陕西省观音山自然保护区资源评价与保护对策
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摘要
陕西省观音山自然保护区位于秦岭南坡中段佛坪县境内,历史上一直是秦岭大熊猫、金丝猴、羚牛等珍稀野生国家保护动物的重要分布区。区内植物种类丰富繁多,植被类型多样,垂直分布明显,是秦岭自然环境、生物多样性和植被类型丰富性最具典型和代表性的区域之一,也是珍稀动植物种类和种群数量较多的区域之一,在保护大熊猫等野生保护动物及其栖息地以及自然生态系统完整性方面占有极其重要的地位。
通过对陕西省观音山自然保护区资源调查与研究,结果表明:观音山自然保护区共有野生植物207科761属1819种,其中,种子植物137科618属1528种(亚种),约占秦岭和中国种子植物总种数的48.9%和6.2%,其中有国家Ⅰ级重点保护植物1种,Ⅱ级重点保护植物8种,陕西省地方重点保护植物14种;植被类型十分多样,分为4个植被型组、8个植被型、13个植被亚型、32个群系。主要分为三个自然垂直带谱,即海拔2000m以下的低中山典型落叶阔叶林带,海拔2000～2500m范围内的中山落叶阔叶小叶林带和海拔2500m以上的亚高山针叶林带。低中山典型落叶阔叶林带以栎类最具代表性,分布面积较大,是国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物大熊猫冬、春季的主要活动栖息地;中山落叶阔叶小叶林带以红桦林和牛皮桦林为主,不仅是大熊猫夏季活动、觅食的主要地带,也是金丝猴、羚牛等珍稀野生动物的长期活动、觅食和繁衍的栖息地;亚高山针叶林带的代表性森林植物群落为巴山冷杉林和太白红杉林,是大熊猫的夏季经常光顾、活动的栖息地。另外,大型真菌的种类数量也十分丰富,共有食用菌、药用菌和毒菌等大型真菌10目37科155种。
观音山自然保护区共有脊椎动物227种(亚种),隶属23目69科157属,分别占陕西省脊椎动物总种数(738种或亚种)和全国脊椎动物总种数(5136种或亚种)的30.76%和4.4%。昆虫29目305科2788种,其中鳞翅目昆虫种类最为丰富,多达58科、954种,占所有已知昆虫的34.21%;鞘翅目的昆虫也有54科、657种,占所有已知昆虫的23.59%。
通过评价,观音山自然保护区生态环境质量综合评价得分82分,表明该自然保护区生态环境质量良好。
Guanyinshan Mountain Nature Reserve is situated in the Fopin County of South of Qinling Mountains, the key distribution area of rare wildlife including panda, golden monkey, takin in history. With abundant plant species, various vegetation types and distinct vertical distribution, the area is one of the most typical zones in natural environment, biodiversity and the abundance of vegetation types, meanwhile it is full of rare wildlife, so it plays the key role in protecting the rare wildlife, the habit, and integrality of ecosystems.
Through the investigation and research of Guanyinshan Mountain Nature Reserve, we achieved conclusions as follows: there are 1819 species belonging to 761 genera, 207 families in wild plants, among which there are 1528 species (sub-species), 618 genera, 137 families in seed plants, approximately accounting for 48.9% and 6.2% in Qinling Mountains and China respectively. They contain 1 species of first-level state key conversation, 8 species of second-level state key conversation, and 14 species of provincial key conversation; Vegetation is divided into 4 vegetation type group, 8 vegetation type, 13 vegetation subtypes, and 32 formation. The altitudinal zonation in the region consists of the low and middle mountain typical deciduous broad-leaved forest zone (below 2000m), the middle mountain deciduous smaller broad-leaved forest zone (2000-2500m), and the subalpine taiga coniferous forest zone (above 2500m). The Quercus spp. is the most representative in the low and middle mountain typical deciduous broad-leaved forest zone, which is the main habit of panda in spring and winter; the Betula alba-sinensis and the B.utilis are the main part of the middle mountain deciduous smaller broad-leaved forest zone, which is main area of movement, foraging, and multiplying of panda, golden monkey, and tikon; the Abies fargesii and the Larix chinensis are the representative in the subalpine taiga coniferous forest zone, which is the main habit of panda in summer. Besides, there are 155 species belonging to 37 families, 10 orders in large fungi species referred to edible fungi, medical fungi, and toxic fungus.
There are 227 species (sub-species) belonging to 157 genera, 69 families, 23 orders in amniote, accounting for 30.76% and 4.4% in Shaanxi (738 species or sub-species) and China (5136 species or sub-species) respectively. There are 2788 species belonging to 305 families, 29 orders in insect, among which there are 954 species belonging to 58 families in Lepidoptera accounting for 34.21%, and there are 657 species belonging to 54 families in Coleoptera accounting for 23.59%.
Through the assessment, the score of Guanyinshan Mountain Nature Reserve is 82, indicating the environment of the Nature Reserve is satisfying.
通过对陕西省观音山自然保护区资源调查与研究,结果表明:观音山自然保护区共有野生植物207科761属1819种,其中,种子植物137科618属1528种(亚种),约占秦岭和中国种子植物总种数的48.9%和6.2%,其中有国家Ⅰ级重点保护植物1种,Ⅱ级重点保护植物8种,陕西省地方重点保护植物14种;植被类型十分多样,分为4个植被型组、8个植被型、13个植被亚型、32个群系。主要分为三个自然垂直带谱,即海拔2000m以下的低中山典型落叶阔叶林带,海拔2000～2500m范围内的中山落叶阔叶小叶林带和海拔2500m以上的亚高山针叶林带。低中山典型落叶阔叶林带以栎类最具代表性,分布面积较大,是国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物大熊猫冬、春季的主要活动栖息地;中山落叶阔叶小叶林带以红桦林和牛皮桦林为主,不仅是大熊猫夏季活动、觅食的主要地带,也是金丝猴、羚牛等珍稀野生动物的长期活动、觅食和繁衍的栖息地;亚高山针叶林带的代表性森林植物群落为巴山冷杉林和太白红杉林,是大熊猫的夏季经常光顾、活动的栖息地。另外,大型真菌的种类数量也十分丰富,共有食用菌、药用菌和毒菌等大型真菌10目37科155种。
观音山自然保护区共有脊椎动物227种(亚种),隶属23目69科157属,分别占陕西省脊椎动物总种数(738种或亚种)和全国脊椎动物总种数(5136种或亚种)的30.76%和4.4%。昆虫29目305科2788种,其中鳞翅目昆虫种类最为丰富,多达58科、954种,占所有已知昆虫的34.21%;鞘翅目的昆虫也有54科、657种,占所有已知昆虫的23.59%。
通过评价,观音山自然保护区生态环境质量综合评价得分82分,表明该自然保护区生态环境质量良好。
Guanyinshan Mountain Nature Reserve is situated in the Fopin County of South of Qinling Mountains, the key distribution area of rare wildlife including panda, golden monkey, takin in history. With abundant plant species, various vegetation types and distinct vertical distribution, the area is one of the most typical zones in natural environment, biodiversity and the abundance of vegetation types, meanwhile it is full of rare wildlife, so it plays the key role in protecting the rare wildlife, the habit, and integrality of ecosystems.
Through the investigation and research of Guanyinshan Mountain Nature Reserve, we achieved conclusions as follows: there are 1819 species belonging to 761 genera, 207 families in wild plants, among which there are 1528 species (sub-species), 618 genera, 137 families in seed plants, approximately accounting for 48.9% and 6.2% in Qinling Mountains and China respectively. They contain 1 species of first-level state key conversation, 8 species of second-level state key conversation, and 14 species of provincial key conversation; Vegetation is divided into 4 vegetation type group, 8 vegetation type, 13 vegetation subtypes, and 32 formation. The altitudinal zonation in the region consists of the low and middle mountain typical deciduous broad-leaved forest zone (below 2000m), the middle mountain deciduous smaller broad-leaved forest zone (2000-2500m), and the subalpine taiga coniferous forest zone (above 2500m). The Quercus spp. is the most representative in the low and middle mountain typical deciduous broad-leaved forest zone, which is the main habit of panda in spring and winter; the Betula alba-sinensis and the B.utilis are the main part of the middle mountain deciduous smaller broad-leaved forest zone, which is main area of movement, foraging, and multiplying of panda, golden monkey, and tikon; the Abies fargesii and the Larix chinensis are the representative in the subalpine taiga coniferous forest zone, which is the main habit of panda in summer. Besides, there are 155 species belonging to 37 families, 10 orders in large fungi species referred to edible fungi, medical fungi, and toxic fungus.
There are 227 species (sub-species) belonging to 157 genera, 69 families, 23 orders in amniote, accounting for 30.76% and 4.4% in Shaanxi (738 species or sub-species) and China (5136 species or sub-species) respectively. There are 2788 species belonging to 305 families, 29 orders in insect, among which there are 954 species belonging to 58 families in Lepidoptera accounting for 34.21%, and there are 657 species belonging to 54 families in Coleoptera accounting for 23.59%.
Through the assessment, the score of Guanyinshan Mountain Nature Reserve is 82, indicating the environment of the Nature Reserve is satisfying.
引文
[1] 张晓峰.自然保护区的生态旅游开发.陕西林业,2005,(5):19
[2] 党坤良,宋小民.陕西子午岭自然保护区综合科学考察.西北农林科技大学出版社,杨凌:2004
[3] 国家环境保护局保护司.自然保护区有效管理论文集.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992
[4] 薛达元,郑允文.我国自然保护区有效管理评价指标研究.农村生态环境,1994,10(2):6~9
[5] 郑允文,薛达元等.我国自然保护区生态指标评价标准.农村生态环境(学报),1991,10(3):22～25
[6] 王幼臣,张晓静.森林公园和自然保护区社会评价的理论与方法研究.林业经济问题,1996,(3):1~8,35
[7] 阎传海.安徽省萧县皇藏峪自然保护区评价研究.农村生态环境,1997,(4)
[8] 阎传海.连云港云台山自然保护区评价.山地研究,1998,(4)
[9] 阎传海.徐州泉山自然保护区评价.生态科学,1998,(1)
[10] 张峥,刘泓.湿地生态评价指标体系.农业环境保护,1999,18(6):283~285
[11] 文传浩.自然保护区生态旅游环境承载力综合评价指标体系初步研究.农业环境保护,2002,21(4):365~368
[12] 李星群,廖荣华.生态旅游地可持续旅游评价指标体系探讨——以自然保护区为例.邵阳学院学报(自然科学版),2004,(1):100~104
[13] 李华.保护区旅游潜力评价体系初探——生态足迹理论的应用.绿色中国:理论版,2005,(07M):43~45
[14] 周先容.金佛山自然保护区珍稀濒危植物评价体系初探.西南农业大学学报,2005,27(5):664~667
[15] 陈凯华,张孝远.周至国家级自然保护区综合评价体系研究.资源开发与市场,2006, 22(2):118~120
[16] 严圣华,李兆华等.九宫山自然保护区功能模糊综合评价.长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(4):446~450
[17] 周本琳,徐惠强.自然保护区资源评价初探.《南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)》,1991,(2):14~18
[18] 莫好容.梅花山国家级自然保护区的 AHP 方法生态评价.福建地理,2004,19(1):14~17
[19] 王双玲,李霞.自然保护区管理评价方法——保护地区管理有效性跟踪工具介绍.野生动物,2005,26(2):54~56
[20] 王本洋,罗富和等.基于信息熵的自然保护区定量评价.《中山大学学报(自然科学版)》,2006,(6)
[21] 杨晶,王文勇.层次分析法在自然保护区生态评价中的应用.工业安全与环保,2007,33(5):27~29
[22] 何春光,崔丽娟.向海湿地自然保护区鸟类多样性评价方法的比较研究.干旱区地理,2007,30(6):858~864
[23] 耿鹏旭,王 理.自然保护区可持续发展的途径.信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),2001,14(4):39~43
[24] 周世强.试论自然保护区的可持续发展(摘编).长江流域资源与环境,1998,7(4):24~27
[25] 刘燕娜.保护发展观与自然保护区可持续发展.林业经济问题,2001,21(5):46~49
[26] 罗 文.金佛山自然保护区可持续发展战略和模式研究.衡阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),2000,21(3):31~35
[27] 孟利清,龙勤.云南自然保护区生态旅游产业集群与扶贫战略思考.南京林业大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2005,5(4):72~76
[28] 贵州省环境保护局.自然保护与社区发展——草海的战略和实践.贵阳:贵州民族出版社,1999
[2] 党坤良,宋小民.陕西子午岭自然保护区综合科学考察.西北农林科技大学出版社,杨凌:2004
[3] 国家环境保护局保护司.自然保护区有效管理论文集.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992
[4] 薛达元,郑允文.我国自然保护区有效管理评价指标研究.农村生态环境,1994,10(2):6~9
[5] 郑允文,薛达元等.我国自然保护区生态指标评价标准.农村生态环境(学报),1991,10(3):22～25
[6] 王幼臣,张晓静.森林公园和自然保护区社会评价的理论与方法研究.林业经济问题,1996,(3):1~8,35
[7] 阎传海.安徽省萧县皇藏峪自然保护区评价研究.农村生态环境,1997,(4)
[8] 阎传海.连云港云台山自然保护区评价.山地研究,1998,(4)
[9] 阎传海.徐州泉山自然保护区评价.生态科学,1998,(1)
[10] 张峥,刘泓.湿地生态评价指标体系.农业环境保护,1999,18(6):283~285
[11] 文传浩.自然保护区生态旅游环境承载力综合评价指标体系初步研究.农业环境保护,2002,21(4):365~368
[12] 李星群,廖荣华.生态旅游地可持续旅游评价指标体系探讨——以自然保护区为例.邵阳学院学报(自然科学版),2004,(1):100~104
[13] 李华.保护区旅游潜力评价体系初探——生态足迹理论的应用.绿色中国:理论版,2005,(07M):43~45
[14] 周先容.金佛山自然保护区珍稀濒危植物评价体系初探.西南农业大学学报,2005,27(5):664~667
[15] 陈凯华,张孝远.周至国家级自然保护区综合评价体系研究.资源开发与市场,2006, 22(2):118~120
[16] 严圣华,李兆华等.九宫山自然保护区功能模糊综合评价.长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(4):446~450
[17] 周本琳,徐惠强.自然保护区资源评价初探.《南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)》,1991,(2):14~18
[18] 莫好容.梅花山国家级自然保护区的 AHP 方法生态评价.福建地理,2004,19(1):14~17
[19] 王双玲,李霞.自然保护区管理评价方法——保护地区管理有效性跟踪工具介绍.野生动物,2005,26(2):54~56
[20] 王本洋,罗富和等.基于信息熵的自然保护区定量评价.《中山大学学报(自然科学版)》,2006,(6)
[21] 杨晶,王文勇.层次分析法在自然保护区生态评价中的应用.工业安全与环保,2007,33(5):27~29
[22] 何春光,崔丽娟.向海湿地自然保护区鸟类多样性评价方法的比较研究.干旱区地理,2007,30(6):858~864
[23] 耿鹏旭,王 理.自然保护区可持续发展的途径.信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),2001,14(4):39~43
[24] 周世强.试论自然保护区的可持续发展(摘编).长江流域资源与环境,1998,7(4):24~27
[25] 刘燕娜.保护发展观与自然保护区可持续发展.林业经济问题,2001,21(5):46~49
[26] 罗 文.金佛山自然保护区可持续发展战略和模式研究.衡阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),2000,21(3):31~35
[27] 孟利清,龙勤.云南自然保护区生态旅游产业集群与扶贫战略思考.南京林业大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2005,5(4):72~76
[28] 贵州省环境保护局.自然保护与社区发展——草海的战略和实践.贵阳:贵州民族出版社,1999