基于DEMETER卫星地震电磁数据处理方法的研究
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摘要
强震前存在地震电磁异常现象已被大量强震震例所证实,分析地震电磁前兆已成为地震短临预测的有效手段。同时,伴随着国际地震电磁卫星的迅速发展,开展基于卫星地震电磁数据处理方法的研究,对地震短临预测及我国自主研发电磁卫星具有重要意义。
论文基于DEMETER卫星的数据和资料,在深入研究其它卫星电磁数据处理方法的基础上,详细分析了经典方法的缺陷,提出应用奇异值分解处理DEMETER卫星数据的合理性,对其局限性提出采用波分布函数法进行有益补充,并对一些地震电磁异常信号实例进行特性分析以证明本文方法的有效性。
论文首先研究了经典数据处理方法,包括小波分析、时频分析及功率谱分析等。公式推导及实际卫星数据分析表明这些经典方法只能初步分析信号的时频特性。
论文进而采用奇异值分解(SVD)方法深入分析了电磁辐射的极化特性以及波传播特性等,并用坡印廷矢量分析进行验证。实际卫星数据分析证明这两种方法对于异常电磁现象非常有效。奇异值分解对于单个平面波非常有效,但对于更复杂的多个波同时传播,这种方法就失去效用。
在之前工作的基础上,论文采用波分布函数法(WDF)对奇异值分解进行补充。实际卫星数据分析表明,WDF分析中的熵规则化算法得到了与平面波技术一致的结果,并且适用于多个波源的情况。
论文最后通过对几个典型震例的分析,证明本文提出的方法可有效处理异常电磁辐射,并对地震电磁异常现象的特点及其规律性进行了总结。
It has been proved by a lot of earthquake cases that the seismo-electromagnetic abnormal phenomena occur before the strong earthquakes. The seismo-electromagnetic precursors have been considered as an effective means of the short-term and imminent earthquake prediction. At the same time, accompanying with the swift development of the international seimo-electromagnetic satellites, it is important for imminent earthquake prediction and our own seimo-electromagnetic satellites to carry out research on processing method for seimo-electromagnetic data on the DEMETER spacecraft.
By using the data and tools of the satellite DEMETER, and on the basis of deep research on other satellites’electromagnetic data, this paper analyzes detailedly the defects of classical methods, explains the rationality of application of singular value decomposition (SVD) to DEMETER satellite data. Then we propose wave distribution function (WDF) analysis to supplement the limitations of SVD technique and analyse the characteristics of seismo-electromagnetic abnormal phenomena to prove the validity of these methods.
Firstly, classical data processing methods are introduced in the paper, which include wavelet analysis, time-frequency analysis and power spectrum analysis. Formulas and satellite data analysis prove that classical data processing methods can only obtain time-frequency characteristics of signals.
Then, the paper adopts singular value decomposition technique to analyse deeply the polarization characteristics and wave propagation properties, and use Poynting flux measurements to verify it. The analysis on actual satellite data prove that both methods are effective for seismo-electromagnetic abnormal phenomena. SVD technique is useful for the presence of a single plane wave, but it is not suitable for more complex wave field, such as more sources of observed emissions.
Based on the above-mentioned, the paper presents wave distribution function (WDF) analysis to supplement SVD technique. In the analyzed case, entropy regularization algorithm (ERA) of WDF analysis gives similar results consistent with the results of the plane-wave techniques.
Finally, the paper analyzes several typical earthquake cases. The results show that these methods have validity and practicability. Furthermore, we summarize characteristics of the seismo-electromagnetic abnormal phenomena.
论文基于DEMETER卫星的数据和资料,在深入研究其它卫星电磁数据处理方法的基础上,详细分析了经典方法的缺陷,提出应用奇异值分解处理DEMETER卫星数据的合理性,对其局限性提出采用波分布函数法进行有益补充,并对一些地震电磁异常信号实例进行特性分析以证明本文方法的有效性。
论文首先研究了经典数据处理方法,包括小波分析、时频分析及功率谱分析等。公式推导及实际卫星数据分析表明这些经典方法只能初步分析信号的时频特性。
论文进而采用奇异值分解(SVD)方法深入分析了电磁辐射的极化特性以及波传播特性等,并用坡印廷矢量分析进行验证。实际卫星数据分析证明这两种方法对于异常电磁现象非常有效。奇异值分解对于单个平面波非常有效,但对于更复杂的多个波同时传播,这种方法就失去效用。
在之前工作的基础上,论文采用波分布函数法(WDF)对奇异值分解进行补充。实际卫星数据分析表明,WDF分析中的熵规则化算法得到了与平面波技术一致的结果,并且适用于多个波源的情况。
论文最后通过对几个典型震例的分析,证明本文提出的方法可有效处理异常电磁辐射,并对地震电磁异常现象的特点及其规律性进行了总结。
It has been proved by a lot of earthquake cases that the seismo-electromagnetic abnormal phenomena occur before the strong earthquakes. The seismo-electromagnetic precursors have been considered as an effective means of the short-term and imminent earthquake prediction. At the same time, accompanying with the swift development of the international seimo-electromagnetic satellites, it is important for imminent earthquake prediction and our own seimo-electromagnetic satellites to carry out research on processing method for seimo-electromagnetic data on the DEMETER spacecraft.
By using the data and tools of the satellite DEMETER, and on the basis of deep research on other satellites’electromagnetic data, this paper analyzes detailedly the defects of classical methods, explains the rationality of application of singular value decomposition (SVD) to DEMETER satellite data. Then we propose wave distribution function (WDF) analysis to supplement the limitations of SVD technique and analyse the characteristics of seismo-electromagnetic abnormal phenomena to prove the validity of these methods.
Firstly, classical data processing methods are introduced in the paper, which include wavelet analysis, time-frequency analysis and power spectrum analysis. Formulas and satellite data analysis prove that classical data processing methods can only obtain time-frequency characteristics of signals.
Then, the paper adopts singular value decomposition technique to analyse deeply the polarization characteristics and wave propagation properties, and use Poynting flux measurements to verify it. The analysis on actual satellite data prove that both methods are effective for seismo-electromagnetic abnormal phenomena. SVD technique is useful for the presence of a single plane wave, but it is not suitable for more complex wave field, such as more sources of observed emissions.
Based on the above-mentioned, the paper presents wave distribution function (WDF) analysis to supplement SVD technique. In the analyzed case, entropy regularization algorithm (ERA) of WDF analysis gives similar results consistent with the results of the plane-wave techniques.
Finally, the paper analyzes several typical earthquake cases. The results show that these methods have validity and practicability. Furthermore, we summarize characteristics of the seismo-electromagnetic abnormal phenomena.
引文
1杨俊英.卫星观测数据与地震关系的统计分析.国际地震动态. 2007,8:46~53
2王继军,赵国泽,詹艳.中国地震电磁现象的观测与研究.大地测量与地球动力学. 2005,25(2):11~21
3朱荣. 2006年6月DEMETER国际研讨会内容介绍.国际地震动态. 2007,8:59~64
4钱书清,郝锦绮,周建国. 1999年9月21日台湾集集Ms7.4地震前ULF电磁信号及其与模拟实验结果的比较.地震学报. 2001,23(3):322~327
5王继军,赵国泽,詹艳.中国地震电磁现象的岩石实验研究.大地测量与地球动力学. 2005,25(2):22~28
6郭宝昌,邹环宇,纪东梅.电磁辐射异常与岫岩地震.东北地震研究. 2001,17(2):23~27
7 M Hayakawa. Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes. Department of Electronic Engineering. 2006,126(4):211~214
8杨芳,申旭辉,吴云.电磁环境卫星系统及在地震短临预测中的应用.航天器工程. 2008,17(1):68-73
9 D F Mexico.电磁和电离层监测的短期地震预报系统.国际地震动态. 2005,11:51~62
10 F Nemec, O Santolik, M Parrot, et al. Spacecraft Observations of Electromagnetic Perturbations Connected with Seismic Activity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008,35:1~5
11张学民,赵国泽,陈小斌.国外地震电磁现象观测.地球物理学进展. 2007,22(3):687~694
12丁鉴海,申旭辉,潘威炎.地震电磁前兆研究进展.电波科学学报. 2006,21(5):791~801
13 F Nemec, O Santolik, M Parrot. Decrease of Intensity of ELF/VLF Waves Observed in the Upper Ionosphere Close to Earthquakes: A Statistical Study. J. Geophys. Res. 2009,144:1~10
14 F Nemec, O Santolik, M Parrot. Power Line Harmonic Radiation: A Systematic Study Using Demeter Spacecraft Advances in Space Research. 2007,40:398~403
15 N Lin, E S Lee, J McFadden. VLF/ELF Wave Activity in the Vicinity of the PolarCusp: Cluster Observations. Ann. Geophys. 2006,24:1993~2004
16朱荣,杨冬梅,荆凤.从卫星观测数据提取地震前兆信息的震例研究.地震地磁观测与研究. 2007,28(4):7~14
17 L Rezeau, A Roux, C T Russell. Characterization of Small-Scale Structures at the Magnetopause from Isee Measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 1993,98:179~186
18 J D Means. The Use of the Three Dimensional Covariance Matrix in Analyzing the Polarization Properties of Plane Waves. Journal of Geophysical Research 1972, 77(28):5551~5559
19 R L McPherron, C T Russel, P J C Jr. Fluctuating Magnetic Fields in the Magnetosphere, 2, ULF Waves. Space Sci. Rev. 1972,13:411~454
20 J C Samson. Descriptions of the Polarization States of Vector Process: Applications to ULF Magnetic Field. Geophysical Journal of Royal Astronomical Society. 1973,34:403~419
21 H P Ladreiter, P Zarka, A Lecacheux. Analysis of Electromagnetic Wave Direction Finding Performed by Space Borne Antennas Using Singular-Value Decomposition Techniques. Radio Sci. 1995,30:1699~1712
22 O Santolik, M Parrot, F Lefeuvre. Singular Value Decomposition Methods for Wave Propagation Analysis. Radio Science. 2003,38(1):1010~1022
23肖骑彬,赵国泽,詹艳.地震电磁卫星交变电磁场的数据处理.地球物理学进展. 2007,22(3):674~678
24 O Santolik, F Lefeuvre, M Parrot, et al. Complete Wave Vector Directions of Electromagnetic Emissions: Application to INTERBALL-2 Measurements in the Nightside Auroral Zone. J. Geophys. Res. 2001,106:13191~13201
25 O Santolik, F Nemec, M Parrot. Analysis Methods for Multi-Component Wave Measurements on Board the Demeter Spacecraft. Planetary and Space Science. 2006,54:512~527
26 L R O Storey, F Lefeuvre. The Analysis of 6-Component Measurement of a Random Electromagnetic Wave Field in a Magnetoplasma, 1, the Direct Problem. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 1979,56:255~270
27 L R O Storey, F Lefeuvre. The Analysis of 6-Component Measurement of a Random Electromagnetic Wave Field in a Magnetoplasma, 2, the Integration Kernels. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 1980,62:173~194
28 O Santolik. Etude De La Fonction De Distribution Des Ondes Dans Un Plasma Chaud (in French). Ph.D. thesis. Univ. d'Orléans. 1995:3~38
29 O Santolik, M Parrot. The Wave Distribution Function in a Hot Magnetospheric Plasma: The Direct Problem. J. Geophys. Res. 1996,101:10639~10651
30 F Lefeuvre. Analyse De Champs D'ondes Electromagnétiques Aléatoires Observées Dans La Magnétosphère, Partir De La Mesure Simultanée De Leurs Six Composantes. Doctoral thesis. Univ. of Orléans. 1977:33~54
31 T H Stix. The Theory of Plasma Waves. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962: 26~31
32 S Sazhin. An Approximate Theory of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in a Weakly Relativistic Plasma. J. Plasma Physics. 1987,37:209~230
33 S Sazhin. Oblique Whistler-Mode Growth and Damping in a Hot Anisotropic Plasma. Planet. Space Sci. 1988,36:663~667
34 K Ronnmark. Computation of the Dielectric Tensor of a Maxwellian Plasma. Plasma Phys. 1983,25:699~701
35 F Lefeuvre, J L Pincon. Determination of the Wave-Vector Spectrum for Plasma Waves and Turbulence Observed in Space Plasmas. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 1992,54:1227-1235
36 F Lefeuvre, C Delannoy. Analysis of Random Electromagnetic Wave Field by a Maximum Entropy Method. Ann. Telecom. 1979,34:204~213
37 F Lefeuvre, C Delannoy. A Computer Program for the Maximum Entropy Estimation of Wave Distribution Function. Comput. Phy.Comm. 1986,40:389~419
38 O Santolik, M Parrot. Application of Wave Distribution Function Methods to an ELF Hiss Event at High Latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 2000,105:18885~18894
39 O Prot, M Bergounioux, J G Trotignon. Determination of a Power Density by an Entropy Regularization Method. J. Appl. Math. 2005,2:127~152
40 A N Tikhonov, A V Goncharsky, V Stepanov. Numerical Methods for the Solution of Ill-Posed Problems. Springer. 1995,19:41~53
41 J E Shore, R W Johnson. Axiomatic Derivation of the Principle of Maximum Entropy and the Principle of Minimum Cross-Entropy. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory. 1980,26:26~36
42 T Oscarsson. Dual Principles in Maximum Entropy Reconstruction of the Wave Distribution Function. J. Comput. Phys. 1994,110:221~233
43 U Amato, W Hughes. Maximum Entropy Regularization of Fredholm Integral Equations of the First Kind. Inverse Problems. 1991,7:739~808
44 H W Engl, G Landl. Convergence Rates for Maximum Entropy Regularization. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 1993,30:1509~1536
2王继军,赵国泽,詹艳.中国地震电磁现象的观测与研究.大地测量与地球动力学. 2005,25(2):11~21
3朱荣. 2006年6月DEMETER国际研讨会内容介绍.国际地震动态. 2007,8:59~64
4钱书清,郝锦绮,周建国. 1999年9月21日台湾集集Ms7.4地震前ULF电磁信号及其与模拟实验结果的比较.地震学报. 2001,23(3):322~327
5王继军,赵国泽,詹艳.中国地震电磁现象的岩石实验研究.大地测量与地球动力学. 2005,25(2):22~28
6郭宝昌,邹环宇,纪东梅.电磁辐射异常与岫岩地震.东北地震研究. 2001,17(2):23~27
7 M Hayakawa. Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes. Department of Electronic Engineering. 2006,126(4):211~214
8杨芳,申旭辉,吴云.电磁环境卫星系统及在地震短临预测中的应用.航天器工程. 2008,17(1):68-73
9 D F Mexico.电磁和电离层监测的短期地震预报系统.国际地震动态. 2005,11:51~62
10 F Nemec, O Santolik, M Parrot, et al. Spacecraft Observations of Electromagnetic Perturbations Connected with Seismic Activity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008,35:1~5
11张学民,赵国泽,陈小斌.国外地震电磁现象观测.地球物理学进展. 2007,22(3):687~694
12丁鉴海,申旭辉,潘威炎.地震电磁前兆研究进展.电波科学学报. 2006,21(5):791~801
13 F Nemec, O Santolik, M Parrot. Decrease of Intensity of ELF/VLF Waves Observed in the Upper Ionosphere Close to Earthquakes: A Statistical Study. J. Geophys. Res. 2009,144:1~10
14 F Nemec, O Santolik, M Parrot. Power Line Harmonic Radiation: A Systematic Study Using Demeter Spacecraft Advances in Space Research. 2007,40:398~403
15 N Lin, E S Lee, J McFadden. VLF/ELF Wave Activity in the Vicinity of the PolarCusp: Cluster Observations. Ann. Geophys. 2006,24:1993~2004
16朱荣,杨冬梅,荆凤.从卫星观测数据提取地震前兆信息的震例研究.地震地磁观测与研究. 2007,28(4):7~14
17 L Rezeau, A Roux, C T Russell. Characterization of Small-Scale Structures at the Magnetopause from Isee Measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 1993,98:179~186
18 J D Means. The Use of the Three Dimensional Covariance Matrix in Analyzing the Polarization Properties of Plane Waves. Journal of Geophysical Research 1972, 77(28):5551~5559
19 R L McPherron, C T Russel, P J C Jr. Fluctuating Magnetic Fields in the Magnetosphere, 2, ULF Waves. Space Sci. Rev. 1972,13:411~454
20 J C Samson. Descriptions of the Polarization States of Vector Process: Applications to ULF Magnetic Field. Geophysical Journal of Royal Astronomical Society. 1973,34:403~419
21 H P Ladreiter, P Zarka, A Lecacheux. Analysis of Electromagnetic Wave Direction Finding Performed by Space Borne Antennas Using Singular-Value Decomposition Techniques. Radio Sci. 1995,30:1699~1712
22 O Santolik, M Parrot, F Lefeuvre. Singular Value Decomposition Methods for Wave Propagation Analysis. Radio Science. 2003,38(1):1010~1022
23肖骑彬,赵国泽,詹艳.地震电磁卫星交变电磁场的数据处理.地球物理学进展. 2007,22(3):674~678
24 O Santolik, F Lefeuvre, M Parrot, et al. Complete Wave Vector Directions of Electromagnetic Emissions: Application to INTERBALL-2 Measurements in the Nightside Auroral Zone. J. Geophys. Res. 2001,106:13191~13201
25 O Santolik, F Nemec, M Parrot. Analysis Methods for Multi-Component Wave Measurements on Board the Demeter Spacecraft. Planetary and Space Science. 2006,54:512~527
26 L R O Storey, F Lefeuvre. The Analysis of 6-Component Measurement of a Random Electromagnetic Wave Field in a Magnetoplasma, 1, the Direct Problem. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 1979,56:255~270
27 L R O Storey, F Lefeuvre. The Analysis of 6-Component Measurement of a Random Electromagnetic Wave Field in a Magnetoplasma, 2, the Integration Kernels. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 1980,62:173~194
28 O Santolik. Etude De La Fonction De Distribution Des Ondes Dans Un Plasma Chaud (in French). Ph.D. thesis. Univ. d'Orléans. 1995:3~38
29 O Santolik, M Parrot. The Wave Distribution Function in a Hot Magnetospheric Plasma: The Direct Problem. J. Geophys. Res. 1996,101:10639~10651
30 F Lefeuvre. Analyse De Champs D'ondes Electromagnétiques Aléatoires Observées Dans La Magnétosphère, Partir De La Mesure Simultanée De Leurs Six Composantes. Doctoral thesis. Univ. of Orléans. 1977:33~54
31 T H Stix. The Theory of Plasma Waves. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962: 26~31
32 S Sazhin. An Approximate Theory of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in a Weakly Relativistic Plasma. J. Plasma Physics. 1987,37:209~230
33 S Sazhin. Oblique Whistler-Mode Growth and Damping in a Hot Anisotropic Plasma. Planet. Space Sci. 1988,36:663~667
34 K Ronnmark. Computation of the Dielectric Tensor of a Maxwellian Plasma. Plasma Phys. 1983,25:699~701
35 F Lefeuvre, J L Pincon. Determination of the Wave-Vector Spectrum for Plasma Waves and Turbulence Observed in Space Plasmas. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 1992,54:1227-1235
36 F Lefeuvre, C Delannoy. Analysis of Random Electromagnetic Wave Field by a Maximum Entropy Method. Ann. Telecom. 1979,34:204~213
37 F Lefeuvre, C Delannoy. A Computer Program for the Maximum Entropy Estimation of Wave Distribution Function. Comput. Phy.Comm. 1986,40:389~419
38 O Santolik, M Parrot. Application of Wave Distribution Function Methods to an ELF Hiss Event at High Latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 2000,105:18885~18894
39 O Prot, M Bergounioux, J G Trotignon. Determination of a Power Density by an Entropy Regularization Method. J. Appl. Math. 2005,2:127~152
40 A N Tikhonov, A V Goncharsky, V Stepanov. Numerical Methods for the Solution of Ill-Posed Problems. Springer. 1995,19:41~53
41 J E Shore, R W Johnson. Axiomatic Derivation of the Principle of Maximum Entropy and the Principle of Minimum Cross-Entropy. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory. 1980,26:26~36
42 T Oscarsson. Dual Principles in Maximum Entropy Reconstruction of the Wave Distribution Function. J. Comput. Phys. 1994,110:221~233
43 U Amato, W Hughes. Maximum Entropy Regularization of Fredholm Integral Equations of the First Kind. Inverse Problems. 1991,7:739~808
44 H W Engl, G Landl. Convergence Rates for Maximum Entropy Regularization. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 1993,30:1509~1536