影响飞行学员情绪稳定性的个性特征研究
|
摘要
情绪稳定性(emotional stability)是从事航空航天等高应激、高认知负荷和高危险性职业活动所必须的基本心理品质，是这一特殊环境和条件下完成高技术作业的前提和条件。飞行成绩好坏、飞行特情的处理能力均与飞行员的情绪稳定性水平密切相关。因此，有效地对情绪稳定性进行预测及个性影响因素与飞行学员情绪稳定性关系研究就显得十分重要。
本研究以353名民航飞行学员为研究对象，通过文献回顾和研究目的分析，确定了本研究情绪稳定性的操作性定义；结合该操作性定义，通过与63名飞行专家的访谈和工作分析建立了飞行学员情绪稳定性效标评价系统；从明尼苏达多项人格测验(MMPI)、艾森克人格测验(EPQ)、成人内外控量表(ANSLE)中筛选有关维度和题目构成情绪稳定性人格特
可囚罩E大学硕士宇位论文
征测验量表；在前人研究的基础上编制情境认知评价问卷；选用内田－克
莱佩林测验（UK测验）作为气质测验工具。并选择招飞心理测验成绩、
理论学习成绩、筛选考核成绩、单飞成绩以及空中作业行为评价作为被试
的作业绩效指标；用上述工具评价了被试倩绪稳定性的有关人格、飞行情
境认知评价、作业绩效等个性特征；通过统计分析，筛选出能够反映倩绪
稳定性的有效预测指标。
本研究主要发现：（l）建立了飞行学员情绪稳定性效标评价体系和影
响情绪稳定性的个性特征的测量方法：（2）倩绪稳定性与飞行学员空中作
业水平和飞行成绩有显著相关；（3）MMP MAS、ip卜A、认知评价中
的“考试态度”、“职业态度”／‘自我评价”和 EPQN有显著相关；门）
在情绪稳定性人格特征评价中，M：Nl，I－MAS和 EPQN与倩绪稳定性评
价效标的“情绪总评”和“飞行紧张”两个因子有显著相关；（5）在倩境
认知评价指标中，“自我评价”与倩绪稳定性评价效标的“倩绪总评”、“飞
行操作”两个因子有显著相关：（6）在UK测验中，“兴奋性”和“偏差
指数”与倩绪稳定性评价的3个效标因子均有显著相关；（7）空中作业、
单飞成绩、招飞成绩与倩绪稳定性效标的3个因子均有显著相关；（8）在
验证性研究中，用综合评定方式对18名飞行学员排队并分组，对其倩绪
稳定性总体评价有较好预测效果；（9）应激状态下的作业绩效是倩绪稳定
性评价的最有效指标。
理论验证发现：（）情绪稳定性可分为高应激状态下的倩绪稳定性和
一般状态下的倩绪稳定性。从个性特征角度来看，从个性角度来看，对一
般状态下情绪稳定性的评价主要是EPQ－N，另外MMPI的焦虑、外显焦
虑、ANSLE和认知评价中的考试态度、职业态度、自我评价等指标也从
不同角度反映了飞行学员平时的情绪稳定性特征；对高应激环境下的情绪
稳定性评价的敏感指标主要包括：高应激环境下的作业水平、情境认知评
2
窜回罩医大学硕士坎位论又
价的自我评价、气质类型测验（UK）的兴奋性和偏差指数等。因此在评
价情绪稳定性时，一定要综合评价，全面衡量；（2）UK测验的兴奋性指
标可以反映被试的反应性；而反应性的高低和被试在较高应激水平时的倩
绪稳定性和作业能力有关：（3）初步建立了心理稳定性模型。
研究结论：情绪稳定性是飞行学员极为重要的一项心理品质，它直接
影响飞行学员在应激环境下的作业水平，而人格（气质）。认知评价等个
性特征是情绪稳定性的重要影响因素。
Emotional stability is basic psychological character which is essential for such professional activities as aviation and space, etc. which are high dangerous and high cognitive workload. Meanwhile it is precondition that the high tech tasks are accomplished under the special condition and circumstances as well. The flying achievements and the ability to deal with flying emergency are close related to the pilot's emotional stability. Therefore, studies on effective prediction of emotional stability and the relationship between the flying cadets' emotional stability and the influencing personality traits are very important.
There were 353 flying cadets of civil aviation as subjects in this research. Firstly, through the literature search and analyse on the research's purpose, determined the operating definition of emotional stability. Secondly, through the interviews with 63 pilots and job analyse of flight, the evaluating system of criteria on flying cadets' emotional stability has been founded, integrating the operating definition. Thirdly, some dimension and some questions concerned were selected from MMPI, EPQ and ANSLE. And on the basis of former study, questionnaires on situational cognition were worked out. And UK test was chosen as a judgment test of temperament.
The subjects' scores of psychological admission test for flying cadets and the achievements of academic study, and of the selected flying test and of the first-single flying test were available as working performance. The subjects'
flying operation in cabin were evaluated by their flying coaches as well. Fourthly, the subjects' personality traits, the traits of the situational cognition and the working performance were evaluated with the battery mentioned above. Lastly, the effective predicated indexes were selected with statistical method.
The main results:
1. Found the evaluating system of criteria on flying cadets' emotional stability and the measure of personality traits influencing emotional stability.
2. Found the significantly relationship between the emotional stability and the flying performance in cabin.
3. EPQ-N was found to be significantly correlated to MMPI-MAS, MMPI-A, attitude towards test, attitude towards flight and self-cognition.
4. Among the indexes of personality, the significantly correlationship between MMPI-MAS, EPQ-N and 2 factors of criterion, 'the general emotional stability' and 'flying tension' were found.
5. Among the situational cognitions, 'self-cognition' was found to be significantly correlated to 'the general emotional stability' and 'emotional expression in flight'.
6. In UK test, the significantly correlation was found among 'excitability', 'disorder' and all the 3 factors of criterion.
7. The significantly correlation among flying operation, scores of psychological admission test for flying cadets and all the 3 factors of criterion were found.
8. A comprehensive evaluation with the indexes above got a satisfied predicted conclusion on another samples, 18 flying cadets.
9. Among all of the indexes, working performance under stress condition was the most effective.
Theory proved:
1. Emotional stability consists of two kinds, one is under high stress and another is in general condition. Only viewing from personality, emotional stability in general condition can be evaluated with EPQ-N, MMPI-MAS and 'excitability' and 'disorder' of UK test. As for the emotional stability in general condition, the effective evaluating indexes include working performance under high stress, self-cognition, 'excitability' and 'disorder' of UK test. Therefore when the emotional stability is evaluated, the integrated methods must be used.
5
2. The excitability of UK can reflect the subjects' temperamental reaction, and the degree of reaction is related to their emotional stability and working performance under high stress.
3. build up a basic model for psychological stability.
Conclusion: Emotional stability is a vital psychological character for flying cade
本研究以353名民航飞行学员为研究对象，通过文献回顾和研究目的分析，确定了本研究情绪稳定性的操作性定义；结合该操作性定义，通过与63名飞行专家的访谈和工作分析建立了飞行学员情绪稳定性效标评价系统；从明尼苏达多项人格测验(MMPI)、艾森克人格测验(EPQ)、成人内外控量表(ANSLE)中筛选有关维度和题目构成情绪稳定性人格特
可囚罩E大学硕士宇位论文
征测验量表；在前人研究的基础上编制情境认知评价问卷；选用内田－克
莱佩林测验（UK测验）作为气质测验工具。并选择招飞心理测验成绩、
理论学习成绩、筛选考核成绩、单飞成绩以及空中作业行为评价作为被试
的作业绩效指标；用上述工具评价了被试倩绪稳定性的有关人格、飞行情
境认知评价、作业绩效等个性特征；通过统计分析，筛选出能够反映倩绪
稳定性的有效预测指标。
本研究主要发现：（l）建立了飞行学员情绪稳定性效标评价体系和影
响情绪稳定性的个性特征的测量方法：（2）倩绪稳定性与飞行学员空中作
业水平和飞行成绩有显著相关；（3）MMP MAS、ip卜A、认知评价中
的“考试态度”、“职业态度”／‘自我评价”和 EPQN有显著相关；门）
在情绪稳定性人格特征评价中，M：Nl，I－MAS和 EPQN与倩绪稳定性评
价效标的“情绪总评”和“飞行紧张”两个因子有显著相关；（5）在倩境
认知评价指标中，“自我评价”与倩绪稳定性评价效标的“倩绪总评”、“飞
行操作”两个因子有显著相关：（6）在UK测验中，“兴奋性”和“偏差
指数”与倩绪稳定性评价的3个效标因子均有显著相关；（7）空中作业、
单飞成绩、招飞成绩与倩绪稳定性效标的3个因子均有显著相关；（8）在
验证性研究中，用综合评定方式对18名飞行学员排队并分组，对其倩绪
稳定性总体评价有较好预测效果；（9）应激状态下的作业绩效是倩绪稳定
性评价的最有效指标。
理论验证发现：（）情绪稳定性可分为高应激状态下的倩绪稳定性和
一般状态下的倩绪稳定性。从个性特征角度来看，从个性角度来看，对一
般状态下情绪稳定性的评价主要是EPQ－N，另外MMPI的焦虑、外显焦
虑、ANSLE和认知评价中的考试态度、职业态度、自我评价等指标也从
不同角度反映了飞行学员平时的情绪稳定性特征；对高应激环境下的情绪
稳定性评价的敏感指标主要包括：高应激环境下的作业水平、情境认知评
2
窜回罩医大学硕士坎位论又
价的自我评价、气质类型测验（UK）的兴奋性和偏差指数等。因此在评
价情绪稳定性时，一定要综合评价，全面衡量；（2）UK测验的兴奋性指
标可以反映被试的反应性；而反应性的高低和被试在较高应激水平时的倩
绪稳定性和作业能力有关：（3）初步建立了心理稳定性模型。
研究结论：情绪稳定性是飞行学员极为重要的一项心理品质，它直接
影响飞行学员在应激环境下的作业水平，而人格（气质）。认知评价等个
性特征是情绪稳定性的重要影响因素。
Emotional stability is basic psychological character which is essential for such professional activities as aviation and space, etc. which are high dangerous and high cognitive workload. Meanwhile it is precondition that the high tech tasks are accomplished under the special condition and circumstances as well. The flying achievements and the ability to deal with flying emergency are close related to the pilot's emotional stability. Therefore, studies on effective prediction of emotional stability and the relationship between the flying cadets' emotional stability and the influencing personality traits are very important.
There were 353 flying cadets of civil aviation as subjects in this research. Firstly, through the literature search and analyse on the research's purpose, determined the operating definition of emotional stability. Secondly, through the interviews with 63 pilots and job analyse of flight, the evaluating system of criteria on flying cadets' emotional stability has been founded, integrating the operating definition. Thirdly, some dimension and some questions concerned were selected from MMPI, EPQ and ANSLE. And on the basis of former study, questionnaires on situational cognition were worked out. And UK test was chosen as a judgment test of temperament.
The subjects' scores of psychological admission test for flying cadets and the achievements of academic study, and of the selected flying test and of the first-single flying test were available as working performance. The subjects'
flying operation in cabin were evaluated by their flying coaches as well. Fourthly, the subjects' personality traits, the traits of the situational cognition and the working performance were evaluated with the battery mentioned above. Lastly, the effective predicated indexes were selected with statistical method.
The main results:
1. Found the evaluating system of criteria on flying cadets' emotional stability and the measure of personality traits influencing emotional stability.
2. Found the significantly relationship between the emotional stability and the flying performance in cabin.
3. EPQ-N was found to be significantly correlated to MMPI-MAS, MMPI-A, attitude towards test, attitude towards flight and self-cognition.
4. Among the indexes of personality, the significantly correlationship between MMPI-MAS, EPQ-N and 2 factors of criterion, 'the general emotional stability' and 'flying tension' were found.
5. Among the situational cognitions, 'self-cognition' was found to be significantly correlated to 'the general emotional stability' and 'emotional expression in flight'.
6. In UK test, the significantly correlation was found among 'excitability', 'disorder' and all the 3 factors of criterion.
7. The significantly correlation among flying operation, scores of psychological admission test for flying cadets and all the 3 factors of criterion were found.
8. A comprehensive evaluation with the indexes above got a satisfied predicted conclusion on another samples, 18 flying cadets.
9. Among all of the indexes, working performance under stress condition was the most effective.
Theory proved:
1. Emotional stability consists of two kinds, one is under high stress and another is in general condition. Only viewing from personality, emotional stability in general condition can be evaluated with EPQ-N, MMPI-MAS and 'excitability' and 'disorder' of UK test. As for the emotional stability in general condition, the effective evaluating indexes include working performance under high stress, self-cognition, 'excitability' and 'disorder' of UK test. Therefore when the emotional stability is evaluated, the integrated methods must be used.
5
2. The excitability of UK can reflect the subjects' temperamental reaction, and the degree of reaction is related to their emotional stability and working performance under high stress.
3. build up a basic model for psychological stability.
Conclusion: Emotional stability is a vital psychological character for flying cade
引文
1 叶奕乾, 何存道, 梁宁建. 普通能心理学. 华东师范大学出版社, 2000:343-345
2． John TC, Wendi LG. Emotion. Annu.Rev.Psychol. 1999． 50:191-214
3． Strongman KT. The Psychology of Emotion (4th. Eds.). Theories of Emotion in Perspective. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 1996:10-35
4． David GM.Psychology.New York:Worth Publishers. 1995:433-459
5． Gray JA. Three fundamental emotion systems.In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.).The Nature of Emotion.New York: Oxford. 1994． 243-247
6． Arnold M. Emotion and personality. New York:Columbia University Press. 1960
7． Izard CE. Human emotions. New york: Plenum. 1977
8． Izard CE et al. Emotions system functioning and emotion regulation. Judy Garber and Kenneth A. Godge (Eds.). The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation.Cambrige University Press.l991:303-322
9． Izard CE,Libero DZ, Putnam P et al. Stability of emotion experiences and their relation to traits of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993(64) :847-860
10． Garlson JG, Hatfiedld E. Psychology of emotions.Fort Worth,1991
11． Reber AS.Penguin Dictionary of Psychology. Penguin Books Ltd,Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1985
12． Solomon RL,Corbit JD.An opponent-process theory of motivation.Temporal dynamics of affect.Psychol Rev. 1974,81 (2) : 119-45
13． Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SBG.Personality structure and measurement.San Diego, CA:Knapp. 1969
14． Izard CE. The face of emotion.New York:Appleton-Century-Crofts.1971
15． Gross JJ, Levenson RW. Emotional Suppression: Physiology, self-report,and expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993,64(6) :970-986
16． Gross JJ, Levenson RW.Hiding feeling: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1997,106(1) :95-103
17． Lazarus RS. On the primacy of cognition. American Psychologist. 1984;39: 124-129
18． Lazarus RS, Folkman S.Stress, Coping and Appraisal.New York:Springer. 1984
19． Lang PJ. Cognition in emotion:Concept and action.In C. E.Izard,J.Kagan, & R. B.Zajonc(Eds), Emotion,Cognition and Behavior.Cambrige University Press. 1968:192-228
20． Lang PJ. The emotion probe:Srudies of motivation and attention.American Psychologist. 1995,50:372-385
21． Buck R.The prime theory: An integrated view of motivation and emotion. Psychological Review. 1985,92:389-413
22． Cacioppo JT. Klein DJ, Bemstson GG et al.The psychophysiology of emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.). Handbook of emotions. New York: Guilford. 1993:119-142
23． Campos J J.Campos RG.Barrett KC. Emergent themes in the study of emotional development and emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology. 1989． 25． 394-402
24． Clore GL.Ortony A. Some Issues for a cognitive theory of emotion.Cahiers de Psychologic Cognitive. 1984,4:53-57
25． LeDoux JE. Emotional processing.but not emotions, can occur unconsciously. In Paul Ekman and Richard J Davison(Eds). The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions.New York:Oxford University Press. 1994,291-293
26． Zajonc RB. Evidence for nonconscious emotions.In Paul Ekman and Richard J Davison (Eds),The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions.New York: Oxford University Press. 1994,293-298
27． James W.What is an emotion? Mind.l884,9:188-205
28． Cannon WB.Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and rage. New York: Appleton. 1929
29． Chwalisz K, Diener E,Gallagher D.Autonomic arousal feedback and emotional experience:evidence from the spinal cord injured. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988,54:820-828
30． Ekman P. Darwin and cross-cultural studies of facial expression. In P. Ekman (Ed.),Darwin and Facial expression:A century reseach in review. New York:Academic Press. 1973:1-83
31． Mandler G.Constructivisit theory of emotion.In N. L. Stein, B. Leventhal, & T. Trabasso{Eds.), Psychological and biological approaches to emotion. Hillsdale,NJ:ErIbaum. 1990,21-43
32． Stein NL, Levine LJ.Making sense of emotion: The representation and use of goal structured knowledge.In N.L.Stein,B. Leventhal, & T.Trabasso (Eds.),Psychological and biological approaches to emotion.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 1990:45-73
33． Izard CE. The Structure and functions of emotions: Implications for cognition, motivation, and personality In I.S.Cohen (Ed): The G.Stanley Hall Lecture Series. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. 1989,9:39-73
34． Izard CE,Youngstrom EA. The activation and regulation of fear and anxiety. In D, A. Hope et al.(Ed.): Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Perspectives on anxiety, panic, and fear. Current Theory and Research in Motivation. Lincoln, Ne.USA.University of Nebraska Press. 1995:1-59
35． Gross JJ,Sutton SK,Ketelaar TV. Relations between affect and personality: Support for the affect-level and affective-reactivity view.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1998,24:279-288
36． Zuckerman M, Kolin EA, Price L et al.Development of a sensation seeking
scale. Journal of Consulting Psychology. 1964,28:477-482
37. McNair, Douglas M.Profile of Mood States. Edits/Educational and Industrial Testing Service. San Diego, California. 1992
38．孟昭兰．为什么面部表情可以作为情绪研究的客观指标．心理学报．1987，2：124-134
39. Campos JJ, Mumme DL, Kermoian R et al. A punctionalist perspective on the nature of emotion. In Nathan A. Fox(Ed.), The Development of Emotion Regulation: Biological and Behavioral Considerations. Monographs of the society for research in child development. Serial no. 240, 1994,59:2-3,284-304
40. Scherer KR. Vocal affect expression: A review and a model for future research. Psychological Bulletin. 1986,99:143-165
41. Scherer KR, Wallbott H. Evidence for universality and cultural variation of differential emotion response patterning. Journal of personality and Social Psychology. 1994,66:310-328
42. Ekman P, Friesen WV. Facial Action Coding System. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press. 1978
43. Izard CE. The Maximally Discrimination Facial Movement Coding System(MAX). Newark: Instructional Resources Center. University of Delaware. 1979
44. Izard CE. A System for Identifying Affect Expression by Hoslistic Judgments(Affex). Newark: Instructional Resources Center. University of Delaware. 1980
45．朱智贤．心理学大辞典．北京：北京师范大学出版社，1989：504
46．张春兴．张氏心理学大辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1991：225
47．陈仲庚，张雨新．人格心理学．辽宁人民出版社，1986：117-149
48．高玉祥．个性心理学．北京师范大学出版社．1993：262-279
49．王煜蕙，靳同朝，张志林．军事飞行员心理创伤后应激反应与心理干预效果．中华航空航天医学杂志，1999，4(10)：23-26
50．武国城．对空军飞行学员心理选拔工作的看法和建议．中华航空医学杂志．19945(1)：17-20
51．王登峰．大五人格因素的分类系统．见：陈仲庚，甘怡群主编．人格心理学概要．北京：时代文化出版公司，1993．301-328
52．罗珊红．人格心理学的未来：等待“大一”．心理学动态．1998，4：45-48
53. Iglesias GC,Gimeno TA,Diaz CI,Inda CM.Pilot study on personality disorders evaluation. Categorical DSM-IV vs. dimensional five factor models. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2000 28(2):71-76
54. Pervin LA, John OP. Handbook of personality: Theory and research. New York: The Guilford Press. 1999
55. King RE, McGlohn SE, Retzlaff PD.Female United States Air Force pilot personality: the new right stuff. Mil Med. 1997, 162(10):695-697
56. Personality of married couples and marital compatibility.Vargha A. Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle. 1992-1993, 48-49(1-2): 61-98
57. Frye C M.The effect of emotional stability on job satisfaction:A meta-analysis.Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 2001, 61(11-A): 4568
58. Westermann R, Stahl G, Hesse FW, Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: a meta-analysis. Eur J Soc Psychol. 1996,26: 557
59．简．斯特里劳．气质心理学．辽宁人民出版社．1987：144-279
60. Michel W, Shoda Y.A cognitive-affective system theory, of personality: Reconceptualizing situations,dispositions,dynamics and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review. 1995,102(2):246-268
61. Shoda Y,Michel W. Toward a unified, intra-individual,dynamic conception of personality.Journal of Personality Research, 1996,30(3):414-428.
62. Nowicki SJ,Duke MP. The locus of control scale for college as well as Noncollege adults. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1974,38:36-137
63．赵国秋，王义强，陈树林．ANSIE在我国成年人中的应用．中国临床心理学杂志：2000，8(3)：184-185
64．高珂，孙谕，霍金芝等．心理控制源、个性及焦虑与学习成绩初．中国心理卫生杂志：1997，11(5)：289-290
65．聂晶，赵明，单林．关于非智力因素对学生学习成绩影响的调查研究．中国高等医学教育．2000，2：47-50
66．赵国秋，孙建胜，王义强等．心理控制感对心理健康水平的影响．中国心理卫生杂志：2000．14(6)：370-372
67．龚耀先，艾森克人格问卷在我国的修订[J]．心理科学通讯，1984，4：11-17
68．李心天主编．医学心理学．北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社．1998：707-709
69．MMPI全国协作组，中国人使用明尼苏达多项人格测验表的结果分析，心理学报，1985，4：346-354
70．胡坚强，薛军．焦虑症患者MMPI及16PF测试结果分析．健康心理学杂志．2000，8(1)：99-100
71．刘福源，许天红，赵燕．第十次--第十四次南极考察队员心理状况的研究．中国心理卫生杂志2000，14(6)：364-366
72．张力为．赛前情绪的因素结构、自陈评定及注意特征．体育科学．2000：20(4)：57-59
73. Takimoto T, Yamada K, Aoyagi Y. Work curve characteristics of preschool children by Uchida-Kraepelin psychodiagnostic test Shinrigaku Kenkyu. 1984,55(5):307-310
74. Oishi K, Kamimura M, Nigorikawa T, Individual differences in physiological responses and type A behavior pattern Appl Human Sci. 1999,18(3): 101-108
75．日精研．人才能力测定研究所．内田-克莱佩林使用指导手册．1999
76．邓光辉，孔克勤．内田-克雷佩林心理测验在我国的适用研究．心理科学．1995．18(4)：230-233
77. Kashiwagi S, Yanai H, Aoki T, Tamai H, Tanaka Y, Hokugoh K. A factor analytic study of the items for the personality description based on the principle of the three traits theory for the work curve of addition of the Uchida-Kraepelin psychodiagnostic test Shinrigaku Kenkyu 1985,56(3): 179-82
78．内田纯平．内田-克莱佩林心理测验的数量评价法．日本精神技术研究所．1991：3-21
79. Kato T, Murashita J, Shioiri T, Relationship of energy metabolism detected by 31 P-MRS in the human brain with mental fatigue. Neuropsychobiology. 1999,39(4): 214-218
80．孔克勤，朱晨海，马前锋，违法犯罪者人格多种方法研究．心理科学．1997，20：307-310
81. Yamashita H,Fujikawa T, FAU YI.Cognitive dysfunction in recovered depressive patients with silent cerebral infarction. Neuropsychobiology 2002:45(1): 12-8.
82. Lindsley DB. Psychophysiology, and motivation. In M. R. Jone(Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1957;44-105
83. Gross JJ. Emotion and emotion regulation. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John(Eds.). Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research(2nd. Ed.) New York: Guilford. 2000
84. Sapolsky RM. Why Zebras don' t get ulcers: A guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping. New York: W. H. Freeman 1994
85. Fisher L. Stress and Cardiovascular physiology in animals. In M. R. Brown, K. G. F, & C. Rivier(Eds) 1991
86. Kopp CB. Regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental review. Developmental Psychology. 1989;25:343-354
87．陈树林，郑全全．应激源、认知评价与抑郁障碍的关系研究．中国临床心理学杂志，2000，8(2)：104-106
88．谢晓非．乐观与冒险．北京大学学报(自然科学版)．2001，37(06)：34-39
89．皇甫恩：苗丹民主编．航空航天心理学．陕西科学技术出版社．2000：114-121
90. Goeters KM, Timmermann B, Maschke E The construction of personality questionnaires for selection of aviation personnel. International Journal of Aviation Psychology. 1993, 3(2): 123-141
91. Siem F M, Murray M W. Personality factors affecting pilot combat performance: A preliminary investigation. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine. 1994,65(5, Sect 2, Suppl): A45-A48
92. Siem FM,Murray MW. Personality factors affecting pilot combat performance: a preliminary investigation. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1994,65(5 Suppl):A45-48
93. Walters LC, Miller MR, Ree MJ.Structured interviews for pilot selection: no incremental validity. Interna J Avi Psy. 1993, 3(1): 25-38
94．宋华淼主编．航空心理测验法．中国民航出版社，1995
95. Sekiguchi C,Umikura S. Sone K, et al. Psychological evaluation of Japanese astronaut applicants. Avi Space Environ Med. 1994, 65(10, Sect 1): 920-924
96. Hunter DR, Burke EF. Handbook of pilot selection. Ashgate Publishing Company. USA, 1995
97. Harss C, Kastner M, Beerman L. The impact of personality and task characteristics on stress and strain during helicopter flight. Interna J Avi Psy. 1991, 1(4):301-318
98. Alan. S,Kirsten,K.Flight stress:stress,fatigue and performance in aviation. Great Britain at the Universtiy Press. 1994
99．张其吉，王芳琳，白延强．飞行员个性的研究．航天医学与医学工程．1996，9(2)：91-96
100．王扬，柴光军，高春玉．康奈尔健康量表评价飞行学员心理健康状况的前瞻性研究．解放军医学杂志，1998．23：21-22
101. Loehlin C J, Latent Variable Models: an introduction to factor, path and structural analysis. Third Edition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, New Jersey, 1998
102. Keith TZ. Using Confirmatory factor analysis to aid in understanding the constructs by intelligence tests. In D. P. Flanagan, J. L. Genschaft, & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issue. New York: Guilford, 1997
103. Marsh H W & Byrne B M. Confirmatory factor analysis of multitrait-multimethod self-concept data: Between-group and within-group invariance constraints. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1993, 28:313-349
104. Rindskopf D & Rose T. Some theory and applications of confirmatory second-order factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1988, 23:51-67
105. Tabachnick B G. & Fidell L S. Using Multivariate Statistics. HarperCollins College Publishers. New York, 1996
106. Kite A L. Flight stress: fatigue, and performance in aviation. Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge, 1994
107. Feldman BL. Discrete emotion or dimensions? The role of valence focus and arousal focus. Cognition and Emotion, 1998, 12:579-599
108. Borella P, Bargellini A, & Rovesti S. Emotional stability, anxiety, and natural killer activity under examination stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1999, 24(6): 613-27
109．苗丹民，胡文东，游旭群，张其吉，白延强．飞行技术水平多效标评价系统与Sternberg 双重任务测验效度分析．中华航空航天医学杂志，1997，8(3)：149-153
110. Miao Danmin, Hu Wendong, You Xuqun, Zhang Qiji and Bai Yanqiang. The Multiple-criterion Evaluative System for Flight Ability and Validity Analysis of the Sternberg Double-task Chinese Journal of Aerospace Medicine, 1997,8(3): 149-153
111. Bagozzi R P & Yi Y. On the use of structural equation models in experimental designs. Journal of Marketing Research, 1989, 26:271-284
112．刘平，王耀武．民航飞行学员心理选拔使用指南．中国民航飞行学院．1999，11
113．姜乾金．黄丽．卢杭生．等．生活事件、情绪、应对与心身症状探讨．中国心理卫生杂志．1996：10(4)：180
114．姜乾金．心理社会应激因素的综合评估初探．中国临床心理学杂志．1998．7(3)：182-184
115．李血英．PTSD的认知理论及认知行为治疗．中国临床心理学杂志．1999，7(2)：125-128
116．肖玮，苗丹民，王京生．内田-克莱佩林测验在民航飞行学员选拔中的应用．中国心理卫生杂志．2002．16(4)：249-251
117．肖玮．苗丹民．王京生．飞行学员情绪稳定性与工作绩效的关系研究．中国行为医学科学．200211(1)：59-60
2． John TC, Wendi LG. Emotion. Annu.Rev.Psychol. 1999． 50:191-214
3． Strongman KT. The Psychology of Emotion (4th. Eds.). Theories of Emotion in Perspective. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 1996:10-35
4． David GM.Psychology.New York:Worth Publishers. 1995:433-459
5． Gray JA. Three fundamental emotion systems.In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.).The Nature of Emotion.New York: Oxford. 1994． 243-247
6． Arnold M. Emotion and personality. New York:Columbia University Press. 1960
7． Izard CE. Human emotions. New york: Plenum. 1977
8． Izard CE et al. Emotions system functioning and emotion regulation. Judy Garber and Kenneth A. Godge (Eds.). The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation.Cambrige University Press.l991:303-322
9． Izard CE,Libero DZ, Putnam P et al. Stability of emotion experiences and their relation to traits of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993(64) :847-860
10． Garlson JG, Hatfiedld E. Psychology of emotions.Fort Worth,1991
11． Reber AS.Penguin Dictionary of Psychology. Penguin Books Ltd,Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1985
12． Solomon RL,Corbit JD.An opponent-process theory of motivation.Temporal dynamics of affect.Psychol Rev. 1974,81 (2) : 119-45
13． Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SBG.Personality structure and measurement.San Diego, CA:Knapp. 1969
14． Izard CE. The face of emotion.New York:Appleton-Century-Crofts.1971
15． Gross JJ, Levenson RW. Emotional Suppression: Physiology, self-report,and expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993,64(6) :970-986
16． Gross JJ, Levenson RW.Hiding feeling: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1997,106(1) :95-103
17． Lazarus RS. On the primacy of cognition. American Psychologist. 1984;39: 124-129
18． Lazarus RS, Folkman S.Stress, Coping and Appraisal.New York:Springer. 1984
19． Lang PJ. Cognition in emotion:Concept and action.In C. E.Izard,J.Kagan, & R. B.Zajonc(Eds), Emotion,Cognition and Behavior.Cambrige University Press. 1968:192-228
20． Lang PJ. The emotion probe:Srudies of motivation and attention.American Psychologist. 1995,50:372-385
21． Buck R.The prime theory: An integrated view of motivation and emotion. Psychological Review. 1985,92:389-413
22． Cacioppo JT. Klein DJ, Bemstson GG et al.The psychophysiology of emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.). Handbook of emotions. New York: Guilford. 1993:119-142
23． Campos J J.Campos RG.Barrett KC. Emergent themes in the study of emotional development and emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology. 1989． 25． 394-402
24． Clore GL.Ortony A. Some Issues for a cognitive theory of emotion.Cahiers de Psychologic Cognitive. 1984,4:53-57
25． LeDoux JE. Emotional processing.but not emotions, can occur unconsciously. In Paul Ekman and Richard J Davison(Eds). The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions.New York:Oxford University Press. 1994,291-293
26． Zajonc RB. Evidence for nonconscious emotions.In Paul Ekman and Richard J Davison (Eds),The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions.New York: Oxford University Press. 1994,293-298
27． James W.What is an emotion? Mind.l884,9:188-205
28． Cannon WB.Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and rage. New York: Appleton. 1929
29． Chwalisz K, Diener E,Gallagher D.Autonomic arousal feedback and emotional experience:evidence from the spinal cord injured. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988,54:820-828
30． Ekman P. Darwin and cross-cultural studies of facial expression. In P. Ekman (Ed.),Darwin and Facial expression:A century reseach in review. New York:Academic Press. 1973:1-83
31． Mandler G.Constructivisit theory of emotion.In N. L. Stein, B. Leventhal, & T. Trabasso{Eds.), Psychological and biological approaches to emotion. Hillsdale,NJ:ErIbaum. 1990,21-43
32． Stein NL, Levine LJ.Making sense of emotion: The representation and use of goal structured knowledge.In N.L.Stein,B. Leventhal, & T.Trabasso (Eds.),Psychological and biological approaches to emotion.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 1990:45-73
33． Izard CE. The Structure and functions of emotions: Implications for cognition, motivation, and personality In I.S.Cohen (Ed): The G.Stanley Hall Lecture Series. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. 1989,9:39-73
34． Izard CE,Youngstrom EA. The activation and regulation of fear and anxiety. In D, A. Hope et al.(Ed.): Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Perspectives on anxiety, panic, and fear. Current Theory and Research in Motivation. Lincoln, Ne.USA.University of Nebraska Press. 1995:1-59
35． Gross JJ,Sutton SK,Ketelaar TV. Relations between affect and personality: Support for the affect-level and affective-reactivity view.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1998,24:279-288
36． Zuckerman M, Kolin EA, Price L et al.Development of a sensation seeking
scale. Journal of Consulting Psychology. 1964,28:477-482
37. McNair, Douglas M.Profile of Mood States. Edits/Educational and Industrial Testing Service. San Diego, California. 1992
38．孟昭兰．为什么面部表情可以作为情绪研究的客观指标．心理学报．1987，2：124-134
39. Campos JJ, Mumme DL, Kermoian R et al. A punctionalist perspective on the nature of emotion. In Nathan A. Fox(Ed.), The Development of Emotion Regulation: Biological and Behavioral Considerations. Monographs of the society for research in child development. Serial no. 240, 1994,59:2-3,284-304
40. Scherer KR. Vocal affect expression: A review and a model for future research. Psychological Bulletin. 1986,99:143-165
41. Scherer KR, Wallbott H. Evidence for universality and cultural variation of differential emotion response patterning. Journal of personality and Social Psychology. 1994,66:310-328
42. Ekman P, Friesen WV. Facial Action Coding System. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press. 1978
43. Izard CE. The Maximally Discrimination Facial Movement Coding System(MAX). Newark: Instructional Resources Center. University of Delaware. 1979
44. Izard CE. A System for Identifying Affect Expression by Hoslistic Judgments(Affex). Newark: Instructional Resources Center. University of Delaware. 1980
45．朱智贤．心理学大辞典．北京：北京师范大学出版社，1989：504
46．张春兴．张氏心理学大辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1991：225
47．陈仲庚，张雨新．人格心理学．辽宁人民出版社，1986：117-149
48．高玉祥．个性心理学．北京师范大学出版社．1993：262-279
49．王煜蕙，靳同朝，张志林．军事飞行员心理创伤后应激反应与心理干预效果．中华航空航天医学杂志，1999，4(10)：23-26
50．武国城．对空军飞行学员心理选拔工作的看法和建议．中华航空医学杂志．19945(1)：17-20
51．王登峰．大五人格因素的分类系统．见：陈仲庚，甘怡群主编．人格心理学概要．北京：时代文化出版公司，1993．301-328
52．罗珊红．人格心理学的未来：等待“大一”．心理学动态．1998，4：45-48
53. Iglesias GC,Gimeno TA,Diaz CI,Inda CM.Pilot study on personality disorders evaluation. Categorical DSM-IV vs. dimensional five factor models. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2000 28(2):71-76
54. Pervin LA, John OP. Handbook of personality: Theory and research. New York: The Guilford Press. 1999
55. King RE, McGlohn SE, Retzlaff PD.Female United States Air Force pilot personality: the new right stuff. Mil Med. 1997, 162(10):695-697
56. Personality of married couples and marital compatibility.Vargha A. Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle. 1992-1993, 48-49(1-2): 61-98
57. Frye C M.The effect of emotional stability on job satisfaction:A meta-analysis.Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 2001, 61(11-A): 4568
58. Westermann R, Stahl G, Hesse FW, Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: a meta-analysis. Eur J Soc Psychol. 1996,26: 557
59．简．斯特里劳．气质心理学．辽宁人民出版社．1987：144-279
60. Michel W, Shoda Y.A cognitive-affective system theory, of personality: Reconceptualizing situations,dispositions,dynamics and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review. 1995,102(2):246-268
61. Shoda Y,Michel W. Toward a unified, intra-individual,dynamic conception of personality.Journal of Personality Research, 1996,30(3):414-428.
62. Nowicki SJ,Duke MP. The locus of control scale for college as well as Noncollege adults. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1974,38:36-137
63．赵国秋，王义强，陈树林．ANSIE在我国成年人中的应用．中国临床心理学杂志：2000，8(3)：184-185
64．高珂，孙谕，霍金芝等．心理控制源、个性及焦虑与学习成绩初．中国心理卫生杂志：1997，11(5)：289-290
65．聂晶，赵明，单林．关于非智力因素对学生学习成绩影响的调查研究．中国高等医学教育．2000，2：47-50
66．赵国秋，孙建胜，王义强等．心理控制感对心理健康水平的影响．中国心理卫生杂志：2000．14(6)：370-372
67．龚耀先，艾森克人格问卷在我国的修订[J]．心理科学通讯，1984，4：11-17
68．李心天主编．医学心理学．北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社．1998：707-709
69．MMPI全国协作组，中国人使用明尼苏达多项人格测验表的结果分析，心理学报，1985，4：346-354
70．胡坚强，薛军．焦虑症患者MMPI及16PF测试结果分析．健康心理学杂志．2000，8(1)：99-100
71．刘福源，许天红，赵燕．第十次--第十四次南极考察队员心理状况的研究．中国心理卫生杂志2000，14(6)：364-366
72．张力为．赛前情绪的因素结构、自陈评定及注意特征．体育科学．2000：20(4)：57-59
73. Takimoto T, Yamada K, Aoyagi Y. Work curve characteristics of preschool children by Uchida-Kraepelin psychodiagnostic test Shinrigaku Kenkyu. 1984,55(5):307-310
74. Oishi K, Kamimura M, Nigorikawa T, Individual differences in physiological responses and type A behavior pattern Appl Human Sci. 1999,18(3): 101-108
75．日精研．人才能力测定研究所．内田-克莱佩林使用指导手册．1999
76．邓光辉，孔克勤．内田-克雷佩林心理测验在我国的适用研究．心理科学．1995．18(4)：230-233
77. Kashiwagi S, Yanai H, Aoki T, Tamai H, Tanaka Y, Hokugoh K. A factor analytic study of the items for the personality description based on the principle of the three traits theory for the work curve of addition of the Uchida-Kraepelin psychodiagnostic test Shinrigaku Kenkyu 1985,56(3): 179-82
78．内田纯平．内田-克莱佩林心理测验的数量评价法．日本精神技术研究所．1991：3-21
79. Kato T, Murashita J, Shioiri T, Relationship of energy metabolism detected by 31 P-MRS in the human brain with mental fatigue. Neuropsychobiology. 1999,39(4): 214-218
80．孔克勤，朱晨海，马前锋，违法犯罪者人格多种方法研究．心理科学．1997，20：307-310
81. Yamashita H,Fujikawa T, FAU YI.Cognitive dysfunction in recovered depressive patients with silent cerebral infarction. Neuropsychobiology 2002:45(1): 12-8.
82. Lindsley DB. Psychophysiology, and motivation. In M. R. Jone(Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1957;44-105
83. Gross JJ. Emotion and emotion regulation. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John(Eds.). Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research(2nd. Ed.) New York: Guilford. 2000
84. Sapolsky RM. Why Zebras don' t get ulcers: A guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping. New York: W. H. Freeman 1994
85. Fisher L. Stress and Cardiovascular physiology in animals. In M. R. Brown, K. G. F, & C. Rivier(Eds) 1991
86. Kopp CB. Regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental review. Developmental Psychology. 1989;25:343-354
87．陈树林，郑全全．应激源、认知评价与抑郁障碍的关系研究．中国临床心理学杂志，2000，8(2)：104-106
88．谢晓非．乐观与冒险．北京大学学报(自然科学版)．2001，37(06)：34-39
89．皇甫恩：苗丹民主编．航空航天心理学．陕西科学技术出版社．2000：114-121
90. Goeters KM, Timmermann B, Maschke E The construction of personality questionnaires for selection of aviation personnel. International Journal of Aviation Psychology. 1993, 3(2): 123-141
91. Siem F M, Murray M W. Personality factors affecting pilot combat performance: A preliminary investigation. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine. 1994,65(5, Sect 2, Suppl): A45-A48
92. Siem FM,Murray MW. Personality factors affecting pilot combat performance: a preliminary investigation. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1994,65(5 Suppl):A45-48
93. Walters LC, Miller MR, Ree MJ.Structured interviews for pilot selection: no incremental validity. Interna J Avi Psy. 1993, 3(1): 25-38
94．宋华淼主编．航空心理测验法．中国民航出版社，1995
95. Sekiguchi C,Umikura S. Sone K, et al. Psychological evaluation of Japanese astronaut applicants. Avi Space Environ Med. 1994, 65(10, Sect 1): 920-924
96. Hunter DR, Burke EF. Handbook of pilot selection. Ashgate Publishing Company. USA, 1995
97. Harss C, Kastner M, Beerman L. The impact of personality and task characteristics on stress and strain during helicopter flight. Interna J Avi Psy. 1991, 1(4):301-318
98. Alan. S,Kirsten,K.Flight stress:stress,fatigue and performance in aviation. Great Britain at the Universtiy Press. 1994
99．张其吉，王芳琳，白延强．飞行员个性的研究．航天医学与医学工程．1996，9(2)：91-96
100．王扬，柴光军，高春玉．康奈尔健康量表评价飞行学员心理健康状况的前瞻性研究．解放军医学杂志，1998．23：21-22
101. Loehlin C J, Latent Variable Models: an introduction to factor, path and structural analysis. Third Edition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, New Jersey, 1998
102. Keith TZ. Using Confirmatory factor analysis to aid in understanding the constructs by intelligence tests. In D. P. Flanagan, J. L. Genschaft, & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issue. New York: Guilford, 1997
103. Marsh H W & Byrne B M. Confirmatory factor analysis of multitrait-multimethod self-concept data: Between-group and within-group invariance constraints. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1993, 28:313-349
104. Rindskopf D & Rose T. Some theory and applications of confirmatory second-order factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1988, 23:51-67
105. Tabachnick B G. & Fidell L S. Using Multivariate Statistics. HarperCollins College Publishers. New York, 1996
106. Kite A L. Flight stress: fatigue, and performance in aviation. Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge, 1994
107. Feldman BL. Discrete emotion or dimensions? The role of valence focus and arousal focus. Cognition and Emotion, 1998, 12:579-599
108. Borella P, Bargellini A, & Rovesti S. Emotional stability, anxiety, and natural killer activity under examination stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1999, 24(6): 613-27
109．苗丹民，胡文东，游旭群，张其吉，白延强．飞行技术水平多效标评价系统与Sternberg 双重任务测验效度分析．中华航空航天医学杂志，1997，8(3)：149-153
110. Miao Danmin, Hu Wendong, You Xuqun, Zhang Qiji and Bai Yanqiang. The Multiple-criterion Evaluative System for Flight Ability and Validity Analysis of the Sternberg Double-task Chinese Journal of Aerospace Medicine, 1997,8(3): 149-153
111. Bagozzi R P & Yi Y. On the use of structural equation models in experimental designs. Journal of Marketing Research, 1989, 26:271-284
112．刘平，王耀武．民航飞行学员心理选拔使用指南．中国民航飞行学院．1999，11
113．姜乾金．黄丽．卢杭生．等．生活事件、情绪、应对与心身症状探讨．中国心理卫生杂志．1996：10(4)：180
114．姜乾金．心理社会应激因素的综合评估初探．中国临床心理学杂志．1998．7(3)：182-184
115．李血英．PTSD的认知理论及认知行为治疗．中国临床心理学杂志．1999，7(2)：125-128
116．肖玮，苗丹民，王京生．内田-克莱佩林测验在民航飞行学员选拔中的应用．中国心理卫生杂志．2002．16(4)：249-251
117．肖玮．苗丹民．王京生．飞行学员情绪稳定性与工作绩效的关系研究．中国行为医学科学．200211(1)：59-60