非物质文化遗产权的私权性研究
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摘要
非物质文化遗产是近年来国际社会逐渐开始接受的对文化遗产的表达方式。非物质文化遗产权,是指特定民族、区域群体、家族个人(即非物质文化遗产的传承人)对其传承的文化遗产所享有的一种新型知识产权。非物质文化遗产权在整个权利体系中,首先具有人权性质,因为非物质文化遗产权利的传承人对其传承的非物质文化遗产具有利益关联性、利益诉求和道德正当性;其次非物质文化遗产权是一项民事权利,这是由于它具有私权属性和法律正当性;最后非物质文化遗产权利是一项新型知识产权,这是由其不同于现有知识产权的内容和特征决定的。
非物质文化遗产权的权利内容由人身权和财产权两部分构成。其人身权内容包括按照传统文化方式生活的自由权,利用非物质文化遗产资源的创作权、修改权、汇编权、解释权,对非物质文化遗产的保护权和传承权,非物质文化遗产的教育权和被教育权;财产权,是指传承人利用非物质文化遗产获取经济利益的权利和在他人商业性利用其所传承的非物质文化遗产中的利益分配权,包括记录权、复制权、表演权、播放权、展览权、发行权、制片权、演绎权、收益权等。非物质文化遗产权作为一种新型民事权利具有鲜明的特征:权利主体的群体性,客体的复杂性,内容的多样性,权利性质的公权性,保护期限的永久性,不可转让性等等。在借鉴发达国家非物质文化遗产保护经验的基础上,充分利用私法乃至公法的手段对非物质文化遗产权以及非物质文化遗产所有人和传承人的保护是十分必要的。
The Non-material cultural heritage is the expression way which the recent year international society gradually started to accept. The so-called non-material culture loses the property right, is refers to the specific nationality, the region community, family individual (namely non-matter cultural heritage inheritance person) one kind of new intellectual property rights which enjoys to its inheritance cultural heritage. The non- material culture loses the property right in the entire right system, first has the human rights nature, because the non- matter cultural heritage right inheritance person has the benefit connect into its inheritance non- matter cultural heritage, the benefit demanded the moral right; Next non- matter culture loses the property rights a civil right, this is because it has the private power attribute and the legal right; Finally non- matter cultural heritage power moneys ouch new intellectual property rights, this is by its is different to the existing intellectual property rights content and the characteristic decides.
The non- material culture loses the property right to divide into the personal rights and the property rights. The personal rights including according to the traditional culture way life free power, uses the non- matter cultural heritage resources creation power, the revision power, the assembly power, the explanation power, to the non- matter cultural heritage protection power and the inheritance power, the non- matter cultural heritage education power and is educated the power; The property rights, are refer inherit the person to use the non- matter cultural heritage gain economic the right and in the non- matter cultural heritage benefit assignment power which its inherits in the other people commercial use, including recording power, duplication power, performance power ,broadcast power, display power, release power, movie-making power, educative power, usufruct and so on. The non- material culture loses the property right to take one kind of new civil right has the distinct characteristic: The subject of object community, the object complexity, the content multiplicity, the right nature civil rights, protect the deadline the permanence, may not the transfer and so on. At in the model developed country non- matter cultural heritage protection experience foundation, fully in loses the property right as well as non- matter cultural heritage all people easing the civil law and even the public law method to the non-material culture and inherits person's protection.
非物质文化遗产权的权利内容由人身权和财产权两部分构成。其人身权内容包括按照传统文化方式生活的自由权,利用非物质文化遗产资源的创作权、修改权、汇编权、解释权,对非物质文化遗产的保护权和传承权,非物质文化遗产的教育权和被教育权;财产权,是指传承人利用非物质文化遗产获取经济利益的权利和在他人商业性利用其所传承的非物质文化遗产中的利益分配权,包括记录权、复制权、表演权、播放权、展览权、发行权、制片权、演绎权、收益权等。非物质文化遗产权作为一种新型民事权利具有鲜明的特征:权利主体的群体性,客体的复杂性,内容的多样性,权利性质的公权性,保护期限的永久性,不可转让性等等。在借鉴发达国家非物质文化遗产保护经验的基础上,充分利用私法乃至公法的手段对非物质文化遗产权以及非物质文化遗产所有人和传承人的保护是十分必要的。
The Non-material cultural heritage is the expression way which the recent year international society gradually started to accept. The so-called non-material culture loses the property right, is refers to the specific nationality, the region community, family individual (namely non-matter cultural heritage inheritance person) one kind of new intellectual property rights which enjoys to its inheritance cultural heritage. The non- material culture loses the property right in the entire right system, first has the human rights nature, because the non- matter cultural heritage right inheritance person has the benefit connect into its inheritance non- matter cultural heritage, the benefit demanded the moral right; Next non- matter culture loses the property rights a civil right, this is because it has the private power attribute and the legal right; Finally non- matter cultural heritage power moneys ouch new intellectual property rights, this is by its is different to the existing intellectual property rights content and the characteristic decides.
The non- material culture loses the property right to divide into the personal rights and the property rights. The personal rights including according to the traditional culture way life free power, uses the non- matter cultural heritage resources creation power, the revision power, the assembly power, the explanation power, to the non- matter cultural heritage protection power and the inheritance power, the non- matter cultural heritage education power and is educated the power; The property rights, are refer inherit the person to use the non- matter cultural heritage gain economic the right and in the non- matter cultural heritage benefit assignment power which its inherits in the other people commercial use, including recording power, duplication power, performance power ,broadcast power, display power, release power, movie-making power, educative power, usufruct and so on. The non- material culture loses the property right to take one kind of new civil right has the distinct characteristic: The subject of object community, the object complexity, the content multiplicity, the right nature civil rights, protect the deadline the permanence, may not the transfer and so on. At in the model developed country non- matter cultural heritage protection experience foundation, fully in loses the property right as well as non- matter cultural heritage all people easing the civil law and even the public law method to the non-material culture and inherits person's protection.
引文
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[3]时吉光、喻学才.我国近年来非物质文化遗产保护研究综述.长沙大学学报(哲社版),2006(1),9-11
[4]吕建昌、廖菲.非物质文化遗产概念的国际认同——兼谈口头和非物质文化遗产的法律地位.北京:中国博物馆,2006(1):10-17
[5]刘锡诚.非物质文化遗产的文化性质问题.福建省社会主义学院学报,2006(1),31-37
[6]李伟、俞孔坚.世界文化遗产保护的新动向——文化路线.城市问题,2005(4):7-12
[7]刘永明.权利与发展:非物质文化遗产保护的原则(下).重庆:西南民族大学学报,2006(2):183-190
[8] A.J.Milne.Human Rights and Human Diversity,1986,Intraduction
[9]王涌.私权的分析与建构.中国民商法网http://www.civillaw.com.cn/article/default.asp?id=8119,2007 年 1 月 31 日
[10]曹险峰.私权及其救济.法学理论前沿论坛.科学出版社,2003,667
[11]刘凯湘.民法总论.北京:北京大学出版社,2006,75
[12]彭诚信.主体性与私权利制度研究----以财产、契约的历史考察为基础.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005,190-213
[13]周彤.罗马法.北京:商务印书馆,2001,1-9;
[14]Marx Weber.The Religion of China.trans.New York,Thee Free Press,1951,235-236
[15]J.Waldron.The Right to Private Property,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1992,289
[16]杨成铭.人权法学.北京:中国方正出版社,2004,1-3
[17]Malcolm.N.shaw.Lnternation Law.Cambridge University Press1997.202
[18]夏勇.人权概念起源----权利的历史哲学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001,151-159
[19][美]艾米.加金施瓦兹.周蕙英译.考古学与民俗学中的物质文化、仪式和日常生活.厦门文化论坛,2006(5):3-6
[20]董晓萍.非物质文化遗产与民俗评估.北京师范大学学报,2005(5):43-49
[21]齐爱民、赵敏.非物质文化遗产的商标权保护模式”.知识产权,2006(2):63-66
[22] A.H.Robertson&J.Gmerrills:human Rights in the World.Manchester Universitu press1989.117
[23] http://www.un.org/chinese/work/rights/rights.htm
[24]刘珂、张春蕾. 世界遗产的“监护人”.大地,2006,(12):15-17
[25]狄骥.钱支新译.宪法论.北京:商务印书馆,1962,484
[26]尹田.民事主体理论与立法研究.北京:法律出版社,2003,150-155
[27]古祖雪.论传统知识的可知识产权性. 厦门:厦门大学学报,2006(2):11-17
[28]崔国斌.否弃集体作者观——民间文艺版权难题的终结.法制与社会发展,2005(5):67-68
[29]曹新明.知识产权法学.北京:人民法院出版社、中国人民公安大学出版社,2003,2
[30] http://www.wto.org/English/tratop-eltrips-e/intell-e.htm.”what are intellectual propertu rights?Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creationa of their minds.”
[31]陶鑫良、袁真富.知识产权法总论.北京:知识产权出版社,2005,59
[32]苑利.江西社会科学.2006(3),13-18
[33]沈仁干、钟颖科.著作权法概论(修订本).北京:商务印书馆,2003,53
[34]郑成思.知识产权论.北京:法律出版社,1998,3-14
[35]吴汉东.知识产权法学.北京:北京大学出版社,2001,2
[36]彭汉英.财产法的经济分析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000,104
[37]徐明华、包海波等.知识产权战略研究——国际知识产权战略研究.北京:知识产权出版社,2003,16-21
[38]Alan Ryan.Property.Open University,1987,59
[39]唐超华.知识产权法学.长沙:湖南大学出版社,2004,44-48
[40]Manfred.The Right to Education.in Asbjona Eide.Catarina Krause&Allan Rssas ed.Economic、Social and Cultural Rights:A Textbook.Hague:Kluwer Law International 2001.45
[41]杨忻、李淼.知识产权理论与实践.北京:电子工业出版社,2004,161-165
[42]曹新明、梅术文.民族民间文化的法哲学考察——以知识产权基本理论为研究范式.法制与社会发展(双月刊),2006(5):16-26
[43]程燎原、王人博.权利及其救济.济南:山东人民出版社,2002,314
[44]http://www.blnet.net.kr/archiver/?tid-9887.html
[45]http://www.cass.net.jp/file/2006060560008.html
[46]牟延林、刘壮.研究路向与学科体系——非物质文化遗产系列研究之二.重庆文理学院学报,2006(2):1-6
[2]涨清奎.传统知识、民间文艺及遗传资源保护模式初探.知识产权,2006(2):3-9
[3]时吉光、喻学才.我国近年来非物质文化遗产保护研究综述.长沙大学学报(哲社版),2006(1),9-11
[4]吕建昌、廖菲.非物质文化遗产概念的国际认同——兼谈口头和非物质文化遗产的法律地位.北京:中国博物馆,2006(1):10-17
[5]刘锡诚.非物质文化遗产的文化性质问题.福建省社会主义学院学报,2006(1),31-37
[6]李伟、俞孔坚.世界文化遗产保护的新动向——文化路线.城市问题,2005(4):7-12
[7]刘永明.权利与发展:非物质文化遗产保护的原则(下).重庆:西南民族大学学报,2006(2):183-190
[8] A.J.Milne.Human Rights and Human Diversity,1986,Intraduction
[9]王涌.私权的分析与建构.中国民商法网http://www.civillaw.com.cn/article/default.asp?id=8119,2007 年 1 月 31 日
[10]曹险峰.私权及其救济.法学理论前沿论坛.科学出版社,2003,667
[11]刘凯湘.民法总论.北京:北京大学出版社,2006,75
[12]彭诚信.主体性与私权利制度研究----以财产、契约的历史考察为基础.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005,190-213
[13]周彤.罗马法.北京:商务印书馆,2001,1-9;
[14]Marx Weber.The Religion of China.trans.New York,Thee Free Press,1951,235-236
[15]J.Waldron.The Right to Private Property,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1992,289
[16]杨成铭.人权法学.北京:中国方正出版社,2004,1-3
[17]Malcolm.N.shaw.Lnternation Law.Cambridge University Press1997.202
[18]夏勇.人权概念起源----权利的历史哲学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001,151-159
[19][美]艾米.加金施瓦兹.周蕙英译.考古学与民俗学中的物质文化、仪式和日常生活.厦门文化论坛,2006(5):3-6
[20]董晓萍.非物质文化遗产与民俗评估.北京师范大学学报,2005(5):43-49
[21]齐爱民、赵敏.非物质文化遗产的商标权保护模式”.知识产权,2006(2):63-66
[22] A.H.Robertson&J.Gmerrills:human Rights in the World.Manchester Universitu press1989.117
[23] http://www.un.org/chinese/work/rights/rights.htm
[24]刘珂、张春蕾. 世界遗产的“监护人”.大地,2006,(12):15-17
[25]狄骥.钱支新译.宪法论.北京:商务印书馆,1962,484
[26]尹田.民事主体理论与立法研究.北京:法律出版社,2003,150-155
[27]古祖雪.论传统知识的可知识产权性. 厦门:厦门大学学报,2006(2):11-17
[28]崔国斌.否弃集体作者观——民间文艺版权难题的终结.法制与社会发展,2005(5):67-68
[29]曹新明.知识产权法学.北京:人民法院出版社、中国人民公安大学出版社,2003,2
[30] http://www.wto.org/English/tratop-eltrips-e/intell-e.htm.”what are intellectual propertu rights?Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creationa of their minds.”
[31]陶鑫良、袁真富.知识产权法总论.北京:知识产权出版社,2005,59
[32]苑利.江西社会科学.2006(3),13-18
[33]沈仁干、钟颖科.著作权法概论(修订本).北京:商务印书馆,2003,53
[34]郑成思.知识产权论.北京:法律出版社,1998,3-14
[35]吴汉东.知识产权法学.北京:北京大学出版社,2001,2
[36]彭汉英.财产法的经济分析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000,104
[37]徐明华、包海波等.知识产权战略研究——国际知识产权战略研究.北京:知识产权出版社,2003,16-21
[38]Alan Ryan.Property.Open University,1987,59
[39]唐超华.知识产权法学.长沙:湖南大学出版社,2004,44-48
[40]Manfred.The Right to Education.in Asbjona Eide.Catarina Krause&Allan Rssas ed.Economic、Social and Cultural Rights:A Textbook.Hague:Kluwer Law International 2001.45
[41]杨忻、李淼.知识产权理论与实践.北京:电子工业出版社,2004,161-165
[42]曹新明、梅术文.民族民间文化的法哲学考察——以知识产权基本理论为研究范式.法制与社会发展(双月刊),2006(5):16-26
[43]程燎原、王人博.权利及其救济.济南:山东人民出版社,2002,314
[44]http://www.blnet.net.kr/archiver/?tid-9887.html
[45]http://www.cass.net.jp/file/2006060560008.html
[46]牟延林、刘壮.研究路向与学科体系——非物质文化遗产系列研究之二.重庆文理学院学报,2006(2):1-6