配电网理论线损伤计算算法及其改进的研究
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摘要
电力系统运行中有三个重要的经济指标,即煤耗率、厂用电率和线损率。尽管电力工业处于改革和发展之中,这三个指标是不变的。就配电网而言,合理有效的线损计算是管理和运行中的一项重要任务。目前,配电网理论线损计算往往在一定假设条件下,如给定功率因数、负荷曲线形状,以及忽略电压对线损影响等,近似求取,造成精度不高、效果不理想的结果。因此,在配电网自动化逐步完善的背景下,研究一种适合不同自动化水平的配电网理论线损计算的实用方法显得越来越重要。
     首先,通过FCM聚类算法进行典型日选取,考虑特殊用电日对线损计算的影响。根据配电网自动化现状,分析了配电网理论线损计算所面对的主要困难,研究了配电网各种用户量测配置的特点。以馈线为基本单元,以辐射状网络为研究对象,对不同量测配置的用户区别对待,将用户分为实时量测节点、电量信息节点和容量信息节点,利用少量的实时数据和大量的历史数据将配电网负荷伪量测数据补充完整。
     其次,针对配电网伪量测负荷精度不高的问题,提出采用基于配电匹配潮流技术和最小二乘估计的理论线损改进算法,充分利用实时量测数据,对非量测负荷数据进行不同程度的修正,以使非量测负荷数据的准确度达到或者接近实时量测数据的精度水平。在负荷最小二乘估计算法中以负荷电流为状态变量,通过量测变换,将配电网中的功率量测转化为等效电流量测,实现了雅可比矩阵常数化,负荷电流虚部、实部解耦求解。以等效的观点,将面向时间过程的能量损耗问题转化为一个断面的功率损耗问题,利用修正后的等效功率计算网络的等效线损,显著减少了计算量。算例分析表明,此理论线损改进算法能有效提高伪量测数据的准确度。同时,就一实际配电系统进行了理论线损分析,通过理论线损与统计线损比较、线损成份分析,给出提高计量准确度的方法以及降低线损的措施。
     最后,就开发的《电网理论线损分析系统》软件产品,侧重于该软件的配网线损计算部分给予详细的总结,开发的配网理论线损分析软件符合国家规程及管理标准,内容丰富、界面友善、使用方便,已投入工程应用,取得良好效果。
There are three most important economic index in the electric power system operation, which are the fuel consumption rate, the station service power consumption rate and the line loss rate. Recently, although electric utility industry is deregulated, the three index is unchangeable. For the distribution network, rational and effective line loss calculation is one of the important task during management and operation. Currently, distribution line loss calculation is rough calculated under some assumed conditions, such as given power factor and load curve, voltage variation neglected, and so on. For this reason, it looks very urgent to study a new method which is suitable for different automation level.
     Firstly, fuzzy C-means cluster analysis is used to consider the influence by special days. According to the distribution automation, the difficulty of line loss calculation is analyzed and the characteristic of load measurements is studied. The method treats the feeder line as a basic unit and concentrates radial networks, which differentiates loads as: real-time-info loads, energy-consumption-info loads and capacity-info loads. A spot of real-time data and a large quantity of history data are took full advantage of replenishing in the method.
     Secondly, due to the low precision of pseudo measurements, an improved method based on matching power flow and least square estimation is proposed. The real-time data are took full advantage and the pseudo measurements are modified to increase theirs precision. Power measurements are all transformed to equivalent current measurement that makes the Jacobian matrix constant and calculates current real and imaginary part individually. In the light of nodal equivalent power principle, it solves the energy losses as power losses. Calculation example results show the method can increase the precision of pseudo measurements. Meanwhile, a practical system is analyzed using this method. Contrasting the theoretical line loss and statistical line loss, analyzing the ingredient of line loss, the way to increase the measure precision and reduce the line loss is proposed.
     Finally, introduces the software developed of power system theoretical line loss analyzing system. This software can satisfy the request of precision in the engineering application and is in accordance with the standards of loss calculation and management, and it has already in-service. It is user-friendly, and the practical application shows its effectiveness.
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