Ad Hoc网络中TCP流公平性的研究
摘要
Ad Hoc网络是一种有别于传统网络的新型网络。由于某些新特点的出现,当传统网络中提供端到端可靠性的TCP协议运行于Ad Hoc网络时,会出现严重的不公平性。公平性是网络正常运行的基本要求,解决不公平性有着重要的意义。本文旨在通过量化的手段对Ad Hoc网络TCP流的公平性问题做比较深入的分析和研究,进而提出改进方案以提升Ad Hoc网络TCP流的公平性。
文章对多跳环境下引起TCP流不公平性的因素做了分析、总结。指出了导致Ad Hoc网络TCP流不公平性的根本因素。在此基础上对TCP流的公平性问题进行了数学分析,建立了描述多跳TCP流公平性的数学模型。模型定量地阐明了导致TCP流不公平性的根本因素对公平性的作用和影响。
在上述工作的基础上,文章提出了改进802.11Ad Hoc网络TCP流公平性的解决方案——F-MAC,该方案通过探测影响TCP流公平性的因素,来控制节点MAC层的退避窗口的变化,以此来提高TCP流的公平性。
文章基于NS2仿真平台,对建立的数学模型的合理性和提出的F-MAC算法的有效性进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明:(1)文中所建立的基于802.11Ad Hoc网络TCP流公平性的数学模型具有一定的普适性;(2)文中所提出的F-MAC算法能有效地提高802.11Ad Hoc网络TCP流的公平性。
Ad Hoc network is a kind of new network which is different from all other traditional networks.Unfairness will be arised when TCP is running over the Ad Hoc network. Fairness is the basic demand for networks, so it is important to solve the unfairness problem.The TCP flow's unfairness problem was deeply analyzed by quantitive manner, and then a new scheme was proposed to improve the TCP flow's fairness in the paper.
The factors that lead to TCP unfairness were analyzed and concluded, and the basic factors were pointed out. Then a mathematical model was built to analyze TCP fairness quantitively.
A new scheme F-MAC with low overhead cost was proposed to improve TCP fairness. In this scheme, the backoff window at MAC layer was controlled by detecting the basic factors that lead to TCP unfairness ,so that the TCP fairness was improved.
Fianally, the rationality of the model and the validity of the F-MAC was validated by simulation under NS2. The result shows that:(l) the mathematical model is universal;(2)F-MAC can improve the TCP fairness remarkably in 802.11 based Ad Hoc networks.
文章对多跳环境下引起TCP流不公平性的因素做了分析、总结。指出了导致Ad Hoc网络TCP流不公平性的根本因素。在此基础上对TCP流的公平性问题进行了数学分析,建立了描述多跳TCP流公平性的数学模型。模型定量地阐明了导致TCP流不公平性的根本因素对公平性的作用和影响。
在上述工作的基础上,文章提出了改进802.11Ad Hoc网络TCP流公平性的解决方案——F-MAC,该方案通过探测影响TCP流公平性的因素,来控制节点MAC层的退避窗口的变化,以此来提高TCP流的公平性。
文章基于NS2仿真平台,对建立的数学模型的合理性和提出的F-MAC算法的有效性进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明:(1)文中所建立的基于802.11Ad Hoc网络TCP流公平性的数学模型具有一定的普适性;(2)文中所提出的F-MAC算法能有效地提高802.11Ad Hoc网络TCP流的公平性。
Ad Hoc network is a kind of new network which is different from all other traditional networks.Unfairness will be arised when TCP is running over the Ad Hoc network. Fairness is the basic demand for networks, so it is important to solve the unfairness problem.The TCP flow's unfairness problem was deeply analyzed by quantitive manner, and then a new scheme was proposed to improve the TCP flow's fairness in the paper.
The factors that lead to TCP unfairness were analyzed and concluded, and the basic factors were pointed out. Then a mathematical model was built to analyze TCP fairness quantitively.
A new scheme F-MAC with low overhead cost was proposed to improve TCP fairness. In this scheme, the backoff window at MAC layer was controlled by detecting the basic factors that lead to TCP unfairness ,so that the TCP fairness was improved.
Fianally, the rationality of the model and the validity of the F-MAC was validated by simulation under NS2. The result shows that:(l) the mathematical model is universal;(2)F-MAC can improve the TCP fairness remarkably in 802.11 based Ad Hoc networks.
引文
[1]蔡一兵.无线自组网MAC及路由技术研究,中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文2006.
[2]尹长青.无线自组网络若干技术的研究,复旦大学博士学位论文2004.
[3]S.Xu,T.Saadawi.Does the IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol Work Well in Multi-hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks?[J].IEEE Communications Magazine,2001,Volume 39,Issue 6,39(6):130-137.
[4]Xu S,Saadawi T.Revealing TCP unfairness behavior in 802.11 based wireless multi-hop networks[J].Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,2001 12th IEEE International Symposium on,2001,2:83-87.
[5]G.Bianchi.Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination Function[J].IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2000,18(3):535-547.
[6]Zhenghua Fu,Xiaoqiao Meng,Songwu Lu.How bad TCP can perform in mobile ad hoc networks[J].Computers and Communications,2002.Proceedings,2002,298-303.
[7]Holland G,Vaidya N.Analysis of TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks[J].Wireless Networks,2002,8(2):275-288.
[8]Wei-Qiang Xu,tie-Jun Wu.TCP Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks:Challenges and Solutions[J].Journal of Computer Science and Technology,2006,21(1):72-81.
[9]Xu S,Saadawi T.Revealing and solving the TCP instability problem in 802.11 based multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks[c].Vehicular Technology Conference,2001.VTC 2001Fall.IEEE VTS 54~(th),2001,1:257-261.
[10]Chandran.K,Raghunathan.S,Venkatesan.S,Prakash.R.A feedback-based scheme for improving TCP performance in ad hoc wireless networks[J].IEEE Personal Communications,2001,8(1):34-39.
[11]Holland G,Vaidya N H.Analysis of TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks[C].In proc,ACM MOBICOM'99,Seattle,USA,Aug,1999,219-230.
[12]Kim D K,Toh C K,Choi Y.TCP-Bus:Improving TCP performance over wireless ad hoc networks[J].Journal of communications and Network(JCN),2001,3(2):1-12.
[13]Zhou J et al.Improve TCP performance in ad hoc networks.available at http://www.unab.edu.co/editodalunab/revistas/rcc/pdfs/r41_art6_r.pdf.
[14]Singh H,Saxena S.Energy consuption of TCP in ad hoc networks[J].Wireless Networks,2004,10(5):531-542.
[15]张磊,王学慧,窦文华.无线自组网络中TCP流公平性的分析与改进[J].Journal of Software,May 2006 Vol.17 No.5 P.1078-1088
[16]L Yang,W.K.Seah,and Q.Yin,Improving fairness,among TCP flows crossing wireless ad hoc and wired Networks.(C).In MobiHoc '03,2003,pp.57-63.
[17]Kaixin Xu,Mado Gerla,Lantao Qi,Yantai Shu.Enhancing TCP fairness in ad hoc wireless networks using neighborhood RED[C].In:Johnson DB.Joseph A,Vaidya NH,eds.Proc.ofthe 9th Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking(MOBICOM 03).ACM Press.2003.16-28.
[18]李云,陈前斌,隆克平,吴诗其.无线自组织网络中TCP稳定性的分析及改进[J].软件学报,2003,14(6):1178-1186.
[19]Huang X,Bensaou B.On max-min fairness and scheduling in wireless ad-hoc networks:analytical framework and implementation[C].In:Proc.of ACM MOBIHOC'01,2001
[20]任伟,金海。TCP在多跳移动Ad Hoc网络中的不公平性研究[J]。计算机工程与科学,2007,29(9)
[21]Andrew S.Tanenbaum著,潘爱民译。计算机网络(第四版)[M],清华大学出版社,2004.
[22]高扬。移动自组织网中TCP性能分析与改进。西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2007
[23]关涛。Ad Hoc网络TCP公平性改进机制的研究。天津大学硕士学位论文,2006
[24]Liu J,Singh S.ATCP:TCP for mobole ad hoc networks[J].IEEE J.Selected Areas in Communication,2001,19(7):1300-1315.
[25]Li C,Papavassiliou S.The link signal strength agent(LSSA) protocol for TCP I mplemention in wireless mobile ad hoc networks[C].In Proc.IEEE Vehicular Technilogy Conference,Vol.4,Rhodes,Greece,Otc.2001,pp.2528-2532.
[26]Gunes M,Vlahovic D.The performance of the TCP/RCWE enhancement for ad hoc networks[C].In proc.Seventh International Symposium on Computers and Communications,Taormina-Giardinil Naxos,Italy,July 2002,pp.43-48.
[27]Kanth K,Ansari S,Melikri M H.Performance enhancement of TCP on multihop ad hoc wireless networks[C].In Proc.2002 IEEE Int.Conf.Personal Wireless Communications(ICP WC-2002),New Delhi,India,Dec,2002,pp:90-94
[28]P.Karn.MACA a new channel access method for packet radio[C],Proceedings of the 9th ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio Computer Networking Conference,Sept.1992.
[29]Bharghavan,A.Demers,S.Shenker,et al..MACAW:A media access protocol for wireless LAN's[C].The Conf.on Communications Architectures,Protocols and Applications.London,UK,1994
[30]IEEE standard for wireless LAN medium access control(MAC)and physical layer(PHY)specifications.AHSMEEE Std 802.11.1999
[31]Fabrizio Talucci,Mario Gerla,Luigi Fratta.MACA-BI(MACA by Invitation):A Receiver Oriented Access Protocol for Wireless Multihop NetworksIn[J].The 8th IEEE International Symposium on Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,1997.'Waves of the Year 2000'.PIMRC '97.,1997,2:435-439.
[32]Zygmunt J.Hass,Jing Deng.Dual Busy Tone Multiple Access(DBTMA)—A Multiple Access Control Scheme for Ad Hoc Networks[J].IEEE transaction on communication,2002,50(6):975-985.
[33]Xu K,Gerla M,Bae S.How effective is the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS handshake in ad hoe networks?[C].Proc,of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf.(GLOBECOM 2002),Vol 1.2002.17-21.
[34]Xu K,Oerla M.TCP over an IEEE 802.11 ad hoc network:Unfairness problems and solutions.Technical Report.Computer Science Department,UCLA,2002.
[35]Jing Deng.A new backoff algorithm for the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function[C].in Communication Networks and Distributed Systems Modeling and Simulation,2004,215-225.
[36]Younggoo Kwon,Yuguang Fang,Haniph Latchman.A novel mac protocol with fast c ollision resolution for wireless lans[C].INFOCOM 2003.Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.,2003,2:853-862.
[37]Nab-Oak Song;Byung-Jae Kwak;Miller,L.E.Analysis of EIED backoff algorithm for the IEEE 802.11 DCF[C].Vehicular Technology Conference,2005.VTC-2005-Fall.2005 IEEE 62~(nd),2005,4:2182-2186.
[38]H.Zhai,J.Wang,X.Chen,and Y.Fang.Medium access control in mobile ad hoc networks: challenges and solutions[J].Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing(Special issue on Ad Hoc Networks),2004.
[39]夏海伦.Ad Hoc网络MAC协议及相关技术的研究。北京邮电大学博士研究生学位论文。2007
[40]Nah-Oak Song;Byung-Jae Kwak;Jabin Song;Miller,M.E.Enhancement of IEEE 802.11distributed coordination function with exponential increase exponential decrease backoff algorithm[C].Vehicular Technology Conference,2003.VTC 2003-Spring.The 57th IEEE Semiannual,2003,4:2775-2778.
[41]李贺武,吴建平,马辉,张培云,罗世新.基于竞争终端个数区间的IEEE 802.11性能优化[J].软件学报,2004,15(12):1850-1859.
[42]Nandagopal T,Kim Tae-Eun.Achieving MAC layer fairness in wireless packet networks[C].In:Proc.of the 6th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking,August 2000.87-98
[43]Tahiry Razafindralambo IsabeHe Gu'erin-Lassous.Increasing Fairness and Efficiency Using the MadMac Protocol in Ad Hoc Networks
[44]Floyd S,Henderson T.The newreno modification to TCP's fast recovery algorithm.Technical Report,RFC 2582,Internet Engineering Task Force,1999.
[45]Chen K,Xue Y,Nahrstedt K.On setting TCP's congestion window limit in mobile ad hoc networks.In:Akyildiz F,Li Y,Sivakumar R,eds.Proc.of the Int'l Conf.on Communications (ICC 03).Alaska:IEEE Press,2003.1080-1084.
[46]李云。Ad Hoc网络MAC机制研究。电子科技大学博士学位论文,2004
[47]Kai Caihong Yu Nenghai Chen Yuzhong.An enhancement scheme of TCP protocol in mobile Ad Hoc networks:MME-TCP[J].Journal of electronics,2007,24(1)
[48]Ping Chung Ng;Soung Chang Liew.Throughput Analysis of IEEE802.11 Multi-Hop Ad Hoc Networks[J].IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking Volume 15,Issue 2,April 2007Page(s):309-322.
[2]尹长青.无线自组网络若干技术的研究,复旦大学博士学位论文2004.
[3]S.Xu,T.Saadawi.Does the IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol Work Well in Multi-hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks?[J].IEEE Communications Magazine,2001,Volume 39,Issue 6,39(6):130-137.
[4]Xu S,Saadawi T.Revealing TCP unfairness behavior in 802.11 based wireless multi-hop networks[J].Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,2001 12th IEEE International Symposium on,2001,2:83-87.
[5]G.Bianchi.Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination Function[J].IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2000,18(3):535-547.
[6]Zhenghua Fu,Xiaoqiao Meng,Songwu Lu.How bad TCP can perform in mobile ad hoc networks[J].Computers and Communications,2002.Proceedings,2002,298-303.
[7]Holland G,Vaidya N.Analysis of TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks[J].Wireless Networks,2002,8(2):275-288.
[8]Wei-Qiang Xu,tie-Jun Wu.TCP Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks:Challenges and Solutions[J].Journal of Computer Science and Technology,2006,21(1):72-81.
[9]Xu S,Saadawi T.Revealing and solving the TCP instability problem in 802.11 based multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks[c].Vehicular Technology Conference,2001.VTC 2001Fall.IEEE VTS 54~(th),2001,1:257-261.
[10]Chandran.K,Raghunathan.S,Venkatesan.S,Prakash.R.A feedback-based scheme for improving TCP performance in ad hoc wireless networks[J].IEEE Personal Communications,2001,8(1):34-39.
[11]Holland G,Vaidya N H.Analysis of TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks[C].In proc,ACM MOBICOM'99,Seattle,USA,Aug,1999,219-230.
[12]Kim D K,Toh C K,Choi Y.TCP-Bus:Improving TCP performance over wireless ad hoc networks[J].Journal of communications and Network(JCN),2001,3(2):1-12.
[13]Zhou J et al.Improve TCP performance in ad hoc networks.available at http://www.unab.edu.co/editodalunab/revistas/rcc/pdfs/r41_art6_r.pdf.
[14]Singh H,Saxena S.Energy consuption of TCP in ad hoc networks[J].Wireless Networks,2004,10(5):531-542.
[15]张磊,王学慧,窦文华.无线自组网络中TCP流公平性的分析与改进[J].Journal of Software,May 2006 Vol.17 No.5 P.1078-1088
[16]L Yang,W.K.Seah,and Q.Yin,Improving fairness,among TCP flows crossing wireless ad hoc and wired Networks.(C).In MobiHoc '03,2003,pp.57-63.
[17]Kaixin Xu,Mado Gerla,Lantao Qi,Yantai Shu.Enhancing TCP fairness in ad hoc wireless networks using neighborhood RED[C].In:Johnson DB.Joseph A,Vaidya NH,eds.Proc.ofthe 9th Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking(MOBICOM 03).ACM Press.2003.16-28.
[18]李云,陈前斌,隆克平,吴诗其.无线自组织网络中TCP稳定性的分析及改进[J].软件学报,2003,14(6):1178-1186.
[19]Huang X,Bensaou B.On max-min fairness and scheduling in wireless ad-hoc networks:analytical framework and implementation[C].In:Proc.of ACM MOBIHOC'01,2001
[20]任伟,金海。TCP在多跳移动Ad Hoc网络中的不公平性研究[J]。计算机工程与科学,2007,29(9)
[21]Andrew S.Tanenbaum著,潘爱民译。计算机网络(第四版)[M],清华大学出版社,2004.
[22]高扬。移动自组织网中TCP性能分析与改进。西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2007
[23]关涛。Ad Hoc网络TCP公平性改进机制的研究。天津大学硕士学位论文,2006
[24]Liu J,Singh S.ATCP:TCP for mobole ad hoc networks[J].IEEE J.Selected Areas in Communication,2001,19(7):1300-1315.
[25]Li C,Papavassiliou S.The link signal strength agent(LSSA) protocol for TCP I mplemention in wireless mobile ad hoc networks[C].In Proc.IEEE Vehicular Technilogy Conference,Vol.4,Rhodes,Greece,Otc.2001,pp.2528-2532.
[26]Gunes M,Vlahovic D.The performance of the TCP/RCWE enhancement for ad hoc networks[C].In proc.Seventh International Symposium on Computers and Communications,Taormina-Giardinil Naxos,Italy,July 2002,pp.43-48.
[27]Kanth K,Ansari S,Melikri M H.Performance enhancement of TCP on multihop ad hoc wireless networks[C].In Proc.2002 IEEE Int.Conf.Personal Wireless Communications(ICP WC-2002),New Delhi,India,Dec,2002,pp:90-94
[28]P.Karn.MACA a new channel access method for packet radio[C],Proceedings of the 9th ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio Computer Networking Conference,Sept.1992.
[29]Bharghavan,A.Demers,S.Shenker,et al..MACAW:A media access protocol for wireless LAN's[C].The Conf.on Communications Architectures,Protocols and Applications.London,UK,1994
[30]IEEE standard for wireless LAN medium access control(MAC)and physical layer(PHY)specifications.AHSMEEE Std 802.11.1999
[31]Fabrizio Talucci,Mario Gerla,Luigi Fratta.MACA-BI(MACA by Invitation):A Receiver Oriented Access Protocol for Wireless Multihop NetworksIn[J].The 8th IEEE International Symposium on Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,1997.'Waves of the Year 2000'.PIMRC '97.,1997,2:435-439.
[32]Zygmunt J.Hass,Jing Deng.Dual Busy Tone Multiple Access(DBTMA)—A Multiple Access Control Scheme for Ad Hoc Networks[J].IEEE transaction on communication,2002,50(6):975-985.
[33]Xu K,Gerla M,Bae S.How effective is the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS handshake in ad hoe networks?[C].Proc,of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf.(GLOBECOM 2002),Vol 1.2002.17-21.
[34]Xu K,Oerla M.TCP over an IEEE 802.11 ad hoc network:Unfairness problems and solutions.Technical Report.Computer Science Department,UCLA,2002.
[35]Jing Deng.A new backoff algorithm for the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function[C].in Communication Networks and Distributed Systems Modeling and Simulation,2004,215-225.
[36]Younggoo Kwon,Yuguang Fang,Haniph Latchman.A novel mac protocol with fast c ollision resolution for wireless lans[C].INFOCOM 2003.Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.,2003,2:853-862.
[37]Nab-Oak Song;Byung-Jae Kwak;Miller,L.E.Analysis of EIED backoff algorithm for the IEEE 802.11 DCF[C].Vehicular Technology Conference,2005.VTC-2005-Fall.2005 IEEE 62~(nd),2005,4:2182-2186.
[38]H.Zhai,J.Wang,X.Chen,and Y.Fang.Medium access control in mobile ad hoc networks: challenges and solutions[J].Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing(Special issue on Ad Hoc Networks),2004.
[39]夏海伦.Ad Hoc网络MAC协议及相关技术的研究。北京邮电大学博士研究生学位论文。2007
[40]Nah-Oak Song;Byung-Jae Kwak;Jabin Song;Miller,M.E.Enhancement of IEEE 802.11distributed coordination function with exponential increase exponential decrease backoff algorithm[C].Vehicular Technology Conference,2003.VTC 2003-Spring.The 57th IEEE Semiannual,2003,4:2775-2778.
[41]李贺武,吴建平,马辉,张培云,罗世新.基于竞争终端个数区间的IEEE 802.11性能优化[J].软件学报,2004,15(12):1850-1859.
[42]Nandagopal T,Kim Tae-Eun.Achieving MAC layer fairness in wireless packet networks[C].In:Proc.of the 6th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking,August 2000.87-98
[43]Tahiry Razafindralambo IsabeHe Gu'erin-Lassous.Increasing Fairness and Efficiency Using the MadMac Protocol in Ad Hoc Networks
[44]Floyd S,Henderson T.The newreno modification to TCP's fast recovery algorithm.Technical Report,RFC 2582,Internet Engineering Task Force,1999.
[45]Chen K,Xue Y,Nahrstedt K.On setting TCP's congestion window limit in mobile ad hoc networks.In:Akyildiz F,Li Y,Sivakumar R,eds.Proc.of the Int'l Conf.on Communications (ICC 03).Alaska:IEEE Press,2003.1080-1084.
[46]李云。Ad Hoc网络MAC机制研究。电子科技大学博士学位论文,2004
[47]Kai Caihong Yu Nenghai Chen Yuzhong.An enhancement scheme of TCP protocol in mobile Ad Hoc networks:MME-TCP[J].Journal of electronics,2007,24(1)
[48]Ping Chung Ng;Soung Chang Liew.Throughput Analysis of IEEE802.11 Multi-Hop Ad Hoc Networks[J].IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking Volume 15,Issue 2,April 2007Page(s):309-322.