齐拉西酮与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症临床疗效评价及糖脂代谢安全性的研究
|
摘要
目的：
比较齐拉西酮和奥氮平对首发精神分裂症患者的疗效和安全性；比较齐拉西酮和奥氮平对首发精神分裂症患者体质量和糖脂代谢的影响；评价心理健康教育对首发精神分裂症患者服药依从性的影响。
方法：
80例首发精神分裂症患者被随机分配到齐拉西酮组或奥氮平组,治疗观察6周。于治疗前及治疗后2周末、4周末和6周末使用阳性和阴性症状量表(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, PANSS)和临床疗效总评量表-疾病严重程度(Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale, CGI-S)评定两种药物的疗效。使用PANSS总分、减分值、减分率和CGI-S总分作为评价药物疗效的主要指标,使用症状好转率和治疗有效率作为次要指标。于治疗前及治疗后2周末、4周末和6周末测量患者的体质量,计算体质量指数；于治疗前后测量记录患者的空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、总胆固醇和甘油三酯,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数。由研究者使用不良事件记录表记录研究过程中出现的所有不良反应。对服用这两种药物的患者实施心理健康教育,评价心理健康教育对患者服药依从性的影响。
结果：
共79例患者完成研究,齐拉西酮组39人,平均剂量(127.50+27.43)mg/d；奥氮平组40人,平均剂量(19.13+1.92)mg/d。齐拉西酮组和奥氮平组的PANSS和CGI-S评分、症状好转率和治疗有效率的差异均无显著性(P均>0.05)。虽然齐拉西酮组更易引起锥体外系不良反应(P<0.05),但两种药物均具有较好的耐受性,均未出现严重不良反应。奥氮平组的体质量、体质量指数、空腹血糖、胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数和低密度脂蛋白的增加要显著高于齐拉西酮组(P均<0.05)。高密度脂蛋白、总胆固醇和甘油三酯在两组内均有升高,但两组的差异无显著性(P均>0.05)。患者实施心理健康教育后两者服药依从性均较好(P均>0.05)。
结论：
齐拉西酮和奥氮平对首发精神分裂症患者均具有较好的疗效,并且两种药物的疗效相当。齐拉西酮较易引起锥体外系不良反应,但两种药物均具有较好的耐受性。齐拉西酮对体质量、糖代谢和低密度脂蛋白的影响较小,而奥氮平会显著增加体质量,并且更易导致糖代谢异常和低密度脂蛋白的升高。心理健康教育可显著提高首发精神分裂症住院患者服药的依从性。
Objective:
To compare the efficacy and safety of Ziprasidone and Olanzapine in the treatment of first-episode schizophrenic patients; To compare the effects of ziprasidone and olanzapine on body weight and glucose and lipid metabolism in first-episode schizophrenia; To evaluate the efficacy of health education on medication compliance in first-episode schizophrenic patients.
Methods:
Eighty first-episode schizophrenia patients were randomly assigned to receive ziprasidone or Olanzapine for6weeks. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impression-severity scale (CGI-SII) were used to assess the efficacy of ziprasidone and olanzapine and measured at baseline, week2, week4and week6. The primary outcomes for efficacy were the total score and rate change of PANSS and CGI-SII. The remission and response rates were used as the second efficacy outcomes. The weight was measured at baseline, week2, week4and week6. Fasting blood glucose (FBS), fasting insulin (INS), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total-cholesterol (CHOL) and triglycerides (TG) were measured at baseline and week6. Body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance index (IRI) were calculated. The adverse events (AEs) were recorded by the investigator. All patients received mental health education at each follow-up visit. The compliance of ziprasidone and olanzpine was evaluated at each follow-up visit.
Results:
Of the80patients,79patients (39for ziprasidone and40for olanzapine) completed the6-week treatment trial. The mean dosage of ziprasidone and olanzapine were127.5mg/d and19.1mg/d, respectively. The changes of the total score of PANSS and CGI-SII and remission and response rates did not differ between the two groups. Zziprasidone could induce more extrapyramidal side effects than olanzapine(P<0.05). No serious AEs were observed. The increases of body weight, FBS, INS,and LDL in the olanzapine group were significantly greated than those in the ziprasidone group. HDL, CHOL, and TG increased in the two groups without groups difference. Mental health education could improve the patients compliance of ziprasidone and olanzapine.
Conclution:
Ziprasidone and olanzapine could use to treat first-episode schizophrenia safely with the same efficacy. Ziprasidone could cause more extrapyramidal side effects Than olanzapine, but olanzapine could cause more weight and glucose and lipid dysfunction. Mental health education can significantly improve medication compliance in first-episode schizophrenia patients.
比较齐拉西酮和奥氮平对首发精神分裂症患者的疗效和安全性；比较齐拉西酮和奥氮平对首发精神分裂症患者体质量和糖脂代谢的影响；评价心理健康教育对首发精神分裂症患者服药依从性的影响。
方法：
80例首发精神分裂症患者被随机分配到齐拉西酮组或奥氮平组,治疗观察6周。于治疗前及治疗后2周末、4周末和6周末使用阳性和阴性症状量表(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, PANSS)和临床疗效总评量表-疾病严重程度(Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale, CGI-S)评定两种药物的疗效。使用PANSS总分、减分值、减分率和CGI-S总分作为评价药物疗效的主要指标,使用症状好转率和治疗有效率作为次要指标。于治疗前及治疗后2周末、4周末和6周末测量患者的体质量,计算体质量指数；于治疗前后测量记录患者的空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、总胆固醇和甘油三酯,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数。由研究者使用不良事件记录表记录研究过程中出现的所有不良反应。对服用这两种药物的患者实施心理健康教育,评价心理健康教育对患者服药依从性的影响。
结果：
共79例患者完成研究,齐拉西酮组39人,平均剂量(127.50+27.43)mg/d；奥氮平组40人,平均剂量(19.13+1.92)mg/d。齐拉西酮组和奥氮平组的PANSS和CGI-S评分、症状好转率和治疗有效率的差异均无显著性(P均>0.05)。虽然齐拉西酮组更易引起锥体外系不良反应(P<0.05),但两种药物均具有较好的耐受性,均未出现严重不良反应。奥氮平组的体质量、体质量指数、空腹血糖、胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数和低密度脂蛋白的增加要显著高于齐拉西酮组(P均<0.05)。高密度脂蛋白、总胆固醇和甘油三酯在两组内均有升高,但两组的差异无显著性(P均>0.05)。患者实施心理健康教育后两者服药依从性均较好(P均>0.05)。
结论：
齐拉西酮和奥氮平对首发精神分裂症患者均具有较好的疗效,并且两种药物的疗效相当。齐拉西酮较易引起锥体外系不良反应,但两种药物均具有较好的耐受性。齐拉西酮对体质量、糖代谢和低密度脂蛋白的影响较小,而奥氮平会显著增加体质量,并且更易导致糖代谢异常和低密度脂蛋白的升高。心理健康教育可显著提高首发精神分裂症住院患者服药的依从性。
Objective:
To compare the efficacy and safety of Ziprasidone and Olanzapine in the treatment of first-episode schizophrenic patients; To compare the effects of ziprasidone and olanzapine on body weight and glucose and lipid metabolism in first-episode schizophrenia; To evaluate the efficacy of health education on medication compliance in first-episode schizophrenic patients.
Methods:
Eighty first-episode schizophrenia patients were randomly assigned to receive ziprasidone or Olanzapine for6weeks. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impression-severity scale (CGI-SII) were used to assess the efficacy of ziprasidone and olanzapine and measured at baseline, week2, week4and week6. The primary outcomes for efficacy were the total score and rate change of PANSS and CGI-SII. The remission and response rates were used as the second efficacy outcomes. The weight was measured at baseline, week2, week4and week6. Fasting blood glucose (FBS), fasting insulin (INS), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total-cholesterol (CHOL) and triglycerides (TG) were measured at baseline and week6. Body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance index (IRI) were calculated. The adverse events (AEs) were recorded by the investigator. All patients received mental health education at each follow-up visit. The compliance of ziprasidone and olanzpine was evaluated at each follow-up visit.
Results:
Of the80patients,79patients (39for ziprasidone and40for olanzapine) completed the6-week treatment trial. The mean dosage of ziprasidone and olanzapine were127.5mg/d and19.1mg/d, respectively. The changes of the total score of PANSS and CGI-SII and remission and response rates did not differ between the two groups. Zziprasidone could induce more extrapyramidal side effects than olanzapine(P<0.05). No serious AEs were observed. The increases of body weight, FBS, INS,and LDL in the olanzapine group were significantly greated than those in the ziprasidone group. HDL, CHOL, and TG increased in the two groups without groups difference. Mental health education could improve the patients compliance of ziprasidone and olanzapine.
Conclution:
Ziprasidone and olanzapine could use to treat first-episode schizophrenia safely with the same efficacy. Ziprasidone could cause more extrapyramidal side effects Than olanzapine, but olanzapine could cause more weight and glucose and lipid dysfunction. Mental health education can significantly improve medication compliance in first-episode schizophrenia patients.
引文
[1]VAN OS J, KAPUR S. Schizophrenia [J]. Lancet,2009,374(9690):635-645.
[2]ABEL K M, DRAKE R, GOLDSTEIN J M. Sex differences in schizophrenia [J]. Int Rev Psychiatry,2010,22(5):417-428.
[3]CASTLE D J, WESSELY S, MURRAY R M. Sex and schizophrenia:effects of diagnostic stringency, and associations with and premorbid variables [J]. Br J Psychiatry,1993,162(658-664.
[4]BEAUCHAMP G, GAGNON A. Influence of diagnostic classification on gender ratio in schizophrenia-a meta-analysis of youths hospitalized for psychosis [J]. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol,2004,39(12):1017-1022.
[5]陈昌惠,沈渔笛,张维熙,et al中国七个地区精神分裂症流行病学调查[J].中华精神科杂志,1998,31(2)：72-74.
[6]WILLNER P. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia:current status, future prospects [J]. Int Clin Psychopharmacol,1997,12(6):297-308.
[7]THOMPSON L W. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia [J]. Perspect Psychiatr Care,1990,26(3):18-23.
[8]AKHONDZADEH S. The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia [J]. J Clin Pharm Ther,1998,23(4):243-246.
[9]AKHONDZADEH S. The 5-HT hypothesis of schizophrenia [J]. IDrugs,2001, 4(3):295-300.
[10]WU R R, ZHAO J P, LIU Z N, et al. Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on glucose-insulin homeostasis and lipid metabolism in first-episode schizophrenia [J]. Psychopharmacology,2006,186(4):572-578.
[11]POA N R, EDGAR P F. Insulin resistance is associated with hypercortisolemia in Polynesian patients treated with antipsychotic medication [J]. Diabetes Care, 2007,30(6):1425-1429.
[12]VALLAT J N, LEPETIT, TEXIER. [Diabetes insipidus during the treatment of schizophrenia with chlorpromazine] [J]. Journal de medecine de Bordeaux et du Sud-Ouest,1955,132(8):783-785.
[13]HENDERSON D C, CAGLIERO E, GRAY C, et al. Clozapine, diabetes mellitus, weight gain, and lipid abnormalities:A five-year naturalistic study [J]. The American journal of psychiatry,2000,157(6):975-981.
[14]MCEVOY J P, MEYER J M, GOFF D C, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia:baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES Ⅲ[J]. Schizophrenia research,2005,80(1):19-32.
[15]SIMPSON G M, GLICK I D, WEIDEN P J, et al. Randomized, controlled, double-blind multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of ziprasidone and olanzapine in acutely ill inpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder [J]. Am J Psychiatry,2004,161(10):1837-1847.
[16]KOLLER E, SCHNEIDER B, BENNETT K, et al. Clozapine-associated diabetes [J]. The American journal of medicine,2001,111(9):716-723.
[17]WIRSHING D A, SPELLBERG B J, ERHART S M, et al. Novel antipsychotics and new onset diabetes [J]. Biological psychiatry,1998,44(8):778-783.
[18]BROWN R R, ESTOUP M W. Comparison of the metabolic effects observed in patients treated with ziprasidone versus olanzapine [J]. Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 2005,20(2):105-112.
[19]GUNASEKARA N S, SPENCER C M, KEATING G M. Ziprasidone:a review of its use in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder [J]. Drugs,2002,62(8): 1217-1251.
[20]ALLISON D B, MENTORE J L, HEO M, et al. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain:a comprehensive research synthesis [J]. The American journal of psychiatry, 1999,156(11):1686-1696.
[21]GROOTENS K P, VAN VEELEN N M, PEUSKENS J, et al. Ziprasidone vs olanzapine in recent-onset schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder:results of an 8-week double-blind randomized controlled trial [J]. Schizophrenia bulletin, 2011,37(2):352-361.
[22]KAHN R S, FLEISCHHACKER W W, BOTER H, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: an open randomised clinical trial [J]. Lancet,2008,371(9618):1085-1097.
[23]KAY S R, FISZBEIN A, OPLER L A. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia [J]. Schizophr Bull,1987,13(2):261-276.
[24]KAY S R, OPLER L A, LINDENMAYER J P. Reliability and validity of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenics [J]. Psychiatry Res,1988, 23(1):99-110.
[25]何燕玲,张明圆.阳性和阴性综合征量表(PANSS)及其应用[J].临床精神医学杂志,1997,7(6)：353-355.
[26]司天梅.阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS,中文版)的信、效度研究[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(1)：3.
[27]LEUCHT S, DAVIS J M, ENGEL R R, et al. Definitions of response and remission in schizophrenia:recommendations for their use and their presentation [J]. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl,2009,438):7-14.
[28]SIMPSON G M, WEIDEN P, PIGOTT T, et al. Six-month, blinded, multicenter continuation study of ziprasidone versus olanzapine in schizophrenia [J]. Am J Psychiatry,2005,162(8):1535-1538.
[29]LUBLIN H, HAUG H J, KOPONEN H, et al. Ziprasidone versus olanzapine, risperidone or quetiapine in patients with chronic schizophrenia:a 12-week open-label, multicentre clinical trial [J]. World J Biol Psychiatry,2009,10(4 Pt 3): 710-718.
[30]BREIER A, BERG P H, THAKORE J H, et al. Olanzapine versus ziprasidone: results of a 28-week double-blind study in patients with schizophrenia [J]. The American journal of psychiatry,2005,162(10):1879-1887.
[31]KOMOSSA K, RUMMEL-KLUGE C, HUNGER H, et al. Ziprasidone versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009,4):CD006627.
[32]KOMOSSA K, RUMMEL-KLUGE C, HUNGER H, et al. Olanzapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2010,3):CD006654.
[33]STROM B L, ENG S M, FAICH G, et al. Comparative mortality associated with ziprasidone and olanzapine in real-world use among 18,154 patients with schizophrenia:The Ziprasidone Observational Study of Cardiac Outcomes (ZODIAC) [J]. The American journal of psychiatry,2011,168(2):193-201.
[34]GROOTENS K P, VAN VEELEN N M, PEUSKENS J, et al. Ziprasidone Vs Olanzapine in Recent-Onset Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder:Results of an 8-Week Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [J]. Schizophr Bull, 2009,
[35]RUMMEL-KLUGE C, KOMOSSA K, SCHWARZ S, et al. Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs and Extrapyramidal Side Effects:A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Head-to-Head Comparisons [J]. Schizophr Bull,2010,
[36]HAFFNER S M, MIETTINEN H, STERN M P. The homeostasis model in the San Antonio Heart Study [J]. Diabetes Care,1997,20(7):1087-1092.
[37]SACHS G S, GUILLE C. Weight gain associated with use of psychotropic medications [J]. The Journal of clinical psychiatry,1999,60 Suppl 21(16-19.
[38]REYNOLDS G P, KIRK S L. Metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drug treatment--pharmacological mechanisms [J]. Pharmacol Ther,2010,125(1): 169-179.
[39]MOTTILLO S, FILION K B, GENEST J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Journal of the American College of Cardiology,2010,56(14):1113-1132.
[40]KOTSIS V, STABOULI S, PAPAKATSIKA S, et al. Mechanisms of obesity-induced hypertension [J]. Hypertens Res,2010,33(5):386-393.
[41]GASPAR L, POLIAK P, MAKOVNIK M, et al. [Obesity and arterial hypertension] [J]. Vnitr Lek,2010,56(10):1074-1077.
[42]VAN DEN BERG E, KLOPPENBORG R P, KESSELS R P, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity:A systematic comparison of their impact on cognition [J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2009,1792(5):470-481.
[43]REISIN E, JACK A V. Obesity and hypertension:mechanisms, cardio-renal consequences, and therapeutic approaches [J]. Med Clin North Am,2009,93(3): 733-751.
[44]BOGAERT Y E, LINAS S. The role of obesity in the pathogenesis of hypertension [J]. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol,2009,5(2):101-111.
[45]SINGER G M, SETARO J F. Secondary hypertension:obesity and the metabolic syndrome [J]. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich),2008,10(7):567-574.
[46]SEGURA J, RUILOPE L M. Obesity, essential hypertension and renin-angiotensin system [J]. Public Health Nutr,2007,10(10A):1151-1155.
[47]FRANCISCHETTI E A, GENELHU V A. Obesity-hypertension:an ongoing pandemic [J]. Int J Clin Pract,2007,61(2):269-280.
[48]JOOST H G. The genetic basis of obesity and type 2 diabetes:lessons from the new zealand obese mouse, a polygenic model of the metabolic syndrome [J]. Results Probl Cell Differ,2010,52(1-11.
[49]HILLON P, GUIU B, VINCENT J, et al. Obesity, type 2 diabetes and risk of digestive cancer [J]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol,2010,34(10):529-533.
[50]GOLAY A, FELBER J P. Evolution from obesity to diabetes [J]. Diabete Metab, 1994,20(1):3-14.
[51]MAGGIO C A, PI-SUNYER F X. Obesity and type 2 diabetes [J]. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am,2003,32(4):805-822, ⅷ.
[52]YOON K H, LEE J H, KIM J W, et al. Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia [J]. Lancet,2006,368(9548):1681-1688.
[53]KAHN S E, HULL R L, UTZSCHNEIDER K M. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [J]. Nature,2006,444(7121):840-846.
[54]SEIDELL J C. Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes--a worldwide epidemic [J]. Br J Nutr,2000,83 Suppl 1(S5-8.
[55]WOLIN K Y, CARSON K, COLDITZ G A. Obesity and cancer [J]. Oncologist, 2010,15(6):556-565.
[56]PI-SUNYER F X. The obesity epidemic:pathophysiology and consequences of obesity [J]. Obes Res,2002,10 Suppl 2(97S-104S.
[57]KRISTAL A R, GONG Z H, AGALLIU I, et al. Obesity is associated with increased risks of prostate cancer metastasis and death after initial cancer diagnosis in middle-aged men [J]. Cancer,2007,109(6):1192-1202.
[58]SMITH M R, EFSTATHIOU J A, BAE K, et al. Obesity and mortality in men with locally advanced prostate cancer-Analysis of RTOG 85-31 [J]. Cancer, 2007,110(12):2691-2699.
[59]PAREKH N, LIN Y, DIPAOLA R S, et al. Obesity and prostate cancer detection: insights from three national surveys [J]. Am J Med,2010,123(9):829-835.
[60]COHEN S S, PALMIERI R T, NYANTE S J, et al. A review-Obesity and screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer in women [J]. Cancer,2008, 112(9):1892-1904.
[61]MCWILLIAMS R R, MATSUMOTO M E, BURCH P A, et al. Obesity adversely affects survival in pancreatic cancer patients [J]. Cancer,2010,116(21): 5054-5062.
[62]HELYER L K, VARNIC M, LE L W, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for developing postoperative lymphedema in breast cancer patients [J]. Breast J,2010,16(1): 48-54.
[63]LANDMAN G W, VAN HATEREN K J, KLEEFSTRAN, et al. The relationship between obesity and cancer mortality in type 2 diabetes:a ten-year follow-up study (ZODIAC-21) [J]. Anticancer Res,2010,30(2):681-682.
[64]STROM S S, KAMAT A M, GRUSCHKUS S K, et al. Influence of obesity on biochemical and clinical failure after external-beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer [J]. Cancer,2006,107(3):631-639.
[65]STROUP S P, CULLEN J, AUGE B K, et al. Effect of obesity on prostate-specific antigen recurrence after radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer as measured by the 2006 radiation therapy oncology group-American society for therapeutic radiation and oncology (RTOG-ASTRO) phoenix consensus definition [J]. Cancer,2007,110(5):1003-1009.
[66]LI A J, PAVELKA J C, BROWN R S, et al. Effect of obesity on survival in epithelial ovarian cancer [J]. Cancer,2006,107(7):1520-1524.
[67]FREEDLAND S J, JAYACHANDRAN J, BANEZ L L, et al. Obesity as a Predictor of Adverse Outcome Across Black and White Race Results From the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) Database [J]. Cancer, 2009,115(22):5263-5271.
[68]HOFFMANN V P, CASE M, STAUFFER V L, et al. Predictive value of early changes in triglycerides and weight for longer-term changes in metabolic measures during olanzapine, ziprasidone or aripiprazole treatment for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder post hoc analyses of 3 randomized, controlled clinical trials [J]. J Clin Psychopharmacol,2010,30(6):656-660.
[69]RUMMEL-KLUGE C, KOMOSSA K, SCHWARZ S, et al. Head-to-head comparisons of metabolic side effects of second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia:a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Schizophrenia research,2010,123(2-3):225-233.
[70]CHOI K, KIM Y B. Molecular mechanism of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes [J]. Korean J Intern Med,2010,25(2):119-129.
[71]WINKLER G, CSEH K. [Molecular mechanisms and correlations of insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus] [J]. Orv Hetil,2009,150(17): 771-780.
[72]GREENFIELD J R, CAMPBELL L V. Relationship between inflammation, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes:'cause or effect'? [J]. Curr Diabetes Rev, 2006,2(2):195-211.
[73]SANDHU M S, HEALD A H, GIBSON J M, et al. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and development of glucose intolerance:a prospective observational study [J]. Lancet,2002,359(9319):1740-1745.
[74]GLUCKMAN P D, GUAN J, WILLIAMS C, et al. Asphyxial brain injury--the role of the IGF system [J]. Molecular and cellular endocrinology,1998,140(1-2): 95-99.
[75]GUNNELL D, RASMUSSEN F, FOUSKAKIS D, et al. Patterns of fetal and childhood growth and the development of psychosis in young males:a cohort study [J]. American journal of epidemiology,2003,158(4):291-300.
[76]GUNNELL D, HOLLY J M. Insulin-like growth factors, insulin resistance and schizophrenia [J]. The British journal of psychiatry:the journal of mental science, 2004,185(353-354.
[77]CROMWELL W C, OTVOS J D, KEYES M J, et al. LDL Particle Number and Risk of Future Cardiovascular Disease in the Framingham Offspring Study Implications for LDL Management [J]. J Clin Lipidol,2007,1(6):583-592.
[78]IP S, LICHTENSTEIN A H, CHUNG M, et al. Systematic review:association of low-density lipoprotein subfractions with cardiovascular outcomes [J]. Ann Intern Med,2009,150(7):474-484.
[79]SUPERKO H R, GADESAM R R. Is It LDL Particle Size or Number that Correlates with Risk for Cardiovascular Disease? [J]. Current Atherosclerosis Reports,2008,10(5):377-385.
[80]OLSSON A G. HDL and LDL as therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease prevention:the possible role of niacin [J]. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2010, 20(8):553-557.
[81]THOMPSEN J, THOMPSON P D. A systematic review of LDL apheresis in the treatment of cardiovascular disease [J]. Atherosclerosis,2006,189(1):31-38.
[82]GORDON D J, PROBSTFIELD J L, GARRISON R J, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies [J]. Circulation,1989,79(1):8-15.
[83]PREISS D, SATTAR N. Lipids, lipid modifying agents and cardiovascular risk:a review of the evidence [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf),2009,70(6):815-828.
[84]LAW M R, WALD N J. An ecological study of serum cholesterol and ischaemic heart disease between 1950 and 1990 [J]. Eur J Clin Nutr,1994,48(5):305-325.
[85]LAW M R, WALD N J, RUDNICKA A R. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke:systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. BMJ,2003,326(7404):1423.
[86]LEWINGTON S, WHITLOCK G, CLARKE R, et al. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure:a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths [J]. Lancet,2007, 370(9602):1829-1839.
[87]MILLER M. The epidemiology of triglyceride as a coronary artery disease risk factor [J]. Clinical Cardiology,1999,22(6):Ii1-Ii6.
[88]PITSCHEL-WALZ G, BAUML J, BENDER W, et al. Psychoeducation and compliance in the treatment of schizophrenia:results of the Munich Psychosis Information Project Study [J]. The Journal of clinical psychiatry,2006,67(3): 443-452.
[89]PETERSEN L, NORDENTOFT M, JEPPESEN P, et al. Improving 1-year outcome in first-episode psychosis:OPUS trial [J]. The British journal of psychiatry Supplement,2005,48(s98-103.
[90]PENN D L, WALDHETER E J, PERKINS D O, et al. Psychosocial treatment for first-episode psychosis:a research update [J]. The American journal of psychiatry, 2005,162(12):2220-2232.
[91]RUMMEL-KLUGE C, PITSCHEL-WALZ G, BAUML J, et al. Psychoeducation in schizophrenia-Results of a survey of all psychiatric institutions in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland [J]. Schizophrenia bulletin,2006,32(4):765-775.
[92]BAUML J, FROBOSE T, KRAEMER S, et al. Psychoeducation:A basic psychotherapeutic intervention for patients with schizophrenia and their families [J]. Schizophrenia bulletin,2006,32(S1-S9.
[93]DEQUARDO J R. Pharmacologic treatment of first-episode schizophrenia:early intervention is key to outcome [J]. The Journal of clinical psychiatry,1998,59 Suppl 19(9-17.
[94]COMBES C, FERAL F. Drug compliance and health locus of control in schizophrenia [J]. Encephale-Revue De Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique Et Therapeutique,2011,37(S11-S18.
[95]MAGLIANO L, FIORILLO A, MALANGONE C, et al. Implementing psychoeducational interventions in Italy for patients with schizophrenia and their families [J]. Psychiatric Services,2006,57(2):266-269.
[96]LEE S P, LANG K, JACKEL J, et al. Predictors of medication adherence among schizophrenia patients treated with conventional and atypical antipsychotics in a large state medicaid program [J]. Value Health,2008,11(3):A123-A123.
[1]VOLPI S, POTKIN S G, MALHOTRA A K, et al. Applicability of a genetic signature for enhanced iloperidone efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenia [J]. J Clin Psychiatry,2009,70(6):801-9.
[2]VOLPI S, HEATON C, MACK K, et al. Whole genome association study identifies polymorphisms associated with QT prolongation during iloperidone treatment of schizophrenia [J]. Mol Psychiatry,2009,14(11):1024-31.
[3]MCINTYRE R S, COHEN M, ZHAO J, et al. A 3-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of asenapine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar mania and mixed states [J]. Bipolar Disord,2009,11(7):673-86.
[4]MARSTON H M, YOUNG J W, MARTIN F D, et al. Asenapine effects in animal models of psychosis and cognitive function [J]. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2009,206(4):699-714.
[5]TARAZI F I, CHOI Y K, GARDNER M, et al. Asenapine exerts distinctive regional effects on ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in rat brain [J]. Synapse,2009,63(5):413-20.
[6]CABALLERO A E. Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and insulin resistance: a focus on subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes [J]. Curr Diab Rep,2004,4(4): 237-46.
[7]DEEDWANIA P C. Metabolic syndrome and vascular disease-Is nature or nurture leading the new epidemic of cardiovascular disease? [J]. Circulation, 2004,109(1):2-4.
[8]TAIT D S, MARSTON H M, SHAHID M, et al. Asenapine restores cognitive flexibility in rats with medial prefrontal cortex lesions [J]. Psychopharmacology (Berl),2009,202(1-3):295-306.
[9]WANG C C L, GOALSTONE M L, DRAZNIN B. Perspectives in diabetes-Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance that impact cardiovascular biology [J]. Diabetes,2004,53(11):2735-40.
[10]RAHMOUNI K, CORREIA M L, HAYNES W Q et al. Obesity-associated hypertension:new insights into mechanisms [J]. Hypertension,2005,45(1):9-14.
[11]CASCELLA T, PALOMBA S, DE SIO I, et al. Visceral fat is associated with cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome [J]. Hum Reprod, 2008,23(1):153-9.
[12]DUNAIF A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome:mechanism and implications for pathogenesis [J]. Endocr Rev,1997,18(6):774-800.
[13]APRIDONIDZE T, ESSAH P A, IUORNO M J, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome [J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2005,90(4):1929-35.
[14]MORAN L, TEEDE H. Metabolic features of the reproductive phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome [J]. Hum Reprod Update,2009,15(4):477-88.
[15]KOTRONEN A, YKI-JARVINEN H. Fatty liver:a novel component of the metabolic syndrome [J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2008,28(1):27-38.
[16]TRAYNOR K. Asenapine approved for treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder [J]. Am J Health Syst Pharm,2009,66(18):1596.
[17]LAZAR M A. The humoral side of insulin resistance [J]. Nat Med,2006,12(1): 43-4.
[18]CAI D, YUAN M, FRANTZ D F, et al. Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB [J]. Nat Med,2005, 11(2):183-90.
[19]KOTSIS V, STABOULI S, PAPAKATSIKA S, et al. Mechanisms of obesity-induced hypertension [J]. Hypertens Res,2010,33(5):386-93.
[20]GASPAR L, POLIAK P, MAKOVNIK M, et al. [Obesity and arterial hypertension] [J]. Vnitr Lek,2010,56(10):1074-7.
[21]VAN DEN BERG E, KLOPPENBORG R P, KESSELS R P, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity:A systematic comparison of their impact on cognition [J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2009,1792(5):470-81.
[22]REISIN E, JACK A V. Obesity and hypertension:mechanisms, cardio-renal consequences, and therapeutic approaches [J]. Med Clin North Am,2009,93(3): 733-51.
[23]BOGAERT Y E, LINAS S. The role of obesity in the pathogenesis of hypertension [J]. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol,2009,5(2):101-11.
[24]SINGER G M, SETARO J F. Secondary hypertension:obesity and the metabolic syndrome [J]. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich),2008,10(7):567-74.
[25]SEGURA J, RUILOPE L M. Obesity, essential hypertension and renin-angiotensin system [J]. Public Health Nutr,2007,10(10A):1151-5.
[26]FRANCISCHETTI E A, GENELHU V A. Obesity-hypertension:an ongoing pandemic [J]. Int J Clin Pract,2007,61(2):269-80.
[27]JOOST H G. The genetic basis of obesity and type 2 diabetes:lessons from the new zealand obese mouse, a polygenic model of the metabolic syndrome [J]. Results Probl Cell Differ,2010,52(1-11.
[28]HILLON P, GUIU B, VINCENT J, et al. Obesity, type 2 diabetes and risk of digestive cancer [J]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol,2010,34(10):529-33.
[29]GOLAY A, FELBER J P. Evolution from obesity to diabetes [J]. Diabete Metab, 1994,20(1):3-14.
[30]MAGGIO C A, PI-SUNYER F X. Obesity and type 2 diabetes [J]. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am,2003,32(4):805-22, viii.
[31]YOON K H, LEE J H, KIM J W, et al. Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia [J]. Lancet,2006,368(9548):1681-8.
[32]KAHN S E, HULL R L, UTZSCHNEIDER K M. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [J]. Nature,2006,444(7121):840-6.
[33]SEIDELL J C. Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes--a worldwide epidemic [J]. Br J Nutr,2000,83 Suppl 1(S5-8.
[34]WOLIN K Y, CARSON K, COLDITZ G A. Obesity and cancer [J]. Oncologist, 2010,15(6):556-65.
[35]PI-SUNYER F X. The obesity epidemic:pathophysiology and consequences of obesity [J]. Obes Res,2002,10 Suppl 2(97S-104S.
[36]KRISTAL A R, GONG Z H, AGALLIU I, et al. Obesity is associated with increased risks of prostate cancer metastasis and death after initial cancer diagnosis in middle-aged men [J]. Cancer,2007,109(6):1192-202.
[37]SMITH M R, EFSTATHIOU J A, BAE K, et al. Obesity and mortality in men with locally advanced prostate cancer-Analysis of RTOG 85-31 [J]. Cancer, 2007,110(12):2691-9.
[38]PAREKH N, LIN Y, DIPAOLA R S, et al. Obesity and prostate cancer detection: insights from three national surveys [J]. Am J Med,2010,123(9):829-35.
[39]COHEN S S, PALMIERI R T, NYANTE S J, et al. A review-Obesity and screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer in women [J]. Cancer,2008, 112(9):1892-904.
[40]CWILLIAMS R R, MATSUMOTO M E, BURCH P A, et al. Obesity adversely affects survival in pancreatic cancer patients [J]. Cancer,2010,116(21):5054-62.
[41]HELYER L K, VARNIC M, LE L W, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for developing postoperative lymphedema in breast cancer patients [J]. Breast J,2010,16(1): 48-54.
[42]LANDMAN G W, VAN HATEREN K J, KLEEFSTRA N, et al. The relationship between obesity and cancer mortality in type 2 diabetes:a ten-year follow-up study (ZODIAC-21) [J]. Anticancer Res,2010,30(2):681-2.
[43]STROM S S, KAMAT A M, GRUSCHKUS S K, et al. Influence of obesity on biochemical and clinical failure after external-beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer [J]. Cancer,2006,107(3):631-9.
[44]STROUP S P, CULLEN J, AUGE B K, et al. Effect of obesity on prostate-specific antigen recurrence after radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer as measured by the 2006 radiation therapy oncology group-American society for therapeutic radiation and oncology (RTOG-ASTRO) phoenix consensus definition [J]. Cancer,2007,110(5):1003-9.
[45]LI A J, PAVELKA J C, BROWN R S, et al. Effect of obesity on survival in epithelial ovarian cancer [J]. Cancer,2006,107(7):1520-4.
[46]FREEDLAND S J, JAYACHANDRAN J, BANEZ L L, et al. Obesity as a Predictor of Adverse Outcome Across Black and White Race Results From the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) Database [J]. Cancer, 2009,115(22):5263-71.
[47]ISAAC M T, ISAAC M B. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes:response to consensus statement [J]. Diabetes Care,2004,27(8):2088; author reply 9-90.
[48]A practical approach to dietary therapy for patients with high blood cholesterol levels. Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults, National Cholesterol Education Program [J]. Md Med J,1988,37(4):258-61.
[49]REYNOLDS G P, ZHANG Z J, ZHANG X B. Polymorphism of the promoter region of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor gene and clozapine-induced weight gain [J]. Am J Psychiat,2003,160(4):677-9.
[50]RUBINSTEIN A. National Cholesterol Education Program, second report of the Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults [J]. Circulation,1995,91(3):908-9.
[51]BOEHM G, RACOOSIN J A, LAUGHREN T P, et al. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes:response to consensus statement [J]. Diabetes Care,2004,27(8):2088-9; author reply 9-90.
[52]Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ) final report [J]. Circulation,2002,106(25): 3143-421.
[53]ENKHMAA B, SHIWAKU K, ANUURAD E, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Educational Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP Ⅲ) and the modified ATP Ⅲ definitions for Japanese and Mongolians [J]. Clin Chim Acta,2005,352(1-2):105-13.
[54]National Cholesterol Education Program. Second Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II) [J]. Circulation,1994,89(3):1333-445.
[55]DINAN T G. Schizophrenia and diabetes 2003:an expert consensus meeting. Introduction [J]. Br J Psychiatry Suppl,2004,47(S53-4.
[56]DE NAYER A, DE HERT M, SCHEEN A, et al. [Conference report:Belgian consensus on metabolic problems associated with atypical antipsychotics] [J]. Encephale,2007,33(2):197-202.
[57]ZHANG Z J, ZHANG X B, SHA W W, et al. Association of a polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor gene with tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia [J]. Mol Psychiatry,2002,7(7):670-1.
[58]FOWLER J A, BETTINGER T L, ARGO T R. Paliperidone extended-release tablets for the acute and maintenance treatment of schizophrenia [J]. Clin Ther, 2008,30(2):231-48.
[59]DOLDER C, NELSON M, DEYO Z. Paliperidone for schizophrenia [J]. Am J Health Syst Pharm,2008,65(5):403-13.
[60]MISRA A, KHURANA L. The Metabolic Syndrome in South Asians: Epidemiology, Determinants, and Prevention [J]. Metab Syndr Relat D,2009, 7(6):497-514.
[61]REDDY K S, PRABHAKARAN D, CHATURVEDI V, et al. Methods for establishing a surveillance system for cardiovascular diseases in Indian industrial populations [J]. B World Health Organ,2006,84(6):461-9.
[1]BROWN S, INSKIP H, BARRACLOUGH B. Causes of the excess mortality of schizophrenia [J]. Br J Psychiatry,2000,177(212-217.
[2]LAURSEN T M, MUNK-OLSEN T, NORDENTOFT M, et al. Increased mortality among patients admitted with major psychiatric disorders:A register-based study comparing mortality in unipolar depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia [J]. J Clin Psychiat, 2007,68(6):899-907.
[3]SAHA S, CHANT D, MCGRATH J. A systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia-Is the differential mortality gap worsening over time? [J]. Arch Gen Psychiat,2007,64(10):1123-1131.
[4]COLTON C W, MANDERSCHEID R W. Congruencies in increased mortality rates, years of potential life lost, and causes of death among public mental health clients in eight states [J]. Prev Chronic Dis,2006,3(2):A42.
[5]LAURSEN T M, MUNK-OLSEN T, AGERBO E, et al. Somatic hospital contacts, invasive cardiac procedures, and mortality from heart disease in patients with severe mental disorder [J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry,2009,66(7):713-720.
[6]HENNEKENS C H, HENNEKENS A R, HOLLAR D, et al. Schizophrenia and increased risks of cardiovascular disease [J]. Am Heart J,2005,150(6): 1115-1121.
[7]MCEVOY J P, MEYER J M, GOFF D C, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia:baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES Ⅲ[J]. Schizophr Res, 2005,80(1):19-32.
[8]BOBES J, ARANGO C, ARANDA P, et al. Cardiovascular and metabolic risk in outpatients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics:results of the CLAMORS Study [J]. Schizophr Res,2007,90(1-3):162-173.
[9]FAGIOLINI A, FRANK E, SCOTT J A, et al. Metabolic syndrome in bipolar disorder:findings from the Bipolar Disorder Center for Pennsylvanians [J]. Bipolar Disord,2005,7(5):424-430.
[10]MORRATO E H, NEWCOMER J W, ALLEN R R, et al. Prevalence of baseline serum glucose and lipid testing in users of second-generation antipsychotic drugs: a retrospective, population-based study of Medicaid claims data [J]. J Clin Psychiatry,2008,69(2):316-322.
[11]NASRALLAH H A, MEYER J M, GOFF D C, et al. Low rates of treatment for hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes in schizophrenia:Data from the CATIE schizophrenia trial sample at baseline [J]. Schizophrenia Research,2006,86(1-3): 15-22.
[12]DE HERT M A, VAN WINKEL R, VAN EYCK D, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotic medication [J]. Schizophr Res,2006,83(1):87-93.
[13]REYNOLDS G P, ZHANG Z J, ZHANG X B. Polymorphism of the promoter region of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor gene and clozapine-induced weight gain [J]. Am J Psychiat,2003,160(4):677-679.
[14]HAUPT D W, ROSENBLATT L C, KIM E, et al. Prevalence and predictors of lipid and glucose monitoring in commercially insured patients treated with second-generation antipsychotic agents [J]. Am J Psychiatry,2009,166(3): 345-353.
[15]MORRATO E H, NEWCOMER J W, KAMAT S, et al. Metabolic screening after the American Diabetes Association's consensus statement on antipsychotic drugs and diabetes [J]. Diabetes Care,2009,32(6):1037-1042.
[16]MORRATO E H, DRUSS B, HARTUNG D M, et al. Metabolic testing rates in 3 state Medicaid programs after FDA warnings and ADA/APA recommendations for second-generation antipsychotic drugs [J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry,2010,67(1): 17-24.
[2]ABEL K M, DRAKE R, GOLDSTEIN J M. Sex differences in schizophrenia [J]. Int Rev Psychiatry,2010,22(5):417-428.
[3]CASTLE D J, WESSELY S, MURRAY R M. Sex and schizophrenia:effects of diagnostic stringency, and associations with and premorbid variables [J]. Br J Psychiatry,1993,162(658-664.
[4]BEAUCHAMP G, GAGNON A. Influence of diagnostic classification on gender ratio in schizophrenia-a meta-analysis of youths hospitalized for psychosis [J]. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol,2004,39(12):1017-1022.
[5]陈昌惠,沈渔笛,张维熙,et al中国七个地区精神分裂症流行病学调查[J].中华精神科杂志,1998,31(2)：72-74.
[6]WILLNER P. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia:current status, future prospects [J]. Int Clin Psychopharmacol,1997,12(6):297-308.
[7]THOMPSON L W. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia [J]. Perspect Psychiatr Care,1990,26(3):18-23.
[8]AKHONDZADEH S. The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia [J]. J Clin Pharm Ther,1998,23(4):243-246.
[9]AKHONDZADEH S. The 5-HT hypothesis of schizophrenia [J]. IDrugs,2001, 4(3):295-300.
[10]WU R R, ZHAO J P, LIU Z N, et al. Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on glucose-insulin homeostasis and lipid metabolism in first-episode schizophrenia [J]. Psychopharmacology,2006,186(4):572-578.
[11]POA N R, EDGAR P F. Insulin resistance is associated with hypercortisolemia in Polynesian patients treated with antipsychotic medication [J]. Diabetes Care, 2007,30(6):1425-1429.
[12]VALLAT J N, LEPETIT, TEXIER. [Diabetes insipidus during the treatment of schizophrenia with chlorpromazine] [J]. Journal de medecine de Bordeaux et du Sud-Ouest,1955,132(8):783-785.
[13]HENDERSON D C, CAGLIERO E, GRAY C, et al. Clozapine, diabetes mellitus, weight gain, and lipid abnormalities:A five-year naturalistic study [J]. The American journal of psychiatry,2000,157(6):975-981.
[14]MCEVOY J P, MEYER J M, GOFF D C, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia:baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES Ⅲ[J]. Schizophrenia research,2005,80(1):19-32.
[15]SIMPSON G M, GLICK I D, WEIDEN P J, et al. Randomized, controlled, double-blind multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of ziprasidone and olanzapine in acutely ill inpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder [J]. Am J Psychiatry,2004,161(10):1837-1847.
[16]KOLLER E, SCHNEIDER B, BENNETT K, et al. Clozapine-associated diabetes [J]. The American journal of medicine,2001,111(9):716-723.
[17]WIRSHING D A, SPELLBERG B J, ERHART S M, et al. Novel antipsychotics and new onset diabetes [J]. Biological psychiatry,1998,44(8):778-783.
[18]BROWN R R, ESTOUP M W. Comparison of the metabolic effects observed in patients treated with ziprasidone versus olanzapine [J]. Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 2005,20(2):105-112.
[19]GUNASEKARA N S, SPENCER C M, KEATING G M. Ziprasidone:a review of its use in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder [J]. Drugs,2002,62(8): 1217-1251.
[20]ALLISON D B, MENTORE J L, HEO M, et al. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain:a comprehensive research synthesis [J]. The American journal of psychiatry, 1999,156(11):1686-1696.
[21]GROOTENS K P, VAN VEELEN N M, PEUSKENS J, et al. Ziprasidone vs olanzapine in recent-onset schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder:results of an 8-week double-blind randomized controlled trial [J]. Schizophrenia bulletin, 2011,37(2):352-361.
[22]KAHN R S, FLEISCHHACKER W W, BOTER H, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: an open randomised clinical trial [J]. Lancet,2008,371(9618):1085-1097.
[23]KAY S R, FISZBEIN A, OPLER L A. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia [J]. Schizophr Bull,1987,13(2):261-276.
[24]KAY S R, OPLER L A, LINDENMAYER J P. Reliability and validity of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenics [J]. Psychiatry Res,1988, 23(1):99-110.
[25]何燕玲,张明圆.阳性和阴性综合征量表(PANSS)及其应用[J].临床精神医学杂志,1997,7(6)：353-355.
[26]司天梅.阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS,中文版)的信、效度研究[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(1)：3.
[27]LEUCHT S, DAVIS J M, ENGEL R R, et al. Definitions of response and remission in schizophrenia:recommendations for their use and their presentation [J]. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl,2009,438):7-14.
[28]SIMPSON G M, WEIDEN P, PIGOTT T, et al. Six-month, blinded, multicenter continuation study of ziprasidone versus olanzapine in schizophrenia [J]. Am J Psychiatry,2005,162(8):1535-1538.
[29]LUBLIN H, HAUG H J, KOPONEN H, et al. Ziprasidone versus olanzapine, risperidone or quetiapine in patients with chronic schizophrenia:a 12-week open-label, multicentre clinical trial [J]. World J Biol Psychiatry,2009,10(4 Pt 3): 710-718.
[30]BREIER A, BERG P H, THAKORE J H, et al. Olanzapine versus ziprasidone: results of a 28-week double-blind study in patients with schizophrenia [J]. The American journal of psychiatry,2005,162(10):1879-1887.
[31]KOMOSSA K, RUMMEL-KLUGE C, HUNGER H, et al. Ziprasidone versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009,4):CD006627.
[32]KOMOSSA K, RUMMEL-KLUGE C, HUNGER H, et al. Olanzapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2010,3):CD006654.
[33]STROM B L, ENG S M, FAICH G, et al. Comparative mortality associated with ziprasidone and olanzapine in real-world use among 18,154 patients with schizophrenia:The Ziprasidone Observational Study of Cardiac Outcomes (ZODIAC) [J]. The American journal of psychiatry,2011,168(2):193-201.
[34]GROOTENS K P, VAN VEELEN N M, PEUSKENS J, et al. Ziprasidone Vs Olanzapine in Recent-Onset Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder:Results of an 8-Week Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [J]. Schizophr Bull, 2009,
[35]RUMMEL-KLUGE C, KOMOSSA K, SCHWARZ S, et al. Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs and Extrapyramidal Side Effects:A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Head-to-Head Comparisons [J]. Schizophr Bull,2010,
[36]HAFFNER S M, MIETTINEN H, STERN M P. The homeostasis model in the San Antonio Heart Study [J]. Diabetes Care,1997,20(7):1087-1092.
[37]SACHS G S, GUILLE C. Weight gain associated with use of psychotropic medications [J]. The Journal of clinical psychiatry,1999,60 Suppl 21(16-19.
[38]REYNOLDS G P, KIRK S L. Metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drug treatment--pharmacological mechanisms [J]. Pharmacol Ther,2010,125(1): 169-179.
[39]MOTTILLO S, FILION K B, GENEST J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Journal of the American College of Cardiology,2010,56(14):1113-1132.
[40]KOTSIS V, STABOULI S, PAPAKATSIKA S, et al. Mechanisms of obesity-induced hypertension [J]. Hypertens Res,2010,33(5):386-393.
[41]GASPAR L, POLIAK P, MAKOVNIK M, et al. [Obesity and arterial hypertension] [J]. Vnitr Lek,2010,56(10):1074-1077.
[42]VAN DEN BERG E, KLOPPENBORG R P, KESSELS R P, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity:A systematic comparison of their impact on cognition [J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2009,1792(5):470-481.
[43]REISIN E, JACK A V. Obesity and hypertension:mechanisms, cardio-renal consequences, and therapeutic approaches [J]. Med Clin North Am,2009,93(3): 733-751.
[44]BOGAERT Y E, LINAS S. The role of obesity in the pathogenesis of hypertension [J]. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol,2009,5(2):101-111.
[45]SINGER G M, SETARO J F. Secondary hypertension:obesity and the metabolic syndrome [J]. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich),2008,10(7):567-574.
[46]SEGURA J, RUILOPE L M. Obesity, essential hypertension and renin-angiotensin system [J]. Public Health Nutr,2007,10(10A):1151-1155.
[47]FRANCISCHETTI E A, GENELHU V A. Obesity-hypertension:an ongoing pandemic [J]. Int J Clin Pract,2007,61(2):269-280.
[48]JOOST H G. The genetic basis of obesity and type 2 diabetes:lessons from the new zealand obese mouse, a polygenic model of the metabolic syndrome [J]. Results Probl Cell Differ,2010,52(1-11.
[49]HILLON P, GUIU B, VINCENT J, et al. Obesity, type 2 diabetes and risk of digestive cancer [J]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol,2010,34(10):529-533.
[50]GOLAY A, FELBER J P. Evolution from obesity to diabetes [J]. Diabete Metab, 1994,20(1):3-14.
[51]MAGGIO C A, PI-SUNYER F X. Obesity and type 2 diabetes [J]. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am,2003,32(4):805-822, ⅷ.
[52]YOON K H, LEE J H, KIM J W, et al. Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia [J]. Lancet,2006,368(9548):1681-1688.
[53]KAHN S E, HULL R L, UTZSCHNEIDER K M. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [J]. Nature,2006,444(7121):840-846.
[54]SEIDELL J C. Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes--a worldwide epidemic [J]. Br J Nutr,2000,83 Suppl 1(S5-8.
[55]WOLIN K Y, CARSON K, COLDITZ G A. Obesity and cancer [J]. Oncologist, 2010,15(6):556-565.
[56]PI-SUNYER F X. The obesity epidemic:pathophysiology and consequences of obesity [J]. Obes Res,2002,10 Suppl 2(97S-104S.
[57]KRISTAL A R, GONG Z H, AGALLIU I, et al. Obesity is associated with increased risks of prostate cancer metastasis and death after initial cancer diagnosis in middle-aged men [J]. Cancer,2007,109(6):1192-1202.
[58]SMITH M R, EFSTATHIOU J A, BAE K, et al. Obesity and mortality in men with locally advanced prostate cancer-Analysis of RTOG 85-31 [J]. Cancer, 2007,110(12):2691-2699.
[59]PAREKH N, LIN Y, DIPAOLA R S, et al. Obesity and prostate cancer detection: insights from three national surveys [J]. Am J Med,2010,123(9):829-835.
[60]COHEN S S, PALMIERI R T, NYANTE S J, et al. A review-Obesity and screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer in women [J]. Cancer,2008, 112(9):1892-1904.
[61]MCWILLIAMS R R, MATSUMOTO M E, BURCH P A, et al. Obesity adversely affects survival in pancreatic cancer patients [J]. Cancer,2010,116(21): 5054-5062.
[62]HELYER L K, VARNIC M, LE L W, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for developing postoperative lymphedema in breast cancer patients [J]. Breast J,2010,16(1): 48-54.
[63]LANDMAN G W, VAN HATEREN K J, KLEEFSTRAN, et al. The relationship between obesity and cancer mortality in type 2 diabetes:a ten-year follow-up study (ZODIAC-21) [J]. Anticancer Res,2010,30(2):681-682.
[64]STROM S S, KAMAT A M, GRUSCHKUS S K, et al. Influence of obesity on biochemical and clinical failure after external-beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer [J]. Cancer,2006,107(3):631-639.
[65]STROUP S P, CULLEN J, AUGE B K, et al. Effect of obesity on prostate-specific antigen recurrence after radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer as measured by the 2006 radiation therapy oncology group-American society for therapeutic radiation and oncology (RTOG-ASTRO) phoenix consensus definition [J]. Cancer,2007,110(5):1003-1009.
[66]LI A J, PAVELKA J C, BROWN R S, et al. Effect of obesity on survival in epithelial ovarian cancer [J]. Cancer,2006,107(7):1520-1524.
[67]FREEDLAND S J, JAYACHANDRAN J, BANEZ L L, et al. Obesity as a Predictor of Adverse Outcome Across Black and White Race Results From the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) Database [J]. Cancer, 2009,115(22):5263-5271.
[68]HOFFMANN V P, CASE M, STAUFFER V L, et al. Predictive value of early changes in triglycerides and weight for longer-term changes in metabolic measures during olanzapine, ziprasidone or aripiprazole treatment for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder post hoc analyses of 3 randomized, controlled clinical trials [J]. J Clin Psychopharmacol,2010,30(6):656-660.
[69]RUMMEL-KLUGE C, KOMOSSA K, SCHWARZ S, et al. Head-to-head comparisons of metabolic side effects of second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia:a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Schizophrenia research,2010,123(2-3):225-233.
[70]CHOI K, KIM Y B. Molecular mechanism of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes [J]. Korean J Intern Med,2010,25(2):119-129.
[71]WINKLER G, CSEH K. [Molecular mechanisms and correlations of insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus] [J]. Orv Hetil,2009,150(17): 771-780.
[72]GREENFIELD J R, CAMPBELL L V. Relationship between inflammation, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes:'cause or effect'? [J]. Curr Diabetes Rev, 2006,2(2):195-211.
[73]SANDHU M S, HEALD A H, GIBSON J M, et al. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and development of glucose intolerance:a prospective observational study [J]. Lancet,2002,359(9319):1740-1745.
[74]GLUCKMAN P D, GUAN J, WILLIAMS C, et al. Asphyxial brain injury--the role of the IGF system [J]. Molecular and cellular endocrinology,1998,140(1-2): 95-99.
[75]GUNNELL D, RASMUSSEN F, FOUSKAKIS D, et al. Patterns of fetal and childhood growth and the development of psychosis in young males:a cohort study [J]. American journal of epidemiology,2003,158(4):291-300.
[76]GUNNELL D, HOLLY J M. Insulin-like growth factors, insulin resistance and schizophrenia [J]. The British journal of psychiatry:the journal of mental science, 2004,185(353-354.
[77]CROMWELL W C, OTVOS J D, KEYES M J, et al. LDL Particle Number and Risk of Future Cardiovascular Disease in the Framingham Offspring Study Implications for LDL Management [J]. J Clin Lipidol,2007,1(6):583-592.
[78]IP S, LICHTENSTEIN A H, CHUNG M, et al. Systematic review:association of low-density lipoprotein subfractions with cardiovascular outcomes [J]. Ann Intern Med,2009,150(7):474-484.
[79]SUPERKO H R, GADESAM R R. Is It LDL Particle Size or Number that Correlates with Risk for Cardiovascular Disease? [J]. Current Atherosclerosis Reports,2008,10(5):377-385.
[80]OLSSON A G. HDL and LDL as therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease prevention:the possible role of niacin [J]. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2010, 20(8):553-557.
[81]THOMPSEN J, THOMPSON P D. A systematic review of LDL apheresis in the treatment of cardiovascular disease [J]. Atherosclerosis,2006,189(1):31-38.
[82]GORDON D J, PROBSTFIELD J L, GARRISON R J, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies [J]. Circulation,1989,79(1):8-15.
[83]PREISS D, SATTAR N. Lipids, lipid modifying agents and cardiovascular risk:a review of the evidence [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf),2009,70(6):815-828.
[84]LAW M R, WALD N J. An ecological study of serum cholesterol and ischaemic heart disease between 1950 and 1990 [J]. Eur J Clin Nutr,1994,48(5):305-325.
[85]LAW M R, WALD N J, RUDNICKA A R. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke:systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. BMJ,2003,326(7404):1423.
[86]LEWINGTON S, WHITLOCK G, CLARKE R, et al. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure:a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths [J]. Lancet,2007, 370(9602):1829-1839.
[87]MILLER M. The epidemiology of triglyceride as a coronary artery disease risk factor [J]. Clinical Cardiology,1999,22(6):Ii1-Ii6.
[88]PITSCHEL-WALZ G, BAUML J, BENDER W, et al. Psychoeducation and compliance in the treatment of schizophrenia:results of the Munich Psychosis Information Project Study [J]. The Journal of clinical psychiatry,2006,67(3): 443-452.
[89]PETERSEN L, NORDENTOFT M, JEPPESEN P, et al. Improving 1-year outcome in first-episode psychosis:OPUS trial [J]. The British journal of psychiatry Supplement,2005,48(s98-103.
[90]PENN D L, WALDHETER E J, PERKINS D O, et al. Psychosocial treatment for first-episode psychosis:a research update [J]. The American journal of psychiatry, 2005,162(12):2220-2232.
[91]RUMMEL-KLUGE C, PITSCHEL-WALZ G, BAUML J, et al. Psychoeducation in schizophrenia-Results of a survey of all psychiatric institutions in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland [J]. Schizophrenia bulletin,2006,32(4):765-775.
[92]BAUML J, FROBOSE T, KRAEMER S, et al. Psychoeducation:A basic psychotherapeutic intervention for patients with schizophrenia and their families [J]. Schizophrenia bulletin,2006,32(S1-S9.
[93]DEQUARDO J R. Pharmacologic treatment of first-episode schizophrenia:early intervention is key to outcome [J]. The Journal of clinical psychiatry,1998,59 Suppl 19(9-17.
[94]COMBES C, FERAL F. Drug compliance and health locus of control in schizophrenia [J]. Encephale-Revue De Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique Et Therapeutique,2011,37(S11-S18.
[95]MAGLIANO L, FIORILLO A, MALANGONE C, et al. Implementing psychoeducational interventions in Italy for patients with schizophrenia and their families [J]. Psychiatric Services,2006,57(2):266-269.
[96]LEE S P, LANG K, JACKEL J, et al. Predictors of medication adherence among schizophrenia patients treated with conventional and atypical antipsychotics in a large state medicaid program [J]. Value Health,2008,11(3):A123-A123.
[1]VOLPI S, POTKIN S G, MALHOTRA A K, et al. Applicability of a genetic signature for enhanced iloperidone efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenia [J]. J Clin Psychiatry,2009,70(6):801-9.
[2]VOLPI S, HEATON C, MACK K, et al. Whole genome association study identifies polymorphisms associated with QT prolongation during iloperidone treatment of schizophrenia [J]. Mol Psychiatry,2009,14(11):1024-31.
[3]MCINTYRE R S, COHEN M, ZHAO J, et al. A 3-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of asenapine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar mania and mixed states [J]. Bipolar Disord,2009,11(7):673-86.
[4]MARSTON H M, YOUNG J W, MARTIN F D, et al. Asenapine effects in animal models of psychosis and cognitive function [J]. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2009,206(4):699-714.
[5]TARAZI F I, CHOI Y K, GARDNER M, et al. Asenapine exerts distinctive regional effects on ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in rat brain [J]. Synapse,2009,63(5):413-20.
[6]CABALLERO A E. Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and insulin resistance: a focus on subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes [J]. Curr Diab Rep,2004,4(4): 237-46.
[7]DEEDWANIA P C. Metabolic syndrome and vascular disease-Is nature or nurture leading the new epidemic of cardiovascular disease? [J]. Circulation, 2004,109(1):2-4.
[8]TAIT D S, MARSTON H M, SHAHID M, et al. Asenapine restores cognitive flexibility in rats with medial prefrontal cortex lesions [J]. Psychopharmacology (Berl),2009,202(1-3):295-306.
[9]WANG C C L, GOALSTONE M L, DRAZNIN B. Perspectives in diabetes-Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance that impact cardiovascular biology [J]. Diabetes,2004,53(11):2735-40.
[10]RAHMOUNI K, CORREIA M L, HAYNES W Q et al. Obesity-associated hypertension:new insights into mechanisms [J]. Hypertension,2005,45(1):9-14.
[11]CASCELLA T, PALOMBA S, DE SIO I, et al. Visceral fat is associated with cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome [J]. Hum Reprod, 2008,23(1):153-9.
[12]DUNAIF A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome:mechanism and implications for pathogenesis [J]. Endocr Rev,1997,18(6):774-800.
[13]APRIDONIDZE T, ESSAH P A, IUORNO M J, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome [J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2005,90(4):1929-35.
[14]MORAN L, TEEDE H. Metabolic features of the reproductive phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome [J]. Hum Reprod Update,2009,15(4):477-88.
[15]KOTRONEN A, YKI-JARVINEN H. Fatty liver:a novel component of the metabolic syndrome [J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2008,28(1):27-38.
[16]TRAYNOR K. Asenapine approved for treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder [J]. Am J Health Syst Pharm,2009,66(18):1596.
[17]LAZAR M A. The humoral side of insulin resistance [J]. Nat Med,2006,12(1): 43-4.
[18]CAI D, YUAN M, FRANTZ D F, et al. Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB [J]. Nat Med,2005, 11(2):183-90.
[19]KOTSIS V, STABOULI S, PAPAKATSIKA S, et al. Mechanisms of obesity-induced hypertension [J]. Hypertens Res,2010,33(5):386-93.
[20]GASPAR L, POLIAK P, MAKOVNIK M, et al. [Obesity and arterial hypertension] [J]. Vnitr Lek,2010,56(10):1074-7.
[21]VAN DEN BERG E, KLOPPENBORG R P, KESSELS R P, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity:A systematic comparison of their impact on cognition [J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2009,1792(5):470-81.
[22]REISIN E, JACK A V. Obesity and hypertension:mechanisms, cardio-renal consequences, and therapeutic approaches [J]. Med Clin North Am,2009,93(3): 733-51.
[23]BOGAERT Y E, LINAS S. The role of obesity in the pathogenesis of hypertension [J]. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol,2009,5(2):101-11.
[24]SINGER G M, SETARO J F. Secondary hypertension:obesity and the metabolic syndrome [J]. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich),2008,10(7):567-74.
[25]SEGURA J, RUILOPE L M. Obesity, essential hypertension and renin-angiotensin system [J]. Public Health Nutr,2007,10(10A):1151-5.
[26]FRANCISCHETTI E A, GENELHU V A. Obesity-hypertension:an ongoing pandemic [J]. Int J Clin Pract,2007,61(2):269-80.
[27]JOOST H G. The genetic basis of obesity and type 2 diabetes:lessons from the new zealand obese mouse, a polygenic model of the metabolic syndrome [J]. Results Probl Cell Differ,2010,52(1-11.
[28]HILLON P, GUIU B, VINCENT J, et al. Obesity, type 2 diabetes and risk of digestive cancer [J]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol,2010,34(10):529-33.
[29]GOLAY A, FELBER J P. Evolution from obesity to diabetes [J]. Diabete Metab, 1994,20(1):3-14.
[30]MAGGIO C A, PI-SUNYER F X. Obesity and type 2 diabetes [J]. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am,2003,32(4):805-22, viii.
[31]YOON K H, LEE J H, KIM J W, et al. Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia [J]. Lancet,2006,368(9548):1681-8.
[32]KAHN S E, HULL R L, UTZSCHNEIDER K M. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [J]. Nature,2006,444(7121):840-6.
[33]SEIDELL J C. Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes--a worldwide epidemic [J]. Br J Nutr,2000,83 Suppl 1(S5-8.
[34]WOLIN K Y, CARSON K, COLDITZ G A. Obesity and cancer [J]. Oncologist, 2010,15(6):556-65.
[35]PI-SUNYER F X. The obesity epidemic:pathophysiology and consequences of obesity [J]. Obes Res,2002,10 Suppl 2(97S-104S.
[36]KRISTAL A R, GONG Z H, AGALLIU I, et al. Obesity is associated with increased risks of prostate cancer metastasis and death after initial cancer diagnosis in middle-aged men [J]. Cancer,2007,109(6):1192-202.
[37]SMITH M R, EFSTATHIOU J A, BAE K, et al. Obesity and mortality in men with locally advanced prostate cancer-Analysis of RTOG 85-31 [J]. Cancer, 2007,110(12):2691-9.
[38]PAREKH N, LIN Y, DIPAOLA R S, et al. Obesity and prostate cancer detection: insights from three national surveys [J]. Am J Med,2010,123(9):829-35.
[39]COHEN S S, PALMIERI R T, NYANTE S J, et al. A review-Obesity and screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer in women [J]. Cancer,2008, 112(9):1892-904.
[40]CWILLIAMS R R, MATSUMOTO M E, BURCH P A, et al. Obesity adversely affects survival in pancreatic cancer patients [J]. Cancer,2010,116(21):5054-62.
[41]HELYER L K, VARNIC M, LE L W, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for developing postoperative lymphedema in breast cancer patients [J]. Breast J,2010,16(1): 48-54.
[42]LANDMAN G W, VAN HATEREN K J, KLEEFSTRA N, et al. The relationship between obesity and cancer mortality in type 2 diabetes:a ten-year follow-up study (ZODIAC-21) [J]. Anticancer Res,2010,30(2):681-2.
[43]STROM S S, KAMAT A M, GRUSCHKUS S K, et al. Influence of obesity on biochemical and clinical failure after external-beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer [J]. Cancer,2006,107(3):631-9.
[44]STROUP S P, CULLEN J, AUGE B K, et al. Effect of obesity on prostate-specific antigen recurrence after radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer as measured by the 2006 radiation therapy oncology group-American society for therapeutic radiation and oncology (RTOG-ASTRO) phoenix consensus definition [J]. Cancer,2007,110(5):1003-9.
[45]LI A J, PAVELKA J C, BROWN R S, et al. Effect of obesity on survival in epithelial ovarian cancer [J]. Cancer,2006,107(7):1520-4.
[46]FREEDLAND S J, JAYACHANDRAN J, BANEZ L L, et al. Obesity as a Predictor of Adverse Outcome Across Black and White Race Results From the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) Database [J]. Cancer, 2009,115(22):5263-71.
[47]ISAAC M T, ISAAC M B. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes:response to consensus statement [J]. Diabetes Care,2004,27(8):2088; author reply 9-90.
[48]A practical approach to dietary therapy for patients with high blood cholesterol levels. Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults, National Cholesterol Education Program [J]. Md Med J,1988,37(4):258-61.
[49]REYNOLDS G P, ZHANG Z J, ZHANG X B. Polymorphism of the promoter region of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor gene and clozapine-induced weight gain [J]. Am J Psychiat,2003,160(4):677-9.
[50]RUBINSTEIN A. National Cholesterol Education Program, second report of the Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults [J]. Circulation,1995,91(3):908-9.
[51]BOEHM G, RACOOSIN J A, LAUGHREN T P, et al. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes:response to consensus statement [J]. Diabetes Care,2004,27(8):2088-9; author reply 9-90.
[52]Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ) final report [J]. Circulation,2002,106(25): 3143-421.
[53]ENKHMAA B, SHIWAKU K, ANUURAD E, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Educational Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP Ⅲ) and the modified ATP Ⅲ definitions for Japanese and Mongolians [J]. Clin Chim Acta,2005,352(1-2):105-13.
[54]National Cholesterol Education Program. Second Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II) [J]. Circulation,1994,89(3):1333-445.
[55]DINAN T G. Schizophrenia and diabetes 2003:an expert consensus meeting. Introduction [J]. Br J Psychiatry Suppl,2004,47(S53-4.
[56]DE NAYER A, DE HERT M, SCHEEN A, et al. [Conference report:Belgian consensus on metabolic problems associated with atypical antipsychotics] [J]. Encephale,2007,33(2):197-202.
[57]ZHANG Z J, ZHANG X B, SHA W W, et al. Association of a polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor gene with tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia [J]. Mol Psychiatry,2002,7(7):670-1.
[58]FOWLER J A, BETTINGER T L, ARGO T R. Paliperidone extended-release tablets for the acute and maintenance treatment of schizophrenia [J]. Clin Ther, 2008,30(2):231-48.
[59]DOLDER C, NELSON M, DEYO Z. Paliperidone for schizophrenia [J]. Am J Health Syst Pharm,2008,65(5):403-13.
[60]MISRA A, KHURANA L. The Metabolic Syndrome in South Asians: Epidemiology, Determinants, and Prevention [J]. Metab Syndr Relat D,2009, 7(6):497-514.
[61]REDDY K S, PRABHAKARAN D, CHATURVEDI V, et al. Methods for establishing a surveillance system for cardiovascular diseases in Indian industrial populations [J]. B World Health Organ,2006,84(6):461-9.
[1]BROWN S, INSKIP H, BARRACLOUGH B. Causes of the excess mortality of schizophrenia [J]. Br J Psychiatry,2000,177(212-217.
[2]LAURSEN T M, MUNK-OLSEN T, NORDENTOFT M, et al. Increased mortality among patients admitted with major psychiatric disorders:A register-based study comparing mortality in unipolar depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia [J]. J Clin Psychiat, 2007,68(6):899-907.
[3]SAHA S, CHANT D, MCGRATH J. A systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia-Is the differential mortality gap worsening over time? [J]. Arch Gen Psychiat,2007,64(10):1123-1131.
[4]COLTON C W, MANDERSCHEID R W. Congruencies in increased mortality rates, years of potential life lost, and causes of death among public mental health clients in eight states [J]. Prev Chronic Dis,2006,3(2):A42.
[5]LAURSEN T M, MUNK-OLSEN T, AGERBO E, et al. Somatic hospital contacts, invasive cardiac procedures, and mortality from heart disease in patients with severe mental disorder [J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry,2009,66(7):713-720.
[6]HENNEKENS C H, HENNEKENS A R, HOLLAR D, et al. Schizophrenia and increased risks of cardiovascular disease [J]. Am Heart J,2005,150(6): 1115-1121.
[7]MCEVOY J P, MEYER J M, GOFF D C, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia:baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES Ⅲ[J]. Schizophr Res, 2005,80(1):19-32.
[8]BOBES J, ARANGO C, ARANDA P, et al. Cardiovascular and metabolic risk in outpatients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics:results of the CLAMORS Study [J]. Schizophr Res,2007,90(1-3):162-173.
[9]FAGIOLINI A, FRANK E, SCOTT J A, et al. Metabolic syndrome in bipolar disorder:findings from the Bipolar Disorder Center for Pennsylvanians [J]. Bipolar Disord,2005,7(5):424-430.
[10]MORRATO E H, NEWCOMER J W, ALLEN R R, et al. Prevalence of baseline serum glucose and lipid testing in users of second-generation antipsychotic drugs: a retrospective, population-based study of Medicaid claims data [J]. J Clin Psychiatry,2008,69(2):316-322.
[11]NASRALLAH H A, MEYER J M, GOFF D C, et al. Low rates of treatment for hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes in schizophrenia:Data from the CATIE schizophrenia trial sample at baseline [J]. Schizophrenia Research,2006,86(1-3): 15-22.
[12]DE HERT M A, VAN WINKEL R, VAN EYCK D, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotic medication [J]. Schizophr Res,2006,83(1):87-93.
[13]REYNOLDS G P, ZHANG Z J, ZHANG X B. Polymorphism of the promoter region of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor gene and clozapine-induced weight gain [J]. Am J Psychiat,2003,160(4):677-679.
[14]HAUPT D W, ROSENBLATT L C, KIM E, et al. Prevalence and predictors of lipid and glucose monitoring in commercially insured patients treated with second-generation antipsychotic agents [J]. Am J Psychiatry,2009,166(3): 345-353.
[15]MORRATO E H, NEWCOMER J W, KAMAT S, et al. Metabolic screening after the American Diabetes Association's consensus statement on antipsychotic drugs and diabetes [J]. Diabetes Care,2009,32(6):1037-1042.
[16]MORRATO E H, DRUSS B, HARTUNG D M, et al. Metabolic testing rates in 3 state Medicaid programs after FDA warnings and ADA/APA recommendations for second-generation antipsychotic drugs [J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry,2010,67(1): 17-24.