马其顿地区，希腊其他地区也有生产。然而由于各地在生产银币时使用的标准不同，导致不同地区的银币其含银量不同。
4Carl Roebuck,“The Grain Trade between Greece and Egypt,” Classical Philology, Vol.45,1950, p.237.
5W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, pp.63-67.
1J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. I, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.150-154; pp.159-161.
23J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. II, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, pp.102-122.Herodotus, The Histories, II.158, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004
4以东是闪米特人曾居住过的一个地区，位于黎凡特的南部。
5N. Glueck,“The First Campaign at Tell el-Kheleifeh(Ezion-geber),” BASOR71(1938), pp.3-18; N. Glueck,“Ezion-geber,” BA28(1965), pp.69-87.
6《圣经·以西结书》，27:15，第838页。
1Herodotus, The Histories, VI.42, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004.
2Alan B. Lloyd,“Necho and The Red Sea: Some Considerations,” JEA63(1977), pp.148-155.
3Alan B. Lloyd,“Necho and The Red Sea: Some Considerations,” JEA63(1977), p.148.
1P. Bruneau,“Ganymède et l'aigle: images, caricatures et parodies animales du rapt,” Bulletin de CorrespondanceHellénique,85(1962), p.193.
2John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, pp.144-147.
3John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, pp.144-146.本文图片来自博德曼的这一著作，但略有修改。
1[英]奥斯温·默里，晏绍祥译：《早期希腊》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008，第227页。
2CAH, III, Part3, p.45-46.图片来自剑桥古代史，而图片最初的来源于阿布西尔的壁画。
1I. Eph’al,“The Western Minorities in Babylonia in the6the-5thCenturies B. C.: Maintenance and Cohesion,” Or.47(1978), pp.76-78.
2F. Ll. Griffith, Catalogue of the Demotic Papyri in the John Rylands Library, Vol. III, Manchester: ManchesterUniversity Press,1909, p.10.
1CAH, III, part2, p.740.
2虽然新的书写方式已经广为流传，但是原有的书写形式如祭司体埃及语和铭刻体埃及语仍然使用。
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.178, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.138.
2关于瑙克拉提斯城建立的具体时间，后文将做详细的分析。
3Von A. Erman und U. Wilcken,“Die Naukratisstele,” Z S38(1900), pp.127-35; M. Lichetheim, Ancient EgyptianLiterature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London,1980, pp.86-9.这里的安努河岸指的是卡诺比斯河；派尔迈瑞斯城即为瑙克拉提斯城。
1托勒密绘制的公元2世纪时期的世界地图中的主体是罗马帝国。
2《波伊廷格古地图》类似现今的旅游地图，绘制了罗马帝国的公路交通网。
3W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.1.
4即对《波伊廷格古地图》重新绘制版。
5关于罗马公路地图的记载，参见，W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.2
6W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.2.
7此书绘制了罗马帝国公路网。
8W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.2.
9Herodotus, The Histories, II.97, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.109.
12Herodotus, The Histories, II.179, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.139.Strabo, The Geography of Strabo VIII,17. I.23, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1932, p.73.
3Strabo, The Geography of Strabo VIII,17. I.18, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1932, p.67.斯特拉波认为是米利都人建立了瑙克拉提斯城，这与实际的历史事实有较大出入。当代历史学家基本不采用这一说法。但是斯特拉波对于瑙克拉提斯城的地理位置的记载依然具有参考价值。
4Pliny, The Natural History, V.9.罗马帝国时代共有两位普林尼，本文中提及的普利尼是更为年长的一位，学者称其为老普利尼，英文为Pliny the Elder。
5Pliny, The Natural History, V.11.
6Pliny, The Natural History, V.11.
1W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886.
2E. A. Gardner, with an Appendix by F. Ll. Griffith, Naukratis II, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1888.
3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
4D. G. Hogarth, C.C. Edger, and Clement, Gutch,“Excavations at Naukratis,” ABSA5(1898/1899), pp.26-97.
5H. L. Lorimer, D. G. Hogarth and C. C. Edgar,“Naukratis,1903,” JHS25(1905), pp.105-136.
67E. M. Smith, Naukratis:“A Chapter in the History of the Hellenization of Egypt,” JSOR10(1926), pp.119-206.A.Leonard,“Ancient Naukratis: Excavation at a Greek Emporium in Egypt. Part I: The Excavation at Kom Ge’if,”AASOR54(1997), passim; A.Leonard, Ancient Naukratis:“Excavation at a Greek Emporium in Egypt. Part I: TheExcavation at Kom Hadid,” AASOR55(1998); William Coulson, Albert Leonard Jr. and Nancy Wilkir,“Three Seasons ofExcavations and Survey at Naukratis and Environs,” JARCE19(1982), pp.73-109; William D. E. Coulson and AlbertLeonard Jr.,“Investigation at Naukratis and Environs,1980and1981,” AJA86(1982), pp.361-380.
1Herodotus, The Histories, II,178, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.138.
2这位国王的统治时间为公元前625年至公元前585年。
3Strabo, The Geography of Strabo VIII,17. I.18, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1932, p.67.
4一位生活在公元前三世纪的作家。
5W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.4.
1数据来源Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, pp.120-136; JohnBoardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Oxford University Press,1980, pp.140-141.
1Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, pp.120-136.
2[英]奥斯温默里，晏绍祥译：《早期希腊》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年，第220页。
3M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.36.
4Astrid M ller, Naukratiis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.153.
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.178, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.138.
1P. G. Elgood, Later Dynasties of Egypt, London and Oxford: Basil Blackwell&Mott, Limited,1951, p.104.
2Carl Roebuch,“The Organization of Naukratis,” Classical Philology, Vol.46,1951, pp.212-220.
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.178, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.138.
2Carl Roebuck,“The Organization of Naukratis,” Classical Philology, Vol.46,1951, p.212.
3Carl Roebuck,“The Organization of Naukratis,”Classical Philology, Vol.46,1951, p.213.
1这一词语可以被理解为城邦的管理者。
2Astrid M ller, Naukratiis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.195.
3Damien Agut-Labordère,“The Saite Period: The Emergence of A Mediterranean Power in Ancient EgyptianAdministration,” in Ancient Egyptian Administration, ed. by Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno,Boston: Brill,2013, p.1006.
4通常情况下，埃及都要在边境地区设置关口或者是海关。根据文献可以推断出，舍易斯王朝时期的国王们继承并发展了这一传统。由于第二十六王朝时期埃及与东地中海沿岸国家以及近东地区贸易活动的频繁，他们加强了这一机构。
5J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.499.
6J. H. Breasted, Record of Ancient Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago,1906, p.507.
7H. Gauthier,“à travers la Basse Egypte (suite), X.—Un notable de Salüs: Ouahab-Re,” ASAE22(1922), pp.81–107, esp.pp.88–89.
8Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, pp.195-196.
1Herodotus, The Histories, II178, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.138.
2Carl Roebuck,“The Organization of Naukratis,” Classical Philology, Vol.46,1951, p.213.
3Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, pp.194.
1Carl Roebuck,“The Organization of Naukratis,” Classical Philology, Vol.46,1951, p.214.
2John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, pp.121-125, W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, pp.46-54.
1最早运输到埃及的陶器。
2雅典的陶器最终在埃及占据主导地位，其制作工艺非常精致，工匠手艺精湛。
3John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, p.135.
1对陶器所使用的泥土进行化学分析后得出的结论。参见，Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000, pp.119-120; p.139.
2John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, p.123.
3M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, pp.36-38.
4Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.154.
1M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.39.
2M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.39.
3J. G. Milne,“Trade between Greece and Egypt before Alexander the Great,” JEA,25(1939), p.178.
1Herodotus, The Histories, III.6, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.143.
2舍易斯城出土的瑙克拉提斯城生产的雕像，现存于开罗博物馆，编号为27425。参见，C. C. Edgar, Cataloguegeneral des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire: Greek Sculpture, Caire: L'Institut fran ais d'archéologie orientale,1903, pl.1
3M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, p.39.
4Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.206.
5A. Gorton, Egyptian and Egyptianzing Scarabs: A Typology of Steatite, Faience and Paste Scarabs from Punic andOther Mediterranean Sites, Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology,1996, pp.180-183.
1Herodotus, The Histories, II.179, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.139.
2M. Lichetheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London,1980, pp.86-89.
1J. G. Milne,“Trade between Greece and Egypt before Alexander the Great,” JEA25(1939), pp.177-83;H. Michell,Economics of Ancient Greece, New York: Barnes and Noble,1957, p.263.
2Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.210.
3Herodotus, The Histories, II.105, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.111.
4M. M. Austin, Greece and Egypt in the Archaic Age, Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society,1970, p.36.
5Herodotus, The Histories, II.179, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, p.138.原文是这样记载的：在他给予某些希腊人的其他优惠当中，他特别把瑙克拉提斯这个城市给予愿意定居在埃及的希腊人居住。对于那些愿意在沿海进行贸易，但不想定居在埃及国内的人们，他答应给他们一些土地，使他们用来安设祭坛和修建神殿。
1Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.198.
2Herodotus, The Histories, II.134-135, New York: Barnes&Noble Books,2004, pp.123-124
3莫勒认为他们独立于神殿之外，本文认为，由于不受神殿的管理，他们更为独立。
4Carl Roebuck,“The Organization of Naukratis,” Classical Philology, Vol.46,1951, p.214.
5陶器的种类参见前文。
1John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Ttheir Eerly Colonies and Trade, London: Thames and Hudson,1980, p.135.
2Astrid M ller, Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000, p.206.
3关于语言的变化，参见文化部分
4M. F. Petrie, Naukratis I, Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc,1886, pp.39-40, pp.63-69.
1汉斯·摩根索：《国家间的政治》，徐昕、郝望、李保平译，北京：北京大学出版社，1990，第128页—第137页。
1理查德·内德·勒博：《国际关系的文化理论》，陈锴译，上海：上海社会科学出版社，2012，第48页—57页。
2获得各种物资这一点，在本文第二章、第三章都有所提及。埃及对腓尼基城市的控制是为了获取黎巴嫩地区的木材，提及最多的即是雪松。
3理查德·内德·勒博：《国际关系的文化理论》，陈锴译，上海：上海社会科学出版社，2012，第13页。
1郭丹彤：《埃及与东地中海世界的交往》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2011，第15页—16页。
1H. Sch fer,Urkunden der lteren thiopenk nige, Leipzig,1905, pp.1-56.
2J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago: Press of University ofChicago,1906, pp.406-444.
3M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London,1980, pp.66-83.
1J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago: Press of University ofChicago,1906, p.454.
2K. Sethe,“Das ‘Denkmal memphitischer Theologie’ der Schabakostein des Britischen Museums” Untersuchungen zurGeschichte und Altertumskunde yptens, Leipzig,1928, Vol. Ⅹ, part1.
3在当代的埃及学大家中，仅有格瑞玛尔继续把这篇铭文归于古王国，参见，N. Grimal, A History of Ancient Egyp,Oxford and Cambridge,1992, p.28。
4Wim van den Dungen,“the Memphis Theology——fugal monotheism, creative speech&pan-en-theism in AncientEgyptian thought”, www.maat.sofiatopia.org/memphis.
5J. A. Wilson, in The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Text and Pictures, ed. by J. B. Pritchard, Princeton,1958, pp.1-2.
1H. Frankfort, Ancient Egyptian Religion, New York,1961, pp.24-32.
2M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. I, Berkeley, Los Angeles&London,1975, pp.51-57.
3J. P. Allen, Genesis in Egypt: The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Account, New Haven,1988, pp.43-44.
4郭丹彤：《沙巴卡石碑及其学术价值》，《世界历史》，2009年第4期，第96页—105页。
1S. Birch,“Inscription of Tahraka,” Z S18(1880), pp.22-24; W. M. F. Petrie, Tanis, II, Dabney Press,2013, Pl. IX,136.
2J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago: Press of University ofChicago,1906, pp.455-457.
1J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago: Press of University ofChicago,1906, pp.465-466.
1H. Sch fer, Urkunden der lteren thiopenk nige, Vol. I, Leipzig,1905, pp.58-77.
2J. H. Breasted, Ancient Record of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago: Press of University ofChicago,1906, pp.467-473.
12B. Gunn and R. Engelbach,“The Statues of Harwa [with7plates].,” BIFAO30(1931), pp.791-815.M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press,1980, pp.24-28.
1M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. III, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press,1980, pp.29-33
1J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: Press of University of Chicago: Press of University ofChicago,1906, pp.477-488.
2Ricardo A. Caminos,“The Nitocris Adoption Stela,” JEA50(1964), pp.71-101.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, p.26.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, p.40.
2D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, p.46.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, p.119.
2D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.142-143.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.219-220.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.224-227.
2D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.228-229.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, p.274.
2D. D.Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.292-296.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.323-325.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.340-341.
1D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Record of Assyria and Babylonian, Vol. II, New York: Greenwood Press,1968, pp.348-351.
1A. K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns,2000, p.91, p.96.
2A. K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns,2000, p.98.
3A. K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns,2000, p.99.
1J. B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Priceton: Princeton University Press,1955, p.308.
2Diodorus Siculus: Library of History I, translate by C.H. Oldfather, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1998.
1本文只涉及了新亚述帝国和新巴比伦王国时期的巴比伦君主，因此有部分君主本文没有列出。
2塔哈尔卡是第二十五王朝的国王，尼科一世是舍易斯地区的君主，统治时间相重合。
1塔努塔蒙与普撒美提克一世同时成为国王，塔努塔蒙是第二十五王朝的最后一位国王，普撒美提克一世是第二十六王朝的第一位国王。
2公元前626年，巴比伦地区出现没有国王统治的局面。
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