实时直接分析质谱在中药质量控制中的应用基础研究
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摘要
质谱技术广泛应用于中药质量控制领域,具有特异性强、灵敏度高等优势。但常规质谱的分析效率较低,难以满足高通量分析的需求。实时直接分析质谱(Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry, DART-MS)技术改变了质谱的进样方式,可在大气压环境下直接分析样品,显著提高了质谱分析的效率。本文开展DART-MS技术在中药质量控制中的应用基础研究,主要的研究内容及成果如下：
1、创建基于DART-MS技术的中药注射液质量评价方法。以丹参注射液为研究实例,用DART-MS技术筛选其分析标记物。建立丹参注射液的DART-MS分析方法,可在1min之内实现丹酚酸类和寡糖类物质的同时检测。采集5个厂家47个批次丹参注射液的DART-MS数据进行主成分分析,筛选出葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、原儿茶醛和丹酚酸A等物质作为丹参注射液的分析标记物。进一步结合制备液相、核磁共振等技术分离鉴定丹参注射液分析标记物中的两个新化合物；并将DART-MS技术推广应用于丹红注射液的指纹图谱分析。研究结果表明DART-MS技术是快速评价中药注射液质量的有效工具。
2、建立基于DART-MS技术的中药生产过程质量控制方法。以丹参注射液的碱沉工艺为研究对象,采用主成分分析法分析15批对照组样品的DART-MS数据,构建丹参碱沉工艺的Hotelling T2控制图和DmodX控制图,用于评价12批验证组样品的批次一致性。结果显示,该方法可快速识别丹参碱沉工艺的投料异常和过程异常,针对异常批次,可进一步结合主成分贡献图分析工艺过程。DART-MS技术与多变量数据分析方法的结合为中药生产过程质量控制提供了一种新方法。
3、自制DART表面流动式载样装置,建立柱层析-DART-MS在线分析系统,并将其用于三七柱层析洗脱过程的在线检测。三七柱层析洗脱液经稀释后与衍生化试剂(四甲基氢氧化铵)混合,由表面流动式载样装置将其导入到DART电离区。在高温亚稳态氦气的辅助下,洗脱液中的三七皂苷类成分发生甲基化和离子化,随后进入质谱检测。研究结果表明,用柱层析-DART-MS在线分析系统监测三七柱层析洗脱过程,能快速、准确地提示洗脱液化学组成的变化。
4、研究了DART离子源的两个关键参数(解离气类型和加热管温度)对各类中药活性成分DART-MS分析结果的影响。选取18个常见的中药活性物质为代表,包括苯丙素类、生物碱类、皂苷类、挥发油类、黄酮类和糖苷类化合物。在不同的离子源解离气和加热管温度下,对比各物质DART-MS特征离子的峰面积和信噪比；分析了化合物的结构特征、DART离子源参数及质谱响应之间的关系；在此基础上提出将中药活性成分按化学结构分为4类,设定其DART-MS分析的解离气和加热管温度。该工作可为DART-MS技术应用于中药质量控制的研究提供参考。
Mass spectrometry is widely used in the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The advantage of this technique lies in its strong specificity and high sensitivity. However, the mass spectrometric analysis of complex sample is generally time-consuming. Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) can obtain the mass spectrum within just one minute, which significantly increases the efficiency of mass spectrometric analysis. The aim of this dissertation is thus to study the application of DART-MS on the quality control of TCM. The main innovation and academic contributions of this study are summarized as follows:
1A rapid quality assessment method based on DART-MS was developed for TCM injection. DART-MS was employed to identify analytical markers from Danshen injection.The optimal analysis conditions were achieved by measuring the contribution of various experimental parameters to the mass spectrum. Salvianolic acids and saccharides were simultaneously determined within a single1-min DART-MS run. The spectra of Danshen injections supplied by five manufacturers were processed with principal component analysis (PCA). Obvious clustering was observed in the PCA score plot, and candidate markers were recognized from the contribution plots of PCA. The suitability of potential markers was then confirmed by contrasting with the results of traditional analysis methods. Using this strategy, fructose, glucose, sucrose, protocatechuic aldehyde and salvianolic acid A were rapidly identified as the markers of Danshen injection. Furthermore, two novel compounds in analytical markers were separated by semi-preparative liquid chromatography and then identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. Finally, DART-MS was successfully applied to the fingerprint analysis of Danhong injection. DART-MS was found to be a reliable technique for assessing the quality of TCM injection.
2The application of DART-MS to monitor TCM manufacturing process was presented. Danshen alkaline precipitation was taken as an example. A total of15batches run under normal operating conditions were used to develop a PCA model. Two kinds of multivariate control charts (Hotelling T2and DModX charts) were applied to examine the batch-to-batch reproducibility of12test batches. Artificial variations including starting material changes and process faults were identified. Further understanding of the deviating process behavior was achieved by investigating the contribution plot of abnormal batches. The results showed that DART-MS, in conjunction with multivariate analysis, provided a useful tool for monitoring TCM manufacturing processes.
3A surface flowing mode sample holder was designed for DART. The online coupling of macroporous resin column chromatography with DART-MS was then achieved through the sample holder. This new hyphenated system was employed to monitor the elution process of Panax notoginseng's column chromatography. The diluted eluent from macroporous resin column was firstly mixed with derivatization reagent, then transferred into the ionization region of DART by the sample holder. Notoginsenosides were methylated and ionized in metastable helium gas stream, and then led into MS for the detection. The alteration of chemical composition was rapidly and accurately identified, which agreed well with the offline determination result. This study suggested that the surface flowing mode DART-MS could be used in the online monitoring of TCM manufacturing process.
4It was studied that the effects of key ion source operating parameters on DART-MS analysis of various TCM active components. A total of18active compounds from phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, saponins, flavones, volatile oils and glycosides were investigated. For each substance, the peak area and signal to noise of its characteristic ions under different discharge gas and heater temperature were compared. Based on the comparison, the relationships among chemical structure, ion source parameters and instrument responses were revealed. Finally, some suggestions about choosing discharge gas and heater temperature were proposed for types of TCM active substance, which offered a reference for the application of DART-MS on TCM analysis.
1、创建基于DART-MS技术的中药注射液质量评价方法。以丹参注射液为研究实例,用DART-MS技术筛选其分析标记物。建立丹参注射液的DART-MS分析方法,可在1min之内实现丹酚酸类和寡糖类物质的同时检测。采集5个厂家47个批次丹参注射液的DART-MS数据进行主成分分析,筛选出葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、原儿茶醛和丹酚酸A等物质作为丹参注射液的分析标记物。进一步结合制备液相、核磁共振等技术分离鉴定丹参注射液分析标记物中的两个新化合物；并将DART-MS技术推广应用于丹红注射液的指纹图谱分析。研究结果表明DART-MS技术是快速评价中药注射液质量的有效工具。
2、建立基于DART-MS技术的中药生产过程质量控制方法。以丹参注射液的碱沉工艺为研究对象,采用主成分分析法分析15批对照组样品的DART-MS数据,构建丹参碱沉工艺的Hotelling T2控制图和DmodX控制图,用于评价12批验证组样品的批次一致性。结果显示,该方法可快速识别丹参碱沉工艺的投料异常和过程异常,针对异常批次,可进一步结合主成分贡献图分析工艺过程。DART-MS技术与多变量数据分析方法的结合为中药生产过程质量控制提供了一种新方法。
3、自制DART表面流动式载样装置,建立柱层析-DART-MS在线分析系统,并将其用于三七柱层析洗脱过程的在线检测。三七柱层析洗脱液经稀释后与衍生化试剂(四甲基氢氧化铵)混合,由表面流动式载样装置将其导入到DART电离区。在高温亚稳态氦气的辅助下,洗脱液中的三七皂苷类成分发生甲基化和离子化,随后进入质谱检测。研究结果表明,用柱层析-DART-MS在线分析系统监测三七柱层析洗脱过程,能快速、准确地提示洗脱液化学组成的变化。
4、研究了DART离子源的两个关键参数(解离气类型和加热管温度)对各类中药活性成分DART-MS分析结果的影响。选取18个常见的中药活性物质为代表,包括苯丙素类、生物碱类、皂苷类、挥发油类、黄酮类和糖苷类化合物。在不同的离子源解离气和加热管温度下,对比各物质DART-MS特征离子的峰面积和信噪比；分析了化合物的结构特征、DART离子源参数及质谱响应之间的关系；在此基础上提出将中药活性成分按化学结构分为4类,设定其DART-MS分析的解离气和加热管温度。该工作可为DART-MS技术应用于中药质量控制的研究提供参考。
Mass spectrometry is widely used in the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The advantage of this technique lies in its strong specificity and high sensitivity. However, the mass spectrometric analysis of complex sample is generally time-consuming. Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) can obtain the mass spectrum within just one minute, which significantly increases the efficiency of mass spectrometric analysis. The aim of this dissertation is thus to study the application of DART-MS on the quality control of TCM. The main innovation and academic contributions of this study are summarized as follows:
1A rapid quality assessment method based on DART-MS was developed for TCM injection. DART-MS was employed to identify analytical markers from Danshen injection.The optimal analysis conditions were achieved by measuring the contribution of various experimental parameters to the mass spectrum. Salvianolic acids and saccharides were simultaneously determined within a single1-min DART-MS run. The spectra of Danshen injections supplied by five manufacturers were processed with principal component analysis (PCA). Obvious clustering was observed in the PCA score plot, and candidate markers were recognized from the contribution plots of PCA. The suitability of potential markers was then confirmed by contrasting with the results of traditional analysis methods. Using this strategy, fructose, glucose, sucrose, protocatechuic aldehyde and salvianolic acid A were rapidly identified as the markers of Danshen injection. Furthermore, two novel compounds in analytical markers were separated by semi-preparative liquid chromatography and then identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. Finally, DART-MS was successfully applied to the fingerprint analysis of Danhong injection. DART-MS was found to be a reliable technique for assessing the quality of TCM injection.
2The application of DART-MS to monitor TCM manufacturing process was presented. Danshen alkaline precipitation was taken as an example. A total of15batches run under normal operating conditions were used to develop a PCA model. Two kinds of multivariate control charts (Hotelling T2and DModX charts) were applied to examine the batch-to-batch reproducibility of12test batches. Artificial variations including starting material changes and process faults were identified. Further understanding of the deviating process behavior was achieved by investigating the contribution plot of abnormal batches. The results showed that DART-MS, in conjunction with multivariate analysis, provided a useful tool for monitoring TCM manufacturing processes.
3A surface flowing mode sample holder was designed for DART. The online coupling of macroporous resin column chromatography with DART-MS was then achieved through the sample holder. This new hyphenated system was employed to monitor the elution process of Panax notoginseng's column chromatography. The diluted eluent from macroporous resin column was firstly mixed with derivatization reagent, then transferred into the ionization region of DART by the sample holder. Notoginsenosides were methylated and ionized in metastable helium gas stream, and then led into MS for the detection. The alteration of chemical composition was rapidly and accurately identified, which agreed well with the offline determination result. This study suggested that the surface flowing mode DART-MS could be used in the online monitoring of TCM manufacturing process.
4It was studied that the effects of key ion source operating parameters on DART-MS analysis of various TCM active components. A total of18active compounds from phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, saponins, flavones, volatile oils and glycosides were investigated. For each substance, the peak area and signal to noise of its characteristic ions under different discharge gas and heater temperature were compared. Based on the comparison, the relationships among chemical structure, ion source parameters and instrument responses were revealed. Finally, some suggestions about choosing discharge gas and heater temperature were proposed for types of TCM active substance, which offered a reference for the application of DART-MS on TCM analysis.
引文
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