摘要
铁素体不锈钢是一种不含镍或含少量镍的经济型不锈钢,且具有优良的抗应力腐蚀性能,其应用前景十分广阔。深入、系统地研究该类钢的焊接问题,对掌握其基本焊接性、优化焊接工艺、合理匹配焊接材料、获得性能良好的焊接构件具有重要意义和应用价值,同时对推广铁素体不锈钢的应用及促进不锈钢产业的发展具有重要的现实意义。
本论文选用超低碳铁素体不锈钢00Cr17Ti(Nb)为试验材料,系统分析了该钢焊接接头的力学性能、接头各区域的显微组织、接头内的夹杂物、接头表面氧化皮的组织结构,研究了焊接工艺参数对该钢焊缝组织和性能的影响,同时对其焊接接头的防腐蚀处理工艺和氧化皮的酸洗钝化机理进行了分析研究,利用均匀设计试验方法和回归分析方法对其焊接接头的酸洗钝化液配方进行了优化。
试验表明:在焊接铁素体不锈钢薄板时,应在焊接线能量适当小的基础上,适当增大焊接电流和焊接速度;采用手工氩弧焊时焊接电流在100~110A、焊接电压在16~17V、焊接速度在25~30 cm/min的范围内,采用熔化极气体保护焊时焊接电流在110~120A、焊接电压在17~18V、焊接速度在45~55cm/min的范围内,可以获得力学性能和耐腐蚀性较好的焊接接头;在焊接过程中要防止焊接材料表面和熔池受到污染,采用焊枪后加保护气体罩的方法,可将焊缝高温区全部保护在氩气的笼罩范围内;采用与母材同质焊丝焊接时,焊缝和热影响区组织主要为单相铁素体组织;在焊接接头的焊接热影响区内,从熔合线偏母材的方向上,晶粒尺寸随距熔合线的距离增大而减小;随着焊接线能量的增大,焊缝柱状晶粗化程度增大;焊缝及HAZ区内的点状析出物为Cr、Ti等元素的碳化物,它们对接头的脆化有很大贡献,其存在区域和数量随焊接线能量的增大而增多。
对铁素体不锈钢焊接接头氧化皮的组织结构和酸洗钝化机理进行的分析表明:氧化皮的成份主要为FeO、Fe_3D_4、Fe_2O_3、FeO·Cr_2O_3、FeO-Cr_2O_3·Fe_2O_3等致密型氧化物;酸洗过程中氧化皮的内层是靠溶解进行的,而大部分的外层是靠剥离来进行的。通过对酸洗钝化试验数据的分析,建立了配方各组分与腐蚀率的数学关系式,并对酸洗钝化液配方进行了优化。检验表明:利用自配的酸洗钝化剂对铁素体不锈钢表面氧化皮的实际酸洗钝化效果与模拟效果的误差为7%,且工件表面钝化膜保护效果良好,表面无锈蚀痕迹,达到酸洗钝化检验要求。
Ferrite stainless steel is an economical stainless steel which doesn't contain nickel or a little nickel.It has excellent ability of stress corrosion resistance,so it has the broad prospects of application.Studying such steel's welding problem deeply and systematically is very important and valuable in the application for mastering the basic seal performance. To improve the welding technology and match the welding materials reasonably of this kind of steel,this paper obtains a good performance welding structural part.At the same time,these have important realistic significance for enlarging the application of the ferrite stainless steel and boosting the development of the steel.
By using the Ultra-low Carbon Ferrite Stainless Steel 00Cr17Ti(Nb)as test materials, the paper analyses the mechanics performance of the welded joint,the microstructure of the joint,the materials of the welded joint and the microstructure of the oxide skin. Furthermore,the influence of the welding technology to the tissue and performance of the welded joint have been studied.At the same time,this paper researches the anti-corrosion techniques and the acidic washing passivation of the welded joint.At last,this paper makes an improvement for the acidic washing passivation liquid's formula with the methods of Uniform Experimental Design and the Regression Analysis.
The tests indicate that:when welding the ferrite stainless steel,we should increase the welding current and speed on the basis of the welding line's energy's low enough.When the welding current is between 100-110A,welding voltage is 16-17V,welding speed is 25-30cm/min,with the way of TIG,the welding current is between 110-120A,welding voltage 17-18V,welding speed between 55-60cm/min,with the MAG,we can get a good welding joint with good Mechanical Properties and Anti-corrosion Property.In the progress of welding,we should avoid the pollution of the welding materials and melting pool.With the way of welding torch and protecting gas cover,we can make the high temperature region be in the region of the protection of the argon gas.When we use the same material for welding,the welded joint and the HAZ are mainly single-ferrite stainless steel.In the HAZ of the welded joint,from the direction of the melting line,the crystal's size will decrease with the increment of the distance between the melting lines.With the increase of the melting line's energy,the armoring degree of the weld seam columnar grain will increase.The welding seam and the HAZ precipitate is Cr or Ti,they are the main reasons of the weld joint brittleness,the existing region and the number will increase with the increase of the welding line's energy.
The analysis results to the organization structure of the ferrite stainless steel and the mechanism of the acidic washing passivation technology of the welded joint show that:the main ingredients of the oxide skin are compact type oxides such as FeO、Fe_3O_4、Fe_2O_3、FeO·Cr_2O_3、FeO·Cr_2O_3·Fe_2O_3,etc.The inner layer of the oxide skin is in the dissolving,while the outer surface is in the peeling off.Through the analysis to the acidic washing passivation technology of the welded joint,this paper establishes a mathematical resolution of matching the ingredients and the rate of corrosion,and makes an improvement of the acidic washing passivation liquid.The results shows:the error between the real performance and the simulation results is 7%,the passive film in the surface of workpiece have perfect shielded effect and doesn't haverusty spots,and the effect is very good when pickling and passivating with the formula.
引文
[1]王贵平译.不锈钢的发展.不锈,2006(4):5-8.
[2]陆世英.我国不锈钢和高镍耐蚀合金研究与应用的主要进展.不锈,1999(2),3-12.
[3]Krysiak.K.E.Welding Behavior of Ferdtic Stainless ateela.Welding Journal,1986,65(4):37-41.
[4]郭家祺,刘明生.AOD精炼不锈钢工艺发展.炼钢,2002,18(2):52-58.
[5]岑永权,张国富.不锈钢冶炼技术的发展.上海金属,1999,21(3):11-16.
[6]D.A.Lawis,D.E.Pauley,C.E.Rea,etal.An On-line estimator expands automation of AOD.Proceedings of Annual Convention of AIME,1999(9):23-25.
[7]Bauer.H.G,Fleischer.H.J.Present Status of Vacuum Treatment in the Melting Practice of Special Steel Melting Shop.Steel Furnace Monthely,1974,9(5):317-322
[8]#12
[9]#12
[10]Fritz.E.不锈钢生产技术的发展趋势.钢铁,2003,38(5):67-72.
[11]王晓敏.工程材料学.北京:机械工业出版社,1999.
[12]陆世英.我国不锈钢、耐蚀合金研究与应用的主要进展.不锈钢论文集,1985,7:1-9.
[13]赵建忠.应用CSP技术生产不锈钢的基础研究和可行性分析.上海大学学报,2003.
[14]张俊喜,乔亦男.不锈钢载波钝化着色膜性质的研究.材料保护,2002,35(1):8-10.
[15]王晓敏.工程材料学.北京,机械工业出版社,1999
[16]Peckner.D,Bcrnstcin.IM.Handbook of Stainless Steels.New York:Mc.Graw-Hill,1977.
[17]Sedriks A.J.Corrsion of Stainless Steels.New York:Wiley,1979.
[18]田村今男,铁钢材料学.东京:朝倉,1981.
[19]Yun.B.Z,Okido.M,Oki.T.Structure and Characteristic of Surface Film of SUS 430 and SUS 304 Stainless Steels Electrolyzed by the Potential-Pulse Method Hyomen Gijutsu.1990,41(4):431-436.
[20]宋光铃,曹楚南,王友等.交变电场对321不锈钢钝化膜性质的影响.中国腐蚀与护学报,1991,11(4):319-326.
[21]宋光铃,曹楚南,林海潮等.载波钝化及其后处理对不锈钢钝化膜组成及稳定性的影响.中国腐蚀与防护学报,1992,12(1):77-82.
[22]张俊喜,陈健,程胜松等.不锈钢载波钝化着色膜的形成机理研究.中国腐蚀与防护学报,1999,19(3):167-173.
[23]沈卫星.中国不锈钢产业发展分析.冶金管理,2006(2):24-27.
[24]中国特钢企业协会不锈钢分会.2005年中国不锈钢及钢材产量.不锈,2006(2):47.
[25]全球不锈钢产量,维普咨询:http://www.cqvip.com,2008.
[26]韩启彪.不锈钢的市场现状及发展趋势.郑州:宽厚板,2005,11(2)4-6.
[27]李成.中国不锈钢需求态势分析.北京:中国冶金,2003,11(72):13-15.
[28]李龙.中国不锈钢2007回顾与2008展望.上海,2008年镍与不锈钢市场价格走势高层研讨会.
[29]中国投资咨询网,2008年中国镍行业分析及投资咨询报告.http://www.ocn.com.cn /reports/2006351nie.htm
[30]乔富贵,朱杰勇,田毓龙等.全球镍资源分布及云南镍矿床.昆明:云南地质,2005,24(4):395-401.
[31]中国海关.2007年我国镍矿砂进口量价齐增.http://www.customs.gov.cn/YWStaticPage/419/4b92183f.htm
[32]谷雨译.镍合金主要市场未来发展趋势.现代材料动态,2007(4):5-6.
[33]伦敦金属交易所:http://www.lme.co.uk/.
[34]耿炳玺.2004年我国不锈钢产业发展分析.冶金管理,2005(5):28-30.
[35]李成.中国不锈钢的发展与面临的问题.不锈,2005(19):12-13.
[36]Russeh D Kane.Advanced materials&processes,1993,144(1):16-20.
[37]王招华.国际镍价仍有上涨空间.中证网,http://www.cs.com.cn/qhsc/04/200612/t20061208_1025905.htm
[38]Binder WO,Spendelow HR.The Influence of Chromium on the Mechanical Properties of Plain Steels.Transactions of the ASM,1951,43(6):759.
[39]Steigerwald R F.1977年国际不锈钢年会论文集.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,1982.52-54.
[40]Krysiak K E.Welding Behavior of Ferritic Stainless ateela.Welding Journal:1986,65(4):37-41.
[41]付俊岩,孟繁茂.现代含铌不锈钢.北京:冶金工业出版社,2004.
[42]Atsushi Miyazaki,Junichiro Hirasawa,Osamu Furukimi.Development of High-Resistant Ferritic Stainless Steel With High Formability,"RMH-1"for Automotive Exhaust Manifold by Optimizing Mo Composition Design.Kawasaki Steel Technical Report,2003,48:28-32.
[43]Miyazaki Atsushi,Hirasawa Junichiro,Furukimi Osamu.Ferritic Stainless Steel for Automotive Exhaust Systems-High Heat-Resistant Ferritic Stainless Steel With High Formability for Automotive Exhaust Manifolds:"JFE-MH1".JFE Technical Report,2004,(4):61-66
[44]陆世英.现代铁素体不锈钢(上).不锈,2005(3):3-19.
[45]陆世英.现代铁素体不锈钢发展概貌.不锈,2004(2)1-8.
[46]薄鑫涛.不锈钢钢种发展的一些动向.上海:热处理,2007,22(4):5-9.
[47]罗永赞.近代超级铁素体不锈钢的发展.特殊钢,2000,21(4):5-8.
[48]中国材料工程大典,第3卷,钢铁材料工程(下册):577-58.
[49]乔学亮,胡镇华,崔昆.高温脆性的研究进展.钢铁,1992,27(11):59-65.
[50]Wright RN.Toughness of Ferritic Stainless Steels.American Society for Testing and Materials,1979,2(33):23-24.
[51]刘鹏虎,张而耕,关凯书.Cr-Ni奥氏体不锈耐热钢中碳化物、s相变热力学和转变动力学探讨.化工机械,2002(2):82-85.
[52]任大鹏,王小英.不锈钢高温氦脆(HTHE)问题.材料导报,2002,16(7):27-28.
[53]M.Som Chyshen etal.The Metallurgical Evaluation of Stainless steels,London,ASM,1979:260-274.
[54]乔学亮,胡镇华.崔昆.高温脆性的研究进展.钢铁,1992,27(11):59-65.
[55]黄建中,左禹主.材料的耐蚀性和腐蚀数据.北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[56]赵朴.钼在不锈钢中的应用.中国钼业,2004,28(5):3-10.
[57]王德英,周建辉,张恒华等.钼含量与环境因素对超纯铁素体不锈钢抗点蚀影响研究.功能材料(增刊),1998,(10):809-813.
[58]刘继明,梁建宇.合金元素对铁素体不锈钢抗腐蚀性能的影响.山西冶金,2005,(4):9-12.
[59]Belyakov A,Kimura Y,Adachi Y.Microstructure evolution in ferritic stainless steels during large strain deformation.Metallurgical Transactions,2004,9(9):2812-2821.
[60]Bond A P.Trons Met.Soc.AIME.1969,245:2127。
[61]H.Abo etai.The Role of Carbon and Nitrogen on the Toughnescs and Intergranular Corrosion of Ferritic Stainless Steels.Stainless Steel,1977,77:35-47.
[62]王建萍.展望21世纪焊接技术.汽车工艺与材料,2008(2):1-6.
[63]陈邦国,李桓,张淑英.中国焊接技术的发展就及行业概览(2).黑龙江:焊接,2007(12):1-8.
[64]郭春丽,王黔平.漫话焊接新技术.天津:焊接技术,1993(4):47-48.
[65]张颖云,李正.先进焊接技术在飞机制造中的应用.西安航空技术高等专科学校学报,2008,26(1):8-11.
[66]高彦来.浅谈焊接技术与进步.经济技术协作信息,2007(30):74.
[67]Ushio M,Fan D.A method of estimating the space-charge voltage drop for thermionic arc cathodes,Journal of Physics D,Applied Physics,1994,(27):561-566.
[68]Ushio M.Process of Theoretical Prediction in Joining and Welding.Osaka(Japan),1996(5):71-88.
[69]Wang J,Ueda Y,Muakawa H,etal.Inprovement in numerical accuracy and stability of 3-D FEM analysis in welding,Welding Journal.,1996,75(4):129-134.
[70]Wang J,Lu H,Murakawa H.Mechanical Behavior in Local Post Weld Heat Treatment(Report Ⅰ and Ⅱ).Trans JWRI,1998,27(1):83-88.
[71]汪建华,陆皓.焊接预测理论和数值模拟技术的发展.焊接与切割,2001(4):20-24.
[72]K.F.Krysiak.Welding behavior of ferritic stainless steel.Welding Journal,1986,65(4):37-41.
[73]李亚江,张永兰.Cr18Mo2铁素体钢焊接热影响区组织结构特征.焊接学报,1995,16(3):130-134.
[74]董俊慧等.超纯铁素体Cr30Mo2钢焊接接头的组织和力学性能.焊接学报,2000,21(1):130-134.
[75]董俊慧,邹吉权,夏向东.新型Cr26Mo1铁素体不锈钢的焊接工艺研究.焊接技术,2000,29(3):9-10.
[76]孙宾,李亚江,迟青.高纯OCr18Mo2铁素体不锈钢的焊接工艺.热加工工艺,2004(4):53-54.
[77]李亚江.A-P异种不锈钢焊接接头区域显微组织特征.兵器材料科学与工程.1992(15),9:60-65.
[78]李亚江,陈茂爱,孙俊生.实用焊接技术手册.石家庄:河北科学技术出版社.2002.
[79]Fisher R M,Dulis E J,Carroll K G.Identification of the Precipitate Accompanying 885~0F Embrittlement inChromium Steels.Trans,AIME,1953,197(5):690-695.
[80]Yasunaka T,Kanao M.Fracture Characteristics of 475℃ Embrittled 30%Cr Ferritic Stainless Steels.Trans,ISIJ,1979,19(2):69-71.
[81]Ha K F,Zhang H M,Jing K L.An Investigation on the Mechanism of 475℃Embrittlement in High-Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel.Metall,Trans.A,1989,20A(11):2563-2567.
[82]Cortie M B,Pollak H.Embrittlement and Agingat 475℃ in An Experimental Ferritic Stainless Steel Containing 38%Chromium.Mater,Sci,Eng,A,1995,199A:153-163.
[83]#12
[84]Hall E.O.,Algie S.H..The sigma Phase,Metallurg.Reviews(Australia),1966,(11):61-88.
[85]刘道新.材料的腐蚀与防护.西安:西北工业大学出版社,2006.
[86]廖建军,杨广清,于娜.不锈钢线材表面处理技术及应用.大连特殊钢,2001(1):34-40.
[87]杨兴武.有机酸清洗剂及其应用.洗净技术,2003(6):35-39.
[88]谭勇,IF钢的钝化及耐蚀性研究[硕士学位论文].沈阳:东北大学,2006.
[89]许淳淳.化学工业中的腐蚀与防护.北京:化学工业出版社,2001.
[90]中国机械工程学会焊接学会.焊接手册-焊接方法及设备.北京:机械工业出版社,2001.
[91]中国机械工程学会焊接学会.焊接手册-材料的焊接.北京:机械工业出版社,2001.
[92]杨国辉.OOCr26Mol超纯高铬铁素体不锈钢的焊接技术研究.现代制造工程,2006(6):84-86.
[93]付君彪.不锈钢自动化酸洗线的设计及应用[硕士学位论文].大连:大连理工大学:2006.
[94]雷君相.不锈钢冷轧卷连续退火酸洗工艺及成形性能研究[博士学位论文].北京:北京科技大学,2000.
[95]Stott FH,Wood GC,Stringer J.The influence of alloying elements on the development and maintenance of protective scales.Oxidation of Metals,1995,44(8):113-145.
[96]Wood GC.In Oxidation of Metals and Alloys,American Society for Metals.Metals Park,OH,1971,201.
[97]赵利勇,胡明辅,杨贞妮.铁素体不锈钢常温快速酸洗.腐蚀与防护,2007,28(12):655-656.
[98]林方婷,石旺舟,马学鸣.冷却速率对低碳钢线材表面氧化皮微观结构的影响.华东师范大学学报,2006,4(9):24-27.
[99]福田国夫.SUS304冷轧板氧化膜结构对脱磷性的影响.铁と钢,1998,5:345-350.
[100]刘杰.不锈钢表面酸洗、钝化剂分析.化工设备与防腐蚀,2001,8:39.
[101]贾兴超.高碳马氏体不锈钢的氧化腐蚀特性与除锈钝化条件的研究[硕士学位论文].广州:华南理工大学,2004.
[102]肖进荣.不锈钢酸洗、钝化的必要性.科技论坛,2007(11):32.
[103]赵文趁.金属材料表面新技术.西安:西安交大出版社,1992.
[104]汪轩义,吴荫顺,张琳等.不锈钢钝化膜研究进展.材料导报,1999,13(3):13-14.
[105]张俊喜,乔亦男,曹楚南等.不锈钢载波钝化的研究和应用.上海电力学院学报,2004,20(3):27-34.
[106]任凤英.不锈钢钝化处理技术的应用和试验方法.五金科技,2005(6):22-24.
[107]林百春.不锈钢表面处理:酸洗、钝化与抛光.材料开发与应用,2006(6):36-39.