覆盖、生草对福建葡萄园微生态和葡萄产量品质的影响
|
摘要
为了筛选出南方葡萄栽培适宜的土壤耕作方式，以藤稔葡萄为试验材料，设计6种土壤耕作方式：种植紫花苜蓿(生草)，覆盖黑色地膜(黑膜)，覆盖透明地膜(透明膜)，覆盖反光地膜(反光膜)，覆盖稻草(稻草)，清耕(CK)。对6个处理的生态因子、土壤和植株养分、葡萄生长发育、果实品质以及果园经济效益进行测定分析，试验结果表明：
1．覆盖稻草田间气温最低、湿度最大；覆膜处理正午之后气温高于其它处理，温湿度日变化幅度大。
2．地表和近地表的温度日变化呈“单峰”曲线；覆盖透明膜和黑膜处理土温比清耕高4～8℃，覆盖透明膜增温效应最高；黑膜和生草处理土壤增温时效最长；生草和反光膜处理具有明显的低温时增温、保温，高温时降温的效应；稻草处理高温时降温效应最明显。
3．土壤含水量高峰值出现在20～30cm土层；果实不同发育时期表现有差异，花期土壤湿度以覆盖稻草最大，果实成熟期清耕土壤含水量最大；黑膜和生草处理土壤湿度都比较小。
4．覆盖、生草对土壤中的N、C、有机质、有效P、有效K、有效Zn、有效B都有促进转化的效果，但是土壤中全K和Fe元素以清耕处理含量最高，全P和交换性MG~(2+)含量各处理间差别不大。
5．生草和覆盖黑膜、稻草处理的葡萄叶片发育明显优于清耕和覆盖反光膜处理。
6．生草处理果实成熟期较清耕提前5d；黑膜处理花期比其它处理提早1～2d，但果实成熟期较清耕推迟4d。
7．覆盖处理浅土层根系较多，生草处理根系分布较深；整体稻草处理葡萄根系活力大。
8．稻草处理植株光合作用没有“午休”现象，Pn以稻草和黑膜处理较大，但上午时生草处理的Pn最大；覆膜处理叶片胞间CO_2浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率较大。
9．生草处理叶柄C、P、Mn、Fe含量最高，N、Ca含量以黑膜处理最高，稻草处理植株叶柄矿质元素含量都较高。
10．稻草处理对果穗和单果重促进作用最明显，覆盖处理果实品质较好，总体以黑膜处理最好，稻草处理次之；生草处理果实较小但果实籽数也最少，其它指标较清耕高；清耕大部份果实品质指标最低。
11．覆膜处理果实发病率下降，而生草和稻草处理发病率较清耕高，其中黑膜处理发病率显著低于清耕。
12．地面覆盖使葡萄品质、产量、效益提高，以黑膜处理效果最佳，稻草处理次之。
本研究得出覆盖黑膜处理是南方葡萄栽培最适宜的土壤耕作方式，覆盖稻草处理次之；而种植苜蓿的土壤管理不适合南方葡萄生产。
For the purpose of selecting suitable ways of soil tillage for the culture of grapes in southern part of China, Fujiminori Grape was used as the experimental material and six different kinds of soil tillage methods were designed, which included planting alfalfa (sward), mulching black thin film (black film)) mulching transparent thin film (transparent film), mulching reflection thin film (reflection film), mulching straw (straw), clean tillage (CK).The ecological factors, soil and plant nutrients, growth and development of grapes, fruit quality and the economic benefits of the grape orchard under these six treatments were determined and analyzed. The results were as follows:
1. The lowest field temperature and the highest humidity were obtained under straw mulching treatment while thin film treatment had comparatively higher temperature than other treatments after mid-noon time, with a broad daily variation scope of temperature and humidity.
2. The curve for the daily variation of temperature on or near the field surface showed "unimodal". The soil temperature under transparent film or black film mulching treatment were 4-8℃higher than clean tillage treatment. Transparent film mulching treatment showed the best wanning effectiveness while black film mulching and sward treatment got the longest warming period. Sward and reflective mulching treatment had a significant warming and keeping temperature effect at low temperature, it can decrease effect at high temperature. The effect of the a decrease in temperature of straw at high temperature was the most obvious.
3. The peak value for the soil moisture content appeared in 20-30 cm of the soil surface. During the flowering stage the highest soil moisture content occurred under straw treatment. At the fruit ripening stage, clean tillage had the largest soil water content, followed by black film mulching and straw treatment in turn.
4. Sward and mulching treatment had promotion and transformation effects on soil N , C, organic matters, available P, K, Zn and B, while the soil under clean tillage had the most entire K and Fe, There was no significant difference between different treatments on entire P and exchangeable Mg~(2+) content.
5. The leaf development of grapes under sword and mulching treatments was superior to that under clean tillage and reflective film mulching treatment.
6. The fully ripening stage of grape under sward treatment was 5 days earlier than that under clean tillage. The black film mulching treatment made flowering stage about 1-2 days earlier than other treatments, but the fully ripening stage was 4 days later than that under clean tillage.
7. The number of root in the surface layer under mulching was the most, while a comparatively larger quantity of root was found in the deep layer under sword treatment. On the whole, the highest root activity appeared under straw treatment.
8. No"noon break" occurred in the diurnal variation of photosynthesis under straw treatment. In the morning the highest photosynthesis velosity occurred under sward treatment but the whole photosynthesis was higher than other treatments under straw and black film treatment.The intercellular CO_2 density, stomatal condactance and transpiration rate under film mulching treatment were the highest.
9. The contents of plant nutritive elements as C, P, Mn, Fe under sward treatment were the highest while black film mulching treatment had the highest N, Ca contents. The content of all these plant nutritive elements under straw treatment were comparatively higher.
10. Straw treatment had an apparently promotion function on the cluster and weight per fruit of grape.Surface mulching treatment could improve the fruit quality with best effect in black film treatment, followed by straw treatment. The fruit was smaller and the number of seeds was the least under sward treatment but the other quality indexes were better than clean tillage. The quality index of most fruits under dean tillage was the lowest.
11. The fruit disease incidence rate was dropped under film mulching treatment while the sward and straw treatment got higher rate than dean tillage. Among these, black film mulching treatment showed the lowest disease incidence rate obviously.
12. Surface mulching treatment could improve the fruit quality,yield of grapes and thus enhance the profits in grape prodcution with the best effect in black film treatment , followed by straw treatment.
Above all, the results of this experiment were showed that surface mulching black film treatment was the best ways of soil tillage for the culture of grapes in southern part of China, and straw treatment turned second while alfalfa planting management was not suitable for the production of grapes in southern part of China.
1．覆盖稻草田间气温最低、湿度最大；覆膜处理正午之后气温高于其它处理，温湿度日变化幅度大。
2．地表和近地表的温度日变化呈“单峰”曲线；覆盖透明膜和黑膜处理土温比清耕高4～8℃，覆盖透明膜增温效应最高；黑膜和生草处理土壤增温时效最长；生草和反光膜处理具有明显的低温时增温、保温，高温时降温的效应；稻草处理高温时降温效应最明显。
3．土壤含水量高峰值出现在20～30cm土层；果实不同发育时期表现有差异，花期土壤湿度以覆盖稻草最大，果实成熟期清耕土壤含水量最大；黑膜和生草处理土壤湿度都比较小。
4．覆盖、生草对土壤中的N、C、有机质、有效P、有效K、有效Zn、有效B都有促进转化的效果，但是土壤中全K和Fe元素以清耕处理含量最高，全P和交换性MG~(2+)含量各处理间差别不大。
5．生草和覆盖黑膜、稻草处理的葡萄叶片发育明显优于清耕和覆盖反光膜处理。
6．生草处理果实成熟期较清耕提前5d；黑膜处理花期比其它处理提早1～2d，但果实成熟期较清耕推迟4d。
7．覆盖处理浅土层根系较多，生草处理根系分布较深；整体稻草处理葡萄根系活力大。
8．稻草处理植株光合作用没有“午休”现象，Pn以稻草和黑膜处理较大，但上午时生草处理的Pn最大；覆膜处理叶片胞间CO_2浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率较大。
9．生草处理叶柄C、P、Mn、Fe含量最高，N、Ca含量以黑膜处理最高，稻草处理植株叶柄矿质元素含量都较高。
10．稻草处理对果穗和单果重促进作用最明显，覆盖处理果实品质较好，总体以黑膜处理最好，稻草处理次之；生草处理果实较小但果实籽数也最少，其它指标较清耕高；清耕大部份果实品质指标最低。
11．覆膜处理果实发病率下降，而生草和稻草处理发病率较清耕高，其中黑膜处理发病率显著低于清耕。
12．地面覆盖使葡萄品质、产量、效益提高，以黑膜处理效果最佳，稻草处理次之。
本研究得出覆盖黑膜处理是南方葡萄栽培最适宜的土壤耕作方式，覆盖稻草处理次之；而种植苜蓿的土壤管理不适合南方葡萄生产。
For the purpose of selecting suitable ways of soil tillage for the culture of grapes in southern part of China, Fujiminori Grape was used as the experimental material and six different kinds of soil tillage methods were designed, which included planting alfalfa (sward), mulching black thin film (black film)) mulching transparent thin film (transparent film), mulching reflection thin film (reflection film), mulching straw (straw), clean tillage (CK).The ecological factors, soil and plant nutrients, growth and development of grapes, fruit quality and the economic benefits of the grape orchard under these six treatments were determined and analyzed. The results were as follows:
1. The lowest field temperature and the highest humidity were obtained under straw mulching treatment while thin film treatment had comparatively higher temperature than other treatments after mid-noon time, with a broad daily variation scope of temperature and humidity.
2. The curve for the daily variation of temperature on or near the field surface showed "unimodal". The soil temperature under transparent film or black film mulching treatment were 4-8℃higher than clean tillage treatment. Transparent film mulching treatment showed the best wanning effectiveness while black film mulching and sward treatment got the longest warming period. Sward and reflective mulching treatment had a significant warming and keeping temperature effect at low temperature, it can decrease effect at high temperature. The effect of the a decrease in temperature of straw at high temperature was the most obvious.
3. The peak value for the soil moisture content appeared in 20-30 cm of the soil surface. During the flowering stage the highest soil moisture content occurred under straw treatment. At the fruit ripening stage, clean tillage had the largest soil water content, followed by black film mulching and straw treatment in turn.
4. Sward and mulching treatment had promotion and transformation effects on soil N , C, organic matters, available P, K, Zn and B, while the soil under clean tillage had the most entire K and Fe, There was no significant difference between different treatments on entire P and exchangeable Mg~(2+) content.
5. The leaf development of grapes under sword and mulching treatments was superior to that under clean tillage and reflective film mulching treatment.
6. The fully ripening stage of grape under sward treatment was 5 days earlier than that under clean tillage. The black film mulching treatment made flowering stage about 1-2 days earlier than other treatments, but the fully ripening stage was 4 days later than that under clean tillage.
7. The number of root in the surface layer under mulching was the most, while a comparatively larger quantity of root was found in the deep layer under sword treatment. On the whole, the highest root activity appeared under straw treatment.
8. No"noon break" occurred in the diurnal variation of photosynthesis under straw treatment. In the morning the highest photosynthesis velosity occurred under sward treatment but the whole photosynthesis was higher than other treatments under straw and black film treatment.The intercellular CO_2 density, stomatal condactance and transpiration rate under film mulching treatment were the highest.
9. The contents of plant nutritive elements as C, P, Mn, Fe under sward treatment were the highest while black film mulching treatment had the highest N, Ca contents. The content of all these plant nutritive elements under straw treatment were comparatively higher.
10. Straw treatment had an apparently promotion function on the cluster and weight per fruit of grape.Surface mulching treatment could improve the fruit quality with best effect in black film treatment, followed by straw treatment. The fruit was smaller and the number of seeds was the least under sward treatment but the other quality indexes were better than clean tillage. The quality index of most fruits under dean tillage was the lowest.
11. The fruit disease incidence rate was dropped under film mulching treatment while the sward and straw treatment got higher rate than dean tillage. Among these, black film mulching treatment showed the lowest disease incidence rate obviously.
12. Surface mulching treatment could improve the fruit quality,yield of grapes and thus enhance the profits in grape prodcution with the best effect in black film treatment , followed by straw treatment.
Above all, the results of this experiment were showed that surface mulching black film treatment was the best ways of soil tillage for the culture of grapes in southern part of China, and straw treatment turned second while alfalfa planting management was not suitable for the production of grapes in southern part of China.
引文
[1] 陈履荣，许敖奎．南方葡萄栽培新技术[M]．南昌：江西科学技术出版社。1999．1-2．
[2] AIGHIKO S,MASAHIKO Y,HIROSHI I,et al.Optimal spacial and temporal measurement repetition for reducing environmental variation of berry traits in grape breeding [J].Scient ia Horticulturae,2000,85:75-83.
[3] 惠竹梅，张振文，李华．葡萄园生草制的研究进展[J]．陕西农业科学，2003(1)：22-25．
[4] 杨治元．藤稔葡萄大粒优质栽培[M]．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1999．11-19．
[5] ZELEKE T B, GREVERS M C J, B C SI, et al. Effect of residue incorporation on physical properties of the surface soil in the South Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia[J].Soil & Tillage Research,2004,77:35-46.
[6] GUIRESSE M, REVEL J C. Erosion due to cultivation of calcareous clay soils on hillsides in south-west France. Ⅱ.Effect of ploughing down the steepest slope [J].Soil & Tillage Research,1995,35:157-166.
[7] REVEL J C, GUIRESSE M. Erosion due to cultivation of calcareous clay soils on the hillsides of south west France. Ⅰ.Effect of former fanning practices [J].Soil & Tillage Research,1995, 35: 147-155.
[8] 范英华，丁刚，姜治国．葡萄园的土壤管理栽培技术[J]．北方园艺，2003(2)：34-35．
[9] 吴光林．果树生态学[M]．北京：农业出版杜，1992．1-6．
[10] 应薛养，林明．葡萄园土壤管理与施肥[J]．闽北农业科技，2002(1)：40-43．
[11] 姚佐才，周进华．葡萄土肥水综合管理技术[J]．安徽农业，2004(3)：11．
[12] 徐卫东．葡萄园的土、肥、水管理[J]．北京农业，2003(2)：33．
[13] 唐梁楠．提高果园土壤肥力途径探讨[J]．土壤肥料，1990(5)：26-29．
[14] 李怀有．高塬沟壑区果园土壤管理制度试验研究[J]．干旱地区农业研究，2001，19(4)：32-37．
[15] 李慧峰，吕德国，张兴路．谈谈果园土壤管理制度[J]．新农业，2004(12)：36-37．
[16] 华南农业大学．果树栽培学各论[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2000．403-424．
[17] 李国怀，章文才．我国果园土壤管理制度的发展及评述[J]．四川果树，1997(3)：32-34．
[18] 韦士成．改善果园生态环境实施果园生草制度[J]．安徽农学通报，2003，9(4)：59-60．
[19] 赵建民，赵锋．旱地苹果园土壤管理制度的探讨[J]．果树科学，1995，12(1)：32-34．
[20] 姚胜蕊，薛炳华．果园地面管理研究进展[J]．山东农业大学学报，1999，30(2)：186-192．
[21] 刘捍中，刘凤之．葡萄无公害高效栽培[M]．北京：金盾出版社，2004．115-119．
[22] 向俗华．种草覆草施草[J]．攀技花科技与信基，1999，24(4)：5．
[23] MARIGRE D.Influence of grassing down and nigtrogen fertilizer on the quality of chasselas wines[J].Progres-Agricole-et-viticole,1997,114(11):225-258.
[24] 王丽琴，魏钦平，高红玉，等．苹果园土壤管理模式研究山丘旱地沟草养根果园覆盖制度试验[J]．西北农业学报，1997，6(3)：70-73．
[25] 宋润刚．成龄山葡萄园土壤管理技术[J]．农村科学实验，1999(7)：16．
[26] ATKINSON D.The distribution and effectiveness of the roots of tree crops[J]. Hort.Rev., 1980, 2:424-490.
[27] TAN S, CRABTREE G D. Competition between perennial ryegrass sod and 'Chardonnay' wine gapes for mineral nutrients [J]. Hortscience, 1990,25(5):533-535.
[28] MARIGRE D.Viticultural and physiological behaviour of grapevine under different soil managemem practices. Observations on the Chesselas variety in 1993[J]. Revue-Suisse-de-Viticulture, Horticulture (Switzerland).1996, 28(5):303-312.
[29] 黄显淦，钟泽．果园绿肥种植和利用研究[J]．果树科学，1991，8(1)：37-39．
[30] 刘殊，廖镜思，陈清西，等．果园生草对龙眼园微生态气候和光合作用的影响[J]．福建农业大学学报，1996，25(1)：24-28．
[31] 房玉林，李华，阮什立．葡萄园耕作制度的研究进展[A]．第二届国际葡萄与葡葡酒学术研讨会论文集[C]，2001．60-65．
[32] 李发林，福全辉，刘长全，等．果园生草、套种绿肥对红壤幼龄果园土壤酶活性变化的研究[J]．福建热作科技，1999，24(4)：1-7．
[33] 张崇邦．羊草草原土壤细菌数量动态与生态因子之间关系的研究[J]．微生物学通报，2001，28(2)：1-21．
[34] 孙祎龙，刘震．覆膜对高寒山地酿造葡萄生长发育及产量质量的影响[J]．葡萄栽培与酿酒，1991(3)：21-25．
[35] 高美英．覆盖对果园土壤真菌数量年变化的影响[J]．山西农业科学，2000，28(1)：46-48．
[36] 高美英．秸秆覆盖对苹果园土壤固氮菌数量年变化的影响[J]．果树科学，2000，17(3)：185-187．
[37] 潘立忠，李莉，路琦．地膜覆盖对鲜食葡萄果实及新梢生长发育的影响[J]．石河子大学学报(自然科学)，2001，5(1)：24-27．
[38] 朱福荣，张作民．覆膜对江南水乡巨峰葡萄生长发育及产量、质量的影响[J]．葡萄栽培与酿酒．1992(4)：13-16．
[39] 吴代东，吴宗立，姚宁．地膜覆盖对减少毛葡萄落果和提高产量的效应[J]．落叶果树，2005(1)：51-52．
[40] 王连起，张书辉，林洪荣，等．葡萄综合栽培技术研究与开发[A]．第十二届全国葡萄学术研讨会秘书组．第12届全国葡萄学术研讨会论文集[C]．福建福安，2006．184-194．
[41] 姚向高，王爱玲．春玉米与生姜间作不同种植方式农田生态效应的研究[J]．生态学杂志，1997(4)：6-9．
[42] 陈传华．不同结构的“吨糖田”蔗园生态效应研究[D]．广西大学硕士学位论文，2004．
[43] 中国土壤学会农业化学专业委员会．土壤农业化学常规分析方法[M]．北京：科学出版社，1983．55-154．
[44] 国家林业局．森林土壤分析方法(中华人民共和国林业行业标准)[M]．北京：中国标准出版社．1999．78-194．
[45] 贺普超．葡萄学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1999．73-104，187-196．
[46] 姚宝林．河西内陆河灌区覆盖免耕储水灌溉节水技术初步研究[D]．甘肃农业大学研士学位论文，2005．
[47] 晁无疾，厉秀茹，张春和，等．设施栽培条件下葡萄光合特性初探[J]．葡萄栽培与酿酒，1997(4)：4-7．
[48] 崔锡花．黑色地膜覆盖对桔梗生长发育的影响[D]．延边大学研士学位论文，2005．
[49] 林晓军．黑色地膜覆盖对轮叶党参生长发育的影响[D]．延边大学研士学位论文，2005．
[50] 岳彦飞．地膜覆盖栽培技术史话[J]．江苏农机与农艺，2001(5)：7．
[51] 陈红梅，边志勇．不同果园土壤管理法及对肥力和产量的影响[J]．山西果树，2002(4)：46-47．
[52] 卢精森．酿酒葡萄(Vitis Vinifera L．)不同覆盖节水栽培研究[D]．西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文，2004．
[53] 袁家富．麦田秸秆覆盖效应及增产作用[J]．生态农业研究，1996，4(3)：61-65．
[54] 周凌云．麦田秸秆覆盖节水效应研究[J]．生态农业研究，1996，4(3)：49-52．
[55] JAMES R,SMART．Conservation tillage corn production for a semiarid, subtropical environment[J]. Agronomy Journal,1999,91(1):116-121.
[56] 张琪静，刘秀春．不同土壤管理方式对苹果园土壤理化性质的影响[J]．烟台果树，2004(3)：7-8．
[57] 辛平．耕作方式与地表覆盖量对苜蓿及小麦地水蚀过程的影响[D]．甘肃农业大学硕士学位论文，2005．
[58] SIX J,ELLIOTTE T,PAUSTIAN K,et al. Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation in cultivated and native grassland soils [J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1998, 62(5):1367-1377.
[59] 李恋卿，潘根兴，张旭辉．退化红壤植被恢复中土壤微团聚体及其有机碳的分布变化[J]．土壤通报，2000，31(5)：193-196．
[60] 郑鸣秋．葡萄架下种苜蓿的效果与技术[J]．北方果树，2005(3)：13．
[61] 姚建国，龄忠祥．地膜覆盖的土壤养分变化研究[J]．安徽农学通报，1998，4(1)：36-37．
[62] 李华勇．南方山地杨树人工林生物覆盖效应的初步研究[D]．南京林业大学硕士学位论文，2005．
[63] 陈加红，王运香，王建岭．不同土壤管理模式对土壤肥力、果树树势及产量的影响[J]．山西果树，2004(4)：11-12．
[64] 张志良，瞿伟菁．植物生理学实验指导(第三版)[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2003．127-278．
[65] 周平．北京地区葡萄品种生态区划研究[D]．新疆农业大学硕士学位论文，2004．
[66] 李佳，闫田力，赵新节．三种无核葡萄根系分布特点与早期丰产性能关系的研究[J]．中外葡萄与葡萄酒，2004(6)：12-14．
[67] 刘俊．龙眼葡萄根系观察与研究[J]．河北林业科技，2005，6(3)：1-7．
[68] 姚向高，王爱玲．春玉米与生姜间作不同种植方式农田生态效应的研究[J]．生态学杂志，1997(4)：6-9．
[69] 戴美松．江南地区大棚促成—避雨栽培对葡萄光合特性影响的研究[D]．南京农业大学硕士学位论文，2004．
[70] 秦嗣军，王铭，郭太君，等．双优山葡萄叶柄内矿质营养动态变化的研究[J]．吉林农业大学学报，2001，23(4)：47-50．
[71] 王跃进，贺普超．葡萄白腐病和黑痘病抗性鉴定方法[J]．西北农业大学学报，1988，16(3)：17-32．
[72] 蒋高明．植物生理生态学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2004．73-75．
[73] 郝建军，康宗利．植物生理学[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2005．60-61．
[74] JULIET B,NICK D,NONA E.Sunlight exposure and temperature effects on berry growth and composition of cabernet sauvignon and grenache in the central san joaquin valley of California[J].Am. J. Enol. Vitic,2001, 52(1):1-7.
[75] 吴月燕，杨柞胜，丁伟红．高湿弱光对葡萄叶片光合生理生化指标的影响[J]．浙江农业学报，2005，17(1)：7-10．
[76] FAIRBANK S,DEAN H K, HUGHES C J, et al.Potential impact of viticulture expansion on habitat types in the Cape Floristic Region South Africa[J].Biodiversity and Conservation, 2004,13: 1075-1100.
[77] ESTEVES M A, MANSO M D.The influence of climatic variability on the quality of wine[J].Int.J.Biometeor,2001,45:13-21.
[78] 朱丽娜，唐晓兰，陆春燕，等．根域限制对藤稔葡萄生长、果实品质及营养元素含量的影响[J]．中国南方果树，2004，33(5)：80-82．
[79] JORGE T, ALAIN C U.A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide[J]. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,2002, 124:81-97.
[80] OLIVEIR A M T. Modeling water content of a vineyard soil in the douro Region,Portugal[J]. Plant and Soil,2001,233:213-221.
[81] 张大鹏，黄丛林，王学臣，等．葡萄叶片光合速率与量子效率日变化的研究及利用[J]．植物学报，1995，37(1)：25-33．
[82] 吴林，李亚东，孙晓秋，等．钾肥对葡萄生长结果及元素吸收的影响[J]．吉林农业大学学报，1995，17(增刊)：40-44．
[83] 侍朋宝．张振文山地土壤养分及其对酿酒葡萄生长发育的影响[J]．中国农学通报，2005，21(7)：315-318．
[84] BESNARD E,CHENU C,ROBERT M.Influence of organic amendments on copper distribution among particle-size and density fractions in Champagne vineyard soils[J]. Environmental Pollution,2001,112:329-337.
[85] 刘昌岭，任宏波，朱志刚，等．土壤中营养元素对葡萄产量与品质的影响[J]．中外葡萄与葡萄酒，2005(4)：17-20．
[86] 王世平，费全风，秦卫国，等．根域加温对促成栽培绯红葡萄生长发育的影响[J]．果树学报，2003，20(3)：182-185．
[87] 张大鹏，罗国光．不同时期水分胁迫对葡萄果实生长发育的影响[J]．园艺学报，1992，19(4)：290-300．
[88] 魏勇．影响葡萄品质的环境因素[J]．江西林业科技，2003(2)：42-43．
[89] GIL R, GOMEZ-PLAZA E,MARTINEZ A,et al.Evolution of fenolic Compounds during Wine Fermentation and Post-fermentation: Influence of Grape Temperature[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,1999,12:259-272.
[90] 刘玉兰，郑有飞，张晓煜．气象条件对酿酒葡萄品质影响的研究进展[J]．中外葡萄与葡萄酒，2006(1)：45-48．
[2] AIGHIKO S,MASAHIKO Y,HIROSHI I,et al.Optimal spacial and temporal measurement repetition for reducing environmental variation of berry traits in grape breeding [J].Scient ia Horticulturae,2000,85:75-83.
[3] 惠竹梅，张振文，李华．葡萄园生草制的研究进展[J]．陕西农业科学，2003(1)：22-25．
[4] 杨治元．藤稔葡萄大粒优质栽培[M]．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1999．11-19．
[5] ZELEKE T B, GREVERS M C J, B C SI, et al. Effect of residue incorporation on physical properties of the surface soil in the South Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia[J].Soil & Tillage Research,2004,77:35-46.
[6] GUIRESSE M, REVEL J C. Erosion due to cultivation of calcareous clay soils on hillsides in south-west France. Ⅱ.Effect of ploughing down the steepest slope [J].Soil & Tillage Research,1995,35:157-166.
[7] REVEL J C, GUIRESSE M. Erosion due to cultivation of calcareous clay soils on the hillsides of south west France. Ⅰ.Effect of former fanning practices [J].Soil & Tillage Research,1995, 35: 147-155.
[8] 范英华，丁刚，姜治国．葡萄园的土壤管理栽培技术[J]．北方园艺，2003(2)：34-35．
[9] 吴光林．果树生态学[M]．北京：农业出版杜，1992．1-6．
[10] 应薛养，林明．葡萄园土壤管理与施肥[J]．闽北农业科技，2002(1)：40-43．
[11] 姚佐才，周进华．葡萄土肥水综合管理技术[J]．安徽农业，2004(3)：11．
[12] 徐卫东．葡萄园的土、肥、水管理[J]．北京农业，2003(2)：33．
[13] 唐梁楠．提高果园土壤肥力途径探讨[J]．土壤肥料，1990(5)：26-29．
[14] 李怀有．高塬沟壑区果园土壤管理制度试验研究[J]．干旱地区农业研究，2001，19(4)：32-37．
[15] 李慧峰，吕德国，张兴路．谈谈果园土壤管理制度[J]．新农业，2004(12)：36-37．
[16] 华南农业大学．果树栽培学各论[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2000．403-424．
[17] 李国怀，章文才．我国果园土壤管理制度的发展及评述[J]．四川果树，1997(3)：32-34．
[18] 韦士成．改善果园生态环境实施果园生草制度[J]．安徽农学通报，2003，9(4)：59-60．
[19] 赵建民，赵锋．旱地苹果园土壤管理制度的探讨[J]．果树科学，1995，12(1)：32-34．
[20] 姚胜蕊，薛炳华．果园地面管理研究进展[J]．山东农业大学学报，1999，30(2)：186-192．
[21] 刘捍中，刘凤之．葡萄无公害高效栽培[M]．北京：金盾出版社，2004．115-119．
[22] 向俗华．种草覆草施草[J]．攀技花科技与信基，1999，24(4)：5．
[23] MARIGRE D.Influence of grassing down and nigtrogen fertilizer on the quality of chasselas wines[J].Progres-Agricole-et-viticole,1997,114(11):225-258.
[24] 王丽琴，魏钦平，高红玉，等．苹果园土壤管理模式研究山丘旱地沟草养根果园覆盖制度试验[J]．西北农业学报，1997，6(3)：70-73．
[25] 宋润刚．成龄山葡萄园土壤管理技术[J]．农村科学实验，1999(7)：16．
[26] ATKINSON D.The distribution and effectiveness of the roots of tree crops[J]. Hort.Rev., 1980, 2:424-490.
[27] TAN S, CRABTREE G D. Competition between perennial ryegrass sod and 'Chardonnay' wine gapes for mineral nutrients [J]. Hortscience, 1990,25(5):533-535.
[28] MARIGRE D.Viticultural and physiological behaviour of grapevine under different soil managemem practices. Observations on the Chesselas variety in 1993[J]. Revue-Suisse-de-Viticulture, Horticulture (Switzerland).1996, 28(5):303-312.
[29] 黄显淦，钟泽．果园绿肥种植和利用研究[J]．果树科学，1991，8(1)：37-39．
[30] 刘殊，廖镜思，陈清西，等．果园生草对龙眼园微生态气候和光合作用的影响[J]．福建农业大学学报，1996，25(1)：24-28．
[31] 房玉林，李华，阮什立．葡萄园耕作制度的研究进展[A]．第二届国际葡萄与葡葡酒学术研讨会论文集[C]，2001．60-65．
[32] 李发林，福全辉，刘长全，等．果园生草、套种绿肥对红壤幼龄果园土壤酶活性变化的研究[J]．福建热作科技，1999，24(4)：1-7．
[33] 张崇邦．羊草草原土壤细菌数量动态与生态因子之间关系的研究[J]．微生物学通报，2001，28(2)：1-21．
[34] 孙祎龙，刘震．覆膜对高寒山地酿造葡萄生长发育及产量质量的影响[J]．葡萄栽培与酿酒，1991(3)：21-25．
[35] 高美英．覆盖对果园土壤真菌数量年变化的影响[J]．山西农业科学，2000，28(1)：46-48．
[36] 高美英．秸秆覆盖对苹果园土壤固氮菌数量年变化的影响[J]．果树科学，2000，17(3)：185-187．
[37] 潘立忠，李莉，路琦．地膜覆盖对鲜食葡萄果实及新梢生长发育的影响[J]．石河子大学学报(自然科学)，2001，5(1)：24-27．
[38] 朱福荣，张作民．覆膜对江南水乡巨峰葡萄生长发育及产量、质量的影响[J]．葡萄栽培与酿酒．1992(4)：13-16．
[39] 吴代东，吴宗立，姚宁．地膜覆盖对减少毛葡萄落果和提高产量的效应[J]．落叶果树，2005(1)：51-52．
[40] 王连起，张书辉，林洪荣，等．葡萄综合栽培技术研究与开发[A]．第十二届全国葡萄学术研讨会秘书组．第12届全国葡萄学术研讨会论文集[C]．福建福安，2006．184-194．
[41] 姚向高，王爱玲．春玉米与生姜间作不同种植方式农田生态效应的研究[J]．生态学杂志，1997(4)：6-9．
[42] 陈传华．不同结构的“吨糖田”蔗园生态效应研究[D]．广西大学硕士学位论文，2004．
[43] 中国土壤学会农业化学专业委员会．土壤农业化学常规分析方法[M]．北京：科学出版社，1983．55-154．
[44] 国家林业局．森林土壤分析方法(中华人民共和国林业行业标准)[M]．北京：中国标准出版社．1999．78-194．
[45] 贺普超．葡萄学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1999．73-104，187-196．
[46] 姚宝林．河西内陆河灌区覆盖免耕储水灌溉节水技术初步研究[D]．甘肃农业大学研士学位论文，2005．
[47] 晁无疾，厉秀茹，张春和，等．设施栽培条件下葡萄光合特性初探[J]．葡萄栽培与酿酒，1997(4)：4-7．
[48] 崔锡花．黑色地膜覆盖对桔梗生长发育的影响[D]．延边大学研士学位论文，2005．
[49] 林晓军．黑色地膜覆盖对轮叶党参生长发育的影响[D]．延边大学研士学位论文，2005．
[50] 岳彦飞．地膜覆盖栽培技术史话[J]．江苏农机与农艺，2001(5)：7．
[51] 陈红梅，边志勇．不同果园土壤管理法及对肥力和产量的影响[J]．山西果树，2002(4)：46-47．
[52] 卢精森．酿酒葡萄(Vitis Vinifera L．)不同覆盖节水栽培研究[D]．西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文，2004．
[53] 袁家富．麦田秸秆覆盖效应及增产作用[J]．生态农业研究，1996，4(3)：61-65．
[54] 周凌云．麦田秸秆覆盖节水效应研究[J]．生态农业研究，1996，4(3)：49-52．
[55] JAMES R,SMART．Conservation tillage corn production for a semiarid, subtropical environment[J]. Agronomy Journal,1999,91(1):116-121.
[56] 张琪静，刘秀春．不同土壤管理方式对苹果园土壤理化性质的影响[J]．烟台果树，2004(3)：7-8．
[57] 辛平．耕作方式与地表覆盖量对苜蓿及小麦地水蚀过程的影响[D]．甘肃农业大学硕士学位论文，2005．
[58] SIX J,ELLIOTTE T,PAUSTIAN K,et al. Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation in cultivated and native grassland soils [J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1998, 62(5):1367-1377.
[59] 李恋卿，潘根兴，张旭辉．退化红壤植被恢复中土壤微团聚体及其有机碳的分布变化[J]．土壤通报，2000，31(5)：193-196．
[60] 郑鸣秋．葡萄架下种苜蓿的效果与技术[J]．北方果树，2005(3)：13．
[61] 姚建国，龄忠祥．地膜覆盖的土壤养分变化研究[J]．安徽农学通报，1998，4(1)：36-37．
[62] 李华勇．南方山地杨树人工林生物覆盖效应的初步研究[D]．南京林业大学硕士学位论文，2005．
[63] 陈加红，王运香，王建岭．不同土壤管理模式对土壤肥力、果树树势及产量的影响[J]．山西果树，2004(4)：11-12．
[64] 张志良，瞿伟菁．植物生理学实验指导(第三版)[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2003．127-278．
[65] 周平．北京地区葡萄品种生态区划研究[D]．新疆农业大学硕士学位论文，2004．
[66] 李佳，闫田力，赵新节．三种无核葡萄根系分布特点与早期丰产性能关系的研究[J]．中外葡萄与葡萄酒，2004(6)：12-14．
[67] 刘俊．龙眼葡萄根系观察与研究[J]．河北林业科技，2005，6(3)：1-7．
[68] 姚向高，王爱玲．春玉米与生姜间作不同种植方式农田生态效应的研究[J]．生态学杂志，1997(4)：6-9．
[69] 戴美松．江南地区大棚促成—避雨栽培对葡萄光合特性影响的研究[D]．南京农业大学硕士学位论文，2004．
[70] 秦嗣军，王铭，郭太君，等．双优山葡萄叶柄内矿质营养动态变化的研究[J]．吉林农业大学学报，2001，23(4)：47-50．
[71] 王跃进，贺普超．葡萄白腐病和黑痘病抗性鉴定方法[J]．西北农业大学学报，1988，16(3)：17-32．
[72] 蒋高明．植物生理生态学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2004．73-75．
[73] 郝建军，康宗利．植物生理学[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2005．60-61．
[74] JULIET B,NICK D,NONA E.Sunlight exposure and temperature effects on berry growth and composition of cabernet sauvignon and grenache in the central san joaquin valley of California[J].Am. J. Enol. Vitic,2001, 52(1):1-7.
[75] 吴月燕，杨柞胜，丁伟红．高湿弱光对葡萄叶片光合生理生化指标的影响[J]．浙江农业学报，2005，17(1)：7-10．
[76] FAIRBANK S,DEAN H K, HUGHES C J, et al.Potential impact of viticulture expansion on habitat types in the Cape Floristic Region South Africa[J].Biodiversity and Conservation, 2004,13: 1075-1100.
[77] ESTEVES M A, MANSO M D.The influence of climatic variability on the quality of wine[J].Int.J.Biometeor,2001,45:13-21.
[78] 朱丽娜，唐晓兰，陆春燕，等．根域限制对藤稔葡萄生长、果实品质及营养元素含量的影响[J]．中国南方果树，2004，33(5)：80-82．
[79] JORGE T, ALAIN C U.A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide[J]. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,2002, 124:81-97.
[80] OLIVEIR A M T. Modeling water content of a vineyard soil in the douro Region,Portugal[J]. Plant and Soil,2001,233:213-221.
[81] 张大鹏，黄丛林，王学臣，等．葡萄叶片光合速率与量子效率日变化的研究及利用[J]．植物学报，1995，37(1)：25-33．
[82] 吴林，李亚东，孙晓秋，等．钾肥对葡萄生长结果及元素吸收的影响[J]．吉林农业大学学报，1995，17(增刊)：40-44．
[83] 侍朋宝．张振文山地土壤养分及其对酿酒葡萄生长发育的影响[J]．中国农学通报，2005，21(7)：315-318．
[84] BESNARD E,CHENU C,ROBERT M.Influence of organic amendments on copper distribution among particle-size and density fractions in Champagne vineyard soils[J]. Environmental Pollution,2001,112:329-337.
[85] 刘昌岭，任宏波，朱志刚，等．土壤中营养元素对葡萄产量与品质的影响[J]．中外葡萄与葡萄酒，2005(4)：17-20．
[86] 王世平，费全风，秦卫国，等．根域加温对促成栽培绯红葡萄生长发育的影响[J]．果树学报，2003，20(3)：182-185．
[87] 张大鹏，罗国光．不同时期水分胁迫对葡萄果实生长发育的影响[J]．园艺学报，1992，19(4)：290-300．
[88] 魏勇．影响葡萄品质的环境因素[J]．江西林业科技，2003(2)：42-43．
[89] GIL R, GOMEZ-PLAZA E,MARTINEZ A,et al.Evolution of fenolic Compounds during Wine Fermentation and Post-fermentation: Influence of Grape Temperature[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,1999,12:259-272.
[90] 刘玉兰，郑有飞，张晓煜．气象条件对酿酒葡萄品质影响的研究进展[J]．中外葡萄与葡萄酒，2006(1)：45-48．