撒切尔政府时期的文官制度改革
摘要
1979年撒切尔夫人上台执政,进行了一场激进、持久的文官制度改革。改革主要由一系列的具体措施组成,主要包括雷纳评审、部长管理系统、财务管理新方案和《下一步行动方案》。改革内容涉及文职机关的规章、人事、结构、功能、过程等方面。改革极大地改变了英国的文官制度,可以说文官制度经历了一场与传统决裂的转型,使传统文官制度的一些重要原则和核心特征发生了动摇,并为后来梅杰政府以及布莱尔工党政府的文官制度改革奠定了基础,确定了基本方向,其涉及面之广、力度之大在英国文官制度改革史上是少有的,可以说是继富尔顿改革后英国文官制度发展史上的又一个里程碑。更值得一提的是,与同一时期的西方国家相比,撒切尔政府的文官制度改革确实是欧洲最早、最激进的改革,并且在国际上产生了深远的影响,许多国家在二十世纪最后二十年的文官制度改革都或多或少地受到了英国撒切尔政府文官制度改革的影响。
本文综述部分简要阐明了英国文职官员的特点和文官制度的演变状况、研究英国文官制度的意义、国内外对此问题的研究状况及本篇文章的写作思路。
本文正文内容分为五部分:
一、撒切尔政府文官制度改革的背景。二十世纪后半期以来,随着英国由工业社会向后工业社会的转变及全球化时代的来临,文官制度的局限性日益暴露出来,文官队伍规模不断扩大、机构臃肿,通才文官难以胜任政府工作中的专业职能,科层制结构呆板僵化,文官官僚作风严重,政府政策面临着诸多困境;而民众对文官的要求却越来越高,私营部门的革新成就及创新精神也一样随大众媒体传遍千家万户,这一切都对政府形成巨大的改革压力和示范效应。此时,撒切尔政府又接受了“小政府”思想,文官制度改革势在必行。
二、撒切尔政府前期的文官制度改革。这一时期的改革侧重于解决导致文官工作效率低下的各个具体细节,加强文官管理工作的科学技术含量。雷纳评审是撒切尔上台以来在文官制度改革方面推行的第一大举措,是对英国政府机构运转情况进行的一次大规模的、深入的、科学的调查研究,因而为改革者提供了翔实的第一手资料,为以后的改革提供了有益的经验和具体的建议;部长管理系统和财务管理新方案是融合目标管理、绩效评估等现代管理方法和技术而设计的信息收集和处理系统,体现了目标责任制度,大大提高了各部门的工作效率,为实现文官制度结构的扁平化提供了可能性。这些措施的执行取得了预期的效果,既完成了十年前富尔顿文官制度改革所提出的任务,又为下一步文官制度改革打下了基础。
三、撒切尔政府后期的文官制度改革。这一时期的改革主要指撒切尔夫人第三任期(1987—1991)进行的文官制度改革,该阶段以公共部门的私有化以及将市场机制引入公共部门内部为首要目标,也是文官制度改革出现实质性进展的阶段。其突出表现是《下一步行动方案》的出台和实施,改革中文官制度和文官制度坚持的基本原则都发生了巨大变化,特别是执行机构的设立从根本上动摇了文官制度,文官的录用、晋升、工资级别和福利等都发生了变化。中低级文官的招聘和录用权下放到了执行机构;高级文官的任命出现了个人化倾向,有突破中立之嫌,它改变了大臣和高级文官之间的关系,高级文官由隐名开始走向在公众面前抛头露面;同时,文官传统的对政府忠诚、保守秘密等精神特质也发生了动摇。
四、撒切尔政府文官制度改革的评价。撒切尔政府时期文官制度发生的巨大变化对当时的影响是显而易见的,改革不仅使这段时期的文官制度更加廉洁高效,而且文官制度的优化及文官文化的改变也为撒切尔政府进行激进的政治、经济改革扫清了道路,对英国走出“英国病”的阴影起了一定的作用。梅杰继任后秉承撒切尔的旨意,继续把文官制度改革推向纵深,建立起高级文官制度;布莱尔政府也是在肯定以往文官制度改革基础之上进一步进行改革的,虽然他刻意立新,力求在理论上和撒切尔抢占制高点,但其主要理论依然是和撒切尔政府一脉相承,继承大于革新。在国际上,撒切尔政府的文官制度改革掀起了新一轮以新公共管理思想为指导的文官制度改革的高潮,《下一步行动方案》所倡导的改革在其他国家得到仿效。
五、撒切尔政府文官制度改革成效显著的成因分析。撒切尔政府时期英国文官制度改革成绩斐然绝非偶然,其原因是多方面的,主要表现如下:英国国内民众渴求变革;改革成功运用了新公共管理思想理论;找准了改革的突破口,即在中央各部门建立执行机构;撒切尔夫人树立了领导权威和组织权威。结语部分主要阐明了在撒切尔政府文官制度改革进程中表现出来的一些规律性结论和有益的启示:首先,英国的文官制度改革是一个循序渐进的过程,在改革中传承与变革并重,这也与西方大多数国家的文官制度改革趋势一致。其次,纵观撒切尔政府十年多的文官制度改革,我们可以清晰地看到意识形态的主导作用,虽然意识形态是客观条件的反应,但我们更应该注意到意识形态对于文官制度改革起到的引导和制约作用,这是英国文官制度给我们的第二个启示。另外,任何改革举措都可能产生许多新的问题,有的问题植根于问题重重且自相矛盾的改革理论前提之中,有的问题则是非预期的后果。无论哪方面的问题,都需要在继续深化改革的同时对其进行有机整合和弥补,只有这样,改革成果才会得以保全并能持续发展下去。
In 1979, Mrs Thatcher came to power and reformed the British civil service radically and enduringly.The pecific measures included Rayner Scrutiny Programme, the Management Information Systems for Ministers, the Financial Management Initiative and the Next Steps Initiative. Thatcher government has reformed the personnel regulations, administrative structure, organisational function and processes of the traditional civil service so widely that some of the important principles and core features have wavered, and the reform in the 1980s laid the foundation for the subsequent reform of the civil service in Major government and Blair government, determining the basic direction of the reform. The reform involves a broad range of the civil service systems, which is rare in history and is " a milestone" in the history of the British civil service systems after Fulton reform. What is worth mentioning is that, during the same period compared to the Western countries, the civil service system reform of Thatcher government is indeed the first and the most radical reform in Europe, and in the international community it has had a far-reaching impact on the civil service systems in many countries. The last two decades of the 20th century, the civil service reforms in many countries were affected by the British civil service system reforms of the Thatcher government.
General review briefly introduced some characteristics and the evolution of the British civil service, the significance of studying the British civil service both at home and abroad and the writing ideas of this article.
The body text is divided into five parts.
First, the context of the civil service reform of Thatcher government. Since the second half of the 20th century, with the changes of the United Kingdom from the industrial society to a post-industrial society and the advent of the era of globalization, the limitations of the civil service were increasingly exposed and the traditional civil service was unable to meet the needs of the new era. With the civil service scale’s growing, bloated bodies,generalists’incompetent in professional government work, the inflexible structure of the system and serious bureaucratic model, the government policy is faced with many difficulties; the increased requirements for the people on the civil service ,the innovation achievements in private sector and the role of the mass medias forced the government to reform the civil service with strong pressures. At the same time, Thatcher government has accepted the theory of the "small government". All these above suggested it is a must to reform the civil service system.
Second, the first stage of the civil service reform of Thatcher government.During this period, Thatcher government laid particular focus on the bureaucratic inefficiency and poured the administrative and managerial techniques into the management to the civil service at large. Rayner Scrutiny Programme was the first big measure that Margaret Thatcher took to reform the civil service after she came to power and the first large-scale, in-depth and scientific research on the function of the British Government institutions, thereby providing first-hand information, useful experience and specific proposals for future reform. The Management Information Systems for Ministers and Financial Management Initiative were the systems of information collection and treatment, which included the methods of modern management and performance evaluation and the responsibility of how to obtain the target. And the system greatly improved the efficiency of various departments and provided a possibility of flatting the structure of the civil service system. The implementation of these measures achieved the desired results. Now the civil service not only is the outcome of the continuing reform but also lays the foundation for the reform in future.
Third, the second stage of the civil service reform of Thatcher government. The reform of this period, mainly referring to Margaret Thatcher’s third term of office (1987-1991), is of great importance.In this period, Thatcher government aimed to the privatization and decentralization of the public sector as well as the introduction of market mechanisms into the public sector, and the civil service reform obtained substantive progress. The main measure called the Next Steps Initiative has greatly changed the British civil service. By doing so, some basic principles of the civil service which the traditional civil service was always based on have been tremendously changed. In particular, Thatcher government has set up many executive agencies in all kinds of departments, which enjoyed considerable freedom of action in the realm of recruitment, promotion, training, salaries and wellfare. In the past, all these powers were adhered to the commission. So, the establishment of the executive agencies, fundamentally shaking the basis of the civil service,was a sign of decentralization. Ever after, the executive agencies took over the management of the low-level civil servants, such as recruitment, promotion, training, salaries and wellfare. The appointment of senior civil servants was in the more tendency of individuals than before. In the civil service, there was a suspicion breaking the neutralty. The reform changed the relationship of the minister and senior civil servants. Before the reform, senior civil servants were anonymous and the minister had responsibility for the commons and the public on the behalf of the department that the senior civil servants adhered to. But now, the senior civil servants often show their faces in public in the interest of the government or their department. What’s more, the loyalty the traditional civil service must have to the government and the confidentiality the tradition civil service must keep for the government have wavered .
Fourth, the evaluation of the civil service reform of Thatcher government. The enormous changes of the civil service in Thatcher government had an obvious influence on the development of society and economy: the civil service reform during the period has made the civil service more resistant to corruption and efficient, and the optimization of the civil service system and the change of the civil service culture paved the way for Thatcher government to implement radical reforms in politics and economy, contributing to get rid of the "British disease". After John Major succeeded Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister,he continued to deepen the civil service reform and established a senior civil service system; Blair government continuously reformed the civil service system on the basis of the previous reforms. Although he deliberately labeled his theory newly,hoping to compete against Thatcherism, its main theory is still from Thatcherism and is the continuation other than innovation. Internationally, the civil service reform of Thatcher Government set off a new climax in the civil service reform using the new public management as a guide. The reform programmes advocated by the Next Steps were emulated by other countries.
Fifth, analysing why Thatcher government’s reform in the civil service brought about a great success. The reasons why Thatcher government managed to reform the British civil service successfully are that the public in Britain desired for reforming the civil service and that with the new public management as a ideological and theoretical guidance, Thatcher government implemented the Next Steps Initiative in the central sectors and established executive agencies on the premise of making a breakthrough of the traditional structure and core features of the civil service and that Margaret Thatcher, with her strong leadership and organizational authority,chose a good way to push the civil service reform forward continuously.
Conclusion mainly specified some regular conclusions and useful revelations shown in the process of Thatcher Government’s civil service reform. Firstly, the reform of the British civil service is a gradual process, where both inheritance and initiative lie. Secondly, with the civil service system reform of Thatcher government for more than 10 years, we can clearly see that the new public management ideology played a dominant role in the process of the reform. While ideology is a response to the objective conditions, we should note the guiding and restrictive role that ideology has played in the British civil service reform, which is the second revelation from the British civil service reform. At the same time, any initiative may result in many new problems, some of which perhaps root in the self-contradictory guiding theory, which itself has many problems and some others of which are not expected consequently. No matter what the problems are, they must be solved or reasonably combined with each other by continuing to deepen the reform. Only in this way, will the outcome of the civil service reform be preserved and sustainably developed forward.
本文综述部分简要阐明了英国文职官员的特点和文官制度的演变状况、研究英国文官制度的意义、国内外对此问题的研究状况及本篇文章的写作思路。
本文正文内容分为五部分:
一、撒切尔政府文官制度改革的背景。二十世纪后半期以来,随着英国由工业社会向后工业社会的转变及全球化时代的来临,文官制度的局限性日益暴露出来,文官队伍规模不断扩大、机构臃肿,通才文官难以胜任政府工作中的专业职能,科层制结构呆板僵化,文官官僚作风严重,政府政策面临着诸多困境;而民众对文官的要求却越来越高,私营部门的革新成就及创新精神也一样随大众媒体传遍千家万户,这一切都对政府形成巨大的改革压力和示范效应。此时,撒切尔政府又接受了“小政府”思想,文官制度改革势在必行。
二、撒切尔政府前期的文官制度改革。这一时期的改革侧重于解决导致文官工作效率低下的各个具体细节,加强文官管理工作的科学技术含量。雷纳评审是撒切尔上台以来在文官制度改革方面推行的第一大举措,是对英国政府机构运转情况进行的一次大规模的、深入的、科学的调查研究,因而为改革者提供了翔实的第一手资料,为以后的改革提供了有益的经验和具体的建议;部长管理系统和财务管理新方案是融合目标管理、绩效评估等现代管理方法和技术而设计的信息收集和处理系统,体现了目标责任制度,大大提高了各部门的工作效率,为实现文官制度结构的扁平化提供了可能性。这些措施的执行取得了预期的效果,既完成了十年前富尔顿文官制度改革所提出的任务,又为下一步文官制度改革打下了基础。
三、撒切尔政府后期的文官制度改革。这一时期的改革主要指撒切尔夫人第三任期(1987—1991)进行的文官制度改革,该阶段以公共部门的私有化以及将市场机制引入公共部门内部为首要目标,也是文官制度改革出现实质性进展的阶段。其突出表现是《下一步行动方案》的出台和实施,改革中文官制度和文官制度坚持的基本原则都发生了巨大变化,特别是执行机构的设立从根本上动摇了文官制度,文官的录用、晋升、工资级别和福利等都发生了变化。中低级文官的招聘和录用权下放到了执行机构;高级文官的任命出现了个人化倾向,有突破中立之嫌,它改变了大臣和高级文官之间的关系,高级文官由隐名开始走向在公众面前抛头露面;同时,文官传统的对政府忠诚、保守秘密等精神特质也发生了动摇。
四、撒切尔政府文官制度改革的评价。撒切尔政府时期文官制度发生的巨大变化对当时的影响是显而易见的,改革不仅使这段时期的文官制度更加廉洁高效,而且文官制度的优化及文官文化的改变也为撒切尔政府进行激进的政治、经济改革扫清了道路,对英国走出“英国病”的阴影起了一定的作用。梅杰继任后秉承撒切尔的旨意,继续把文官制度改革推向纵深,建立起高级文官制度;布莱尔政府也是在肯定以往文官制度改革基础之上进一步进行改革的,虽然他刻意立新,力求在理论上和撒切尔抢占制高点,但其主要理论依然是和撒切尔政府一脉相承,继承大于革新。在国际上,撒切尔政府的文官制度改革掀起了新一轮以新公共管理思想为指导的文官制度改革的高潮,《下一步行动方案》所倡导的改革在其他国家得到仿效。
五、撒切尔政府文官制度改革成效显著的成因分析。撒切尔政府时期英国文官制度改革成绩斐然绝非偶然,其原因是多方面的,主要表现如下:英国国内民众渴求变革;改革成功运用了新公共管理思想理论;找准了改革的突破口,即在中央各部门建立执行机构;撒切尔夫人树立了领导权威和组织权威。结语部分主要阐明了在撒切尔政府文官制度改革进程中表现出来的一些规律性结论和有益的启示:首先,英国的文官制度改革是一个循序渐进的过程,在改革中传承与变革并重,这也与西方大多数国家的文官制度改革趋势一致。其次,纵观撒切尔政府十年多的文官制度改革,我们可以清晰地看到意识形态的主导作用,虽然意识形态是客观条件的反应,但我们更应该注意到意识形态对于文官制度改革起到的引导和制约作用,这是英国文官制度给我们的第二个启示。另外,任何改革举措都可能产生许多新的问题,有的问题植根于问题重重且自相矛盾的改革理论前提之中,有的问题则是非预期的后果。无论哪方面的问题,都需要在继续深化改革的同时对其进行有机整合和弥补,只有这样,改革成果才会得以保全并能持续发展下去。
In 1979, Mrs Thatcher came to power and reformed the British civil service radically and enduringly.The pecific measures included Rayner Scrutiny Programme, the Management Information Systems for Ministers, the Financial Management Initiative and the Next Steps Initiative. Thatcher government has reformed the personnel regulations, administrative structure, organisational function and processes of the traditional civil service so widely that some of the important principles and core features have wavered, and the reform in the 1980s laid the foundation for the subsequent reform of the civil service in Major government and Blair government, determining the basic direction of the reform. The reform involves a broad range of the civil service systems, which is rare in history and is " a milestone" in the history of the British civil service systems after Fulton reform. What is worth mentioning is that, during the same period compared to the Western countries, the civil service system reform of Thatcher government is indeed the first and the most radical reform in Europe, and in the international community it has had a far-reaching impact on the civil service systems in many countries. The last two decades of the 20th century, the civil service reforms in many countries were affected by the British civil service system reforms of the Thatcher government.
General review briefly introduced some characteristics and the evolution of the British civil service, the significance of studying the British civil service both at home and abroad and the writing ideas of this article.
The body text is divided into five parts.
First, the context of the civil service reform of Thatcher government. Since the second half of the 20th century, with the changes of the United Kingdom from the industrial society to a post-industrial society and the advent of the era of globalization, the limitations of the civil service were increasingly exposed and the traditional civil service was unable to meet the needs of the new era. With the civil service scale’s growing, bloated bodies,generalists’incompetent in professional government work, the inflexible structure of the system and serious bureaucratic model, the government policy is faced with many difficulties; the increased requirements for the people on the civil service ,the innovation achievements in private sector and the role of the mass medias forced the government to reform the civil service with strong pressures. At the same time, Thatcher government has accepted the theory of the "small government". All these above suggested it is a must to reform the civil service system.
Second, the first stage of the civil service reform of Thatcher government.During this period, Thatcher government laid particular focus on the bureaucratic inefficiency and poured the administrative and managerial techniques into the management to the civil service at large. Rayner Scrutiny Programme was the first big measure that Margaret Thatcher took to reform the civil service after she came to power and the first large-scale, in-depth and scientific research on the function of the British Government institutions, thereby providing first-hand information, useful experience and specific proposals for future reform. The Management Information Systems for Ministers and Financial Management Initiative were the systems of information collection and treatment, which included the methods of modern management and performance evaluation and the responsibility of how to obtain the target. And the system greatly improved the efficiency of various departments and provided a possibility of flatting the structure of the civil service system. The implementation of these measures achieved the desired results. Now the civil service not only is the outcome of the continuing reform but also lays the foundation for the reform in future.
Third, the second stage of the civil service reform of Thatcher government. The reform of this period, mainly referring to Margaret Thatcher’s third term of office (1987-1991), is of great importance.In this period, Thatcher government aimed to the privatization and decentralization of the public sector as well as the introduction of market mechanisms into the public sector, and the civil service reform obtained substantive progress. The main measure called the Next Steps Initiative has greatly changed the British civil service. By doing so, some basic principles of the civil service which the traditional civil service was always based on have been tremendously changed. In particular, Thatcher government has set up many executive agencies in all kinds of departments, which enjoyed considerable freedom of action in the realm of recruitment, promotion, training, salaries and wellfare. In the past, all these powers were adhered to the commission. So, the establishment of the executive agencies, fundamentally shaking the basis of the civil service,was a sign of decentralization. Ever after, the executive agencies took over the management of the low-level civil servants, such as recruitment, promotion, training, salaries and wellfare. The appointment of senior civil servants was in the more tendency of individuals than before. In the civil service, there was a suspicion breaking the neutralty. The reform changed the relationship of the minister and senior civil servants. Before the reform, senior civil servants were anonymous and the minister had responsibility for the commons and the public on the behalf of the department that the senior civil servants adhered to. But now, the senior civil servants often show their faces in public in the interest of the government or their department. What’s more, the loyalty the traditional civil service must have to the government and the confidentiality the tradition civil service must keep for the government have wavered .
Fourth, the evaluation of the civil service reform of Thatcher government. The enormous changes of the civil service in Thatcher government had an obvious influence on the development of society and economy: the civil service reform during the period has made the civil service more resistant to corruption and efficient, and the optimization of the civil service system and the change of the civil service culture paved the way for Thatcher government to implement radical reforms in politics and economy, contributing to get rid of the "British disease". After John Major succeeded Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister,he continued to deepen the civil service reform and established a senior civil service system; Blair government continuously reformed the civil service system on the basis of the previous reforms. Although he deliberately labeled his theory newly,hoping to compete against Thatcherism, its main theory is still from Thatcherism and is the continuation other than innovation. Internationally, the civil service reform of Thatcher Government set off a new climax in the civil service reform using the new public management as a guide. The reform programmes advocated by the Next Steps were emulated by other countries.
Fifth, analysing why Thatcher government’s reform in the civil service brought about a great success. The reasons why Thatcher government managed to reform the British civil service successfully are that the public in Britain desired for reforming the civil service and that with the new public management as a ideological and theoretical guidance, Thatcher government implemented the Next Steps Initiative in the central sectors and established executive agencies on the premise of making a breakthrough of the traditional structure and core features of the civil service and that Margaret Thatcher, with her strong leadership and organizational authority,chose a good way to push the civil service reform forward continuously.
Conclusion mainly specified some regular conclusions and useful revelations shown in the process of Thatcher Government’s civil service reform. Firstly, the reform of the British civil service is a gradual process, where both inheritance and initiative lie. Secondly, with the civil service system reform of Thatcher government for more than 10 years, we can clearly see that the new public management ideology played a dominant role in the process of the reform. While ideology is a response to the objective conditions, we should note the guiding and restrictive role that ideology has played in the British civil service reform, which is the second revelation from the British civil service reform. At the same time, any initiative may result in many new problems, some of which perhaps root in the self-contradictory guiding theory, which itself has many problems and some others of which are not expected consequently. No matter what the problems are, they must be solved or reasonably combined with each other by continuing to deepen the reform. Only in this way, will the outcome of the civil service reform be preserved and sustainably developed forward.
引文
[1] Gavin Drewry and Tony Butcher,The Civil Service Today,Basil Blackwell 1993 p48.
[2] [英]约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯《就业、利息和货币通论》,商务印书馆,1963年版,第 322 页。
[3]周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版, 第 57 页。
[4]安东尼·桑普森著《最新英国剖析》,中国社会科学出版社,1988 年版,第215 页。
[5]胡康大著《英国的政治制度》,社会科学文献出版社, 1993 年版,177 页。
[6] 安东尼·H·布彻《英国政府制度》1988 年,第 143 页。
[7] 胡康大著:《英国的政治制度》,社会科学文献出版社, 1993 年版,178 页。
[8]国家行政学院国际合作交流部编译,《西方国家行政改革述评》,国家行政学院出版社,1998 年版,第 237 页。
[9]龚瑞祥著:《英国行政机构和文官制度》、人民出版社,1986 年版,第 72 页
[10] 蒋梦引著:《蒋孟引文集》之《现代英国的政治结构》,南京大学出版社,1995 年 版,第 410 页。
[11] [英]雨果·扬格著,汪玉明等译,《铁女人——撒切尔夫人传》,西北大学出版社,1990 年版,第 94 页。
[12]Howard Elcock,Change and Decay,Longman Group UK Limited,1991,p229.
[13] [英]雨果·扬格:《铁女人——撒切尔夫人传》,西北大学出版社,1990 年版,第 165 页。
[14] 特里西亚·默里:《玛格丽特·撒切尔》,新华出版社 1979 年 8 月版,第 13页。
[15] [英]雨果·扬格《铁女人——撒切尔夫人传》,汪玉明等译西北大学出版社,1990 年 7 月版,第 2 页。
[16] [英] 雨果·扬格《铁女人——撒切尔夫人转》,汪玉明等译西北大学出版社,1990 年 7 月版,第 27 页。
[17]Greenwood, J. And Wilson, D. ,Public Administration in Britain Today, London Unwin Hyman, 1989, pp121-122.
[18]Flynn,N.(1997),PublicSectorManagement,3rdedition,London:Prentice-Hall/HarvesterWheatsheaf,pp.39-40.
[19] [英]温森特·怀特著《欧洲公共行政现代化:英国的个案分析》收自国家行政学院国际交流合作部编译的《西方国家行政改革述评》,国家行政学院出版社,1998 年版, 第 233 页。
[20]Bray,A1988,TheCandestineReformer:AStudyofthe Rayner Scrutinies,Strathclyde Papers on Government and Politics,No.55,pp.2-4.转引自周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 60 页。
[21] 周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 63 页。
[22] 周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 69 页。
[23] 周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 70 页。
[24]Greenwood,J and Wilson,D. Public Administration in Britain Today, 2nd edition London: Unwin Hyman, 1989, p124 转引自周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 75 页。
[25]Bell,M,(1984)"Management Audit in the Ministry of Defense",Public Administration,Vol.62pp.311-321;Mayne,J.(1982),"Management Audit in the Ministry of Defense",Management in Government,Vol,37,pp.138-146.
[26]John Greenwood, Robert Pyper and David Wilson, New Public Administration in Bratain, Third edition, London and New York, 2001, p30. [27 John Greenwood, Robert Pyper and David Wilson, New Public Administration in Britain, Third edition, London and New York, 2001, p30.
[28]Kevin Theakston, The Civil Service since 1945, Blackwell Oxford UK & Cambridge USA ,1995, p128.
[29] John Greenwood, Robert Pyper and David Wilson, New Public Administration in Britain, Third edition, London and New York,2001, p30.
[30]Tony Butcher and Gavin Drewry, The Civil Service Today, London: Basil Blackwell, 1993, p199.
[31] Tony Butcher and Gavin Drewry, The Civil Service Today, London: Basil Blackwell, 1993, p200.
[32] 夏镇平著《跷跷板游戏——公共管理比较研究》,上海大学出版社,2005年版,第 17 页。
[33] 夏镇平著《跷跷板游戏——公共管理比较研究》,上海大学出版社,2005年版,第 46 页。
[34] 周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 57 页。
[35]Colin Pilkington, The Civil Service in Britain today, Manchester University Press, 1999, p81.
[36](英)·温森特·怀特著《欧洲公共行政现代化:英国的个案分析》载自《西方国家行政改革述评》,国家行政学院国际合作交流部编译, 国家行政学院出版社, 1998 年版,第 245 页。 [37 Robert Pyper, The British Civil Service, Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf , 1995,p36.
[38] Robert Pyper, The British Civil Service, Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf , 1995, p36.
[39] Robert Pyper, The British Civil Service, Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf , 1995, p36.
[40] Robert Pyper, The British Civil Service, Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf , 1995, p38.
[41]David Richards, The Civil Service under the Conservatives, 1979-1997, Sussex Academic Press, 1997,p10.
[42] 周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 109 页。
[43]Colin Pilkington, The Civil Service in Britain Today, Manchester University Press, 1999, p57.
[44]Colin Pilkington, The Civil Service in Britain Today, Manchester University Press, 1999, p57.
[45]冉隆勃、王振华等著《当代英国——政治·外交·社会·文化面面观》,中国社会科学出版社, 1990 年 7 月版,第 10-12 页。
[46]McGowan, F.(1994), What is the Alternative?Ownship Regulation and the Labor Party, in Bishop, M.Kayer,C(eds.)Privatization & Economic Performance Oxford University Press, p.265.
[47]转引自陈振明著《政府再造》,中国人民大学出版社,2003 年版,第 64 页。
[48](英)·温森特·怀特《欧洲公共行政现代化:英国的个案分析》载自《西方国家行政改革述评》国家行政学院国际合作交流部编译 国家行政学院出版社 1998 年版。
[49] 周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社 ,1999 年版,第 113 页。
[50] 李柏槐著《英国首相撒切尔夫人》,四川人民出版社, 1997 年版,第 93页。
[51] 吴大英等 《西方国家政府制度比较研究》,北京 社会科学文献出版社,1995年版,第 271 页。
[52]转引自卓越《英国新公共管理运动走向》载自《中国行政管理》2000 年第 1期,第 42 页。
[53] 申义怀译,关树芬校,《经济学家》周刊,1983 年 10 月 15 日版。载自时事出版社选编 《英国内幕》时事出版社 1985 年版,第 4 页。
[54] 李柏槐著《论撒切尔夫人专权》四川大学学报 1999 年第 2 期。
[55] 于安《〈富尔顿报告〉与英国文官制度改革》载《外国法学研究》1985 年3-4 期合刊第 49 页。
[56]李柏槐著《英国首相撒切尔夫人》,四川人民出版社, 1997 年版,第 94 页。
1、龚瑞祥著:《英国行政机构和文官制度》,人民出版社,1986 年版。
2、龚祥瑞:《文官制度》,人民出版社, 1985 年版。
3、周凯敏著:《当代资本主义国家文官制度》,福建人民出版社, 1996 年版。
4、戴维·巴特勒与珍妮·弗里曼:《 1900 - 1968 年英国政事》,伦敦 ,1969 年版。
5、马丁·皮尤:《国家与社会》,纽约 ,1994 年版。
6、国家行政学院国际交流部编译:《国家行政改革述评》,国家行政学院出版社,1998 年版。
7、程汉大著:《英国政治制度史》,北京中国社会科学出版社, 1995 年版。
8、玛格丽特· 撒切尔著:《通往权力之路--撒切尔夫人自传》,当代世界 出版社, 1998 年版。
9、李柏槐著:《英国首相撒切尔夫人》, 四川人民出版社, 1997 年版。
10、毛锐著:《撒切尔政府私有化改革研究》,中国社会科学出版社,2004 年版。
11、钱乘旦著: 《二十世纪英国》,商务印书馆, 1997 年版。
12、[美] 戴维·奥斯本和 彼德·普拉斯特里克著:《摈弃官僚制:政府再造 的五项战略》,中国人民大学出版社 ,2002 年版。
13、[英]肯尼思·O·摩根 主编:《牛津英国通史》,商务印书馆, 1993 年版。
14、胡康大著:《英国的政治制度》,社会科学文献出版社,1993 年版。
15、时事出版社选编:《英国内幕》,时事出版社,1985 年版。
16、冉隆勃、王振华著:《当代英国--政治、外交、社会、文化面面观》,中国社会科学出版社, 1990 年版。
17、阎照祥著:《英国政治制度史》,人民出版社, 2000 年版。
18、周志忍著:《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年 6月版。
19、李和中著:《比较公务员制度》,中共中央党校出版社,2003 年 2 月。
20、集体编写:《英国政府机构》,上海人民出版社, 1973 年版。
21、杨伯揆著:《西方文官系统,四川人民出版社,1985 年版。
22、徐振寰、王晓初主编:《世界各国公务员制度比较,山东人民出版社, 1998 年版。
23、吴春波编译:《官僚制统治,北京,1988 年版。
24、[美]B.盖伊·彼得斯著:《政府未来的治理模式》,中国人民大学出版社 ,2002 年版。
25、谭工荣、黄卫平著:《公务员制度比较》,中央编译出版社,2002 年版。
26、夏镇平著:《跷跷板游戏——公共管理比较研究》,上海大学出版社,2005年版。
27、刘炳香著:《西方国家政府管理新变革》,中共中央党校出版社,2003 年版。
28、王义主编:《西方新公共管理概论》,中国海洋大学出版社,2005 年版。
29、阮宗泽著:《第三条道路与新英国》,东方出版社,2001 年版。
30、刘振华等主编:《重塑英国——布莱尔主义与第三条道路》,中国社会科学出版社,2000 年版。
31、[英]阿瑟·马威克著:《一九四五年以来的英国社会》,商务印书馆,1992年版。
32、陈炳才、许江萍著:《从凯恩斯主义到货币主义》,武汉出版社,1994 年版。
33、王振华主编:《撒切尔主义——80 年代英国内外政策》,中国社会科学出版社,1992 年版。
34、王章辉著:《英国文化与现代化》,辽海出版社,1999 年版。
35、[美]麦克尔·巴泽雷著:《突破官僚制:政府管理的新愿景》,中国人民大学出版社,2002 年版。
36、[英]乔治·哈钦森著:《爱德华·希思》,上海人民出版社,1973 年版。
37、[英]安东尼·吉登斯著:《现代性的后果》,译林出版社,2000 年版。
38、彭献成著:《英国政体与官制史》,湖南师范大学出版社,1999 年版。
39、汤姆·克里斯滕森、佩尔·靳格莱德主编:《新公共管理——观念与实践的转变》,河南人民出版社,2003 年版。
40、[英]诺曼·弗林著:《公共部门管理》,中国青年出版社,2004 年版。
41、[英]格伦内斯特主编:《英国社会政策论文集》,商务印书馆,2003 年版
42、倪越编著:《西方文官制度》,劳动人事出版社,1988 年版。
43、威廉·普洛登著:《英国文官制度的改革》摘自[台]考试院编:《二十世纪文官体制发展国际会议会议实录》,2003 年版。
44、乔尔·阿伯巴奇等著《两种人:官僚和政客》,北京:求是出版社,1990 年版。
45、特里西亚·默里:《玛格丽特·撒切尔》,新华出版社,1979 年版。
46、德莫特·英格列费尔德编,《今日文官制》,朗曼出版社,1985 年版。
47、[英]雨果·扬格著,汪玉明等译,《铁女人——撒切尔夫人传》,西北大学出版社,1990 年版。
1、王晓焰:《试析英国文官制度的连续稳定性》,《内江师范高等专科学校学报》1999 年第 1 期。
2、姚景芳:《近代英国文官制度改革剖析》,《辽宁师专学报(社会科学版)》1999年第 5 期 。
3、周金昭:《英国政府文官制度改革回顾》,《中国公务员 》1999 年第 5 期。
4、张淑华:《美国社会转型时期的文官制度改革——从政党“分赃制”到“功绩制” 》,《 常德师范学院学报(社会科学版)》2000 年第 5 期。
5、邹冠秀:《英国贵族与文官制度》,《龙岩师专学报 》2000 年第 2 期。
6、徐晓丹:《当代西方文官制度改革的潮流》,《甘肃行政学院学报》2000 年第 2期。
7、何青:《对西方文官制度中“政治中立”原则的认识》,《江西社会科学》2000 年第 2 期。
8、石庆环:《英美文官制度的差异及其历史影响》,《世界历史》2001 年第 6 期。
9、李治国:《传承与变革之间——当代英国文官制度发展路径前瞻》,《历史教学问题》2001 年第 5 期。
10、石庆环:《 20 世纪美国文官制度的历史回顾》,《美国研究》 2001 年第 2期。
11、符晓薇:《西方文官制度“政治中立”原则浅析》,《山东省经济管理干部学院学报》 2001 年第 6 期。
12、王霞:《浅议英国近代文官制度的形成》,《内蒙古师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2001 年第 7 期。
13、张延华:《廉洁与效率 :英国两次文官制度改革的共同价值取向》,《山东师范大学学报》2002 年第 1 期。
14、唐宏忠 《20 世纪英国文官制度的改革》,《 人才研究》 1988 年第 3 期。
15、于安:《<富尔顿报告>与英国文官制度改革》,《外国法学研究》1985 年 3-4期合刊。
16、王铭:《英国文官制度的演进、特点及其影响》,《史学月刊》1990 年第 2期。
17、王铭:《试论英国文官制度的形成及其原因》,《 辽宁大学学报 (哲学社会科学版)》 1989 年第 6 期。
18、郭树清:《英国文官制度》,《改革》1988 年第 3 期。
19、林至敏、竺乾威:《英国文官制度的改革》, 《复旦学报 (社会科学版)》 1981 年第 3 期。
20、程西筠:《由恩赐官职到择优录士(十九世纪中叶英国文官制度的改革)》,《世界历史》1980 第 5 期。
21 田常华:《19 世纪中叶英国文官制度改革剖析》,《世界史》1997 年 第 4 期。
23、吴木生:《试论英国文官制度的特点对国内教育和科技事业发展的负效应》 ,《世界史 》 1996 年第 8 期。
24、里景阳、金元山:《英国文官制度简述》 ,《辽宁教育学院学报 》 1994 年第 2 期。
25、王铭:《试论英国文官制度的形成及其原因》,《世界史》 1990 年第 1 期。
26、孙灵徽:《对英国文官制度改革的初步探讨》,《内蒙古师大学报(哲学社会科学版 )》1988 年第 1 期。
1. The Stationery Office, The Civil Service Year Book, London: The Stationery Office .
2. David Richards, The Civil Service under the Conservatives,1979-1997, Sussex Academic Press,1999. Greenwood .
3. Margaret Thatcher, The Tangning Street Years,London: Harper-Collins,1993.
4. E.W. Cohen, The Growth of The British Civil Service,1780-1939,Fronk Cass and Co.LTD,1965.
5. Tony Butcher and Gavin Drewry, The Civil Service Today, London: Basil Blackwell, 1993.
6.P.G.Cocker , Contemporary British Politics and Government, Tudor :Business Publishing Press Ltd,1993.
7.Flynn, Public Sector Management, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf,1990.
8.Peter Kemp,Next Steps for the British Civil Service,from An International Journal of Policy and Administrition,Covernance April,1990.
9.John Greenwood and David Wilson, Public Administration in Britain Today(2nd edition)London: Unwin Hyman Ltd,1989.
10.Fry,G., The Thatcher Government,the Financial Management Initiative,and the New Civil Service, from Public Administration,Vol.66,No.1,1988 .
11. Kevin Theakston, The Civil Service since 1945,Blackwell Oxford UK & Cambridge USA ,1995.
12.Fiynn N, Change in the Civil Service, London :CIPFA;1994.
13. Cabinet Office, Next Step Report 1997.
14. Colin Pilkington, The Civil Service in Britain Today, Manchester University Press,1999.
15. Robert Pyper, The British Civil Service, Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf , 1995.
16. Scruyinies, Strathclyde Papers on Government and Politics,No,55 ,1988.
17. N.Gladden: Civil Services of the United Kingdom, 1855-1970, Fronk Cass and Co.LTD, 1967.
18. John Halligan, Civil Service Systens in Anglo-American Countries, Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK, 2003.
19. B. Guy Peters and J. Pierre, Politicization of the Civil Service in Comparative Perspective, London and New York,2004.
[2] [英]约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯《就业、利息和货币通论》,商务印书馆,1963年版,第 322 页。
[3]周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版, 第 57 页。
[4]安东尼·桑普森著《最新英国剖析》,中国社会科学出版社,1988 年版,第215 页。
[5]胡康大著《英国的政治制度》,社会科学文献出版社, 1993 年版,177 页。
[6] 安东尼·H·布彻《英国政府制度》1988 年,第 143 页。
[7] 胡康大著:《英国的政治制度》,社会科学文献出版社, 1993 年版,178 页。
[8]国家行政学院国际合作交流部编译,《西方国家行政改革述评》,国家行政学院出版社,1998 年版,第 237 页。
[9]龚瑞祥著:《英国行政机构和文官制度》、人民出版社,1986 年版,第 72 页
[10] 蒋梦引著:《蒋孟引文集》之《现代英国的政治结构》,南京大学出版社,1995 年 版,第 410 页。
[11] [英]雨果·扬格著,汪玉明等译,《铁女人——撒切尔夫人传》,西北大学出版社,1990 年版,第 94 页。
[12]Howard Elcock,Change and Decay,Longman Group UK Limited,1991,p229.
[13] [英]雨果·扬格:《铁女人——撒切尔夫人传》,西北大学出版社,1990 年版,第 165 页。
[14] 特里西亚·默里:《玛格丽特·撒切尔》,新华出版社 1979 年 8 月版,第 13页。
[15] [英]雨果·扬格《铁女人——撒切尔夫人传》,汪玉明等译西北大学出版社,1990 年 7 月版,第 2 页。
[16] [英] 雨果·扬格《铁女人——撒切尔夫人转》,汪玉明等译西北大学出版社,1990 年 7 月版,第 27 页。
[17]Greenwood, J. And Wilson, D. ,Public Administration in Britain Today, London Unwin Hyman, 1989, pp121-122.
[18]Flynn,N.(1997),PublicSectorManagement,3rdedition,London:Prentice-Hall/HarvesterWheatsheaf,pp.39-40.
[19] [英]温森特·怀特著《欧洲公共行政现代化:英国的个案分析》收自国家行政学院国际交流合作部编译的《西方国家行政改革述评》,国家行政学院出版社,1998 年版, 第 233 页。
[20]Bray,A1988,TheCandestineReformer:AStudyofthe Rayner Scrutinies,Strathclyde Papers on Government and Politics,No.55,pp.2-4.转引自周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 60 页。
[21] 周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 63 页。
[22] 周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 69 页。
[23] 周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 70 页。
[24]Greenwood,J and Wilson,D. Public Administration in Britain Today, 2nd edition London: Unwin Hyman, 1989, p124 转引自周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 75 页。
[25]Bell,M,(1984)"Management Audit in the Ministry of Defense",Public Administration,Vol.62pp.311-321;Mayne,J.(1982),"Management Audit in the Ministry of Defense",Management in Government,Vol,37,pp.138-146.
[26]John Greenwood, Robert Pyper and David Wilson, New Public Administration in Bratain, Third edition, London and New York, 2001, p30. [27 John Greenwood, Robert Pyper and David Wilson, New Public Administration in Britain, Third edition, London and New York, 2001, p30.
[28]Kevin Theakston, The Civil Service since 1945, Blackwell Oxford UK & Cambridge USA ,1995, p128.
[29] John Greenwood, Robert Pyper and David Wilson, New Public Administration in Britain, Third edition, London and New York,2001, p30.
[30]Tony Butcher and Gavin Drewry, The Civil Service Today, London: Basil Blackwell, 1993, p199.
[31] Tony Butcher and Gavin Drewry, The Civil Service Today, London: Basil Blackwell, 1993, p200.
[32] 夏镇平著《跷跷板游戏——公共管理比较研究》,上海大学出版社,2005年版,第 17 页。
[33] 夏镇平著《跷跷板游戏——公共管理比较研究》,上海大学出版社,2005年版,第 46 页。
[34] 周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 57 页。
[35]Colin Pilkington, The Civil Service in Britain today, Manchester University Press, 1999, p81.
[36](英)·温森特·怀特著《欧洲公共行政现代化:英国的个案分析》载自《西方国家行政改革述评》,国家行政学院国际合作交流部编译, 国家行政学院出版社, 1998 年版,第 245 页。 [37 Robert Pyper, The British Civil Service, Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf , 1995,p36.
[38] Robert Pyper, The British Civil Service, Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf , 1995, p36.
[39] Robert Pyper, The British Civil Service, Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf , 1995, p36.
[40] Robert Pyper, The British Civil Service, Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf , 1995, p38.
[41]David Richards, The Civil Service under the Conservatives, 1979-1997, Sussex Academic Press, 1997,p10.
[42] 周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年版,第 109 页。
[43]Colin Pilkington, The Civil Service in Britain Today, Manchester University Press, 1999, p57.
[44]Colin Pilkington, The Civil Service in Britain Today, Manchester University Press, 1999, p57.
[45]冉隆勃、王振华等著《当代英国——政治·外交·社会·文化面面观》,中国社会科学出版社, 1990 年 7 月版,第 10-12 页。
[46]McGowan, F.(1994), What is the Alternative?Ownship Regulation and the Labor Party, in Bishop, M.Kayer,C(eds.)Privatization & Economic Performance Oxford University Press, p.265.
[47]转引自陈振明著《政府再造》,中国人民大学出版社,2003 年版,第 64 页。
[48](英)·温森特·怀特《欧洲公共行政现代化:英国的个案分析》载自《西方国家行政改革述评》国家行政学院国际合作交流部编译 国家行政学院出版社 1998 年版。
[49] 周志忍著《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社 ,1999 年版,第 113 页。
[50] 李柏槐著《英国首相撒切尔夫人》,四川人民出版社, 1997 年版,第 93页。
[51] 吴大英等 《西方国家政府制度比较研究》,北京 社会科学文献出版社,1995年版,第 271 页。
[52]转引自卓越《英国新公共管理运动走向》载自《中国行政管理》2000 年第 1期,第 42 页。
[53] 申义怀译,关树芬校,《经济学家》周刊,1983 年 10 月 15 日版。载自时事出版社选编 《英国内幕》时事出版社 1985 年版,第 4 页。
[54] 李柏槐著《论撒切尔夫人专权》四川大学学报 1999 年第 2 期。
[55] 于安《〈富尔顿报告〉与英国文官制度改革》载《外国法学研究》1985 年3-4 期合刊第 49 页。
[56]李柏槐著《英国首相撒切尔夫人》,四川人民出版社, 1997 年版,第 94 页。
1、龚瑞祥著:《英国行政机构和文官制度》,人民出版社,1986 年版。
2、龚祥瑞:《文官制度》,人民出版社, 1985 年版。
3、周凯敏著:《当代资本主义国家文官制度》,福建人民出版社, 1996 年版。
4、戴维·巴特勒与珍妮·弗里曼:《 1900 - 1968 年英国政事》,伦敦 ,1969 年版。
5、马丁·皮尤:《国家与社会》,纽约 ,1994 年版。
6、国家行政学院国际交流部编译:《国家行政改革述评》,国家行政学院出版社,1998 年版。
7、程汉大著:《英国政治制度史》,北京中国社会科学出版社, 1995 年版。
8、玛格丽特· 撒切尔著:《通往权力之路--撒切尔夫人自传》,当代世界 出版社, 1998 年版。
9、李柏槐著:《英国首相撒切尔夫人》, 四川人民出版社, 1997 年版。
10、毛锐著:《撒切尔政府私有化改革研究》,中国社会科学出版社,2004 年版。
11、钱乘旦著: 《二十世纪英国》,商务印书馆, 1997 年版。
12、[美] 戴维·奥斯本和 彼德·普拉斯特里克著:《摈弃官僚制:政府再造 的五项战略》,中国人民大学出版社 ,2002 年版。
13、[英]肯尼思·O·摩根 主编:《牛津英国通史》,商务印书馆, 1993 年版。
14、胡康大著:《英国的政治制度》,社会科学文献出版社,1993 年版。
15、时事出版社选编:《英国内幕》,时事出版社,1985 年版。
16、冉隆勃、王振华著:《当代英国--政治、外交、社会、文化面面观》,中国社会科学出版社, 1990 年版。
17、阎照祥著:《英国政治制度史》,人民出版社, 2000 年版。
18、周志忍著:《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,国家行政学院出版社,1999 年 6月版。
19、李和中著:《比较公务员制度》,中共中央党校出版社,2003 年 2 月。
20、集体编写:《英国政府机构》,上海人民出版社, 1973 年版。
21、杨伯揆著:《西方文官系统,四川人民出版社,1985 年版。
22、徐振寰、王晓初主编:《世界各国公务员制度比较,山东人民出版社, 1998 年版。
23、吴春波编译:《官僚制统治,北京,1988 年版。
24、[美]B.盖伊·彼得斯著:《政府未来的治理模式》,中国人民大学出版社 ,2002 年版。
25、谭工荣、黄卫平著:《公务员制度比较》,中央编译出版社,2002 年版。
26、夏镇平著:《跷跷板游戏——公共管理比较研究》,上海大学出版社,2005年版。
27、刘炳香著:《西方国家政府管理新变革》,中共中央党校出版社,2003 年版。
28、王义主编:《西方新公共管理概论》,中国海洋大学出版社,2005 年版。
29、阮宗泽著:《第三条道路与新英国》,东方出版社,2001 年版。
30、刘振华等主编:《重塑英国——布莱尔主义与第三条道路》,中国社会科学出版社,2000 年版。
31、[英]阿瑟·马威克著:《一九四五年以来的英国社会》,商务印书馆,1992年版。
32、陈炳才、许江萍著:《从凯恩斯主义到货币主义》,武汉出版社,1994 年版。
33、王振华主编:《撒切尔主义——80 年代英国内外政策》,中国社会科学出版社,1992 年版。
34、王章辉著:《英国文化与现代化》,辽海出版社,1999 年版。
35、[美]麦克尔·巴泽雷著:《突破官僚制:政府管理的新愿景》,中国人民大学出版社,2002 年版。
36、[英]乔治·哈钦森著:《爱德华·希思》,上海人民出版社,1973 年版。
37、[英]安东尼·吉登斯著:《现代性的后果》,译林出版社,2000 年版。
38、彭献成著:《英国政体与官制史》,湖南师范大学出版社,1999 年版。
39、汤姆·克里斯滕森、佩尔·靳格莱德主编:《新公共管理——观念与实践的转变》,河南人民出版社,2003 年版。
40、[英]诺曼·弗林著:《公共部门管理》,中国青年出版社,2004 年版。
41、[英]格伦内斯特主编:《英国社会政策论文集》,商务印书馆,2003 年版
42、倪越编著:《西方文官制度》,劳动人事出版社,1988 年版。
43、威廉·普洛登著:《英国文官制度的改革》摘自[台]考试院编:《二十世纪文官体制发展国际会议会议实录》,2003 年版。
44、乔尔·阿伯巴奇等著《两种人:官僚和政客》,北京:求是出版社,1990 年版。
45、特里西亚·默里:《玛格丽特·撒切尔》,新华出版社,1979 年版。
46、德莫特·英格列费尔德编,《今日文官制》,朗曼出版社,1985 年版。
47、[英]雨果·扬格著,汪玉明等译,《铁女人——撒切尔夫人传》,西北大学出版社,1990 年版。
1、王晓焰:《试析英国文官制度的连续稳定性》,《内江师范高等专科学校学报》1999 年第 1 期。
2、姚景芳:《近代英国文官制度改革剖析》,《辽宁师专学报(社会科学版)》1999年第 5 期 。
3、周金昭:《英国政府文官制度改革回顾》,《中国公务员 》1999 年第 5 期。
4、张淑华:《美国社会转型时期的文官制度改革——从政党“分赃制”到“功绩制” 》,《 常德师范学院学报(社会科学版)》2000 年第 5 期。
5、邹冠秀:《英国贵族与文官制度》,《龙岩师专学报 》2000 年第 2 期。
6、徐晓丹:《当代西方文官制度改革的潮流》,《甘肃行政学院学报》2000 年第 2期。
7、何青:《对西方文官制度中“政治中立”原则的认识》,《江西社会科学》2000 年第 2 期。
8、石庆环:《英美文官制度的差异及其历史影响》,《世界历史》2001 年第 6 期。
9、李治国:《传承与变革之间——当代英国文官制度发展路径前瞻》,《历史教学问题》2001 年第 5 期。
10、石庆环:《 20 世纪美国文官制度的历史回顾》,《美国研究》 2001 年第 2期。
11、符晓薇:《西方文官制度“政治中立”原则浅析》,《山东省经济管理干部学院学报》 2001 年第 6 期。
12、王霞:《浅议英国近代文官制度的形成》,《内蒙古师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2001 年第 7 期。
13、张延华:《廉洁与效率 :英国两次文官制度改革的共同价值取向》,《山东师范大学学报》2002 年第 1 期。
14、唐宏忠 《20 世纪英国文官制度的改革》,《 人才研究》 1988 年第 3 期。
15、于安:《<富尔顿报告>与英国文官制度改革》,《外国法学研究》1985 年 3-4期合刊。
16、王铭:《英国文官制度的演进、特点及其影响》,《史学月刊》1990 年第 2期。
17、王铭:《试论英国文官制度的形成及其原因》,《 辽宁大学学报 (哲学社会科学版)》 1989 年第 6 期。
18、郭树清:《英国文官制度》,《改革》1988 年第 3 期。
19、林至敏、竺乾威:《英国文官制度的改革》, 《复旦学报 (社会科学版)》 1981 年第 3 期。
20、程西筠:《由恩赐官职到择优录士(十九世纪中叶英国文官制度的改革)》,《世界历史》1980 第 5 期。
21 田常华:《19 世纪中叶英国文官制度改革剖析》,《世界史》1997 年 第 4 期。
23、吴木生:《试论英国文官制度的特点对国内教育和科技事业发展的负效应》 ,《世界史 》 1996 年第 8 期。
24、里景阳、金元山:《英国文官制度简述》 ,《辽宁教育学院学报 》 1994 年第 2 期。
25、王铭:《试论英国文官制度的形成及其原因》,《世界史》 1990 年第 1 期。
26、孙灵徽:《对英国文官制度改革的初步探讨》,《内蒙古师大学报(哲学社会科学版 )》1988 年第 1 期。
1. The Stationery Office, The Civil Service Year Book, London: The Stationery Office .
2. David Richards, The Civil Service under the Conservatives,1979-1997, Sussex Academic Press,1999. Greenwood .
3. Margaret Thatcher, The Tangning Street Years,London: Harper-Collins,1993.
4. E.W. Cohen, The Growth of The British Civil Service,1780-1939,Fronk Cass and Co.LTD,1965.
5. Tony Butcher and Gavin Drewry, The Civil Service Today, London: Basil Blackwell, 1993.
6.P.G.Cocker , Contemporary British Politics and Government, Tudor :Business Publishing Press Ltd,1993.
7.Flynn, Public Sector Management, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf,1990.
8.Peter Kemp,Next Steps for the British Civil Service,from An International Journal of Policy and Administrition,Covernance April,1990.
9.John Greenwood and David Wilson, Public Administration in Britain Today(2nd edition)London: Unwin Hyman Ltd,1989.
10.Fry,G., The Thatcher Government,the Financial Management Initiative,and the New Civil Service, from Public Administration,Vol.66,No.1,1988 .
11. Kevin Theakston, The Civil Service since 1945,Blackwell Oxford UK & Cambridge USA ,1995.
12.Fiynn N, Change in the Civil Service, London :CIPFA;1994.
13. Cabinet Office, Next Step Report 1997.
14. Colin Pilkington, The Civil Service in Britain Today, Manchester University Press,1999.
15. Robert Pyper, The British Civil Service, Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf , 1995.
16. Scruyinies, Strathclyde Papers on Government and Politics,No,55 ,1988.
17. N.Gladden: Civil Services of the United Kingdom, 1855-1970, Fronk Cass and Co.LTD, 1967.
18. John Halligan, Civil Service Systens in Anglo-American Countries, Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK, 2003.
19. B. Guy Peters and J. Pierre, Politicization of the Civil Service in Comparative Perspective, London and New York,2004.