环境知觉、环境态度和环境行为的关联性分析
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摘要
近年来,环境问题引起世界各国越来越多的关注。无论是政府决策者和专家学者,还是环保人士和民众,都越来越清楚地认识到环境保护的重要意义。提高全民族的环境意识,是开展环境保护工作的一项基本任务和职责,也是环境保护事业发展的基础和保证。国内学者对于公众的环境意识做了很多有意义的探索,已有很多研究对此进行了明确的概念界定和理论探讨,但多为笼统的研究,还少有人将其细分为环境知觉和环境态度进行微观的探讨,对环境知觉、环境态度与环境行为的关联性也少有人研究。所以本文尝试着按国外学者的研究思路,通过实证研究,探讨环境知觉和环境态度之间的关联性,并分析环境知觉和环境态度对于保护环境的行为又有什么关联,本研究对于环境伦理学的理论研究和中国的环境保护实践都有具有重要意义。
本文首先在对有关环境知觉、环境态度和环境行为的理论进行梳理和总结的基础上,提出环境知觉、环境态度和环境行为概念的内涵,以及它们之间的联系和区别,并在此基础上设计调查问卷、获得数据并进行统计。从中分析出环境知觉与环境态度具有很高的相关性,但又存在差异；环境知觉和环境态度的高低也影响到环境行为；不同性别和年级的人群在环境知觉、环境态度方面存在差异；特别在环境行为方面,这种差异更为显著；这些结果为环境教育怎样有的放矢地进行提供了依据。论文详细分析了环境知觉、环境态度和环境行为关联的复杂性,在此基础上为提高人们环境意识水平和激励环境保护行为提供对策和建议。
In recent years, more and more attention has been focused on the environmental problems all over the world. All sorts of people, including the government policy makers, experts, scholars, environmentalists, civilians and the like, all increasingly realize the importance to the environmental protection. Arousing the national environmental awareness should be a basic task and responsibility for the environmental protection work to be carried out, and should also be the basis and guarantee of the cause of environmental protection. The domestic scholars have done a lot of meaningful explorations, and there are more researches that specifically define the concept and discuss the relevant theory, which have been done more broadly, but seldom have them do the microcosmic discussion for furthering dividing it into the environmental perception and environmental attitude. Meanwhile, the relevancy among environmental perception, environmental attitude and environmental behavior has seldom been studied. Therefore, according to the foreign experts'ideas for research, this paper attempts to discuss the relevancy between environmental perception and environmental attitude with the analysis on the relevancy that is arisen from the impact of the environmental perception and environmental attitude on environmental behavior. This study is of importance to the study for Environmental Ethics theory and the practice for the environmental protection of China.
On the basis of summarizing and sorting out relevant theories of environmental perception, environmental attitude and behavior, this paper firstly proposes the implications for the concept of environmental perception, environmental attitude and environmental behavior and their correlations and differences. On the basis of it, the investigation questionnaires were designed, and then through the statistics, this paper gives the analysis that the relevancy between the environmental perception and environmental attitude is high but with the difference. Whether the relevancy is high or low in the environmental perception and attitude can also influence on environmental behavior. Moreover, the population between different sex and grade should be of the differences in the environmental perception and attitude, particularly in the environmental behavior that the differences should be more obvious. Those results provide a basis for the environmental education that can be carried out with a definite object in view. This paper analyzes the complexity in the relevancy among the environmental perception, environmental attitude and environmental behavior. Based on it, this paper proposes the measures and recommendations for raising the level of environmental awareness and inspiring the environmental protection behavior.
本文首先在对有关环境知觉、环境态度和环境行为的理论进行梳理和总结的基础上,提出环境知觉、环境态度和环境行为概念的内涵,以及它们之间的联系和区别,并在此基础上设计调查问卷、获得数据并进行统计。从中分析出环境知觉与环境态度具有很高的相关性,但又存在差异；环境知觉和环境态度的高低也影响到环境行为；不同性别和年级的人群在环境知觉、环境态度方面存在差异；特别在环境行为方面,这种差异更为显著；这些结果为环境教育怎样有的放矢地进行提供了依据。论文详细分析了环境知觉、环境态度和环境行为关联的复杂性,在此基础上为提高人们环境意识水平和激励环境保护行为提供对策和建议。
In recent years, more and more attention has been focused on the environmental problems all over the world. All sorts of people, including the government policy makers, experts, scholars, environmentalists, civilians and the like, all increasingly realize the importance to the environmental protection. Arousing the national environmental awareness should be a basic task and responsibility for the environmental protection work to be carried out, and should also be the basis and guarantee of the cause of environmental protection. The domestic scholars have done a lot of meaningful explorations, and there are more researches that specifically define the concept and discuss the relevant theory, which have been done more broadly, but seldom have them do the microcosmic discussion for furthering dividing it into the environmental perception and environmental attitude. Meanwhile, the relevancy among environmental perception, environmental attitude and environmental behavior has seldom been studied. Therefore, according to the foreign experts'ideas for research, this paper attempts to discuss the relevancy between environmental perception and environmental attitude with the analysis on the relevancy that is arisen from the impact of the environmental perception and environmental attitude on environmental behavior. This study is of importance to the study for Environmental Ethics theory and the practice for the environmental protection of China.
On the basis of summarizing and sorting out relevant theories of environmental perception, environmental attitude and behavior, this paper firstly proposes the implications for the concept of environmental perception, environmental attitude and environmental behavior and their correlations and differences. On the basis of it, the investigation questionnaires were designed, and then through the statistics, this paper gives the analysis that the relevancy between the environmental perception and environmental attitude is high but with the difference. Whether the relevancy is high or low in the environmental perception and attitude can also influence on environmental behavior. Moreover, the population between different sex and grade should be of the differences in the environmental perception and attitude, particularly in the environmental behavior that the differences should be more obvious. Those results provide a basis for the environmental education that can be carried out with a definite object in view. This paper analyzes the complexity in the relevancy among the environmental perception, environmental attitude and environmental behavior. Based on it, this paper proposes the measures and recommendations for raising the level of environmental awareness and inspiring the environmental protection behavior.
引文
[1]北京奥运吉祥物“福娃”代言中国公众环境意识项目[J/OL].(2006-12-18)[2007-08-20].http://news.xinhuanet.com/environment/2006-12/19/content_5504610.htm.
[2]余谋昌.环境意识与可持续发展[J].迎接实际的挑战——环境与发展论文集[C].国家环境保护局,编.北京：中国环境科学出版社,1996：123.
[3]杨朝飞.环境保护与环境文化[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1994：271.
[4]于永斌.论21世纪如何提高公民的环境意识[J].河北科技师范学院学报(社会科学版),2006,5(4)：125.
[5]陈振发.试论环境意识及其对环保工作的影响和促进[J].四川环境,2006,25(3)：123.
[6]吕君,刘丽梅.环境意识的内涵及其作用[J].天地人文,2003,(12)：139.
[7]易先良.论环境意识主体层次与环境训导顺序[J].中国环境科学,1993,(5)：54-57.
[8]李如忠,刘咏,孙世群.公众环境意识调查及评价分析[J].合肥工业大学学报,2003,(4)：24-25.
[9]周燕荣,王润华,田考聪,易静,田小兵,杨倬.重庆市主城区及近郊居民环境意识状况分析[J].重庆环境科学,2002,(01)：34-37.
[10]张海清,刘钢,吴剑红,黎敏聪,吴凯明.番禺市民环境意识调查与评价研究[J].环境技术,2001,(3)：51-56.
[11][美]雷切尔·卡逊著.寂静的春天[M].吕瑞兰、李长生,译.长春：吉林人民出版社,1997：252.
[12]王民.环境意识及测评方法研究[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1999：120-124.
[13]黄建新.实现公众环境意识升华的理性思考[J].福建农林大学学报,2003,(3)：34-35.
[14]John Gelissen. Explaining Popular Support for Environmental Protection A Multilevel Analysis of 50 Nations [J]. Environment and Behavior,2007, (3):342-254.
[15]Taciano L. Milfont, John Duckitt, Linda D. Cameron. A Cross-Cultural Study of Environmental Motive Concerns and Their Implications for Proenvironmental Behavior [J].Environment and Behavior,2006, (6):23-29.
[16]陈金发,侯明明.中国公众环境意识提高的若干建议[J].云南环境科学,2003,22(1)：30-31.
[17]马英春,王进.论环境意识与环境教育[J].北方环境,1999,(3)：28-29.
[18]李宁宁.环保意识与环保行为[J].学海,2001,(1)：121.
[19]钟毅平,谭千保,张英.大学生环境意识与环境行为的调查研究[J].心理科学,2003,26(3)：542-544.
[20]王民.中国中小学环境知识、态度和预期行为关系研究[J].环境教育,2002,(12)：45.
[21]李林.态度与行为关系的预测因素考察[J].闽江学院学报,2006,27(1)：118.
[22]武春友,孙岩.环境态度与环境行为及其关系研究的进展[J].预测,2006,(4)：60.
[23]张春兴.现代心理学[M].上海：上海人民出版社,1994：116.
[24]闫整.广场空间与环境知觉[J].山东建筑工程学院学报,2000,15(2)：31.
[25]张学珉.环境心理学与当代环境保护[J].环境论坛,2005,(5)：40.
[26]王征.析居住区院落空间设计与环境知觉[J].福建建筑,2001,(1)：16.
[27]王永惠.关于知觉的间接性[J].渭南师专学报(社会科学版),1997,(2):23-26.
[28]张福英.规范人类行为改变环保态度[J].龙岩学院学报,2007,25(4)：139.
[29]邓辉.旅游偏爱及其形成分析[J].理论与实践,2005,(1)：66.
[30]李善岳.行政态度——指导行政活动的定向器[J].江西行政学院学报,1999,(1)：2-3.
[31]武春友,孙岩.环境态度与环境行为及其关系研究的进展[J].预测,2006,(4)：62.
[32]李春平.关于人海关系的研究[J].江西行政学院学报,2004,(11)：137.
[33]纪佳祺,陈冠位,李永展.七股地区湿地保育之环境认知与环境态度[J].2005,(8)：333.
[34]孙岩.居民环境行为及其影响因素研究[D].2006：20.
[35]张兴莲,郭友,倪佳.中学生环境行为调查报告[J].首都师范大学学报,2004,25(12)：100.
[36]王芳.理性的困境：转型期环境问题的社会根源探析——环境行为的一种视角[J].华东理工大学学报,2007,(1)：6.
[37]武春友,孙岩.环境态度与环境行为及其关系研究的进展[J].预测,2006,(4)：62.
[38]孙岩.居民环境行为及其影响因素研究[D].2006：24.
[39]奥尔多·利奥波德.沙乡年鉴[M].侯文惠,译.长春：吉林人民出版社,1997：77-78.
[40]雷毅.深层生态学思想研究[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2001,(7)：34.
[41]罗尔斯顿.哲学走向荒野[M].刘耳、叶平,译.吉林：吉林人民出版社,2000：5.
[42]杨通进.环境伦理学的基本理念[J].道德与文明,2000,(1)：56-57.
[43]林玉莲,胡正凡.环境心理学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001,(12)：66-67.
[44]Anne Chin, Melinda D. Daniels, Michael A. Urban, Herve'Pie'gay, Kenneth J. Gregory, Wendy Bigler, Anya Z. Butt, Judith L. Grable, Stanley V. Gregory, Martin Lafrenz, Laura R. Laurencio, Ellen Wohl. Perceptions of Wood in Rivers and Challenges for Stream Restoration in the United States [J]. Environmental Management,2008, (1): 365.
[45]马向真.道德态度及其转变[J].学术研究,2007,(8):43-46.
[46]Judith I. M. de Groot, Linda Steg. Value Orientations to Explain Beliefs Related to Environmental Significant Behavior:How to Measure Egoistic, Altruistic and Biospheric Value Orientations [J]. Environment and Behavior,2008, (1):333.
[47]刘辉.环境友好行为：基于分类基础上的几点思考[J].黑河学刊,2005,(4)：123.
[48]Jaime Berenguer. The Effect of Empathy in Proenvironmental Attitudes and Behaviors[J]. Environment and Behavior,2007, (3):269-283.
[49]Gary W. Evans, Gernot Brauchle, Aliya Haq, Rachel Stecker, Kimberly Wong, Elan Shapiro. Young Children's Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors[J]. Environment and Behavior,2007, (9):321.
[50]David Scott, Fern K. Willits. Environmental Attitudes and Behavior A Pennsylvania Survey[J]. Environment and Behavior,1994, (5):127.
[51]Wouter Poortinga. Perception of the environment, physical activity and obesity[J]. Social Science and Medicine,2006, (8):281.
[2]余谋昌.环境意识与可持续发展[J].迎接实际的挑战——环境与发展论文集[C].国家环境保护局,编.北京：中国环境科学出版社,1996：123.
[3]杨朝飞.环境保护与环境文化[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1994：271.
[4]于永斌.论21世纪如何提高公民的环境意识[J].河北科技师范学院学报(社会科学版),2006,5(4)：125.
[5]陈振发.试论环境意识及其对环保工作的影响和促进[J].四川环境,2006,25(3)：123.
[6]吕君,刘丽梅.环境意识的内涵及其作用[J].天地人文,2003,(12)：139.
[7]易先良.论环境意识主体层次与环境训导顺序[J].中国环境科学,1993,(5)：54-57.
[8]李如忠,刘咏,孙世群.公众环境意识调查及评价分析[J].合肥工业大学学报,2003,(4)：24-25.
[9]周燕荣,王润华,田考聪,易静,田小兵,杨倬.重庆市主城区及近郊居民环境意识状况分析[J].重庆环境科学,2002,(01)：34-37.
[10]张海清,刘钢,吴剑红,黎敏聪,吴凯明.番禺市民环境意识调查与评价研究[J].环境技术,2001,(3)：51-56.
[11][美]雷切尔·卡逊著.寂静的春天[M].吕瑞兰、李长生,译.长春：吉林人民出版社,1997：252.
[12]王民.环境意识及测评方法研究[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1999：120-124.
[13]黄建新.实现公众环境意识升华的理性思考[J].福建农林大学学报,2003,(3)：34-35.
[14]John Gelissen. Explaining Popular Support for Environmental Protection A Multilevel Analysis of 50 Nations [J]. Environment and Behavior,2007, (3):342-254.
[15]Taciano L. Milfont, John Duckitt, Linda D. Cameron. A Cross-Cultural Study of Environmental Motive Concerns and Their Implications for Proenvironmental Behavior [J].Environment and Behavior,2006, (6):23-29.
[16]陈金发,侯明明.中国公众环境意识提高的若干建议[J].云南环境科学,2003,22(1)：30-31.
[17]马英春,王进.论环境意识与环境教育[J].北方环境,1999,(3)：28-29.
[18]李宁宁.环保意识与环保行为[J].学海,2001,(1)：121.
[19]钟毅平,谭千保,张英.大学生环境意识与环境行为的调查研究[J].心理科学,2003,26(3)：542-544.
[20]王民.中国中小学环境知识、态度和预期行为关系研究[J].环境教育,2002,(12)：45.
[21]李林.态度与行为关系的预测因素考察[J].闽江学院学报,2006,27(1)：118.
[22]武春友,孙岩.环境态度与环境行为及其关系研究的进展[J].预测,2006,(4)：60.
[23]张春兴.现代心理学[M].上海：上海人民出版社,1994：116.
[24]闫整.广场空间与环境知觉[J].山东建筑工程学院学报,2000,15(2)：31.
[25]张学珉.环境心理学与当代环境保护[J].环境论坛,2005,(5)：40.
[26]王征.析居住区院落空间设计与环境知觉[J].福建建筑,2001,(1)：16.
[27]王永惠.关于知觉的间接性[J].渭南师专学报(社会科学版),1997,(2):23-26.
[28]张福英.规范人类行为改变环保态度[J].龙岩学院学报,2007,25(4)：139.
[29]邓辉.旅游偏爱及其形成分析[J].理论与实践,2005,(1)：66.
[30]李善岳.行政态度——指导行政活动的定向器[J].江西行政学院学报,1999,(1)：2-3.
[31]武春友,孙岩.环境态度与环境行为及其关系研究的进展[J].预测,2006,(4)：62.
[32]李春平.关于人海关系的研究[J].江西行政学院学报,2004,(11)：137.
[33]纪佳祺,陈冠位,李永展.七股地区湿地保育之环境认知与环境态度[J].2005,(8)：333.
[34]孙岩.居民环境行为及其影响因素研究[D].2006：20.
[35]张兴莲,郭友,倪佳.中学生环境行为调查报告[J].首都师范大学学报,2004,25(12)：100.
[36]王芳.理性的困境：转型期环境问题的社会根源探析——环境行为的一种视角[J].华东理工大学学报,2007,(1)：6.
[37]武春友,孙岩.环境态度与环境行为及其关系研究的进展[J].预测,2006,(4)：62.
[38]孙岩.居民环境行为及其影响因素研究[D].2006：24.
[39]奥尔多·利奥波德.沙乡年鉴[M].侯文惠,译.长春：吉林人民出版社,1997：77-78.
[40]雷毅.深层生态学思想研究[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2001,(7)：34.
[41]罗尔斯顿.哲学走向荒野[M].刘耳、叶平,译.吉林：吉林人民出版社,2000：5.
[42]杨通进.环境伦理学的基本理念[J].道德与文明,2000,(1)：56-57.
[43]林玉莲,胡正凡.环境心理学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001,(12)：66-67.
[44]Anne Chin, Melinda D. Daniels, Michael A. Urban, Herve'Pie'gay, Kenneth J. Gregory, Wendy Bigler, Anya Z. Butt, Judith L. Grable, Stanley V. Gregory, Martin Lafrenz, Laura R. Laurencio, Ellen Wohl. Perceptions of Wood in Rivers and Challenges for Stream Restoration in the United States [J]. Environmental Management,2008, (1): 365.
[45]马向真.道德态度及其转变[J].学术研究,2007,(8):43-46.
[46]Judith I. M. de Groot, Linda Steg. Value Orientations to Explain Beliefs Related to Environmental Significant Behavior:How to Measure Egoistic, Altruistic and Biospheric Value Orientations [J]. Environment and Behavior,2008, (1):333.
[47]刘辉.环境友好行为：基于分类基础上的几点思考[J].黑河学刊,2005,(4)：123.
[48]Jaime Berenguer. The Effect of Empathy in Proenvironmental Attitudes and Behaviors[J]. Environment and Behavior,2007, (3):269-283.
[49]Gary W. Evans, Gernot Brauchle, Aliya Haq, Rachel Stecker, Kimberly Wong, Elan Shapiro. Young Children's Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors[J]. Environment and Behavior,2007, (9):321.
[50]David Scott, Fern K. Willits. Environmental Attitudes and Behavior A Pennsylvania Survey[J]. Environment and Behavior,1994, (5):127.
[51]Wouter Poortinga. Perception of the environment, physical activity and obesity[J]. Social Science and Medicine,2006, (8):281.