光合细菌代谢产物5-氨基乙酰丙酸杀线虫作用及其机理研究
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摘要
植物寄生线虫病是多种农作物的重要病害,随着我国农业集约化生产和耕作制度的更替,其成为制约现代农业可持续发展的重要因素之一。目前生产上常用的化学杀线剂不仅毒性大、使用不方便,而且线虫抗药性也非常严重。生物防治具有对环境和人类危害小、不易产生抗药性等优点而逐渐成为线虫防治的研究热点。
本研究选用光合细菌嗜酸柏拉红菌生防菌株HB-1 (Rhodoblastus acidophilus),对该菌株及其代谢产物5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)的杀线虫活性进行了研究,同时初步探讨了ALA的杀线虫机制。并从嗜酸柏拉红菌菌株中克隆了控制ALA合成的合成酶基因(ALAs),将其进行原核表达,构建的工程菌ALAS-M15能高效表达ALAs,为利用工程菌研制开发杀线虫生防制剂打下基础。主要研究结果如下：
1、测定了嗜酸柏拉红菌菌株HB-1对秀丽小杆线虫、南方根结线虫的毒力。研究结果表明,该菌株培养液对秀丽小杆线虫、根结线虫具有较强的作用活性,96h对秀丽小杆线虫和根结线虫的LC50分别为5.13mL/L和4.81 mL/L。在温室盆栽条件下研究了该菌株培养液对番茄根结线虫病的防治效果。结果表明该菌株培养液能有效抑制南方根结线虫对番茄的侵染、显著降低番茄根中根结数量,而且能显著促进番茄生长。同时,防治黄瓜根结线虫病的田间小区试验结果也表明,该菌株培养液不仅能显著减少黄瓜根围土样中线虫数量,50倍稀释液处理药效可达到71.5%,使黄瓜早期产量增加57.7%。表明该菌株在植物线虫病害防治上的巨大应用潜力。
2、通过室内生测,测定了嗜酸柏拉红菌代谢产物ALA对秀丽小杆线虫、南方根结线虫J2、大豆孢囊线虫J2和松材线虫的作用活性,同时研究了ALA对南方根结线虫卵孵化率的影响。研究结果表明,ALA对多种线虫具有作用活性,杀线虫谱广。96h对南方根结线虫J2、大豆孢囊线虫J2以及松材线虫的LC50分别为162.5mg/L、188.5mg/L和442.2mg/L。同时结果显示不仅是对南方根结线虫J2具有毒杀活性,还能显著抑制线虫卵的孵化,500 mg/L处理,对卵的孵化抑制率达到70%以上。而温室盆栽试验条件下ALA对番茄根结线虫病的防治试验结果表明,ALA能抑制根结线虫对番茄的侵染,处理15d后与对照相比根内线虫种群数量少,根组织中根结数量也显著降低。400mg/L处理番茄60d后其防效达到81.7%,与对照药剂阿维菌素防效相当。研究了ALA作用效果影响因子,结果表明光照对ALA的作用活性影响较大,利用ALA处理后再进行自然光照几小时,与黑暗环境中的处理组相比差异极显著,作用效果显著提高。而pH值、温度等对其杀线虫活性影响不大。
3、利用显微技术观察了ALA处理后线虫形态结构的变化,并从生理生化角度检测了ALA对线虫体内生理代谢产物的影响,从而初步阐明ALA杀线虫作用机制。光学生物显微镜下观察到线虫经ALA处理后先变得异常活跃,随后僵直死亡,内部组织脱水缢缩,与体壁分离。SEM及TEM检测显示经ALA处理后线虫体壁受到损伤,细胞结构遭到破坏,产生自噬体类似结构。生理生化代谢产物检测结果显示,ALA处理组线虫蛋白质含量比对照组降低了16.4%,特别是非水溶性蛋白含量降低了33.4%。而SOD、CAT、GSH-Px检测结果显示处理组线虫体内保护酶系活性显著提高,处理组分别是对照组的1.78、2.33和1.35倍,MDA含量是对照组的2.70倍。ALA可影响神经靶标酶一乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,低浓度下增加乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,高浓度下对其起抑制作用。500mg/L浓度ALA溶液处理线虫,乙酰胆碱酯酶活性提高17.3%。卟啉类代谢产物的检测结果显示,ALA会导致线虫体内原卟啉Ⅸ的积累,处理组比对照组提高了52.4%,锌卟啉含量也有较大的提高。
从线虫形态、结构研究结果以及蛋白质含量、氧化酶类、神经靶标酶和卟啉代谢物等生理代谢产物检测结果分析,初步认为ALA对线虫的作用机制主要是：ALA使线虫体内产生了大量活性氧,所以会刺激体内保护酶系统活性增加。活性氧会引起细胞内脂质过氧化,导致MDA含量增高。而线虫体内的脂质过氧化极易引起细胞损伤、结构破坏、生物膜渗透性的改变而最终导致线虫死亡。
4、利用载体介导PCR法对5-氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶基因进行了克隆与原核表达,获得了高效表达ALAs基因的工程菌菌株,并对工程菌菌株的培养条件进行优化。使工程菌发酵液中ALA含量达到5.379g/L,为目前生物合成ALA同类研究的最高水平。对工程菌发酵液进行剂型加工,研制出防治植物线虫病害工程菌粉剂粗产品。利用该产品进行了防治黄瓜根结线虫病的温室盆栽实验,实验结果表明该粉剂产品对黄瓜根结线虫病具有很好的防治效果,2g/株穴施处理,防效可达76.67%,好于对照药剂16.8%阿维菌素·三唑磷WP的防治效果。表现出在线虫生物防治上较好的应用前景。
Plant-parasitic nematode is one of the important pathogen in agriculture and cause serious crop losses worldwide, and become an important constraint to modern agriculture. The current method to control nematodes.is largely depend on chemical nematicide. However, the chemical nematicide is highly toxic to human and the control effect is more and more decreasing because of pathogen resistance Recently, many scientist give more concerns to bioagents on controlling of nematodes because of its low toxicity to human and low resistance risk to target.
In this study, the nematicidal activity and control effect of Rhodoblastus acidophilus HB-1 to nematode were assayed. Meanwhile, the nematicidal activity of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a metabolite of HB-1, were tested. The nematicidal mechanism of ALA was deduced through nemetode morphology, biochemical test, EM results. The gene of ALA synthese was cloned from HB-1 and further expressed in E. coli for ALA production. Our work make the basis to develop biological control agents against nematodes. The detailed results are as follows:
1. In this work, bioassay of the culture fluid of HB-1 against C.elegans and 2nd stage juveniles of M. incognita were carried out. The results showed that HB-1 has high nematicidal activity with a lethal concentration (LC50) value of 5.13μL/mL and 4.81μL/mL after 96h incubation respectively. Subsequently, the control efficiency of HB-1 against root-knot nematode in greenhouse and in field were checked. The results indicated that HB-1 could efficiently inhibit the infection of M. incognita to tomato and cucumber. At the same time It could also obviously reduce the formation of galls and significantly promote the plant growth. The control effect of HB-1 to M. incognita is 71.5% and the yield of cucumber increased 57.7%. The results showed the great potential of HB-1 on controlling of the plant-parasitic nematodes.
2. The nematicidal activity of ALA against C. elegans, M. incognita, H. glycines and B. xylophilus were tested. The results showed that ALA is high nematicidal activity to many kind of nematodes and has a broad spectrum activity. The LC5o were 162.5mg/L,188.5mg/L and 442.2mg/L of M. incognita, H.glycines and B. xylophilus after 96h of incubation, respectively. The eggs of M. incognita were inhibited to hatch and the rate of hatching reduced 70% at concentration 500mg/L compared with control. Based on those results, we tested the control efficiency of ALA against root-knot nematode in greenhouse.The results showed that ALA could efficiently inhibited infection of M. incognita to tomato in greenhouse, the formation of galls were obviously reduced and the number of nematodes in root was decreased. The control efficiency was 81.7% at concentration 40mg per plant and was comparatively with Avermectin.The nematicidal activity of ALA under light condition is increased, howerev, the pH and temperature is no effect to its activity.
3. The mechanism of ALA to nematodes was studied. We observed the morphological changes by microscopy and detected metabolites of nematodes. The nematodes, which were treated by ALA, became active, then stiff, the organization dehydrated, cell structure destructed and similar to autophagosome. ALA could interfere the metabolism of protein, induced SOD,CAT,GSH-Px activity and increased MDA. The SOD,CAT, GSH-Px activity and MDA of treatment is 1.78,2.33,1.35 and 2.70 times to the control groups respectively. ALA could induce the AchE activity at low concentration while inhibit at high concentration. Taken together, our results indicated that ALA could induce the free radical to destroy the protective enzyme system, subsequently lead to lipid peroxidation, cell structural damage, membrane permeability change and finally contribute to nematode death.
4. The ALAs gene of Rhodoblastus acidophilus was cloned from its genomic DNA by Veterette PCR and further sub-cloned into an expression vector pQE30. For the overproduction of ALA, the recombinant ALAs was expressed in Escherichia coli strain M15. The expression condition including strain, medium, substrate of ALA synthesize (glycine and succinic acid) and ALA dehydratase inhibitor (levulinic acid) were optimized to achieve the maximum yield of ALA in E. coli M15, and the maximum output of ALA was reached to 5.379g/L, which is the highest yield of ALA up to date by biofermentation. The nematicidal products were manufactured through formulation process. And the control efficiency of this products against root-knot nematode in greenhouse was tested, the results showed that the products could efficiently inhibit the infection of M. incognita to cucumber, obviously reduce the formation of galls. The control effect to root-knot nematode was 76.67%, which is better than Avermectin-triazophos. Our results indicated that this product has great potential on controlling of nematodes.
本研究选用光合细菌嗜酸柏拉红菌生防菌株HB-1 (Rhodoblastus acidophilus),对该菌株及其代谢产物5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)的杀线虫活性进行了研究,同时初步探讨了ALA的杀线虫机制。并从嗜酸柏拉红菌菌株中克隆了控制ALA合成的合成酶基因(ALAs),将其进行原核表达,构建的工程菌ALAS-M15能高效表达ALAs,为利用工程菌研制开发杀线虫生防制剂打下基础。主要研究结果如下：
1、测定了嗜酸柏拉红菌菌株HB-1对秀丽小杆线虫、南方根结线虫的毒力。研究结果表明,该菌株培养液对秀丽小杆线虫、根结线虫具有较强的作用活性,96h对秀丽小杆线虫和根结线虫的LC50分别为5.13mL/L和4.81 mL/L。在温室盆栽条件下研究了该菌株培养液对番茄根结线虫病的防治效果。结果表明该菌株培养液能有效抑制南方根结线虫对番茄的侵染、显著降低番茄根中根结数量,而且能显著促进番茄生长。同时,防治黄瓜根结线虫病的田间小区试验结果也表明,该菌株培养液不仅能显著减少黄瓜根围土样中线虫数量,50倍稀释液处理药效可达到71.5%,使黄瓜早期产量增加57.7%。表明该菌株在植物线虫病害防治上的巨大应用潜力。
2、通过室内生测,测定了嗜酸柏拉红菌代谢产物ALA对秀丽小杆线虫、南方根结线虫J2、大豆孢囊线虫J2和松材线虫的作用活性,同时研究了ALA对南方根结线虫卵孵化率的影响。研究结果表明,ALA对多种线虫具有作用活性,杀线虫谱广。96h对南方根结线虫J2、大豆孢囊线虫J2以及松材线虫的LC50分别为162.5mg/L、188.5mg/L和442.2mg/L。同时结果显示不仅是对南方根结线虫J2具有毒杀活性,还能显著抑制线虫卵的孵化,500 mg/L处理,对卵的孵化抑制率达到70%以上。而温室盆栽试验条件下ALA对番茄根结线虫病的防治试验结果表明,ALA能抑制根结线虫对番茄的侵染,处理15d后与对照相比根内线虫种群数量少,根组织中根结数量也显著降低。400mg/L处理番茄60d后其防效达到81.7%,与对照药剂阿维菌素防效相当。研究了ALA作用效果影响因子,结果表明光照对ALA的作用活性影响较大,利用ALA处理后再进行自然光照几小时,与黑暗环境中的处理组相比差异极显著,作用效果显著提高。而pH值、温度等对其杀线虫活性影响不大。
3、利用显微技术观察了ALA处理后线虫形态结构的变化,并从生理生化角度检测了ALA对线虫体内生理代谢产物的影响,从而初步阐明ALA杀线虫作用机制。光学生物显微镜下观察到线虫经ALA处理后先变得异常活跃,随后僵直死亡,内部组织脱水缢缩,与体壁分离。SEM及TEM检测显示经ALA处理后线虫体壁受到损伤,细胞结构遭到破坏,产生自噬体类似结构。生理生化代谢产物检测结果显示,ALA处理组线虫蛋白质含量比对照组降低了16.4%,特别是非水溶性蛋白含量降低了33.4%。而SOD、CAT、GSH-Px检测结果显示处理组线虫体内保护酶系活性显著提高,处理组分别是对照组的1.78、2.33和1.35倍,MDA含量是对照组的2.70倍。ALA可影响神经靶标酶一乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,低浓度下增加乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,高浓度下对其起抑制作用。500mg/L浓度ALA溶液处理线虫,乙酰胆碱酯酶活性提高17.3%。卟啉类代谢产物的检测结果显示,ALA会导致线虫体内原卟啉Ⅸ的积累,处理组比对照组提高了52.4%,锌卟啉含量也有较大的提高。
从线虫形态、结构研究结果以及蛋白质含量、氧化酶类、神经靶标酶和卟啉代谢物等生理代谢产物检测结果分析,初步认为ALA对线虫的作用机制主要是：ALA使线虫体内产生了大量活性氧,所以会刺激体内保护酶系统活性增加。活性氧会引起细胞内脂质过氧化,导致MDA含量增高。而线虫体内的脂质过氧化极易引起细胞损伤、结构破坏、生物膜渗透性的改变而最终导致线虫死亡。
4、利用载体介导PCR法对5-氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶基因进行了克隆与原核表达,获得了高效表达ALAs基因的工程菌菌株,并对工程菌菌株的培养条件进行优化。使工程菌发酵液中ALA含量达到5.379g/L,为目前生物合成ALA同类研究的最高水平。对工程菌发酵液进行剂型加工,研制出防治植物线虫病害工程菌粉剂粗产品。利用该产品进行了防治黄瓜根结线虫病的温室盆栽实验,实验结果表明该粉剂产品对黄瓜根结线虫病具有很好的防治效果,2g/株穴施处理,防效可达76.67%,好于对照药剂16.8%阿维菌素·三唑磷WP的防治效果。表现出在线虫生物防治上较好的应用前景。
Plant-parasitic nematode is one of the important pathogen in agriculture and cause serious crop losses worldwide, and become an important constraint to modern agriculture. The current method to control nematodes.is largely depend on chemical nematicide. However, the chemical nematicide is highly toxic to human and the control effect is more and more decreasing because of pathogen resistance Recently, many scientist give more concerns to bioagents on controlling of nematodes because of its low toxicity to human and low resistance risk to target.
In this study, the nematicidal activity and control effect of Rhodoblastus acidophilus HB-1 to nematode were assayed. Meanwhile, the nematicidal activity of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a metabolite of HB-1, were tested. The nematicidal mechanism of ALA was deduced through nemetode morphology, biochemical test, EM results. The gene of ALA synthese was cloned from HB-1 and further expressed in E. coli for ALA production. Our work make the basis to develop biological control agents against nematodes. The detailed results are as follows:
1. In this work, bioassay of the culture fluid of HB-1 against C.elegans and 2nd stage juveniles of M. incognita were carried out. The results showed that HB-1 has high nematicidal activity with a lethal concentration (LC50) value of 5.13μL/mL and 4.81μL/mL after 96h incubation respectively. Subsequently, the control efficiency of HB-1 against root-knot nematode in greenhouse and in field were checked. The results indicated that HB-1 could efficiently inhibit the infection of M. incognita to tomato and cucumber. At the same time It could also obviously reduce the formation of galls and significantly promote the plant growth. The control effect of HB-1 to M. incognita is 71.5% and the yield of cucumber increased 57.7%. The results showed the great potential of HB-1 on controlling of the plant-parasitic nematodes.
2. The nematicidal activity of ALA against C. elegans, M. incognita, H. glycines and B. xylophilus were tested. The results showed that ALA is high nematicidal activity to many kind of nematodes and has a broad spectrum activity. The LC5o were 162.5mg/L,188.5mg/L and 442.2mg/L of M. incognita, H.glycines and B. xylophilus after 96h of incubation, respectively. The eggs of M. incognita were inhibited to hatch and the rate of hatching reduced 70% at concentration 500mg/L compared with control. Based on those results, we tested the control efficiency of ALA against root-knot nematode in greenhouse.The results showed that ALA could efficiently inhibited infection of M. incognita to tomato in greenhouse, the formation of galls were obviously reduced and the number of nematodes in root was decreased. The control efficiency was 81.7% at concentration 40mg per plant and was comparatively with Avermectin.The nematicidal activity of ALA under light condition is increased, howerev, the pH and temperature is no effect to its activity.
3. The mechanism of ALA to nematodes was studied. We observed the morphological changes by microscopy and detected metabolites of nematodes. The nematodes, which were treated by ALA, became active, then stiff, the organization dehydrated, cell structure destructed and similar to autophagosome. ALA could interfere the metabolism of protein, induced SOD,CAT,GSH-Px activity and increased MDA. The SOD,CAT, GSH-Px activity and MDA of treatment is 1.78,2.33,1.35 and 2.70 times to the control groups respectively. ALA could induce the AchE activity at low concentration while inhibit at high concentration. Taken together, our results indicated that ALA could induce the free radical to destroy the protective enzyme system, subsequently lead to lipid peroxidation, cell structural damage, membrane permeability change and finally contribute to nematode death.
4. The ALAs gene of Rhodoblastus acidophilus was cloned from its genomic DNA by Veterette PCR and further sub-cloned into an expression vector pQE30. For the overproduction of ALA, the recombinant ALAs was expressed in Escherichia coli strain M15. The expression condition including strain, medium, substrate of ALA synthesize (glycine and succinic acid) and ALA dehydratase inhibitor (levulinic acid) were optimized to achieve the maximum yield of ALA in E. coli M15, and the maximum output of ALA was reached to 5.379g/L, which is the highest yield of ALA up to date by biofermentation. The nematicidal products were manufactured through formulation process. And the control efficiency of this products against root-knot nematode in greenhouse was tested, the results showed that the products could efficiently inhibit the infection of M. incognita to cucumber, obviously reduce the formation of galls. The control effect to root-knot nematode was 76.67%, which is better than Avermectin-triazophos. Our results indicated that this product has great potential on controlling of nematodes.
引文
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