大学生人格五因素及其与父母养育方式的关系研究
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摘要
在国外的人格研究领域,当前出现了一个引人注目的现象,即人格心理学
    家运用不同的手段和方法,对不同背景的被试进行研究均得出一个一致性结论:个
    体最主要的人格特征几乎完全可以用五个最广泛的因素来描述。由这五个因素所构
    成的人格结构被称为五因素模型。我国学者对此研究现在还停留在理论的引介和模
    型的验证方面。父母养育方式是指父母在抚养和教育子女的过程中表现出来的一种
    相对稳定的心理和行为特征。它对子女的健全人格和社会适应能力的形成起着至关
    重要的作用,对父母养育方式的研究为从家庭教育的角度探讨人格形成的影响因素
    提供了一条途径。
     本研究以验证人格五因素模型在我国的普遍适用性为基础,以从家庭教育的角
    度探索健全人格培养的影响因素为目的,运用卡特尔16种人格因素问卷(16PF)和
    父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)为工具,对普通和民办高校大学生277人进行测试,分
    析结果显示:
     1、对16PF因素分析的结果检验得:取样适当性量数KMO值为.760,Bartlett’
    s球形检验的x2值为851.466,在0.001的水平上差异显著,两者均说明适合对16PF
    进行因素分析。
     2、在因素数目的抽取上,依据Cattell倡导的特征值图形的陡坡检验法,发现
    从第五个因素以后,坡线甚为平坦;依据Kaiser的“选取特征值大于一”的原则进
    行因素抽取,所得数目也为五个,五个因素的特征值分别为3.216、2.042、1.305、
    1.223、1.139,其解释变异量分别为 20.099%、12.760%、8.159%、7.644%、7.121%,
    对总方差的累计解释变异量为55.784%。因此,对16PF进行因素分析的结果得到人
    格五因素,分别以PI、PZ、P3、P4、PS予以标志。
     3、本研究所构造的人格五因素的含义与国外的研究结论总体上基本吻合,单个
    人格维度上的含义有重叠和交叉。基本吻合的两个维度PZ、PS分别对应与国外研究
    的维度 E(外倾性)和 A(宜人性),因此我们把 PZ、PS分别命名为“外倾性”和“宜
    人性”。PI维度的含义包含 JOhn等人的维度 N(情绪稳定性)和 C(责任感),我们
    将其命名为“成功性”。在国外争议较大的0因素(智慧性、开放性等)在本研究中
    体现为因素P3(智慧性)和 P4(开放性)的结合。
     4、人格因素PI(成功性)、PZ(外倾性)、P3(智慧性)、P4(开放性)存在明
    显的文理科差异,表现为:理科学生情绪更加稳定,紧张度和忧虑感相对较低,行
    为方式上更趋于认真、踏实、严谨、富有逻辑,更加谦虚顺从、思维敏捷;文科学
    生则更加性格开朗、思想敏锐、富有幻想,善于体察别人情绪以及事物的细微变化。
    人格因素PZ(外倾性)、P3(智慧性)、P4(开放性)存在普通大学生与民办大学生
    
    
    之间的差异,表现为:民办大学生更加热情开朗、精力充沛,普通大学生则更聪明、
    思维敏捷、谦虚顺从、有涵养,更加敏感、善于体察、富有幻想。人格因素PZ(外
    向性入P4(开放性)存在显著的性别差异,表现为:女大学生相对表现得更加性格
    开朗和外向,更加敏感和富于幻想。
     5、父母养育方式 FZ(父亲的惩罚严厉)、F3(父亲的过分干涉)和 MZ(母亲过
    分干涉)存在独生子女和非独生子女的差异,表现为:父亲对独生子女有更多的惩
    罚严厉,父母对独生子女都有更多的过分干涉。M3(母亲的拒绝否认)存在明显的
    独生子女和专业的交互作用,表现为:对文科的独生子女来说,母亲表现出更多的
    拒绝否认,对非独生子女,则相对较宽容;而对理科生母亲则对非独生于女的拒绝
    否认更多,对独生子女则相对宽容一些。F3(父亲过分干涉)、MZ(母亲过分干涉)、
    M3(母亲拒绝否认人 M4(母亲惩罚严厉)存在显著的学校差异,表现为:对民办大
    学生教育时,父母都曾表现出更多的过分干涉,母亲还表现出更多的拒绝否认和惩
    罚严厉。FZ(父亲惩罚严厉)存在显著的性别差异,表现为:父亲对男生相比对女
    生而言表现出更多的惩罚和严厉。F6(父亲过分保护)则在学校和性别间的交互作
    用明显,表现为:普通高校大学生的父亲对女生比对男生表现出更多的过分保护,
    而民办高校大学生的父亲则对男生比对女生表现得更加过分保护。FI(父亲的情感
    温暖与理解LFS(父亲拒绝否认)存在母亲文化程度的主效应;FS(父亲拒绝否认\
    M4(母亲惩罚严厉)存在母亲职业和母亲文化程度的交互作用。表现为:如果母亲
    的文化程度高,则父亲表现出更多的情感温暖和理解;相反,如果母亲文化程度较
    低,则父亲表现出更多的拒绝和否认。文化程度较高的母亲,如果从事以体力劳动
    为主的工作,则表现出较多的惩罚和严厉;而文化程度较低、以脑力劳动为主的母
    亲也表现出较多的惩罚和严厉。
     6、PI(成功性)与FI(父亲的情感温暖与理解)、MI(母亲的情感温暖与理解)
    有显著正相关,与F6(父亲过分保护)、MZ(母亲过分干涉)、M3(母亲拒绝否认)、
    M4(母亲惩罚严厉)有显著负相关,即父母的情感温暖与理解对情绪稳定、自律严
    谨、持之以恒、认真负责的人格的形成有积极的促进作用,父亲的过分保护和母亲
    的过?
Recent personality studies have focused on the Five-Factor Model of
    personality abroad. However,the stability of the factor structure has not been confirmed in
    Chinese culture background, and the studies on its influence factors have not begun.
    A study was conducted, which used factor analysis method to examine the fitness of
    constructing the Five-Factor Model with Cattell l6PF Questionnaire test data from 277 private
    and public college students. In the study, the subects also were investigated with EMBU which
    supplying a means to examine the influence factors of FFM.
    The results show that: 1, The method that construct the five factor structure of personality
    with Cattell l6PF Questionnaire is applicable in Chinese culture background. 2, The five
    factors of personality with the factor analysis of l6PF were named: P1, Success; P2,
    Extraversion; P3, lntellect; P4, Openness; P5, Agreeableness. 3,The difference between Arts
    and Science students are great in Success, Extraversion, Intellect, Openness; private and public
    students in Extraversion, lntellect, Openness; male and female in Extraversion, Openness. 4,
    Single-child and non-single-child are clearly different in Father's Warmth, Over-interference
    and Mother's Overinterference; private and public in Father's Over-interference, Mother's
    Over-interference, Rejection and Negative reaction, Punishment. Meanwhile, Father's Over
    intterference, Mother's Over-interference, Rejection and Negative reaction, Punishment is also
    different in different education level of mother. 5, Success correlates plus with Father's
    Warmth and Mother's Warmth; as well as minus with Father's Over-protection, Mother's
    Over-iflterference, Rejection and Negative reaction, Punishment; Intellect correlate plus with
    Mother's Over-interference, Rejection and Negative reaction, Punishment. The results suggest
    that parental rearing behavior plays a very important roles in children's personality formation.
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