论获得良好环境权
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摘要
获得良好环境权是一项新型的权利,是在传统环境权基础上引申出来的更具人性化和操作性的权利。目前多数国家都在宪法中明确规定了公民享有获得良好环境的权利。我国在这方面的立法还不够完备,但我国的环境问题却相当严重。因此,本文拟对公民的良好环境权理论加以深入研究和探讨,对我国保障公民获得良好环境权的实践进行分析,指出我国在保障公民良好环境权方面存在的问题并提出对策,从而完善我国的环境权保护体系。
本文共分四个部分,第一部分主要研究获得良好环境权的基本理论,包括获得良好环境权的涵义、性质、主体、客体、内容和意义。通过对比传统环境权理论的概念及其产生和发展历程,总结出获得良好环境权是一项新型的、更具体的、复合型的、独立的人权,是公民主动去争取良好环境的权益,是一种更微观更贴切的概念,更具操作性和可实现性。获得良好环境权是一项具体化的公民环境权,因此,获得良好环境权的主体为公民,而不包括国家、法人或其他组织。其客体与传统的权利客体一样,包括物、行为和精神利益。权利内容则包括实体性内容和程序性内容,实体性内容具体为环境资源利用权,是公民利用一切环境资源的权力,是获得良好环境权的核心；程序性内容是保证环境资源利用权得以实现的手段,主要包括环境状况知情权、环境事务参与权和环境侵害请求权。
第二部分主要是国外保障公民获得良好环境权的实证分析。通过对俄罗斯、韩国、美国、日本、瑞典、法国等几个具有代表性的国家关于环境权立法实践的分析,总结经验教训,取长补短,为我国环境权理论的发展找寻出路。
第三部分主要分析我国获得良好环境权的现状,通过对现状的分析指出我国在保障公民获得良好环境权方面存在的问题。我国的环境权保护理论比较落后,宪法上没有关于公民良好环境权保护的明确规定,环境保护基本法也存在缺陷,环境保护单行法规并不完备,传统的法律手段对公民良好环境权的保护不足,公众环保意识比较淡薄,其中宪法上关于公民良好环境权保护的缺位是最根本的原因。
第四部分在分析我国在保障公民获得良好环境权方面存在问题的基础上提出意见和建议。针对我国在保障公民获得良好环境权方面存在的问题,我国需要在宪法中明确规定公民享有获得良好环境的权利,不断完善我国的环境保护基本法和单行法规,促进相关部门法与公民良好环境权的衔接,完善公民获得良好环境权的司法救济制度,并引导公众树立良好的环保意识。
结语部分总结了全文的主旨,指出我国在保护公民良好环境权方面还有很长一段路要走,需要从实际国情出发,同时借鉴先进的国外经验,取长补短,完善自我。
The right to a good environment is a new right based on the traditional extended environment right out of the more humane and operational rights.Atpresent, most countries are in the Constitution expressly stipulates that the citizens enjoy the right to good environment.China's legislation in this area is also not complete, but China's environmental problems are very serious.Therefore, this article on the theory of environmental rights of citizens to be well-depth study and discussion,analysis of the protection of the right of citizens for good environmental practice,pointed out that the problems for China in the protection of civil rights to a good environment and propose measures to improve our environmental rights protection system.
This article is divided into four parts.The first part is access to the basic theory of a good environment including its nature, subject, object, content and meaning.By comparing the traditional theory of the concept and the emergence and development process of environmental rights,this right is a new, more specific, complex, and independent human rights,a right the citizen initiative to fight for,is more operational and can be realized.The right to a good environment is a specific environmental rights of citizens,therefore, the main body of the right to good environment for citizens, not including the State, legal persons or other organizations.The object of the same object with the traditional rights, including the physical, behavioral and spiritual interests.The content of the right include substantive content and procedural content.The substantive content is the use of environmental resource,is the core of the right to a good environmental.The program content is to ensure that environmental resources right can be realized by means of power, including state of the environment right, right to participate in environmental affairs and the environment against the claim.
The second part focuses on protection of citizens abroad the right to obtain a good environment for empirical analysis.Through Russia, South Korea, the United States, Japan, Sweden, France, and several other representative national legislation on the practice of environmental rights, lessons learned from each other, for the development of the theory of the environment to find the right way.
The third part of the right of access to good environmental status.Pointed out by the analysis of the status quo in the protection of our citizens for good environmental problems in the right.Theory of Environmental Rights Protection in China is relatively backward, there is no constitutional right to protection of the environment on the good citizens of the clear provisions of the Basic Law was flawed environmental protection, environmental protection laws and regulations is not a complete one-way, traditional legal means to protect the citizens lack the right to a good environment, Relatively weak public awareness of environmental protection, including the constitutional right on a good environment for the protection of citizens is the most fundamental reason for the absence.
The fourth part is the comments and suggestions.For the protection of our citizens the right to good environmental problems, China's Constitution clearly stipulates the need for good environmental citizens enjoy the right to continue to improve the Basic Law and a single line of environmental protection regulations, the relevant departments to promote a good environment for law and civil rights Convergence and improve the right of citizens to obtain a good environment for judicial relief system, and lead the public to set a good environmental awareness.
Conclusion section summarizes the full text of the keynote, pointed out that a good environment for our citizens in the protection of the right to have a long way to go, need to proceed from actual conditions, drawing on advanced foreign experience, learn from each other and improve themselves.
本文共分四个部分,第一部分主要研究获得良好环境权的基本理论,包括获得良好环境权的涵义、性质、主体、客体、内容和意义。通过对比传统环境权理论的概念及其产生和发展历程,总结出获得良好环境权是一项新型的、更具体的、复合型的、独立的人权,是公民主动去争取良好环境的权益,是一种更微观更贴切的概念,更具操作性和可实现性。获得良好环境权是一项具体化的公民环境权,因此,获得良好环境权的主体为公民,而不包括国家、法人或其他组织。其客体与传统的权利客体一样,包括物、行为和精神利益。权利内容则包括实体性内容和程序性内容,实体性内容具体为环境资源利用权,是公民利用一切环境资源的权力,是获得良好环境权的核心；程序性内容是保证环境资源利用权得以实现的手段,主要包括环境状况知情权、环境事务参与权和环境侵害请求权。
第二部分主要是国外保障公民获得良好环境权的实证分析。通过对俄罗斯、韩国、美国、日本、瑞典、法国等几个具有代表性的国家关于环境权立法实践的分析,总结经验教训,取长补短,为我国环境权理论的发展找寻出路。
第三部分主要分析我国获得良好环境权的现状,通过对现状的分析指出我国在保障公民获得良好环境权方面存在的问题。我国的环境权保护理论比较落后,宪法上没有关于公民良好环境权保护的明确规定,环境保护基本法也存在缺陷,环境保护单行法规并不完备,传统的法律手段对公民良好环境权的保护不足,公众环保意识比较淡薄,其中宪法上关于公民良好环境权保护的缺位是最根本的原因。
第四部分在分析我国在保障公民获得良好环境权方面存在问题的基础上提出意见和建议。针对我国在保障公民获得良好环境权方面存在的问题,我国需要在宪法中明确规定公民享有获得良好环境的权利,不断完善我国的环境保护基本法和单行法规,促进相关部门法与公民良好环境权的衔接,完善公民获得良好环境权的司法救济制度,并引导公众树立良好的环保意识。
结语部分总结了全文的主旨,指出我国在保护公民良好环境权方面还有很长一段路要走,需要从实际国情出发,同时借鉴先进的国外经验,取长补短,完善自我。
The right to a good environment is a new right based on the traditional extended environment right out of the more humane and operational rights.Atpresent, most countries are in the Constitution expressly stipulates that the citizens enjoy the right to good environment.China's legislation in this area is also not complete, but China's environmental problems are very serious.Therefore, this article on the theory of environmental rights of citizens to be well-depth study and discussion,analysis of the protection of the right of citizens for good environmental practice,pointed out that the problems for China in the protection of civil rights to a good environment and propose measures to improve our environmental rights protection system.
This article is divided into four parts.The first part is access to the basic theory of a good environment including its nature, subject, object, content and meaning.By comparing the traditional theory of the concept and the emergence and development process of environmental rights,this right is a new, more specific, complex, and independent human rights,a right the citizen initiative to fight for,is more operational and can be realized.The right to a good environment is a specific environmental rights of citizens,therefore, the main body of the right to good environment for citizens, not including the State, legal persons or other organizations.The object of the same object with the traditional rights, including the physical, behavioral and spiritual interests.The content of the right include substantive content and procedural content.The substantive content is the use of environmental resource,is the core of the right to a good environmental.The program content is to ensure that environmental resources right can be realized by means of power, including state of the environment right, right to participate in environmental affairs and the environment against the claim.
The second part focuses on protection of citizens abroad the right to obtain a good environment for empirical analysis.Through Russia, South Korea, the United States, Japan, Sweden, France, and several other representative national legislation on the practice of environmental rights, lessons learned from each other, for the development of the theory of the environment to find the right way.
The third part of the right of access to good environmental status.Pointed out by the analysis of the status quo in the protection of our citizens for good environmental problems in the right.Theory of Environmental Rights Protection in China is relatively backward, there is no constitutional right to protection of the environment on the good citizens of the clear provisions of the Basic Law was flawed environmental protection, environmental protection laws and regulations is not a complete one-way, traditional legal means to protect the citizens lack the right to a good environment, Relatively weak public awareness of environmental protection, including the constitutional right on a good environment for the protection of citizens is the most fundamental reason for the absence.
The fourth part is the comments and suggestions.For the protection of our citizens the right to good environmental problems, China's Constitution clearly stipulates the need for good environmental citizens enjoy the right to continue to improve the Basic Law and a single line of environmental protection regulations, the relevant departments to promote a good environment for law and civil rights Convergence and improve the right of citizens to obtain a good environment for judicial relief system, and lead the public to set a good environmental awareness.
Conclusion section summarizes the full text of the keynote, pointed out that a good environment for our citizens in the protection of the right to have a long way to go, need to proceed from actual conditions, drawing on advanced foreign experience, learn from each other and improve themselves.
引文
[1]周训芳.环境权论.[M]北京：法律出版社,2003.153
[2]周训芳.环境权论.[Ml北京：法律出版社,2003.193
[3]吕忠梅.论公民环境权[J].法学研究,1995,6
[4]陈泉生.环境权之辨析[J].中国法学,1997,12
[5]蔡守秋.环境资源法教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2004.41-43
[6]野村好弘.日本公害法概论[M].康树华译.第239页
[7]吕忠梅.环境法新视野[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000.247
[8]程正康.环境法概要[M].北京：光明日报出版社,1984.43
[9]张文显.法学基本范畴研究[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1992.103
[10]叶照明.自然保护中的公民环境权[G].见：王礼嫱等主编.中国自然保护立法基本问题.北京：中国环境科学出版社,1992.42
[11]人类环境宣言.第1条
[12]朱晓青.论环境权的法律属性[D].[硕十学位论文].苏州大学,2004
[14]葛洪义.法理学[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1999.421-422
[13]程杰.论环境权的宪法保障[J].河南省政法干部管理学院学报,2000,4
[15]金瑞林主编.环境法学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2002.30
[16]蔡守秋主编.环境资源法学教程[M].湖北：武汉大学出版社,2000.74
[17]张丽君.论个人环境权[J].环境资源法论丛,1998,6
[18]杜群.论环境权益及其基本权能[J].环境保护.2002,5
[19]世界环境与发展委员会.我们的共同未来[M].王之佳,柯金良等译.吉林：吉林人民出版社,1997.330
[20]胡亮亮.论环境参与权fJ].法学研究,2001,6
[21]吕忠梅.沟通与协调之途——论公民环境权的民法保护[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004.29
[22]曲阳.日本的公害刑法与环境刑法[J].华东政法学院学报,2005,3
[23]杨小君.二十世纪西方行政权的扩张[J].西北政法学院学报,1986,2
[24]涂瑞和.中国参加的环境公约及其履行[N].人民网,中美国际环境问题研讨会
[25]刘向文,宋雅芳.俄罗斯联邦宪政制度[M]北京：法律出版社,1999,113
[26]韩大元.外国宪法,第三版[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009,331
[27]肖剑鸣.比较环境法[M].北京：中国检察出版社,2001,106
[28]王树义.俄罗斯生态法[M].湖北：武汉大学出版社,2001,185～186
[29]李相敦.地球村环境保护与韩国的环境政策[M].韩：韩国大学出版社,1995
[30]文伯屏.西方国家环境法[M]北京：法律出版社,1988
[31]赵显权.韩国的有关环境法令[J].韩国环境公务员教育院,1997
[32]原田尚彦.环境法[M].于敏译.北京：法律出版社,1999,89
[33]金瑞林,加藤一郎.中日环境法学术交流文集[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1985
[34]王灿发.瑞典环境法的体系及其借鉴意义[J].中国环境管理,1995,5
[35]王妨华译.法国环境法典,国际文化出版公司,1996
[36]蔡守秋.环境资源法学[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,2003
[37]谢校初,龚文启.完善中国环境法体系之我见[J].吉首大学学报,(社会科学版)第22卷第 3期,2001,9,56
[38]张式军著.论公众环境诉权的实现一对完善(环境保护法)第6条的思考[J].河北法学,2004,11
[39]肖北庚.公民财产权保障之宪法飞跃[J].时代法学,2004.2
[40]齐彬.让宪法与时俱进——中国政法大学校长徐显明访谈[N].新民晚报2002.7.29
[41]吕忠梅.环境权力与权利的重构——论民法与环境法的沟通和协调[J].西北政法学院学报,法律科学
[42]环境纠纷行政处理机制的更新,法律教育网,2008.3.20
[2]周训芳.环境权论.[Ml北京：法律出版社,2003.193
[3]吕忠梅.论公民环境权[J].法学研究,1995,6
[4]陈泉生.环境权之辨析[J].中国法学,1997,12
[5]蔡守秋.环境资源法教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2004.41-43
[6]野村好弘.日本公害法概论[M].康树华译.第239页
[7]吕忠梅.环境法新视野[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000.247
[8]程正康.环境法概要[M].北京：光明日报出版社,1984.43
[9]张文显.法学基本范畴研究[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1992.103
[10]叶照明.自然保护中的公民环境权[G].见：王礼嫱等主编.中国自然保护立法基本问题.北京：中国环境科学出版社,1992.42
[11]人类环境宣言.第1条
[12]朱晓青.论环境权的法律属性[D].[硕十学位论文].苏州大学,2004
[14]葛洪义.法理学[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1999.421-422
[13]程杰.论环境权的宪法保障[J].河南省政法干部管理学院学报,2000,4
[15]金瑞林主编.环境法学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2002.30
[16]蔡守秋主编.环境资源法学教程[M].湖北：武汉大学出版社,2000.74
[17]张丽君.论个人环境权[J].环境资源法论丛,1998,6
[18]杜群.论环境权益及其基本权能[J].环境保护.2002,5
[19]世界环境与发展委员会.我们的共同未来[M].王之佳,柯金良等译.吉林：吉林人民出版社,1997.330
[20]胡亮亮.论环境参与权fJ].法学研究,2001,6
[21]吕忠梅.沟通与协调之途——论公民环境权的民法保护[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004.29
[22]曲阳.日本的公害刑法与环境刑法[J].华东政法学院学报,2005,3
[23]杨小君.二十世纪西方行政权的扩张[J].西北政法学院学报,1986,2
[24]涂瑞和.中国参加的环境公约及其履行[N].人民网,中美国际环境问题研讨会
[25]刘向文,宋雅芳.俄罗斯联邦宪政制度[M]北京：法律出版社,1999,113
[26]韩大元.外国宪法,第三版[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009,331
[27]肖剑鸣.比较环境法[M].北京：中国检察出版社,2001,106
[28]王树义.俄罗斯生态法[M].湖北：武汉大学出版社,2001,185～186
[29]李相敦.地球村环境保护与韩国的环境政策[M].韩：韩国大学出版社,1995
[30]文伯屏.西方国家环境法[M]北京：法律出版社,1988
[31]赵显权.韩国的有关环境法令[J].韩国环境公务员教育院,1997
[32]原田尚彦.环境法[M].于敏译.北京：法律出版社,1999,89
[33]金瑞林,加藤一郎.中日环境法学术交流文集[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1985
[34]王灿发.瑞典环境法的体系及其借鉴意义[J].中国环境管理,1995,5
[35]王妨华译.法国环境法典,国际文化出版公司,1996
[36]蔡守秋.环境资源法学[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,2003
[37]谢校初,龚文启.完善中国环境法体系之我见[J].吉首大学学报,(社会科学版)第22卷第 3期,2001,9,56
[38]张式军著.论公众环境诉权的实现一对完善(环境保护法)第6条的思考[J].河北法学,2004,11
[39]肖北庚.公民财产权保障之宪法飞跃[J].时代法学,2004.2
[40]齐彬.让宪法与时俱进——中国政法大学校长徐显明访谈[N].新民晚报2002.7.29
[41]吕忠梅.环境权力与权利的重构——论民法与环境法的沟通和协调[J].西北政法学院学报,法律科学
[42]环境纠纷行政处理机制的更新,法律教育网,2008.3.20