通信兵职业心理适宜性研究
摘要
心理素质对军事作业有重要的影响，军事领域对此进行了大量的研究，但有关通信兵的研究尚未见诸报道，本文主要研究军队通信职业特点与通信兵应具备心理素质之间的关系，建立通信兵心理选拔标准。研究对象为某军区工作1年以上的通信专业技术人员469名，另有作为预测效度检验的报训队新兵70名，分别接受图形数字编码能力测验、瑞文标准推理测验、记忆广度测验、注意分配测验、敲击板测验、选择反应时测验、动作速度测验、动作稳定性测验、卡特尔16PF测验、康奈尔测验、抑郁自评量表测验、焦虑自评量表测验；同时进行专业水平评价。评定方法是根据考核成绩，由单位直接领导根据通信兵工作过程中的实际表现，按由高至低分为5、4、3、2、1五级给予评定。结果通信兵整体智力与专业水平呈正相关，但其它测验通信兵不同岗位人员与专业水平相关关系存在差异。报务专业是通信兵的重要岗位，报务人员记忆广
第四军医大学硕士学位论文
度、敲击速度、注意分配、动作稳定性与专业水平相关显著，而且新兵
报务人员训练前后记忆广度、敲击速度、动作稳定性与训练成绩正相关。
依据本项结论提出并建立了通信兵的选拔与分类标准。
Psychological trait has important effects on military work. Lots of research has been done in the fields of the military while little has been done on the signalmen. The aim of this research is to discuss the relationship between mental and vocational adaptation of signalmen and to set up psychological selection standard. 469 signalmen who have worked for more than one year and 70 new telegraph operators are subjected to Pattern Number Coding Ability Test, Raven's Progress Matrices, Memory Span Test, Distribution of Attention Test, Knocking Board Test, Choice Reaction Time Test, Action Speed Test, Action Stability Test, 16PF Test, Cornell Medical Index, SAS and SDS. hi the meanwhile their supervisors appraise the performance levels based on five grades from 5,4,3,2 and I . There is a positive relationship between the intelligence of signalmen and their performance level, signalmen at different positions differ in other test. The memory span test, distribution of attention test of telegraph operators who
-3-
work at important station is positively related to the performance level. Meanwhile, there is a positive relationship between the knocking board test, action stability test, memory span's score of new telegraph operators and performance level. Psychological trait has an important impact on signahnen' performance level, so we can use it to select and classify the signalmen.
第四军医大学硕士学位论文
度、敲击速度、注意分配、动作稳定性与专业水平相关显著，而且新兵
报务人员训练前后记忆广度、敲击速度、动作稳定性与训练成绩正相关。
依据本项结论提出并建立了通信兵的选拔与分类标准。
Psychological trait has important effects on military work. Lots of research has been done in the fields of the military while little has been done on the signalmen. The aim of this research is to discuss the relationship between mental and vocational adaptation of signalmen and to set up psychological selection standard. 469 signalmen who have worked for more than one year and 70 new telegraph operators are subjected to Pattern Number Coding Ability Test, Raven's Progress Matrices, Memory Span Test, Distribution of Attention Test, Knocking Board Test, Choice Reaction Time Test, Action Speed Test, Action Stability Test, 16PF Test, Cornell Medical Index, SAS and SDS. hi the meanwhile their supervisors appraise the performance levels based on five grades from 5,4,3,2 and I . There is a positive relationship between the intelligence of signalmen and their performance level, signalmen at different positions differ in other test. The memory span test, distribution of attention test of telegraph operators who
-3-
work at important station is positively related to the performance level. Meanwhile, there is a positive relationship between the knocking board test, action stability test, memory span's score of new telegraph operators and performance level. Psychological trait has an important impact on signahnen' performance level, so we can use it to select and classify the signalmen.
引文
1．赵景华，马金生主编．实用军事心理学词典．北京：国防大学出版社，1992．
2．沈善文，崔正华主编．新世纪旋风—世界军政显要谈高技术战争，北京：国防大学出版社，1993．
3．陆红军．人员测评与人事管理．郑州：河南人民出版社，1987；123-126
4．张春兴主编．现代心理学．上海：上海人民出版社，1999．
5．陈捷．个性与工作绩效关系研究的新进展．心理学动态，1999；7(2)：29-33
6．彭凯平主编．心理测验．北京：华夏出版社，1990．
7．陈仲庚，甘怡群主编．人格心理学概要．北京：时代文化出版社，1993．
8．王康，王通讯．人才知识手册．武汉：湖北科学技术出版社，1985：66-68．
9．杨家驹，陈力．人才定量考核方法．北京：能源出版社，1986：28-29．
10．叶建成．现代医学人才学[M]．南京：南京大学出版社，1997：97-111．
11．皇甫恩、苗丹民主编．航空航天心理学．西安：陕西科学技术出版社，2000年1月，第1版．
12．陆沪根．现代人事心理学．华东师范大学科技出版社，1997．
13．皇甫恩、苗丹民主编．医学心理学．西安：陕西科学技术出版社，1994年，第八版．
14．杨得森．行为医学．湖南师范大学出版社，1990．
15．游旭群，季浏，翟群等．中国大学生CLB试用结果的因素分析研究．心理科学，1996，19(6)：370-372．
16．彭聃龄主编．普通心理学．北京师范大学出版社，1988；10：166～169．
17. Wiskoff M F. and Rampton G M. Military personnel measurement: testing,assignment, evaluation. New York, Praeger Publishers, 1989; 3-5.
18. Schultz S, Schkade JK. Occupational adaptation: toward a holistic approach for contemporary practice, Part 2. Am J Occup Ther, 1992; 46(10): 917-925.
19. Henry H. Busciglio. Technical Report 883: the Incremental Validity of spatial and Perceptual-Psychomotor Test Relative to the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, U. S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
1990;5．
20． Gordon H.The cognitive lateral specialization of cognitive function.International Journal of Neuroscience,1986; 29: 223-224．
21． Witkin H A,Moore C A,Goodenough D R,Cox P W.Field dependent and field independent cognitive styles and their educational implications.Review of Educational Research,1977; 47(1) : 1-64
22． Austin J T,Villanoya P The Criterion Problem: 1917-1992． Journal of Applied Psychology,1992; 77:838
23． Bingham W V,Freyd M.Procedures in Employment Psychology.Washington.DC: SHOW,1926
24． Burtt H E.Principles of Employment Psychology.Boston: Houghton-Mifflin,1926
25． Viteles M S.Industrial Psychology.New York: Norton,1932
26． Ewart E,Seashore S E,Tiff in J.A Factor Analysis of An Industrial Merit rating Scale.Journal Of Applied Psychology,1941; 25:481-486
27． Rush C H,Jr.A Factorial Study of Scales Criteria.Personnel Psychology,1953; 6:9-24
28． Cascio W F.Applied Psychology in Personnel Management.2-ed.Virginia: Reston,1982; 115-116
29． Borman W C,Motowidlo S J.Expanding the Criterion Domain to Include Elements of Contextual Performance.In: Schmitt N,Borman W C ed.Personnel Selection in Organizations.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,1993; 77-98
30． Motowidlo S J,Van Scotter J R.Evidence that Task Performance Should be Distinguished From Contextual Performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,1994; 79:475-480
31． Conway J M.Analysis and Design of Mutitrait-multirater Performance Appraisal Studies.
32． Journal Manage,1996 ; 22:139-162．
33． Van Scotter J P,Motowidlo S J.Interpersonal Facilitation and Job Dedication as Separate Facets of Contextual Performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,1996; 81:525-531
34． Ghiselli E E.Dimensional Problems of Criteria.Journal of Applied Psychology.1956; 40: 1-4
35． Barrett G V,Caldwell M S,Alexander R A.The Concept of Dynamic Criteria: A Critical Reanalysis.Personnel Psychology,1985; 38:41-56
36． Austin J T,Humphrey L G,Hulin C L.Another vie,of Dynamic Criteria: A Critical Reanalysis of Barrett,Caldwell,and Alexander.Personnel psychology.1989; 42:583-596
37． Hanges P J,Schneider B,Niles K.Stability of Performance: An Interactionist Perspective.Journal of Applied Psychology,1990; 75:658-667
38． Hulin C L,Henry R A,Noon S L.Adding a Dimension: Time as A Factor in the Generalizability of Predictive Relationships.Psychological Bulletin,1990; 107:328-340
39． Hofmann D H,Jacobs R,Gerras S J.Mapping Individual Performance Over Time.Journal of Applied Psychology,1992; 77:185-195
40． Hofmann D H,Jacobs R,Baratta J E.Dynamic Criteria and the Measurement of Change.Journal of Applied Psychology,1993; 78:194-204
41． Sherman J A.Field articulation,sex,spatial visualization,dependency,practice,laterality of the brain and birth order.Perception and Motor Skills,1974; 38(2) : 1223-1235．
42． Wood,V.,Wylie,M.L.,Sheafor,B.,An analysis of a short selfreport measure of life satisfaction: Correlation with rater judgment.Journal of Gerontology,1969; 24．
43． Neugarten,B.L.,Havighrst,R.J.,Tobin,S.The measurement of life satisfaction.Journal of Gerontology,1961; 16．
44． Atchley,P.Perceptual style and tracking performance.International Journal of Aviation.Psychology,1991; 1(3) ,255-259．
45． Davis,J.K.Educational implications of field-dependence.In S.Wapner & J.Demick (Eds.),Field dependence-independence: Cognitive styles across the life span.Hillsdale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum,1991; 149-176．
46． Davis,J.K,Cochran K.F.An information processing view of field dependence-independence.Early Child Development and Care.1989; 43(2) ,129-145．
47． Endsley,M.R,Bolstad,C.A.Individual differences in pilot situation awareness.International Journal of Aviation Psychology,1994; 4(3) ,241-264．
48． Friederic,A.D.,Levelt,W.J.M.Resolving perceptual conflicts: the cognitive mechanism of spatial orientation.Aviation,Space Environmental Medicine,1987;
58(9) ,A164-169．
49． Gordon,H.The cognitive lateral specialization of cognitive function.International Journal of Neuroscience,1995; 29,223-224．
50． Gordon,H.Importance of spatial cognitive function in the selection of military pilots.Applied Psychology,1986; 89(1) ,38-44．
51． Jing,Q.C.Jiao,S.L.,& Ji,G.P.Human Visual Perception.Beijing: Science Publishing House,1987; 89-90
52． Kush,J.C.Field-dependence,cognitive ability,and academic achievement in Anglo American and Mexican American students.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,1996; 27(5) : 561-575．
53． Liu,N.,You X.Q.,Huangfu,E.,Huo,Q.,& Shang,N.The relationship between spatial cognitive characteristics and flying abilities in flight cadets.Chinese Journal of Aviation Medicine,1994; 5(2) ,21-24．
54． Ma,M.C.Fuzyy analysis for psychology.Guiyang: Guizhou Scientific and Technological Publishing House.1994; 167-187．
55． McGee,M.G.Human spatial abilities: Psychometric studies and environmental,genetic,hormonal,and neurological influences.Psychological Bulletin,1979; 86(3) ,889-918．
56． Oltman,P.K.,Raskin,E.,& Witkin,H.A.Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT).Palo Alto,CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.1971．
57． Sherman,J.A.Field articulation,sex,spatial visualization,dependency,practice,laterality of the brain and birth order.Perception and Motor Skills,1974; 38(2) ,1223-1235．
58． Witkin H A,Moore C A,Goodenough D R,Cox P W.Field dependent and field independent cognitive styles and their educational implications.Review of Educational Research,1977; 47(1) : 1-64．
59． Woodhouse,R.,& Woodhouse,R.A.Navigation errors in relation to controlled flight into the terrain.In R.S.Jensen (Ed.),Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology,Columbus: Ohio State University,Department of Aviation.1995; 1403-1404．
2．沈善文，崔正华主编．新世纪旋风—世界军政显要谈高技术战争，北京：国防大学出版社，1993．
3．陆红军．人员测评与人事管理．郑州：河南人民出版社，1987；123-126
4．张春兴主编．现代心理学．上海：上海人民出版社，1999．
5．陈捷．个性与工作绩效关系研究的新进展．心理学动态，1999；7(2)：29-33
6．彭凯平主编．心理测验．北京：华夏出版社，1990．
7．陈仲庚，甘怡群主编．人格心理学概要．北京：时代文化出版社，1993．
8．王康，王通讯．人才知识手册．武汉：湖北科学技术出版社，1985：66-68．
9．杨家驹，陈力．人才定量考核方法．北京：能源出版社，1986：28-29．
10．叶建成．现代医学人才学[M]．南京：南京大学出版社，1997：97-111．
11．皇甫恩、苗丹民主编．航空航天心理学．西安：陕西科学技术出版社，2000年1月，第1版．
12．陆沪根．现代人事心理学．华东师范大学科技出版社，1997．
13．皇甫恩、苗丹民主编．医学心理学．西安：陕西科学技术出版社，1994年，第八版．
14．杨得森．行为医学．湖南师范大学出版社，1990．
15．游旭群，季浏，翟群等．中国大学生CLB试用结果的因素分析研究．心理科学，1996，19(6)：370-372．
16．彭聃龄主编．普通心理学．北京师范大学出版社，1988；10：166～169．
17. Wiskoff M F. and Rampton G M. Military personnel measurement: testing,assignment, evaluation. New York, Praeger Publishers, 1989; 3-5.
18. Schultz S, Schkade JK. Occupational adaptation: toward a holistic approach for contemporary practice, Part 2. Am J Occup Ther, 1992; 46(10): 917-925.
19. Henry H. Busciglio. Technical Report 883: the Incremental Validity of spatial and Perceptual-Psychomotor Test Relative to the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, U. S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
1990;5．
20． Gordon H.The cognitive lateral specialization of cognitive function.International Journal of Neuroscience,1986; 29: 223-224．
21． Witkin H A,Moore C A,Goodenough D R,Cox P W.Field dependent and field independent cognitive styles and their educational implications.Review of Educational Research,1977; 47(1) : 1-64
22． Austin J T,Villanoya P The Criterion Problem: 1917-1992． Journal of Applied Psychology,1992; 77:838
23． Bingham W V,Freyd M.Procedures in Employment Psychology.Washington.DC: SHOW,1926
24． Burtt H E.Principles of Employment Psychology.Boston: Houghton-Mifflin,1926
25． Viteles M S.Industrial Psychology.New York: Norton,1932
26． Ewart E,Seashore S E,Tiff in J.A Factor Analysis of An Industrial Merit rating Scale.Journal Of Applied Psychology,1941; 25:481-486
27． Rush C H,Jr.A Factorial Study of Scales Criteria.Personnel Psychology,1953; 6:9-24
28． Cascio W F.Applied Psychology in Personnel Management.2-ed.Virginia: Reston,1982; 115-116
29． Borman W C,Motowidlo S J.Expanding the Criterion Domain to Include Elements of Contextual Performance.In: Schmitt N,Borman W C ed.Personnel Selection in Organizations.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,1993; 77-98
30． Motowidlo S J,Van Scotter J R.Evidence that Task Performance Should be Distinguished From Contextual Performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,1994; 79:475-480
31． Conway J M.Analysis and Design of Mutitrait-multirater Performance Appraisal Studies.
32． Journal Manage,1996 ; 22:139-162．
33． Van Scotter J P,Motowidlo S J.Interpersonal Facilitation and Job Dedication as Separate Facets of Contextual Performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,1996; 81:525-531
34． Ghiselli E E.Dimensional Problems of Criteria.Journal of Applied Psychology.1956; 40: 1-4
35． Barrett G V,Caldwell M S,Alexander R A.The Concept of Dynamic Criteria: A Critical Reanalysis.Personnel Psychology,1985; 38:41-56
36． Austin J T,Humphrey L G,Hulin C L.Another vie,of Dynamic Criteria: A Critical Reanalysis of Barrett,Caldwell,and Alexander.Personnel psychology.1989; 42:583-596
37． Hanges P J,Schneider B,Niles K.Stability of Performance: An Interactionist Perspective.Journal of Applied Psychology,1990; 75:658-667
38． Hulin C L,Henry R A,Noon S L.Adding a Dimension: Time as A Factor in the Generalizability of Predictive Relationships.Psychological Bulletin,1990; 107:328-340
39． Hofmann D H,Jacobs R,Gerras S J.Mapping Individual Performance Over Time.Journal of Applied Psychology,1992; 77:185-195
40． Hofmann D H,Jacobs R,Baratta J E.Dynamic Criteria and the Measurement of Change.Journal of Applied Psychology,1993; 78:194-204
41． Sherman J A.Field articulation,sex,spatial visualization,dependency,practice,laterality of the brain and birth order.Perception and Motor Skills,1974; 38(2) : 1223-1235．
42． Wood,V.,Wylie,M.L.,Sheafor,B.,An analysis of a short selfreport measure of life satisfaction: Correlation with rater judgment.Journal of Gerontology,1969; 24．
43． Neugarten,B.L.,Havighrst,R.J.,Tobin,S.The measurement of life satisfaction.Journal of Gerontology,1961; 16．
44． Atchley,P.Perceptual style and tracking performance.International Journal of Aviation.Psychology,1991; 1(3) ,255-259．
45． Davis,J.K.Educational implications of field-dependence.In S.Wapner & J.Demick (Eds.),Field dependence-independence: Cognitive styles across the life span.Hillsdale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum,1991; 149-176．
46． Davis,J.K,Cochran K.F.An information processing view of field dependence-independence.Early Child Development and Care.1989; 43(2) ,129-145．
47． Endsley,M.R,Bolstad,C.A.Individual differences in pilot situation awareness.International Journal of Aviation Psychology,1994; 4(3) ,241-264．
48． Friederic,A.D.,Levelt,W.J.M.Resolving perceptual conflicts: the cognitive mechanism of spatial orientation.Aviation,Space Environmental Medicine,1987;
58(9) ,A164-169．
49． Gordon,H.The cognitive lateral specialization of cognitive function.International Journal of Neuroscience,1995; 29,223-224．
50． Gordon,H.Importance of spatial cognitive function in the selection of military pilots.Applied Psychology,1986; 89(1) ,38-44．
51． Jing,Q.C.Jiao,S.L.,& Ji,G.P.Human Visual Perception.Beijing: Science Publishing House,1987; 89-90
52． Kush,J.C.Field-dependence,cognitive ability,and academic achievement in Anglo American and Mexican American students.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,1996; 27(5) : 561-575．
53． Liu,N.,You X.Q.,Huangfu,E.,Huo,Q.,& Shang,N.The relationship between spatial cognitive characteristics and flying abilities in flight cadets.Chinese Journal of Aviation Medicine,1994; 5(2) ,21-24．
54． Ma,M.C.Fuzyy analysis for psychology.Guiyang: Guizhou Scientific and Technological Publishing House.1994; 167-187．
55． McGee,M.G.Human spatial abilities: Psychometric studies and environmental,genetic,hormonal,and neurological influences.Psychological Bulletin,1979; 86(3) ,889-918．
56． Oltman,P.K.,Raskin,E.,& Witkin,H.A.Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT).Palo Alto,CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.1971．
57． Sherman,J.A.Field articulation,sex,spatial visualization,dependency,practice,laterality of the brain and birth order.Perception and Motor Skills,1974; 38(2) ,1223-1235．
58． Witkin H A,Moore C A,Goodenough D R,Cox P W.Field dependent and field independent cognitive styles and their educational implications.Review of Educational Research,1977; 47(1) : 1-64．
59． Woodhouse,R.,& Woodhouse,R.A.Navigation errors in relation to controlled flight into the terrain.In R.S.Jensen (Ed.),Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology,Columbus: Ohio State University,Department of Aviation.1995; 1403-1404．