计算机辅助教学专家系统的研究与构建
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摘要
目前，高等院校的高级语言教学中普遍存在着学生多教师少的问题，将程序设计和程序调试的经验进行总结构建教学专家知识库，研制开发辅导学生上机的教学专家系统有助于教师及时对学生上机出现的问题进行辅导。
本文主要就如何开发该编程辅助教学专家系统给出了设计方案，并最终实施。该系统采用产生式知识对教学专家的领域知识进行表示。文章首先分析了国内外专家系统的基本原理和开发方法，重点对知识库的构建、推理机制进行了探讨。其次，针对高级语言教学，本文设计了教学专家系统知识库和推理机，并从逻辑结构和物理结构两个层次详细讨论了该系统的知识库，分析了知识的管理策略；在以往存在的正向推理和反向推理的推理决策基础上，由于实际学生编程出现的问题动态复杂，教学专家知识不能精确定位所有问题，设计了模糊推理方法，详细描述了推理算法。最后，按照软件工程理论，本文对该编程辅助教学专家系统进行了总体设计、详细设计，并最终编码实现了该系统，进一步验证了文中提出的推理算法和知识库构建策略。
系统能够将从教学专家处获取的领域知识用智能编辑程序的方式输入知识库以及方便的整理规则知识，对用户提供友好的界面。系统运行良好，能够针对高级语言初学者程序中出现的大部分错误，经过推理分析，指示并提出改正方法。
At the present, the number of students is much greater than the number of teachers in teaching high language in many colleges. So the students cannot be directed effectively. It can be solved by building the knowledge database of teaching experts based on the important experiences of programming and developing the expert system for teaching associating with computer programming.
The paper introduces the design scheme how to develop the expert system for teaching associating with computer programming. The system has been realized who adopt the method of generate-based knowledge for representing the domain knowledge of teaching experts. First, the basic principle of expert system and methods of develop are introduced. The building of knowledge database and reasoning mechanism are discussed in detail. Second, aimed at the teaching of high programming language, the paper design the knowledge database of teaching experts and reasoning machine. The logic and physical architecture of knowledge database is discussed and the policy of knowledge management is analyzed. Because the variability and complication of programming, existed front-reasoning and back-reasoning can not adapt to the system effectively, the knowledge database can not solve all the anomaly problems. So the fuzzy reasoning are introduced, the reasoning algorithms are discussed in detail. Finally, the system is realized by software engineering thought general design, detail design and programming. Some algorithms and policies of building knowledge database have been confirmed.
The system can transform the domain knowledge of teaching experts into knowledge database by agent editing program and give easy method for scheming the knowledge of rules. The friendly interface is provided. The system run well and can direct the most of errors for beginner of high programming languages and give the methods of correction thought reasoning and analysis.
本文主要就如何开发该编程辅助教学专家系统给出了设计方案，并最终实施。该系统采用产生式知识对教学专家的领域知识进行表示。文章首先分析了国内外专家系统的基本原理和开发方法，重点对知识库的构建、推理机制进行了探讨。其次，针对高级语言教学，本文设计了教学专家系统知识库和推理机，并从逻辑结构和物理结构两个层次详细讨论了该系统的知识库，分析了知识的管理策略；在以往存在的正向推理和反向推理的推理决策基础上，由于实际学生编程出现的问题动态复杂，教学专家知识不能精确定位所有问题，设计了模糊推理方法，详细描述了推理算法。最后，按照软件工程理论，本文对该编程辅助教学专家系统进行了总体设计、详细设计，并最终编码实现了该系统，进一步验证了文中提出的推理算法和知识库构建策略。
系统能够将从教学专家处获取的领域知识用智能编辑程序的方式输入知识库以及方便的整理规则知识，对用户提供友好的界面。系统运行良好，能够针对高级语言初学者程序中出现的大部分错误，经过推理分析，指示并提出改正方法。
At the present, the number of students is much greater than the number of teachers in teaching high language in many colleges. So the students cannot be directed effectively. It can be solved by building the knowledge database of teaching experts based on the important experiences of programming and developing the expert system for teaching associating with computer programming.
The paper introduces the design scheme how to develop the expert system for teaching associating with computer programming. The system has been realized who adopt the method of generate-based knowledge for representing the domain knowledge of teaching experts. First, the basic principle of expert system and methods of develop are introduced. The building of knowledge database and reasoning mechanism are discussed in detail. Second, aimed at the teaching of high programming language, the paper design the knowledge database of teaching experts and reasoning machine. The logic and physical architecture of knowledge database is discussed and the policy of knowledge management is analyzed. Because the variability and complication of programming, existed front-reasoning and back-reasoning can not adapt to the system effectively, the knowledge database can not solve all the anomaly problems. So the fuzzy reasoning are introduced, the reasoning algorithms are discussed in detail. Finally, the system is realized by software engineering thought general design, detail design and programming. Some algorithms and policies of building knowledge database have been confirmed.
The system can transform the domain knowledge of teaching experts into knowledge database by agent editing program and give easy method for scheming the knowledge of rules. The friendly interface is provided. The system run well and can direct the most of errors for beginner of high programming languages and give the methods of correction thought reasoning and analysis.
引文
[1] 蔡自兴，徐光佑．人工智能及其应用．北京：清华大学出版社，1997．7～9．
[2] 王树林，袁志宏．专家系统设计原理．北京：科学出版社，1991．23～25．
[3] 王雨田，吴炳荣．归纳逻辑与人工智能．北京：中国纺织大学出版社，1995．51～58．
[4] 吴信东．专家系统设计．合肥：中国科技大学出版社，1990．39～44．
[5] 林晓京等．专家系统原理与实践．北京：清华大学出版社，1994．67～73．
[6] 刘有才，刘增良．模糊专家系统原理与设计．北京：航空航天大学出版社，1995．56～61．
[7] 王晓地，李克东．基于教学设计的教学专家系统．华南师范大学学报．1997(3)：78～85．
[8] 张京．计算机辅助教学专家系统的构建探索．2001(4)：49～53．
[9] Vannatta, R. A. andBeyerbach, B. Facilitating. a Construct tivistvision of Technology Integration among Education Faculty and Preservice Teacher. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 2000, 33(2) : 39～41.
[10] Cai Zixing, Tang Shaoxian. A Multirobotic Planning Based on Expert System. High Technology Letters, 1995, 1(1): 76～81.
[11] Bezdek J C. On the Relationship between Neural Networks, Pattern Recognition and Intelligence. The Int J of Approximate Reasoning, 1996, 6(2): 85～107.
[12] 何新贵．知识处理与专家系统．北京：国防工业出版社，1990．89～93．
[13] 黄东军，陈松乔等．基于动态web的网上专家系统的构造与实现方法．计算机工程与应用，2000(9)：65～68．
[14] Fu K S. Learning Control Systems and Intelligent Control Systems: A Intersection of Artificial Intelligence and Automatic Control. IEEE Trans, 1991, AC-16(1): 70～72.
[15] Z. Illyefalvi-Vitez, P. Nemeth, J. Pinkola, G. Ripka, and M. Ruszinko. Virtual Laboratory Support for Microelectronics Packaging Education. Electronic Components and Technology Conference, 1999, pp. 168～173.
[16] 王钰，袁小红等．关于知识表示的讨论．计算机学报，1995(3)：212～225．
[17] 施伯乐，郭德培，朱扬勇等．Client/Server知识库系统KBASE—P．软件学报，1997(6)：251～256．
[18] N. Dewey. Analysis and Design Digital System with Experts System. PWS Publishing Company, 1997. 161～167.
[19] 姚成焕．故障诊断专家系统的设计几个问题．计算机工程与应用，1999．19(2)：63～66．
[20] 郭茂祖，孙华梅，王梯云．专家系统中知识库组织与维护技术的研究．高技术通讯，2002(2)：58～61．
[21] 阳建雄．远程教学系统中微机原理及接口技术实验课件的设计与实现．广西科学院学报，2000．11，16(4)：21～24．
[22] 李骊，王海云，张纪成．多媒体《微机原理及应用》辅助教学软件设计探讨，2000．6，20(2)：39～45．
[23] 杨刚成，娄臻亮，张永清．从关系数据库中获取专家系统规则．计算机应用研究，2002(7)．91～97．
[24] 曹文君．知识库系统原理及其应用．上海：复旦大学出版社，1995．23～35．
[25] 张全寿．专家系统建造原理及方法．北京：中国铁道出版社，1992．77～81．
[26] TPHong, Learning Coverage Set of Maximally General Fuzzy Rules by Rough Sets, Expert Systems with Applications, 2000, 19:97～103.
[27] Ching Hung Wang, Integrating Membership Functions and Fuzzy Rule Sets from Multiple Knowledge Sources, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 2000, 112:141～154.
[28] E. K. Tam, C. Maurel, P. Desbiens, R. J. Marceau, A. S. Malowany and L. Granger. A Low-Cost PC-Oriented Virtual Environment for Operator Training. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 13, No. 3, Aug 1998, pp. 829～835.
[29] E. K. Tam, F. Badra, R J. Marceau, M. A. Marin and A. S. Malowany. A Web-Based Virtual Environment for Operator Training. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 3, Aug 1999, pp. 802～808.
[30] C. C. Chu, T. H. Dani and R. Gadh. Evaluation of Virtual Reality Interface for Product Shape Designs. IIE Transactions, Vol. 30, No. 7, July 1998, pp. 629～643.
[31] Deanna Taineri, Virual laboratories enhance traditional
undergraduate biology laboratories, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology education 2001(29) 160～162.
[32] S. J. Weghorst and T. A. Furness. Special Issue on Virtual Environment Interaction. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Vol. 10, No. 1, Feb 1999, pp. 1～2.
[33] Ferrero and V. Piuri. A Simulation Tool for Virtual Laboratory Experiments in a WWW Environment. IEEE Transactions. on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 48, No. 3, Jun 1999, pp. 741～746.
[34] G. Riva. From Technology to Communication: Psycho-social Issues in Developing Virtual Environments. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Vol. 10, No. 1, Feb 1999, pp. 87～97.
[35] 张泉，程函生．面向对象分析和设计领域的统一建模语言UML．计算机工程，1998(10)：87～91．
[36] Aaron Walsh，Justin Couch，Daniel H．steinberg．Java2 bible．电子工业出版社，2001．401～407．
[37] Chad Darby，John Griffin，Pascal de Haan．Beginning Java Networking．电子工业出版社，2002．364～369．
[38] 万江平，严明，杨建梅．用Java语言开发专家系统．计算机应用研究，2000(5)：66～69．
[39] 杨路明，阳志梅．一种计算机辅助教学专家系统的构建．微机发展，2004(2)：41～44．
[40] 伍光胜等．多线程技术及其应用的研究．计算机应用研究，2001，1：33～36．
[41] 孙立峰等．虚拟实景空间实时漫游的缓存与调度策略．小型微型计算机系统，2000，21(3)： 348～241．
[42] 刘培玉，刘法胜，张家重．面向对象系统分析方法的研究．计算机系统应用，1997(3)：68～72．
[43] Kate Gregory．Visual C++6开发使用手册．北京：机械工业出版社，1999．255～264．
[44] Bruce Eckel．Java编程思想．北京：机械工业出版社，1999．4．287～293．
[45] Sartaj Sahni. Data Structures, Algorithms, and Applications in C++. McGraw-Hill. 2001.
[46] Francesco, Balena. Programming microsot visual basic 6. 0. 北京:
机械工业出版社，2000．145～146．
[47] Guy Eddon，Henry Eddon．Programming components with micosoft visum Basic 6. 0．北京：希望电脑出版社，2001．253～261．
[48] 王军，游江，吕普轶．基于ActiveX技术的数据测控系统．应用科技，2002，29(9)：69～70．
[49] Wooldridge MJ, Jennings NR. Intelligent Agent: theory and practice. Knowledge Engineering Review, 1995, 10(2): 145～152.
[50] Yang Bingru. FIM and CASE for evaluation of hazard level based on fuzzy language field. Fuzzy Sets and Systems. North Holland, 1998, 95(1):83～89.
[2] 王树林，袁志宏．专家系统设计原理．北京：科学出版社，1991．23～25．
[3] 王雨田，吴炳荣．归纳逻辑与人工智能．北京：中国纺织大学出版社，1995．51～58．
[4] 吴信东．专家系统设计．合肥：中国科技大学出版社，1990．39～44．
[5] 林晓京等．专家系统原理与实践．北京：清华大学出版社，1994．67～73．
[6] 刘有才，刘增良．模糊专家系统原理与设计．北京：航空航天大学出版社，1995．56～61．
[7] 王晓地，李克东．基于教学设计的教学专家系统．华南师范大学学报．1997(3)：78～85．
[8] 张京．计算机辅助教学专家系统的构建探索．2001(4)：49～53．
[9] Vannatta, R. A. andBeyerbach, B. Facilitating. a Construct tivistvision of Technology Integration among Education Faculty and Preservice Teacher. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 2000, 33(2) : 39～41.
[10] Cai Zixing, Tang Shaoxian. A Multirobotic Planning Based on Expert System. High Technology Letters, 1995, 1(1): 76～81.
[11] Bezdek J C. On the Relationship between Neural Networks, Pattern Recognition and Intelligence. The Int J of Approximate Reasoning, 1996, 6(2): 85～107.
[12] 何新贵．知识处理与专家系统．北京：国防工业出版社，1990．89～93．
[13] 黄东军，陈松乔等．基于动态web的网上专家系统的构造与实现方法．计算机工程与应用，2000(9)：65～68．
[14] Fu K S. Learning Control Systems and Intelligent Control Systems: A Intersection of Artificial Intelligence and Automatic Control. IEEE Trans, 1991, AC-16(1): 70～72.
[15] Z. Illyefalvi-Vitez, P. Nemeth, J. Pinkola, G. Ripka, and M. Ruszinko. Virtual Laboratory Support for Microelectronics Packaging Education. Electronic Components and Technology Conference, 1999, pp. 168～173.
[16] 王钰，袁小红等．关于知识表示的讨论．计算机学报，1995(3)：212～225．
[17] 施伯乐，郭德培，朱扬勇等．Client/Server知识库系统KBASE—P．软件学报，1997(6)：251～256．
[18] N. Dewey. Analysis and Design Digital System with Experts System. PWS Publishing Company, 1997. 161～167.
[19] 姚成焕．故障诊断专家系统的设计几个问题．计算机工程与应用，1999．19(2)：63～66．
[20] 郭茂祖，孙华梅，王梯云．专家系统中知识库组织与维护技术的研究．高技术通讯，2002(2)：58～61．
[21] 阳建雄．远程教学系统中微机原理及接口技术实验课件的设计与实现．广西科学院学报，2000．11，16(4)：21～24．
[22] 李骊，王海云，张纪成．多媒体《微机原理及应用》辅助教学软件设计探讨，2000．6，20(2)：39～45．
[23] 杨刚成，娄臻亮，张永清．从关系数据库中获取专家系统规则．计算机应用研究，2002(7)．91～97．
[24] 曹文君．知识库系统原理及其应用．上海：复旦大学出版社，1995．23～35．
[25] 张全寿．专家系统建造原理及方法．北京：中国铁道出版社，1992．77～81．
[26] TPHong, Learning Coverage Set of Maximally General Fuzzy Rules by Rough Sets, Expert Systems with Applications, 2000, 19:97～103.
[27] Ching Hung Wang, Integrating Membership Functions and Fuzzy Rule Sets from Multiple Knowledge Sources, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 2000, 112:141～154.
[28] E. K. Tam, C. Maurel, P. Desbiens, R. J. Marceau, A. S. Malowany and L. Granger. A Low-Cost PC-Oriented Virtual Environment for Operator Training. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 13, No. 3, Aug 1998, pp. 829～835.
[29] E. K. Tam, F. Badra, R J. Marceau, M. A. Marin and A. S. Malowany. A Web-Based Virtual Environment for Operator Training. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 3, Aug 1999, pp. 802～808.
[30] C. C. Chu, T. H. Dani and R. Gadh. Evaluation of Virtual Reality Interface for Product Shape Designs. IIE Transactions, Vol. 30, No. 7, July 1998, pp. 629～643.
[31] Deanna Taineri, Virual laboratories enhance traditional
undergraduate biology laboratories, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology education 2001(29) 160～162.
[32] S. J. Weghorst and T. A. Furness. Special Issue on Virtual Environment Interaction. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Vol. 10, No. 1, Feb 1999, pp. 1～2.
[33] Ferrero and V. Piuri. A Simulation Tool for Virtual Laboratory Experiments in a WWW Environment. IEEE Transactions. on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 48, No. 3, Jun 1999, pp. 741～746.
[34] G. Riva. From Technology to Communication: Psycho-social Issues in Developing Virtual Environments. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Vol. 10, No. 1, Feb 1999, pp. 87～97.
[35] 张泉，程函生．面向对象分析和设计领域的统一建模语言UML．计算机工程，1998(10)：87～91．
[36] Aaron Walsh，Justin Couch，Daniel H．steinberg．Java2 bible．电子工业出版社，2001．401～407．
[37] Chad Darby，John Griffin，Pascal de Haan．Beginning Java Networking．电子工业出版社，2002．364～369．
[38] 万江平，严明，杨建梅．用Java语言开发专家系统．计算机应用研究，2000(5)：66～69．
[39] 杨路明，阳志梅．一种计算机辅助教学专家系统的构建．微机发展，2004(2)：41～44．
[40] 伍光胜等．多线程技术及其应用的研究．计算机应用研究，2001，1：33～36．
[41] 孙立峰等．虚拟实景空间实时漫游的缓存与调度策略．小型微型计算机系统，2000，21(3)： 348～241．
[42] 刘培玉，刘法胜，张家重．面向对象系统分析方法的研究．计算机系统应用，1997(3)：68～72．
[43] Kate Gregory．Visual C++6开发使用手册．北京：机械工业出版社，1999．255～264．
[44] Bruce Eckel．Java编程思想．北京：机械工业出版社，1999．4．287～293．
[45] Sartaj Sahni. Data Structures, Algorithms, and Applications in C++. McGraw-Hill. 2001.
[46] Francesco, Balena. Programming microsot visual basic 6. 0. 北京:
机械工业出版社，2000．145～146．
[47] Guy Eddon，Henry Eddon．Programming components with micosoft visum Basic 6. 0．北京：希望电脑出版社，2001．253～261．
[48] 王军，游江，吕普轶．基于ActiveX技术的数据测控系统．应用科技，2002，29(9)：69～70．
[49] Wooldridge MJ, Jennings NR. Intelligent Agent: theory and practice. Knowledge Engineering Review, 1995, 10(2): 145～152.
[50] Yang Bingru. FIM and CASE for evaluation of hazard level based on fuzzy language field. Fuzzy Sets and Systems. North Holland, 1998, 95(1):83～89.