基于CMOS图像传感器的多光谱遥感成像系统几个关键问题研究
|
摘要
多光谱成像探测技术是新一代的光电遥感探测技术,它能获取和显示地物的精确颜色信息,所获取的数据包含更多的光谱信息,具有“图谱合一”的特征,同时多光谱成像技术能很好地克服“同色异谱”现象,能够准确有效地对目标地物进行成像探测和识别,因此在天文学、军事侦查、环境监测等领域具有非常广阔的应用前景,得到了广泛的关注,目前已经成为国内外学者研究的一个热点。
本文在系统总结多光谱遥感探测技术的发展基础和现状、研究CMOS图像传感器结构及工作原理的基础上,重点针对基于CMOS图像传感器的多光谱成像系统的研制及其相关的几个关键问题展开研究,本文的主要研究内容和研究成果归纳如下：
1.在充分研究CMOS图像传感器的结构、成像原理、数据读出方式以及多种光谱成像系统原理及结构的基础上,提出了单相机加薄膜干涉滤光片的多光谱成像系统设计方案,国内首次完成了一台单CMOS相机加薄膜干涉滤光片模式的原理样机研制。系统结构方式为在定焦光学镜头前端配置薄膜干涉滤光片来构建光路系统,镜头和相机通过专用机械结构相连接。薄膜干涉滤光片波段参考了当前主流对地观测卫星的指标,选取13个波段来定制滤光片,可以根据探测要求的不同进行波段组合成像。自主开发了CMOS传感器驱动电路和控制电路,能够实现手动、自动拍摄功能控制。
2.通过研究光谱图像的滤波算法,提出了基于信噪比的组合评估光谱图像质量的方法,能够更好地完成图像预处理及对图像质量的定量评价。首先基于Matlab环境进行图像数据滤波功能的算法实现,对图像进行预处理,通过计算结果分析,得出了不同算法的滤波效率评估,然后在Visual C++环境下进行光谱影像信噪比的软件算法实现,对光谱影像质量作出定量评价,验证了CMOS成像系统的光谱成像能力。
3.针对影响CMOS图像传感器成像质量的噪声问题,研究噪声的产生原因和分类,并提出有效的噪声抑制方法,对于提高CMOS图像传感器成像质量和推动CMOS图像传感器技术的发展有重要意义。
4.针对如何提高光谱探测精度和效率的问题,研究了多光谱成像系统模型,得出了像元亮度值(DN)输出的传递函数表达,提出了用Monte Carlo模拟多光谱成像物理过程的方法,建立了详细模拟流程并进行了初步数学推导,对于提高多光谱探测的精度和效率,推动多光谱探测技术的发展有重要意义。
Multi-spectral imaging technology is a new generation of photoelectricity remote sensing and detection technology, which can capture and display accurate color information of surface features. Multi-spectral image contains more spectral information, and there is a consistency between image and spectral curve, so multi-spectral imaging technology can overcome the phenomenon of metamerism,and can capture the image information of target more accurately and more effectively, so in many fields,such as astronomy, military reconnaissance, environmental monitoring and so on, multi-spectral imaging technology has a very broad application prospects, and has become an subject paid attention extensively.
This paper concludes the current situation of multi-spectral detection, the structure and working principle of CMOS image sensors, focus on several practical problems of multi-spectral imaging system based on CMOS image sensor, it is very important that we prove the remote sensing technology, the main research content and research achievements of this paper are summarized as follows:
Firstly, research the structure, working principle, data reading way of CMOS image sensor and multi-spectral imaging theory, propose a conceptual design of multi-spectral imaging system of placing thin-film interference filter system in front of the prime lens, and devement a prototype device. The optical system includes a thin-film interference filter system in front of the prime lens, lens is connected with camera by the mechanical structure. The parameters of thin-film interference filters is reference the wave band and bandwidth of main earth observation satellites, select13reference band to customize the filters, and we can free combination according to different detection goals and requirements. I have developd the driver electronics and control unit, which could achieve the manual and automatic exposure control.
Secondly, research the filtering algorithm of multi-spectral images, propose a joint evalution method of image based on SNR. First, filtering the image based on Matlab software, analyse the processing results, give the evaluation efficiency of each algorithm, then calculate the SNR of spectral image based on Visual C++, give a quantitative evaluation about spectral image, the result show that this CMOS imaging system has a better capacity of spectral imaging.
Thirdly, research the influence of noise on CMOS image sensor, classify the noise according to sources, give the effective methods of noise suppression, provide a support for optimizing of imaging quality, promote the development and application of CMOS image sensor.
Finally, based on the research of atmospheric radiative transfer model, build the multi-spectral imaging system model and transfer function of DN output, give a method about using MC method to simulate physical process of multi-spectral imaging, this research coule improve the detective precision and efficiency of multi-spectral, promote the development of detection technology.
本文在系统总结多光谱遥感探测技术的发展基础和现状、研究CMOS图像传感器结构及工作原理的基础上,重点针对基于CMOS图像传感器的多光谱成像系统的研制及其相关的几个关键问题展开研究,本文的主要研究内容和研究成果归纳如下：
1.在充分研究CMOS图像传感器的结构、成像原理、数据读出方式以及多种光谱成像系统原理及结构的基础上,提出了单相机加薄膜干涉滤光片的多光谱成像系统设计方案,国内首次完成了一台单CMOS相机加薄膜干涉滤光片模式的原理样机研制。系统结构方式为在定焦光学镜头前端配置薄膜干涉滤光片来构建光路系统,镜头和相机通过专用机械结构相连接。薄膜干涉滤光片波段参考了当前主流对地观测卫星的指标,选取13个波段来定制滤光片,可以根据探测要求的不同进行波段组合成像。自主开发了CMOS传感器驱动电路和控制电路,能够实现手动、自动拍摄功能控制。
2.通过研究光谱图像的滤波算法,提出了基于信噪比的组合评估光谱图像质量的方法,能够更好地完成图像预处理及对图像质量的定量评价。首先基于Matlab环境进行图像数据滤波功能的算法实现,对图像进行预处理,通过计算结果分析,得出了不同算法的滤波效率评估,然后在Visual C++环境下进行光谱影像信噪比的软件算法实现,对光谱影像质量作出定量评价,验证了CMOS成像系统的光谱成像能力。
3.针对影响CMOS图像传感器成像质量的噪声问题,研究噪声的产生原因和分类,并提出有效的噪声抑制方法,对于提高CMOS图像传感器成像质量和推动CMOS图像传感器技术的发展有重要意义。
4.针对如何提高光谱探测精度和效率的问题,研究了多光谱成像系统模型,得出了像元亮度值(DN)输出的传递函数表达,提出了用Monte Carlo模拟多光谱成像物理过程的方法,建立了详细模拟流程并进行了初步数学推导,对于提高多光谱探测的精度和效率,推动多光谱探测技术的发展有重要意义。
Multi-spectral imaging technology is a new generation of photoelectricity remote sensing and detection technology, which can capture and display accurate color information of surface features. Multi-spectral image contains more spectral information, and there is a consistency between image and spectral curve, so multi-spectral imaging technology can overcome the phenomenon of metamerism,and can capture the image information of target more accurately and more effectively, so in many fields,such as astronomy, military reconnaissance, environmental monitoring and so on, multi-spectral imaging technology has a very broad application prospects, and has become an subject paid attention extensively.
This paper concludes the current situation of multi-spectral detection, the structure and working principle of CMOS image sensors, focus on several practical problems of multi-spectral imaging system based on CMOS image sensor, it is very important that we prove the remote sensing technology, the main research content and research achievements of this paper are summarized as follows:
Firstly, research the structure, working principle, data reading way of CMOS image sensor and multi-spectral imaging theory, propose a conceptual design of multi-spectral imaging system of placing thin-film interference filter system in front of the prime lens, and devement a prototype device. The optical system includes a thin-film interference filter system in front of the prime lens, lens is connected with camera by the mechanical structure. The parameters of thin-film interference filters is reference the wave band and bandwidth of main earth observation satellites, select13reference band to customize the filters, and we can free combination according to different detection goals and requirements. I have developd the driver electronics and control unit, which could achieve the manual and automatic exposure control.
Secondly, research the filtering algorithm of multi-spectral images, propose a joint evalution method of image based on SNR. First, filtering the image based on Matlab software, analyse the processing results, give the evaluation efficiency of each algorithm, then calculate the SNR of spectral image based on Visual C++, give a quantitative evaluation about spectral image, the result show that this CMOS imaging system has a better capacity of spectral imaging.
Thirdly, research the influence of noise on CMOS image sensor, classify the noise according to sources, give the effective methods of noise suppression, provide a support for optimizing of imaging quality, promote the development and application of CMOS image sensor.
Finally, based on the research of atmospheric radiative transfer model, build the multi-spectral imaging system model and transfer function of DN output, give a method about using MC method to simulate physical process of multi-spectral imaging, this research coule improve the detective precision and efficiency of multi-spectral, promote the development of detection technology.
引文
[1]杨永崇.高空间分辨率空间数据库的研究[C].中国测绘学会第八次全国会员代表大会暨2005年综合性学术年会论文集,2005：160-163
[2]王兰,耿则勋,冯颖等.高辐射分辨率遥感影像的特性分析与处理[J].海洋测绘,2010,Vol.30(4)：79-82
[3]刘团结,童庆禧,郑兰芬等.一种航空多光谱数字相机系统的设计与实现[J],测绘通报,2003(1)：7-10
[4]晏磊.无人机遥感信息平台建设与CMOS成像初步研究[C].全国数字近景摄影测量学术研讨会,2004
[5]孙家炳.遥感原理与应用[M].武汉大学出版社,2003
[6]陈鹰.遥感影像的数字摄影测量[M],上海：同济大学出版社,2003
[7]张卡,盛业华,张书毕.遥感新技术的若干进展及其应用[J].遥感信息,2004：p58-62
[8]Chun-Chieh Yang, Kuanglin, Yud-Ren Chen. Development of multispectral image processing algorithms for identification of wholesome, septicemic, and inflammatory process chickens[J].Journal of Food Engineering,2005:225-234
[9]Gordon Petrie. Airborne Digital Frame Cameras,Professor G.Petrie, Department of Geography & Topographic Science[J]. GEO Informatics,2003,10/11:18-27
[10]Marshall Faintich. Archaeological Remote Sensing of the Oatlands Historical Area, Chantilly,VA,USA
[11]ECE/OPTI 531-Image Processing Lab for Remote Sensing. The Nature of Remote Sensing
[12]王永平,李英成,薛艳丽等.ADS40推扫式数字航摄仪试验研究[J],测绘科学2007,(1)：119-121
[13]刘军,张永生,范永弘.ADS40机载数字传感器的摄影测量处理与应用[J].测绘学院学报,2002,(9)：186-194
[14]MS-4100 camera module,GEOSPATIAL SYSTEMS, INC
[15]UCX 与 DMC 的对比,2006
[16]黄长平,张立福,张晓红等.基于FISS成像光谱数据牛奶品种识别研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2011(1)
[17]YAN Lei, ZHAO Shi-hu, LIAN Zhou-hui, A Convertible Aerial Camera System Integrated With Film and CCD Image Sensor[C].International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging 2007,Vol.6624
[18]S.Morrison, A New Type of photosensitive Junction Device, Solid-State Electron,1963,5:485-494
[19]W.S.Boyle and G.E.Smith, Charge Coupled Semiconductor Devices,Bell Syst. Tech.J.,1970,49:587-583
[20]J. Horton, R. Mazza, and H. Dym, The scanner- A Solid-State Image Scanner, Proc.IEEE,1964,5:1513-1528
[21]M. A. Schuster and G. Strull, A Monolithic Mosaic of Photon Sensors for Solid State Imaging Application, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 1966, ED-13:907-912
[22]G. P. Weckler, Operation of p-n Junction Photo-detectors in a Photo flux integration mode, IEEE J, Solid-state Circuits,1967,SC-2:65-73
[23]R.Dyck, G. Weckler. Integrated arrays of silicon photo-detectors for image sensing. IEEE Trans.Electron Devices, Apr.1968. Vol. ED-15.pp,196-201
[24]P. K. Weimer, G. Sadisiv, J. Meyer L. Meray-Horvath, and W. Pike, A Self Scanned Solid-state Image Sensor, Proc,IEEE,1967,55:1591-1602
[25]S. Ohba et al., MOS Area Sensor:Part 2-Low Noise MOS Area Sensor with Anti-blooming Photodiodes, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 1980, ED-27:1682-1687
[26]K. Senda, S. Terakawa, Y. Hiroshima, and T. Kunii, Analysis of Charge Priming Transfer Efficiency in CPD Image Sensors, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Sep,1984, ED-31:1324-1328
[27]M. Aoki et al.,A 2/3-inch Format MOS Single Chip Color Image, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Apr.1982,ED-29:745-750
[28]H. Ando et al., Design Consideration and Performance of a New MOS Imaging Device, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, May 1985, ED-232:1484-1489
[29]T. Kinugasa et al., An Electronic Variable Shutter System in Video Camera Use, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron.,1987,CE-33:249-255
[30]Eric R. Fossum, CMOS Image sensor:Electronic Camera-on-A-Chip, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol.44, No.10, October 1997,1689-1698
[31]程开富CMOS图像传感器的发展现状及关键技术探讨[J],光机电信息,No.8.2001,27-34
[32]梁祖厚CMOS数字相机发展中的里程碑325万像素单反数字相机佳能EOS-D30[J],照相机,2000,10,6-7
[33]http://baike.baidu.com/view/3118995.htm
[34]http://qicai.fengniao.com/204/2045295.html
[35]徐华,周雅.数字相机技术与发展——数字成像技术进展(二)[J],影像技术,2001(04)
[36]李琳,孙习红,刘琼CMOS数字成像技术在电力系统图像监控中的应用[J],光学精密工程,2002,01
[37]http://business.sohu.com/20110311/n279776613.shtml
[38]Imaging@ Vision图像和机器视觉产品手册北京凌云光视数字图像技术有限公司,p42-43
[39]裴志军.高性能CMOS图像传感器设计技术研究[D].天津大学博士学位论文,2004
[40]Yusa et.al. SIT image sensor:Design considerations and characteristics. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.1986, Vol 33(6):735-741
[41]Neil Marston. Solid-state imaging:a critique of the CMOS sensor. Thesis of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh.1998,p34
[42]Yadid-Pecht et al. A random access photodiode array for intelligent image capture. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices,1991, vol.38(8):1772-1780
[43]R.Sarpeshkar et al. White noise in MOS transistors and resistors. Tech. rep. California institute of technology. September,1993
[44]Bart DIERICKX, Guy MEYNANTS, Danny SCHEFFER. Near-100% fill factor standard CMOS active pixel. http://www.fifactory.com.2003
[45]S. Smith et. Al. A single-chip 306×244-pixel CMOS NTSC video camera. Digest of technical papers. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference.1998:170-171
[46]Igor Shcherback, Alexander Belenky, Orly Yadid-Pecht. Active Area Shape Influence on the Dark Current of CMOS imagers.2004
[47]刘智CMOS图像传感器在星敏感器中应用研究[D].中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2004：p31
[48]苏林,黄其煜CMOS图像传感器中的串扰与常用解决方案[J].传感器 与微系统,2008,Vol.27(8)：65-68
[49]EI-Sayed Eid。Study of limitations on pixel size of very high resolution image sensor[C]. Radio Science Conference 2001, Proceedings of the Eighteenth National,2001:15-28
[50]Wangqing Lim, Philip Ogubona. CMOS sensor cross-talk compensation for digital cameras[J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2002(48):292-297
[51]Yaung Dunnian, Wuu Shougwo. Air-gap guard ring for pixel sensitivity and crosstalk improvement in deep sub-micron CMOS image sensor[C]. IEMD Technical Digese,2003
[52]Masayuki Furumiya, Hiroaki Ohkubo. High-sensitivity and no-crosstalk pixel technology for embedded CMOS image sensor[J]. IEEE Trans Electron Devices,2001(48):2221-2227
[53]Tseng Chienhsien, Wuu Shougwo. Crosstalk improvement technology applicable to 0.14um CMOS image sensor[C]. IEDM Technical Digest,2004:997-1000
[54]Shang Kai Chiu, Chih Yuan Lin. Adaptive edge-preserving filter for CMOS image sensor cross-talk compensation[C]. Digital Signal Processing Workshop,12th-Signal Processing Education Workshop,2006:580-584
[55]Igor Shcherback,Tatiana Danov, Orly Yadidpecht. A comprehensive CMOS APS crosstalk study:Photoresponse modek, technology, and design trends[J]. IEEE Trans Electron Devices,2004(51):2033-2041
[56]H.Witters, T.Walschap, G. Vanstraelen,etc.1024×1280 pixel Dual Shutter APS for Industrial Vision[DB/OL]. http://www.fillfactory.com/htm/technology/pdf/sandaclara2003.pdf,2004.0 2.20
[57]Orly Yadid-Pecht, Bedabrata Pain, Craig Staller, et al. CMOS Active Pixel Sensor Star Tracker with Regional Electronic Shutter. IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, Vol.32.No.2, FEBRUARY 1997:285-289
[58]李杰.APS星敏感器关键技术的研究[D].中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2005
[59]Fundamental and technological limits on the performance of CMOS image sensors. http://www.fillfactory.com/htm/applications/htm/hi gh_resolution.htm.2003
[60]http://www.docin.com/p-7011983.html
[61]刘智CMOS图像传感器在星敏感器中应用研究[D].中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2004
[62]http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5de2c9bf0100ipnc.html
[63]Abbas EI Gamal. High Dynamic Range Image Sensors.Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University
[64]Yadid-pecht, A.Belenky. CMOS APS with Autoscaling and Customized Wide Dynamic range[J]. IEEE workshop on CCDs and advanced image sensors, Karuizawa, Japan, June 10-12,1999
[65]T. F. Knight, Design of an Integrated Optical Sensor with On-Chip Preprocessing.PhD thesis, MIT,1983
[66]M.Sayag. Non-linear Photosite Response in CCD Imagers. U.S Patent No.5,055,667,1991. Field 1990
[67]S.J.Decker, R.D.McGrath, K.Brehmer el at. A 256*256 CMOS imaging arry with wide dynamic range pixels and column-parallel digital output[J]. IEEE J. of Solid State Circuits,1998,Vol.33,2081-2091
[68]D.Yang, A.EI Gamal. Comparative Analysis of SNR for Image Sensors with Enhanced Dynamic Range[C]. In Proceeding of the SPIE Electronic Imaging'99 conference,1999,Vol.3649, San Jose, CA
[69]O.Yadid Pecht. E.Fossum, Wide intrascene dynamic range CMOS APS using dual sampling. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 1997,Vol.44:1721-172368
[70]D.Yang, A EI Gamal, B.Fowler and H. Tian.A 640×512 CMOS Image sensor with Ultra Wide Dynamic Range Floating Point Pixel-Level ADC. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits.1999, Vol.34, No.12:1821-1834
[71]S.K.Nayar and T.Mitsunaga. High dynamic range imaging:Spatially varying pixel exposures. http://www.cs.columbia.edu/CAVE/,March 2000
[72]M. Aggarwal, N.Ahuja, High dynamic range panoramic imaging[C]. Proceedings of Eighth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Vol.1:2-9
[73]Xinqiao Liu. CMOS IMAGE SENSORS DYNAMIC RANGE AND SNR ENHANCEMENT VIA STATISTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING[D]. A Dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy, Stanford University,2002:15-17
[74]侯雨石,何玉青.数码相机CMOS图像传感器的特性参数与选择[J].光子技术,2003,Vol.29 No.2：174-175
[75]程开富CMOS图像传感器的发展及应用.2001年全国电子元器件应用技术研讨会论文集[J],2001：307-314
[76]OmniVision Technologies, OV2610/OV211 Odatasheet
[77]刘团结.航空多光谱数字相机系统关键技术及应用研究[D].中国科学院博士学位研究生学位论文,2002：26-29
[78]王小伟,陈效双,陆卫.阶跃式集成滤光片研究进展[M].量子电子学报,2007,Vol.25：122
[79]俞侃,刘文,黄德修.角度调谐滤光片特性分析及膜系设计.光子学报[J],2008,37(6)：1175-1179
[80]刘岚,尹勇,李京蔚.基于ARM的嵌入式系统开发.北京,电子工业出版社,2008,10-15]
[81]张雄伟,曹铁勇,陈亮等.DSP芯片的原理与开发应用.北京,电子工业出版社,2009,1-12
[82]赵艳华,曹丙霞,张睿.基于Quartus Ⅱ的FPGA/CPLD设计与应用.北京：电子工业出版社,2009,35-37
[83]王诚,吴继华,范丽珍,薛宁,薛小刚Altera FPGA/CPLD设计.北京：人民邮电出版社,2005,75-116
[84]褚振勇,齐亮,田红心,高楷娟FPGA设计及应用.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2006,92-224
[85]陈涛.基于仿生复眼的多CMOS高速成像系统研究[D].中国矿业大学硕士学位论文,2010
[86]Altera, Cyclone Ⅱ Device Handbook, Http://www.altera.com
[87]宋洋.航空测量CCD数字相机电路系统的设计与实现[D].北京邮电大学硕士学位论文,2010
[88]王可东,孙道虎,晏磊,赵红颖.低成本CMOS阵列式高速成像系统[J].光电技术应用,2005,Vol.26(2)：146-150
[89]秦其明.遥感概论网络教程[M].高等教育出版社,2003
[90]HUANG Mei-ling, ZHANG Bo-heng, BIAN Chuan-ping. Character Comparison of CCD and CMOS Image Sensor[J]. Science Technology and Engineering,Vol.7,No.2,2007:249-251
[91]http://wenku.baidu.com/view/5d7d4687bceb19e8b8f6baa8.html
[92]Niels Bassler. Radiation Damage in Scientific Charge-Coupled Devices. Thesis of Master in University of Aarhus.2002
[93]宋敏,郐新凯，郑亚茹.CCD与CMOS图像传感器探测性能比较比较[J].半导体光电,2005,Vol.26(1)：5-9
[94]Janesick J R. Lux transfer:complementary metel oxide semiconductors versus charge-coupled devices[J].Opt.Eng.,2002,41:1203-1215
[95]Determination of the Spectral Responsivity of Optical Radiation Detectors[R]. CIE TC2.2,1984
[96]邱虹云,刘阳,孙利群等.1400万像素CMOS传感器高速读出及信号采集的研究[J].红外技术.2006,Vol.28(6)：356-360
[97]马德敏.高光谱图像质量评价[J].红外,2004,7：18-23
[98]http://met.fzu.edu.cn/dip/c5_2.htm
[99]王强.航空高光谱遥感光谱域噪声滤波应用研究[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2006：27-30
[100]滕召荣,蒋天发.邻域平均法对矢量图平滑处理[J].计算机应用技术,2009,Vol.14：75-77
[101]Boardman, Joseph. Post-ATREM polishing of AVIRIS apparent reflectance data using EFFORT:a lesson in accuracy versus precision[J]. Summaries of the Seventh Annual JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop, Pasadena, CA,1998
[102]John R. Jesen et al.2002 Hyperspectral analysis of hazardous waste sites on the savannah river site, report of Westinghouse Savannah River Company,2003:21-26
[103]谢凤英,赵丹培Visual C++数字图像处理[M],电子工业出版社,2008
[104]M. Loinaz, K. Singh, A. Blanksby, D. Inglis, K. Azadet, and B. Ackland. A 200Mw 3.3V CMOS color camera IC producing 352×288 24b Video at 30 frames/s. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, San Fransisco, CA, February 1998:168-169
[105]R. Panicacci et al.128Mb/s Mltiport CMOS Binary Active- pixel Image Sensor. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference,1996
[106]B. Fowler, A. El Gamal, and D. X. D. Yang. A CMOS Area Image Sensor with Pixel-Level A/D Conversion. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference,1994:226-227
[107]D. Yang. B. Fowler, and A. El Gamal. A 128x128 CMOS Image Sensor with Multiplexed Pixel Level A/D Conversion. CICC96,1996:303-306
[108]Hui Tian. Noise Analysis in CMOS Image Sensors[D]. A Dissertation Submitter to the Department of Applied Physics and the Committee on Graduate Studies of Standford University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. August 2000.
[109]米本和也(著),陈榕庭,彭美桂(译)CCD/CMOS图像传感器基础与应用[M].科学出版社,2006：156
[110]Batlle J, Marti J, Ridao P, Amat J. A New FPGA/DSP-Based Parallel Architecture for Teal-time Rmage Processing[J]. Real-time Imaging, 2002,(8):345-356
[111]黄美玲,张伯珩,边川平,李露瑶等.相关双采样技术在航天相机中的应用研究[J].传感器技术,2005,Vol.24(8)：31-33
[112]H. Nyquist. Thermal Agitation of Electric Charge in Conductors[J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW,1928,Vol.32:110-113
[113]Dennis V. Perepelitsa. Johnson Noise and Shot Noise.2006
[114]Noise sources in a MOSFET Transistor. JDS,1999
[115]张文普,袁祥辉,贺国权.基于相关双采样的接触式图像传感器的噪声抑制[J].重庆大学学报,2004,Vol27(1)：21-24
[116]I. Shcherback, A. Belenky, O. Yadid-Pecht. Expirical dark current modeling for complementary metal oxide semiconductor active pixel sensor. Opt. Eng. June 2002. Vol.41, No.6:1216-1219
[117]Ikuko Inoue, Nagataka Tanaka, Hirofumi Yamashita. Low Leakage Current and Low Operating Voltage Buried Photodiode for a CMOS Image[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electronics Devieds,2003,50(1):43-47
[118]Hsiu-Yu Cheng, Ya-Chin King. A CMOS Image Sensor with Dark-Current Cancellation and Dynamic Sensitivity Operations. IEEE Transactions on Electronics Devieds,2003,50(1):91-95
[119]焦斌亮,高志强,李素静,白云.大气辐射传输模型及其软件[J].计算机技术与应用进展,2007：386-390
[120]孙毅义,董浩,毕朝辉等.大气辐射传输模型的比较研究[J].强激光与粒子束,2004,Vol.16(2)：149-153
[121]贺菁,王新赛,李庆华.基于高程图的光学成像模型[J].计算机工程,2008,Vol.34(1)：50-52
[122]许洪.多光谱、超光谱成像探测关键技术研究[D].天津大学博士学位论文,2008
[123]李智勇.高光谱图像异常检测方法研究[D].国防科技大学博士学位论文,2004
[124]Delpy DT, Cope M. Quantification in tissue near-infrared spectroscopy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences,1997,352:640-659
[125]马彬.基于Monte Carlo(?)勺光学分子影像仿真平台并行化设计[D].西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2010：8-11
[126]N.Metropolics, S.Ulam. The Monte Carlo Method[J], J.Am. Statistical Association, Vol.44:335-341
[127]赵世湖.数字航摄相机几何辐射传输模型及二次成像原型系统验证[D],北京大学博士学位论文,2010
[128]S.A.Prahl, M. Keijzer, S. L. Jacques, A.J.Welch. A Monte Carlo Model of Light Propagation in Tissue[J]. SPIE Institute Series. Vol. is 5(1989):102-111
[2]王兰,耿则勋,冯颖等.高辐射分辨率遥感影像的特性分析与处理[J].海洋测绘,2010,Vol.30(4)：79-82
[3]刘团结,童庆禧,郑兰芬等.一种航空多光谱数字相机系统的设计与实现[J],测绘通报,2003(1)：7-10
[4]晏磊.无人机遥感信息平台建设与CMOS成像初步研究[C].全国数字近景摄影测量学术研讨会,2004
[5]孙家炳.遥感原理与应用[M].武汉大学出版社,2003
[6]陈鹰.遥感影像的数字摄影测量[M],上海：同济大学出版社,2003
[7]张卡,盛业华,张书毕.遥感新技术的若干进展及其应用[J].遥感信息,2004：p58-62
[8]Chun-Chieh Yang, Kuanglin, Yud-Ren Chen. Development of multispectral image processing algorithms for identification of wholesome, septicemic, and inflammatory process chickens[J].Journal of Food Engineering,2005:225-234
[9]Gordon Petrie. Airborne Digital Frame Cameras,Professor G.Petrie, Department of Geography & Topographic Science[J]. GEO Informatics,2003,10/11:18-27
[10]Marshall Faintich. Archaeological Remote Sensing of the Oatlands Historical Area, Chantilly,VA,USA
[11]ECE/OPTI 531-Image Processing Lab for Remote Sensing. The Nature of Remote Sensing
[12]王永平,李英成,薛艳丽等.ADS40推扫式数字航摄仪试验研究[J],测绘科学2007,(1)：119-121
[13]刘军,张永生,范永弘.ADS40机载数字传感器的摄影测量处理与应用[J].测绘学院学报,2002,(9)：186-194
[14]MS-4100 camera module,GEOSPATIAL SYSTEMS, INC
[15]UCX 与 DMC 的对比,2006
[16]黄长平,张立福,张晓红等.基于FISS成像光谱数据牛奶品种识别研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2011(1)
[17]YAN Lei, ZHAO Shi-hu, LIAN Zhou-hui, A Convertible Aerial Camera System Integrated With Film and CCD Image Sensor[C].International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging 2007,Vol.6624
[18]S.Morrison, A New Type of photosensitive Junction Device, Solid-State Electron,1963,5:485-494
[19]W.S.Boyle and G.E.Smith, Charge Coupled Semiconductor Devices,Bell Syst. Tech.J.,1970,49:587-583
[20]J. Horton, R. Mazza, and H. Dym, The scanner- A Solid-State Image Scanner, Proc.IEEE,1964,5:1513-1528
[21]M. A. Schuster and G. Strull, A Monolithic Mosaic of Photon Sensors for Solid State Imaging Application, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 1966, ED-13:907-912
[22]G. P. Weckler, Operation of p-n Junction Photo-detectors in a Photo flux integration mode, IEEE J, Solid-state Circuits,1967,SC-2:65-73
[23]R.Dyck, G. Weckler. Integrated arrays of silicon photo-detectors for image sensing. IEEE Trans.Electron Devices, Apr.1968. Vol. ED-15.pp,196-201
[24]P. K. Weimer, G. Sadisiv, J. Meyer L. Meray-Horvath, and W. Pike, A Self Scanned Solid-state Image Sensor, Proc,IEEE,1967,55:1591-1602
[25]S. Ohba et al., MOS Area Sensor:Part 2-Low Noise MOS Area Sensor with Anti-blooming Photodiodes, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 1980, ED-27:1682-1687
[26]K. Senda, S. Terakawa, Y. Hiroshima, and T. Kunii, Analysis of Charge Priming Transfer Efficiency in CPD Image Sensors, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Sep,1984, ED-31:1324-1328
[27]M. Aoki et al.,A 2/3-inch Format MOS Single Chip Color Image, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Apr.1982,ED-29:745-750
[28]H. Ando et al., Design Consideration and Performance of a New MOS Imaging Device, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, May 1985, ED-232:1484-1489
[29]T. Kinugasa et al., An Electronic Variable Shutter System in Video Camera Use, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron.,1987,CE-33:249-255
[30]Eric R. Fossum, CMOS Image sensor:Electronic Camera-on-A-Chip, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol.44, No.10, October 1997,1689-1698
[31]程开富CMOS图像传感器的发展现状及关键技术探讨[J],光机电信息,No.8.2001,27-34
[32]梁祖厚CMOS数字相机发展中的里程碑325万像素单反数字相机佳能EOS-D30[J],照相机,2000,10,6-7
[33]http://baike.baidu.com/view/3118995.htm
[34]http://qicai.fengniao.com/204/2045295.html
[35]徐华,周雅.数字相机技术与发展——数字成像技术进展(二)[J],影像技术,2001(04)
[36]李琳,孙习红,刘琼CMOS数字成像技术在电力系统图像监控中的应用[J],光学精密工程,2002,01
[37]http://business.sohu.com/20110311/n279776613.shtml
[38]Imaging@ Vision图像和机器视觉产品手册北京凌云光视数字图像技术有限公司,p42-43
[39]裴志军.高性能CMOS图像传感器设计技术研究[D].天津大学博士学位论文,2004
[40]Yusa et.al. SIT image sensor:Design considerations and characteristics. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.1986, Vol 33(6):735-741
[41]Neil Marston. Solid-state imaging:a critique of the CMOS sensor. Thesis of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh.1998,p34
[42]Yadid-Pecht et al. A random access photodiode array for intelligent image capture. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices,1991, vol.38(8):1772-1780
[43]R.Sarpeshkar et al. White noise in MOS transistors and resistors. Tech. rep. California institute of technology. September,1993
[44]Bart DIERICKX, Guy MEYNANTS, Danny SCHEFFER. Near-100% fill factor standard CMOS active pixel. http://www.fifactory.com.2003
[45]S. Smith et. Al. A single-chip 306×244-pixel CMOS NTSC video camera. Digest of technical papers. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference.1998:170-171
[46]Igor Shcherback, Alexander Belenky, Orly Yadid-Pecht. Active Area Shape Influence on the Dark Current of CMOS imagers.2004
[47]刘智CMOS图像传感器在星敏感器中应用研究[D].中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2004：p31
[48]苏林,黄其煜CMOS图像传感器中的串扰与常用解决方案[J].传感器 与微系统,2008,Vol.27(8)：65-68
[49]EI-Sayed Eid。Study of limitations on pixel size of very high resolution image sensor[C]. Radio Science Conference 2001, Proceedings of the Eighteenth National,2001:15-28
[50]Wangqing Lim, Philip Ogubona. CMOS sensor cross-talk compensation for digital cameras[J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2002(48):292-297
[51]Yaung Dunnian, Wuu Shougwo. Air-gap guard ring for pixel sensitivity and crosstalk improvement in deep sub-micron CMOS image sensor[C]. IEMD Technical Digese,2003
[52]Masayuki Furumiya, Hiroaki Ohkubo. High-sensitivity and no-crosstalk pixel technology for embedded CMOS image sensor[J]. IEEE Trans Electron Devices,2001(48):2221-2227
[53]Tseng Chienhsien, Wuu Shougwo. Crosstalk improvement technology applicable to 0.14um CMOS image sensor[C]. IEDM Technical Digest,2004:997-1000
[54]Shang Kai Chiu, Chih Yuan Lin. Adaptive edge-preserving filter for CMOS image sensor cross-talk compensation[C]. Digital Signal Processing Workshop,12th-Signal Processing Education Workshop,2006:580-584
[55]Igor Shcherback,Tatiana Danov, Orly Yadidpecht. A comprehensive CMOS APS crosstalk study:Photoresponse modek, technology, and design trends[J]. IEEE Trans Electron Devices,2004(51):2033-2041
[56]H.Witters, T.Walschap, G. Vanstraelen,etc.1024×1280 pixel Dual Shutter APS for Industrial Vision[DB/OL]. http://www.fillfactory.com/htm/technology/pdf/sandaclara2003.pdf,2004.0 2.20
[57]Orly Yadid-Pecht, Bedabrata Pain, Craig Staller, et al. CMOS Active Pixel Sensor Star Tracker with Regional Electronic Shutter. IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, Vol.32.No.2, FEBRUARY 1997:285-289
[58]李杰.APS星敏感器关键技术的研究[D].中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2005
[59]Fundamental and technological limits on the performance of CMOS image sensors. http://www.fillfactory.com/htm/applications/htm/hi gh_resolution.htm.2003
[60]http://www.docin.com/p-7011983.html
[61]刘智CMOS图像传感器在星敏感器中应用研究[D].中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2004
[62]http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5de2c9bf0100ipnc.html
[63]Abbas EI Gamal. High Dynamic Range Image Sensors.Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University
[64]Yadid-pecht, A.Belenky. CMOS APS with Autoscaling and Customized Wide Dynamic range[J]. IEEE workshop on CCDs and advanced image sensors, Karuizawa, Japan, June 10-12,1999
[65]T. F. Knight, Design of an Integrated Optical Sensor with On-Chip Preprocessing.PhD thesis, MIT,1983
[66]M.Sayag. Non-linear Photosite Response in CCD Imagers. U.S Patent No.5,055,667,1991. Field 1990
[67]S.J.Decker, R.D.McGrath, K.Brehmer el at. A 256*256 CMOS imaging arry with wide dynamic range pixels and column-parallel digital output[J]. IEEE J. of Solid State Circuits,1998,Vol.33,2081-2091
[68]D.Yang, A.EI Gamal. Comparative Analysis of SNR for Image Sensors with Enhanced Dynamic Range[C]. In Proceeding of the SPIE Electronic Imaging'99 conference,1999,Vol.3649, San Jose, CA
[69]O.Yadid Pecht. E.Fossum, Wide intrascene dynamic range CMOS APS using dual sampling. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 1997,Vol.44:1721-172368
[70]D.Yang, A EI Gamal, B.Fowler and H. Tian.A 640×512 CMOS Image sensor with Ultra Wide Dynamic Range Floating Point Pixel-Level ADC. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits.1999, Vol.34, No.12:1821-1834
[71]S.K.Nayar and T.Mitsunaga. High dynamic range imaging:Spatially varying pixel exposures. http://www.cs.columbia.edu/CAVE/,March 2000
[72]M. Aggarwal, N.Ahuja, High dynamic range panoramic imaging[C]. Proceedings of Eighth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Vol.1:2-9
[73]Xinqiao Liu. CMOS IMAGE SENSORS DYNAMIC RANGE AND SNR ENHANCEMENT VIA STATISTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING[D]. A Dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy, Stanford University,2002:15-17
[74]侯雨石,何玉青.数码相机CMOS图像传感器的特性参数与选择[J].光子技术,2003,Vol.29 No.2：174-175
[75]程开富CMOS图像传感器的发展及应用.2001年全国电子元器件应用技术研讨会论文集[J],2001：307-314
[76]OmniVision Technologies, OV2610/OV211 Odatasheet
[77]刘团结.航空多光谱数字相机系统关键技术及应用研究[D].中国科学院博士学位研究生学位论文,2002：26-29
[78]王小伟,陈效双,陆卫.阶跃式集成滤光片研究进展[M].量子电子学报,2007,Vol.25：122
[79]俞侃,刘文,黄德修.角度调谐滤光片特性分析及膜系设计.光子学报[J],2008,37(6)：1175-1179
[80]刘岚,尹勇,李京蔚.基于ARM的嵌入式系统开发.北京,电子工业出版社,2008,10-15]
[81]张雄伟,曹铁勇,陈亮等.DSP芯片的原理与开发应用.北京,电子工业出版社,2009,1-12
[82]赵艳华,曹丙霞,张睿.基于Quartus Ⅱ的FPGA/CPLD设计与应用.北京：电子工业出版社,2009,35-37
[83]王诚,吴继华,范丽珍,薛宁,薛小刚Altera FPGA/CPLD设计.北京：人民邮电出版社,2005,75-116
[84]褚振勇,齐亮,田红心,高楷娟FPGA设计及应用.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2006,92-224
[85]陈涛.基于仿生复眼的多CMOS高速成像系统研究[D].中国矿业大学硕士学位论文,2010
[86]Altera, Cyclone Ⅱ Device Handbook, Http://www.altera.com
[87]宋洋.航空测量CCD数字相机电路系统的设计与实现[D].北京邮电大学硕士学位论文,2010
[88]王可东,孙道虎,晏磊,赵红颖.低成本CMOS阵列式高速成像系统[J].光电技术应用,2005,Vol.26(2)：146-150
[89]秦其明.遥感概论网络教程[M].高等教育出版社,2003
[90]HUANG Mei-ling, ZHANG Bo-heng, BIAN Chuan-ping. Character Comparison of CCD and CMOS Image Sensor[J]. Science Technology and Engineering,Vol.7,No.2,2007:249-251
[91]http://wenku.baidu.com/view/5d7d4687bceb19e8b8f6baa8.html
[92]Niels Bassler. Radiation Damage in Scientific Charge-Coupled Devices. Thesis of Master in University of Aarhus.2002
[93]宋敏,郐新凯，郑亚茹.CCD与CMOS图像传感器探测性能比较比较[J].半导体光电,2005,Vol.26(1)：5-9
[94]Janesick J R. Lux transfer:complementary metel oxide semiconductors versus charge-coupled devices[J].Opt.Eng.,2002,41:1203-1215
[95]Determination of the Spectral Responsivity of Optical Radiation Detectors[R]. CIE TC2.2,1984
[96]邱虹云,刘阳,孙利群等.1400万像素CMOS传感器高速读出及信号采集的研究[J].红外技术.2006,Vol.28(6)：356-360
[97]马德敏.高光谱图像质量评价[J].红外,2004,7：18-23
[98]http://met.fzu.edu.cn/dip/c5_2.htm
[99]王强.航空高光谱遥感光谱域噪声滤波应用研究[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2006：27-30
[100]滕召荣,蒋天发.邻域平均法对矢量图平滑处理[J].计算机应用技术,2009,Vol.14：75-77
[101]Boardman, Joseph. Post-ATREM polishing of AVIRIS apparent reflectance data using EFFORT:a lesson in accuracy versus precision[J]. Summaries of the Seventh Annual JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop, Pasadena, CA,1998
[102]John R. Jesen et al.2002 Hyperspectral analysis of hazardous waste sites on the savannah river site, report of Westinghouse Savannah River Company,2003:21-26
[103]谢凤英,赵丹培Visual C++数字图像处理[M],电子工业出版社,2008
[104]M. Loinaz, K. Singh, A. Blanksby, D. Inglis, K. Azadet, and B. Ackland. A 200Mw 3.3V CMOS color camera IC producing 352×288 24b Video at 30 frames/s. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, San Fransisco, CA, February 1998:168-169
[105]R. Panicacci et al.128Mb/s Mltiport CMOS Binary Active- pixel Image Sensor. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference,1996
[106]B. Fowler, A. El Gamal, and D. X. D. Yang. A CMOS Area Image Sensor with Pixel-Level A/D Conversion. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference,1994:226-227
[107]D. Yang. B. Fowler, and A. El Gamal. A 128x128 CMOS Image Sensor with Multiplexed Pixel Level A/D Conversion. CICC96,1996:303-306
[108]Hui Tian. Noise Analysis in CMOS Image Sensors[D]. A Dissertation Submitter to the Department of Applied Physics and the Committee on Graduate Studies of Standford University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. August 2000.
[109]米本和也(著),陈榕庭,彭美桂(译)CCD/CMOS图像传感器基础与应用[M].科学出版社,2006：156
[110]Batlle J, Marti J, Ridao P, Amat J. A New FPGA/DSP-Based Parallel Architecture for Teal-time Rmage Processing[J]. Real-time Imaging, 2002,(8):345-356
[111]黄美玲,张伯珩,边川平,李露瑶等.相关双采样技术在航天相机中的应用研究[J].传感器技术,2005,Vol.24(8)：31-33
[112]H. Nyquist. Thermal Agitation of Electric Charge in Conductors[J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW,1928,Vol.32:110-113
[113]Dennis V. Perepelitsa. Johnson Noise and Shot Noise.2006
[114]Noise sources in a MOSFET Transistor. JDS,1999
[115]张文普,袁祥辉,贺国权.基于相关双采样的接触式图像传感器的噪声抑制[J].重庆大学学报,2004,Vol27(1)：21-24
[116]I. Shcherback, A. Belenky, O. Yadid-Pecht. Expirical dark current modeling for complementary metal oxide semiconductor active pixel sensor. Opt. Eng. June 2002. Vol.41, No.6:1216-1219
[117]Ikuko Inoue, Nagataka Tanaka, Hirofumi Yamashita. Low Leakage Current and Low Operating Voltage Buried Photodiode for a CMOS Image[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electronics Devieds,2003,50(1):43-47
[118]Hsiu-Yu Cheng, Ya-Chin King. A CMOS Image Sensor with Dark-Current Cancellation and Dynamic Sensitivity Operations. IEEE Transactions on Electronics Devieds,2003,50(1):91-95
[119]焦斌亮,高志强,李素静,白云.大气辐射传输模型及其软件[J].计算机技术与应用进展,2007：386-390
[120]孙毅义,董浩,毕朝辉等.大气辐射传输模型的比较研究[J].强激光与粒子束,2004,Vol.16(2)：149-153
[121]贺菁,王新赛,李庆华.基于高程图的光学成像模型[J].计算机工程,2008,Vol.34(1)：50-52
[122]许洪.多光谱、超光谱成像探测关键技术研究[D].天津大学博士学位论文,2008
[123]李智勇.高光谱图像异常检测方法研究[D].国防科技大学博士学位论文,2004
[124]Delpy DT, Cope M. Quantification in tissue near-infrared spectroscopy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences,1997,352:640-659
[125]马彬.基于Monte Carlo(?)勺光学分子影像仿真平台并行化设计[D].西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2010：8-11
[126]N.Metropolics, S.Ulam. The Monte Carlo Method[J], J.Am. Statistical Association, Vol.44:335-341
[127]赵世湖.数字航摄相机几何辐射传输模型及二次成像原型系统验证[D],北京大学博士学位论文,2010
[128]S.A.Prahl, M. Keijzer, S. L. Jacques, A.J.Welch. A Monte Carlo Model of Light Propagation in Tissue[J]. SPIE Institute Series. Vol. is 5(1989):102-111