地面覆盖和水分对温室辣椒生理特性及土壤环境的影响
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摘要
设施农业是近年来得到快速发展的高技术产业,在解决“三农”问题以及保护西部地区退耕还林还草生态环境建设成果方面发挥着重要作用。本文针对设施农业发展中存在的问题,主要研究了覆盖和水分处理对辣椒产量、生理及土壤环境的影响,探讨温室辣椒适宜的覆盖方式和灌溉水平,为温室辣椒合理覆盖方式的选择和节水灌溉提供科学依据。其主要结果如下：
1.探讨了棚室辣椒不同地表覆盖措施的水分利用效率、作物产量品质、肥料利用及土壤NO3--N、NH1+-N分布土特征,提出覆盖秸秆加塑料薄膜的棚室蔬菜栽培双元覆盖方式,有效地提高了棚室土壤可持续生产力和水分利用效率。地膜覆盖与双元覆盖处理可改善辣椒品质,覆盖尤其是双元覆盖能显著增加辣椒的产量和经济收入,提高产量水分利用效率、经济水分利用效率以及氮肥利用率。降低土壤中的速效氮、磷、钾和硝态氮含量。双元覆盖可显著降低0-20cm耕层范围土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,降低氮肥因地表径流和地下渗漏进入土壤和水体而引起土壤和水体污染的潜在风险。
2.系统研究了不同地表覆盖方式对辣椒生理生化特性的影响,提出双元覆盖具有较强的抗逆境能力,为辣椒生长创造有利条件。覆盖能增加叶片硝酸还原酶活性,秸秆覆盖与双元覆盖能增加辣椒叶片中的相对叶绿素含量,增强根系活力,增加植株高度,这是这两种覆盖处理下辣椒增产的基础。双元覆盖可显著降低脂质过氧化产物(MDA)的产生,而其保护酶POD与CET活性显著高于其它处理,这表明双元覆盖具有较强的抗逆境能力,在相同环境条件下所受的逆境胁迫小,即双元覆盖能为辣椒生长创造良好的生长条件。双元覆盖能显著提高辣椒的光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率,光系统Ⅱ最大量子产量(Fv／Fm)、光系统Ⅱ量子产量(∮PS2)、CO2量子同化效率(∮CO2)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(qN)及光系统Ⅱ光下最大量子产量Fv’／Fm’显著高于其它处理方式,可以减少夏季因地膜覆盖产生的高温问题,为作物生长创造有利的环境条件。
3.分析了前茬覆盖处理对后茬洋葱生物量、产量以及品质的影响。结果表明,覆盖处理比不覆盖能显著提高后茬洋葱产量,但是不同覆盖处理之间差异不显著；对生物量而言,前茬辣椒秸秆覆盖处理洋葱生物量最高,其次是前茬双元覆盖处理。前茬地膜覆盖可比对照显著提高洋葱中维生素C含量和可溶性糖含量,而前茬覆盖对洋葱PH值无显著影响。前茬不同处理对后茬洋葱土壤生物学特性影响差异显著,前茬秸秆覆盖和双元覆盖处理土壤呼吸CO2释放量一直高于其他处理,前茬双元覆盖处理土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性显著高于其他前茬处理,而前茬秸秆覆盖处理过氧化氢酶活性最高。
4.捉出了辣椒节水增产和改善品质以及维持土壤环境的上壤水分控制指标。当土壤相对含水量控制在70-80%时,辣椒具有最高的产量和经济收入,因而其产量水分利用效率和经济水分利用效率相对较高；辣椒果实中的维生素C、可溶性糖含量和硝酸盐含量随土壤含水量的增加而降低；电导率与pH随土壤含水量的增加而增加,但当：土壤含水量达到80-90%时达到最大值,以后含量随土壤水分的增加而降低；土壤水分过高或过低都会增加果实中的阳离子交换量。土壤水分含量对土壤pH值、电导率及速效钾含量无显著影响；土壤中的碱解氮和硝态氮含量随水分含量的增加而降低,而有机质含量则随土壤水分的增加而增加；水分过高或过低都会影响辣椒对速效磷的吸收利用。不同水分处理下,土壤呼吸强度、脲酶和蔗糖酶随土壤含水量的增加而增加,当土壤相对含水量达到80%左右时达到最大值,以后土壤呼吸强度和酶活性随土壤水分含量的增加而降低；磷酸酶活性随土壤含水量的增加而增加；而土壤过氧化氢酶活性受土壤水分含量的影响较小,各水分处理间差异不显著。当土壤含水量为80-90%时,根系活力、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度最大,辣椒叶片具有最高的水分利用效率；当土壤含水量达到田间持水量的70-90%时,叶片中硝酸盐含量最高,丙二醛和保护酶POD、CAT含量低。综合辣椒生产的增产和节水效果及辣椒营养品质、食品安全卫生品质、土壤物理化学性质、辣椒生理等各因素考虑,当土壤含水量为70-80%时是比较适宜的土壤含水量。
Facility agriculture is a high technology industry, it developmented fast in these years, and it play an important part in west China environment protect, it could resolve the "agriculture, rural area and peasant " problems and protect the environment which obtianed by reuse farmland for grass and foreasty. The article aimed at the problems appeared in facility agriculture development, researched the influence of soil mulch and soil moisture content on capsicum yields, physiology and soil environment, to find a reasonable mulch practice and a suitable irrigation water content for facility capsicum production, to supply a scientific according for capsicum planting. The main results indicated as below:
1. Discussed the capsicum water use efficiency, yields, quality and physiology characteristic, the soil nitrate-N and ammonum-N distributing characteristic, it proposaled that plastic film combined with straw mulchcould increase the water use efficiency and keep the facility soil sustainable development.Plastic film mulch and plastic film combined with straw mulch could improve the capsicum fruit quality. Mulch, especially plastic film combined with straw mulch could significantly increase the capsicum yields, water use efficiency and N-fertilizer use efficiency. Plastic film combined with straw mulch could reduce the soil nitrate-N and ammouioum-N content in the 0-20cm soil layer, decrease the latent risk of soil and water body pollution caused by soil N runoff.
2. Studied the influence of different soil mulch on the capsicum physiological-biochemical characteristic, and lie a proposal that plastic film combined with straw mulch had strong adversity-resistant ability, it could creat a suitable environment for capsicum growth. Mulch could increase the capsicum leaf nitrate reductases activity. Plastic film mulch and plastic film combined with straw mulch could increase the leaf relative chlorophyll content, root system vigor and plant height, this was the foundation which these two kinds of mulching practices increase the capsicum yields. Plastic film combined with straw mulch could reduce the MDA activity and increased the POD and CAT activity significantly. Plastic film combined with straw mulch could significantly increase the capsicum leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, Fv/Fm,∮PS2,∮CO2,, ETR, qP, qN and Fv'/Fm', creation advantageous environmental conditions for crops growth.
3. Analysised the influence of former soil mulch on the onion biomass, yields, quality and soil environment, the results showed that former mulch could significantly increase the onion yields than control,but the difference was not significant among different mulch practices. As for the biomass, the highest one was former straw mulch, and the second was former plastic film combined with straw mulch. Former plastic film mulch culd significantly increase the onion Vc and soluble sugar content, but former mulching had no significant influence to the onion pH value. Former mulch practice obviously influenced the onion soil biological characteristic. The soil respiration in the treatment of former plastic film mulch and plastic film combined with straw mulch were higher than the other treatments, plastic film combined with straw mulch could significantly increase the soil urease activity, phosphatase activity and catalase activity, and former straw mulch could increase the soil invertase activity.
4. To lie a soil moisture content proposal which to improve capsicum quality, increase yields and keep on the soil environmnt. The capsicum has highest yields and income when the soil relative moisture content at 70-80%, so that it had high yields water use efficiency and economic water use efficiency. The capsicum fruit Vc, soluble sugar and nitrate-N content decreased with the soil moisture content increasing, but the electrical conductivity and pH increased with the soil moisture content increaseing. The soil pH, electrical conductivity and available-K content were not significantly influenced by the soil moisture content. The soil available-N and nitrate-N content decreased with the soil moisture content increaseing, but soil organic matter content and phosphatase activity increased with the soil moisture content increaseing. soil respiration, soil urease activity and invertase activity increased with the soil moisture content increasing, but reached the higest activity when the soil relative moisture content at 80%. The catalase activity was not influenced by the soil moisture content. The root vigor, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency were highest when the soil moisture content at 80-90%. The capsicum leaf nitrate-N content, MDA, POD, and CAT activity were highest when the soil moisture content at 70-90%. Comprehensive considered capsicum yields, water use efficiency, fruit nutrition quality, food safety and health quality, soil physical and chemical characteristic, capsicum physiology and various factors,70-80% soil moisture content were the suitable soil moisture content for capsicum growth.
1.探讨了棚室辣椒不同地表覆盖措施的水分利用效率、作物产量品质、肥料利用及土壤NO3--N、NH1+-N分布土特征,提出覆盖秸秆加塑料薄膜的棚室蔬菜栽培双元覆盖方式,有效地提高了棚室土壤可持续生产力和水分利用效率。地膜覆盖与双元覆盖处理可改善辣椒品质,覆盖尤其是双元覆盖能显著增加辣椒的产量和经济收入,提高产量水分利用效率、经济水分利用效率以及氮肥利用率。降低土壤中的速效氮、磷、钾和硝态氮含量。双元覆盖可显著降低0-20cm耕层范围土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,降低氮肥因地表径流和地下渗漏进入土壤和水体而引起土壤和水体污染的潜在风险。
2.系统研究了不同地表覆盖方式对辣椒生理生化特性的影响,提出双元覆盖具有较强的抗逆境能力,为辣椒生长创造有利条件。覆盖能增加叶片硝酸还原酶活性,秸秆覆盖与双元覆盖能增加辣椒叶片中的相对叶绿素含量,增强根系活力,增加植株高度,这是这两种覆盖处理下辣椒增产的基础。双元覆盖可显著降低脂质过氧化产物(MDA)的产生,而其保护酶POD与CET活性显著高于其它处理,这表明双元覆盖具有较强的抗逆境能力,在相同环境条件下所受的逆境胁迫小,即双元覆盖能为辣椒生长创造良好的生长条件。双元覆盖能显著提高辣椒的光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率,光系统Ⅱ最大量子产量(Fv／Fm)、光系统Ⅱ量子产量(∮PS2)、CO2量子同化效率(∮CO2)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(qN)及光系统Ⅱ光下最大量子产量Fv’／Fm’显著高于其它处理方式,可以减少夏季因地膜覆盖产生的高温问题,为作物生长创造有利的环境条件。
3.分析了前茬覆盖处理对后茬洋葱生物量、产量以及品质的影响。结果表明,覆盖处理比不覆盖能显著提高后茬洋葱产量,但是不同覆盖处理之间差异不显著；对生物量而言,前茬辣椒秸秆覆盖处理洋葱生物量最高,其次是前茬双元覆盖处理。前茬地膜覆盖可比对照显著提高洋葱中维生素C含量和可溶性糖含量,而前茬覆盖对洋葱PH值无显著影响。前茬不同处理对后茬洋葱土壤生物学特性影响差异显著,前茬秸秆覆盖和双元覆盖处理土壤呼吸CO2释放量一直高于其他处理,前茬双元覆盖处理土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性显著高于其他前茬处理,而前茬秸秆覆盖处理过氧化氢酶活性最高。
4.捉出了辣椒节水增产和改善品质以及维持土壤环境的上壤水分控制指标。当土壤相对含水量控制在70-80%时,辣椒具有最高的产量和经济收入,因而其产量水分利用效率和经济水分利用效率相对较高；辣椒果实中的维生素C、可溶性糖含量和硝酸盐含量随土壤含水量的增加而降低；电导率与pH随土壤含水量的增加而增加,但当：土壤含水量达到80-90%时达到最大值,以后含量随土壤水分的增加而降低；土壤水分过高或过低都会增加果实中的阳离子交换量。土壤水分含量对土壤pH值、电导率及速效钾含量无显著影响；土壤中的碱解氮和硝态氮含量随水分含量的增加而降低,而有机质含量则随土壤水分的增加而增加；水分过高或过低都会影响辣椒对速效磷的吸收利用。不同水分处理下,土壤呼吸强度、脲酶和蔗糖酶随土壤含水量的增加而增加,当土壤相对含水量达到80%左右时达到最大值,以后土壤呼吸强度和酶活性随土壤水分含量的增加而降低；磷酸酶活性随土壤含水量的增加而增加；而土壤过氧化氢酶活性受土壤水分含量的影响较小,各水分处理间差异不显著。当土壤含水量为80-90%时,根系活力、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度最大,辣椒叶片具有最高的水分利用效率；当土壤含水量达到田间持水量的70-90%时,叶片中硝酸盐含量最高,丙二醛和保护酶POD、CAT含量低。综合辣椒生产的增产和节水效果及辣椒营养品质、食品安全卫生品质、土壤物理化学性质、辣椒生理等各因素考虑,当土壤含水量为70-80%时是比较适宜的土壤含水量。
Facility agriculture is a high technology industry, it developmented fast in these years, and it play an important part in west China environment protect, it could resolve the "agriculture, rural area and peasant " problems and protect the environment which obtianed by reuse farmland for grass and foreasty. The article aimed at the problems appeared in facility agriculture development, researched the influence of soil mulch and soil moisture content on capsicum yields, physiology and soil environment, to find a reasonable mulch practice and a suitable irrigation water content for facility capsicum production, to supply a scientific according for capsicum planting. The main results indicated as below:
1. Discussed the capsicum water use efficiency, yields, quality and physiology characteristic, the soil nitrate-N and ammonum-N distributing characteristic, it proposaled that plastic film combined with straw mulchcould increase the water use efficiency and keep the facility soil sustainable development.Plastic film mulch and plastic film combined with straw mulch could improve the capsicum fruit quality. Mulch, especially plastic film combined with straw mulch could significantly increase the capsicum yields, water use efficiency and N-fertilizer use efficiency. Plastic film combined with straw mulch could reduce the soil nitrate-N and ammouioum-N content in the 0-20cm soil layer, decrease the latent risk of soil and water body pollution caused by soil N runoff.
2. Studied the influence of different soil mulch on the capsicum physiological-biochemical characteristic, and lie a proposal that plastic film combined with straw mulch had strong adversity-resistant ability, it could creat a suitable environment for capsicum growth. Mulch could increase the capsicum leaf nitrate reductases activity. Plastic film mulch and plastic film combined with straw mulch could increase the leaf relative chlorophyll content, root system vigor and plant height, this was the foundation which these two kinds of mulching practices increase the capsicum yields. Plastic film combined with straw mulch could reduce the MDA activity and increased the POD and CAT activity significantly. Plastic film combined with straw mulch could significantly increase the capsicum leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, Fv/Fm,∮PS2,∮CO2,, ETR, qP, qN and Fv'/Fm', creation advantageous environmental conditions for crops growth.
3. Analysised the influence of former soil mulch on the onion biomass, yields, quality and soil environment, the results showed that former mulch could significantly increase the onion yields than control,but the difference was not significant among different mulch practices. As for the biomass, the highest one was former straw mulch, and the second was former plastic film combined with straw mulch. Former plastic film mulch culd significantly increase the onion Vc and soluble sugar content, but former mulching had no significant influence to the onion pH value. Former mulch practice obviously influenced the onion soil biological characteristic. The soil respiration in the treatment of former plastic film mulch and plastic film combined with straw mulch were higher than the other treatments, plastic film combined with straw mulch could significantly increase the soil urease activity, phosphatase activity and catalase activity, and former straw mulch could increase the soil invertase activity.
4. To lie a soil moisture content proposal which to improve capsicum quality, increase yields and keep on the soil environmnt. The capsicum has highest yields and income when the soil relative moisture content at 70-80%, so that it had high yields water use efficiency and economic water use efficiency. The capsicum fruit Vc, soluble sugar and nitrate-N content decreased with the soil moisture content increasing, but the electrical conductivity and pH increased with the soil moisture content increaseing. The soil pH, electrical conductivity and available-K content were not significantly influenced by the soil moisture content. The soil available-N and nitrate-N content decreased with the soil moisture content increaseing, but soil organic matter content and phosphatase activity increased with the soil moisture content increaseing. soil respiration, soil urease activity and invertase activity increased with the soil moisture content increasing, but reached the higest activity when the soil relative moisture content at 80%. The catalase activity was not influenced by the soil moisture content. The root vigor, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency were highest when the soil moisture content at 80-90%. The capsicum leaf nitrate-N content, MDA, POD, and CAT activity were highest when the soil moisture content at 70-90%. Comprehensive considered capsicum yields, water use efficiency, fruit nutrition quality, food safety and health quality, soil physical and chemical characteristic, capsicum physiology and various factors,70-80% soil moisture content were the suitable soil moisture content for capsicum growth.
引文
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