无线局域网MAC层协议研究
摘要
无线局域网(WLAN)是计算机网络与无线通信技术相结合的一种无线网络。它具有应用灵活、安装速度快、建设周期短、地理适用性强等特点,已经广泛应用在各行各业。
在无线局域网中,网络的性能主要取决于MAC子层的接入协议,因此MAC协议的设计是一个核心的问题。研究无线局域网MAC机制,提高无线局域网的吞吐率和公平性保证及低延时,成为当前研究的热点。
信道竞争算法是解决无线信道冲突的一种方法,信道竞争算法的研究对提高网络总吞吐率具有重要意义。本文首先通过测试,获得了IEEE 802.11b真实无线局域网中数据帧的长度分布。接下来分别分析了节点间数据帧长和信道发送速率各异给网络总吞吐率带来的影响,并针对这种影响,设计了算法FRA(Frame-cum-Rate Algorithm)。FRA将数据帧长和信道速率结合起来作为调节CW_(min)的因子,提高了发送长数据帧或者高速节点的信道占用时问。仿真实验表明,FRA算法在速率、帧长各异的无线网络环境下,相比MAC层DCF协议,能够大幅提高网络总吞吐率,并保证其成比例公平性高于DCF。
随后,利用Markov模型,分析了在信道上存在一定误帧率情况下MAC层介质访问延时和网络吞吐率,提供了比之前研究更为精确的计算模型。
本文最后对所做的研究工作进行了总结,并阐述了进一步的研究方向。
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is one kind of wireless networks which combinates between computer network and wireless communication technique. As the extendibility of wired network, WLAN has been widely used in every way of life because it has good features such as the application of flexible, fast installation, shot construction period and good applicability.
In WLAN, the performance of network depends primarily on access to the MAC sublayer protocol, so design of MAC protocol is a key problem. Research about MAC protocol in WLAN and improvement of network throughput, fairness and low delay are the critical factors in academic and professional fields now.
MAC channel contention algorithm is very important for reducing the collision probability and improving the throughput of the network. Firstly, this paper gets the distribution of frame size by caputuring the frame on the wireless channel. Nextly, this paper analyzes the impact of different frame size and multirate on the network throughput, and designs an algorithm whose name is FRA(Frame-cum-Rate Algorithm). In FRA, the value of CW_(min) is adjusted based on frame size and transmission rate. The wireless station with large frame size and high transmission rate can obtain high probability to access wireless channel. Simulation results show that compared with DCF, FRA increases the network throughput drasmaticaly when different frame size and transmission rate coexist.
Subsequently, this paper analyzes MAC medium access delay and throughput based on Markov model with certain BER on the wireless channel. It gives a more precise computing model comparision with previous research.
The dissertation summarizes our research work in the last chapter and a further research direction has been explored for future work.
在无线局域网中,网络的性能主要取决于MAC子层的接入协议,因此MAC协议的设计是一个核心的问题。研究无线局域网MAC机制,提高无线局域网的吞吐率和公平性保证及低延时,成为当前研究的热点。
信道竞争算法是解决无线信道冲突的一种方法,信道竞争算法的研究对提高网络总吞吐率具有重要意义。本文首先通过测试,获得了IEEE 802.11b真实无线局域网中数据帧的长度分布。接下来分别分析了节点间数据帧长和信道发送速率各异给网络总吞吐率带来的影响,并针对这种影响,设计了算法FRA(Frame-cum-Rate Algorithm)。FRA将数据帧长和信道速率结合起来作为调节CW_(min)的因子,提高了发送长数据帧或者高速节点的信道占用时问。仿真实验表明,FRA算法在速率、帧长各异的无线网络环境下,相比MAC层DCF协议,能够大幅提高网络总吞吐率,并保证其成比例公平性高于DCF。
随后,利用Markov模型,分析了在信道上存在一定误帧率情况下MAC层介质访问延时和网络吞吐率,提供了比之前研究更为精确的计算模型。
本文最后对所做的研究工作进行了总结,并阐述了进一步的研究方向。
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is one kind of wireless networks which combinates between computer network and wireless communication technique. As the extendibility of wired network, WLAN has been widely used in every way of life because it has good features such as the application of flexible, fast installation, shot construction period and good applicability.
In WLAN, the performance of network depends primarily on access to the MAC sublayer protocol, so design of MAC protocol is a key problem. Research about MAC protocol in WLAN and improvement of network throughput, fairness and low delay are the critical factors in academic and professional fields now.
MAC channel contention algorithm is very important for reducing the collision probability and improving the throughput of the network. Firstly, this paper gets the distribution of frame size by caputuring the frame on the wireless channel. Nextly, this paper analyzes the impact of different frame size and multirate on the network throughput, and designs an algorithm whose name is FRA(Frame-cum-Rate Algorithm). In FRA, the value of CW_(min) is adjusted based on frame size and transmission rate. The wireless station with large frame size and high transmission rate can obtain high probability to access wireless channel. Simulation results show that compared with DCF, FRA increases the network throughput drasmaticaly when different frame size and transmission rate coexist.
Subsequently, this paper analyzes MAC medium access delay and throughput based on Markov model with certain BER on the wireless channel. It gives a more precise computing model comparision with previous research.
The dissertation summarizes our research work in the last chapter and a further research direction has been explored for future work.
引文
[1]Bluetooth SIG Inc.Specification of the Bluetooth system Core:http://www.bluetooth.org/
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[7]Varshney U.The status and future of 802.11-based WLANs.Computer,2003,36(6):102-105
[8]刘乃安.无线局域网(WLAN)-原理、技术与应用.西安电子科技大学出版社,2004.
[9]BASALAMAH A,SATO T.An FEC Adaptive Multicast Protocol for Providing MAC Layer Reliability in WLANs.IEICE technical report,2006,106(245):63-66
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[13]Park J S,Dicoi D.WLAN security:current and future.IEEE Internet Computing,2003,7(5):60-65
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[15] Mangold S, Choi S, Hiertz G R. Analysis of IEEE 802.11 e for QoS support in wireless LANs. IEEE Wireless Communications ,2003,10(6):40-50
[16] Kapp S. 802.11a: More Bandwidth without the Wires. In Proceeding of IEEE Internet Computing, 2002: 75-79.
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[22] Tay Y C, Chua K C. A capacity analysis for the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol.Wireless Networks,2001,7(2): 159-171
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[25] Bottigleliengo M, Casett C, Chiasserini C F, et al. Short-term Fairness for TCP Flows in 802.11 b WLANs. In Proceeding of INFOCOM,2004,2: 1383-1392
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[27] Chhaya H S, Gupta S. Throughput and fairness properties of asynchronous data transfermethods in the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. Sixth IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 1995,2:613-617
[28] Wu K , Harms J. QoS support in mobile ad hoc networks. Crossing Boundaries-the GSA Journal of University of Alberta.2001,1(1):92-106
[29] Sobrinho J L, Krishnakumar A S. Quality-of-Service in Ad Hoc Carrier Sense Multiple Access Wireless Networks. IEEE JSAC, 1999, 17(8): 1353-1368.
[30] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Information Sciences Institute, New York, 2002, 3:1567-1576
[31] Li X Y, Song W, Wang W. A Unified Energy-Efficient Topology for Unicast and Broadcast, Porta TL, ed. In Proceeding of the ACM MobiCom. New York:ACM Press, 2005: 1-15.
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[33] Xin Y, Arif S. Path selection methods for localized quality of service routing. In Proceedings of IEEE ICCCN'01, 2001,102-107
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[35] Lee S B, Campbell A T. INSIGNIA: in-band signaling support for Qos in mobile ad hoc networks. In Proceeding of MoMuC'98, Berlin,1998,2:60-70
[36] Mirhakkak M, Schult N, Thomson D. Dynamic quality-of-service for mobile ad hoc networks. Technical Report, the MITRE Corporation, April 2002.
[37] Perkins C E , Bhagwat P. Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers. In Proceeding of ACM SIGCOMM 94,1994: 234-244.
[38] Johnson D B , Maltz D A. The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-manet-dsr-10.txt, IETF MANET Working Group, 2004.
[39] Perkins C E , Royer E M , Das S. Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing. IETF RFC 3561, July 2003.
[40] Hass Z J , Pealman M R, Samar P. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for Ad Hoc Networks. Draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-04. txt, July 2002.
[41] Brad K, Kung H T. Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for wireless networks. In Proceedings of ACM MobiCom'00.Massachusetts,Aug 2000:243-254.
[42]邓霞.移动自组网中组播路由协议研究:[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2006.
[43]邓曙光.移动自组网中QoS路由协议研究:[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2002.
[44]罗玉宏.自组网中基于能量优化的路由算法研究:[博士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2006.
[45]谢铮,陈松乔,王建新.移动自组网安全声誉机制的研究.计算机应用,2004,24(10):27-30.
[46]Abramson N.The ALOHA system:Another altemative for computer communications.In Proceedings of the November 17-19,1970,fall joint computer conference.ACM New York,1970:281-285
[47]Ziouva E,Antonakopoulos T.CSMA/CA performance under high traffic conditions:throughput and delay analysis.Computer Communications,2002,3(25):313-321
[48]Aggarwal A,Savage S,Anderson T.Understanding the performance of TCP pacing.In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM,2000,3:1157-1165
[49]Pang Q,Leung V C M,Liew S C.A rate adaptation algorithm for IEEE 802.11WLANs based on MAC-layer loss differentiation.In Proceeding of 2nd International Conference on Broadband Networks,659-667
[50]Holland G,Vaidya N,Bahl P.A rate-adaptive MAC protocol for multi-hop wireless networks.In Proceeding of ACM MOBICOM'01,Rome,Italy,2001,236-250
[51]Martin H,Franck R,Gilles B S,et al.Performance anomaly of 802.11b.In Proceeding of IEEE INFOCOM,San Francisco,CA,United States,2003,2:836-843
[52]Yeo J,Youssef M,Agrawala A.Characterizing the IEEE 802.11 Traffic:The WirelessSide.University of Maryland,Tech Rep:CS-TR 4570,2004.
[53]Wiresharkl.1.http://download.csdn.net/source/620195
[54]Tan G,Guttag J.Time-based Fairness Improves Performance in Multi-rate Wireless LANS.In Proceedings of USENIX'04,Boston,USA,2004:269-282
[55]Shih K P,Wang S Y,Chou C M.A Dynamic Rate Adaptation with Fragmentation MAC Protocol against Channel Variation for Wireless LANs.In Proceedings of ISCC'08,Marrakech,2008
[56]Heusse F M,Rousseau R,Guillier A.Idle sense:an optimal access method for high throughput and fairness in rate diverse wireless LANS.In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM'05,USA,2005,35(4):121-132
[57]Sadeghi B,Kanodia V,Sabharwal A,et al.Opportunistic media access for multirate ad hoc networks.In Proceedings of MobiCom'02,USA,2002,24-35
[58]Yassine C,Nizar B.Adjustment mechanism for the IEEE 802.11 contention window:An efficient bandwidth sharing scheme.Computer Communications,2007,30(13):2686-2695
[59]John A,Stankovic,Tarek A,et al.Real-time communication and coordination in embedded sensor networks.In Proceedings of the IEEE,2003,91(7):1002-1022,.
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[2]Gao Y,Tian H,Sun L.Research on the access network and MAC technique for beyond 3G systems.IEEE Wireless Communications,2007,14(2):57-61
[3]BP Crow,Widjaja I,Kim L G.IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks.IEEE Communications magazine,1997,35(9):116-126
[4]Thomas E C.No Strings Attached:The Benefits of Choosing a Wireless LAN for Today's University:[Master's thesis].Denver:University of Denver,2005
[5]Rahman M,Harmantzis F.Broadband-facilitated inter-WLAN mobility architecture.International Journal of Wireless Information Networks,2006,13(3):173-192
[6]Burbank J L,Kasch W T.Enhanced efficiency and flexibility while supporting QoS concepts:an adaptive MAC framework for 802.11 WLANs.Electrical and Computer Engineering,2005:37-43
[7]Varshney U.The status and future of 802.11-based WLANs.Computer,2003,36(6):102-105
[8]刘乃安.无线局域网(WLAN)-原理、技术与应用.西安电子科技大学出版社,2004.
[9]BASALAMAH A,SATO T.An FEC Adaptive Multicast Protocol for Providing MAC Layer Reliability in WLANs.IEICE technical report,2006,106(245):63-66
[10]Gallardo J R.,Cruz S C,Makrakis D,et al.Analysis of the EDCA access mechanism for an IEEE 802.11 e-compatible wireless LAN.In Proceeding of ISCC,2008,891-898
[11]Ophir L,Bitran Y,Sherman I.Wi-Fi(IEEE 802.11) and Bluetooth coexistence:issues and solutions.15th IEEE International Symposium on Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,2004,2:847-852
[12]Golmie N,Vandyck R E,Soltanian A.Interference of bluetooth and IEEE 802.11:simulation modeling and performance evaluation.In Proceedings of the 4th ACM international workshop on Modeling,analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems,2001:11-18
[13]Park J S,Dicoi D.WLAN security:current and future.IEEE Internet Computing,2003,7(5):60-65
[14] Shih E, Bahl P, Sinclair M J. Wake on wireless: An event driven energy saving strategy for battery operated devices. In Proceedings of the 8th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, New York, 2002:160-171
[15] Mangold S, Choi S, Hiertz G R. Analysis of IEEE 802.11 e for QoS support in wireless LANs. IEEE Wireless Communications ,2003,10(6):40-50
[16] Kapp S. 802.11a: More Bandwidth without the Wires. In Proceeding of IEEE Internet Computing, 2002: 75-79.
[17] Lacage M, Manshaei M H, Turletti T. IEEE 802.11 rate adaptation: a practical approach. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM international symposium on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems, USA, 2004,126-134
[18] Zhu H, Li M, Chlamtac I. A survey of quality of service in IEEE 802.11 networks. IEEE Wireless Communications,2004,11(4):6-14
[19] Xiao Y. IEEE 802.11 n: enhancements for higher throughput in wireless LANs. IEEE Wireless Communications,2005,12(6):82-91
[20] Chhaya H S, Gupta S. Performance modeling of asynchronous data transfer methods of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. Wireless networks,1997,3(3):217-234
[21] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceeding of IEEE INFOCOM,USA,2002,3:1567-1576
[22] Tay Y C, Chua K C. A capacity analysis for the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol.Wireless Networks,2001,7(2): 159-171
[23] Bianchi G, Fratta L, Oliveri M. Performance evaluation and enhancement of the CSMA/CA MAC protocol for 802.11 wireless LANs. In Proceeding of PIMRC, 1996: 392-396
[24] Liu H H, Wu L C. A scheme for supporting voice over IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network. In Proceeding of Natl. Sci. Counc. ROC A, 2001, 25(4):25-43
[25] Bottigleliengo M, Casett C, Chiasserini C F, et al. Short-term Fairness for TCP Flows in 802.11 b WLANs. In Proceeding of INFOCOM,2004,2: 1383-1392
[26] Tinnirello I, Choi S. Temporal fairness provisioning in multi-rate contention-based 802.11 e WLANs. Sixth IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks.2005:220-230
[27] Chhaya H S, Gupta S. Throughput and fairness properties of asynchronous data transfermethods in the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. Sixth IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 1995,2:613-617
[28] Wu K , Harms J. QoS support in mobile ad hoc networks. Crossing Boundaries-the GSA Journal of University of Alberta.2001,1(1):92-106
[29] Sobrinho J L, Krishnakumar A S. Quality-of-Service in Ad Hoc Carrier Sense Multiple Access Wireless Networks. IEEE JSAC, 1999, 17(8): 1353-1368.
[30] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Information Sciences Institute, New York, 2002, 3:1567-1576
[31] Li X Y, Song W, Wang W. A Unified Energy-Efficient Topology for Unicast and Broadcast, Porta TL, ed. In Proceeding of the ACM MobiCom. New York:ACM Press, 2005: 1-15.
[32] Samarth H S, Nahrstedt K. Predictive location based qos routing in mbile ad hoc networks. In Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2002,2:1-20
[33] Xin Y, Arif S. Path selection methods for localized quality of service routing. In Proceedings of IEEE ICCCN'01, 2001,102-107
[34] Lin R, Liu J S. QoS routing in ad hoc wireless networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1999, 17(8):1415-1425.
[35] Lee S B, Campbell A T. INSIGNIA: in-band signaling support for Qos in mobile ad hoc networks. In Proceeding of MoMuC'98, Berlin,1998,2:60-70
[36] Mirhakkak M, Schult N, Thomson D. Dynamic quality-of-service for mobile ad hoc networks. Technical Report, the MITRE Corporation, April 2002.
[37] Perkins C E , Bhagwat P. Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers. In Proceeding of ACM SIGCOMM 94,1994: 234-244.
[38] Johnson D B , Maltz D A. The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-manet-dsr-10.txt, IETF MANET Working Group, 2004.
[39] Perkins C E , Royer E M , Das S. Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing. IETF RFC 3561, July 2003.
[40] Hass Z J , Pealman M R, Samar P. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for Ad Hoc Networks. Draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-04. txt, July 2002.
[41] Brad K, Kung H T. Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for wireless networks. In Proceedings of ACM MobiCom'00.Massachusetts,Aug 2000:243-254.
[42]邓霞.移动自组网中组播路由协议研究:[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2006.
[43]邓曙光.移动自组网中QoS路由协议研究:[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2002.
[44]罗玉宏.自组网中基于能量优化的路由算法研究:[博士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2006.
[45]谢铮,陈松乔,王建新.移动自组网安全声誉机制的研究.计算机应用,2004,24(10):27-30.
[46]Abramson N.The ALOHA system:Another altemative for computer communications.In Proceedings of the November 17-19,1970,fall joint computer conference.ACM New York,1970:281-285
[47]Ziouva E,Antonakopoulos T.CSMA/CA performance under high traffic conditions:throughput and delay analysis.Computer Communications,2002,3(25):313-321
[48]Aggarwal A,Savage S,Anderson T.Understanding the performance of TCP pacing.In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM,2000,3:1157-1165
[49]Pang Q,Leung V C M,Liew S C.A rate adaptation algorithm for IEEE 802.11WLANs based on MAC-layer loss differentiation.In Proceeding of 2nd International Conference on Broadband Networks,659-667
[50]Holland G,Vaidya N,Bahl P.A rate-adaptive MAC protocol for multi-hop wireless networks.In Proceeding of ACM MOBICOM'01,Rome,Italy,2001,236-250
[51]Martin H,Franck R,Gilles B S,et al.Performance anomaly of 802.11b.In Proceeding of IEEE INFOCOM,San Francisco,CA,United States,2003,2:836-843
[52]Yeo J,Youssef M,Agrawala A.Characterizing the IEEE 802.11 Traffic:The WirelessSide.University of Maryland,Tech Rep:CS-TR 4570,2004.
[53]Wiresharkl.1.http://download.csdn.net/source/620195
[54]Tan G,Guttag J.Time-based Fairness Improves Performance in Multi-rate Wireless LANS.In Proceedings of USENIX'04,Boston,USA,2004:269-282
[55]Shih K P,Wang S Y,Chou C M.A Dynamic Rate Adaptation with Fragmentation MAC Protocol against Channel Variation for Wireless LANs.In Proceedings of ISCC'08,Marrakech,2008
[56]Heusse F M,Rousseau R,Guillier A.Idle sense:an optimal access method for high throughput and fairness in rate diverse wireless LANS.In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM'05,USA,2005,35(4):121-132
[57]Sadeghi B,Kanodia V,Sabharwal A,et al.Opportunistic media access for multirate ad hoc networks.In Proceedings of MobiCom'02,USA,2002,24-35
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