磁共振成像中若干方法问题研究
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摘要
尽管磁共振成像技术在医学诊断治疗和认知神经科学中已得到广泛应用,但正处于发展阶段的磁共振成像在许多方面还不成熟,存在着一些急待解决的技术问题。本论文针对一些技术问题进行了研究,其主要内容如下：
1.低场MRI系统上弥散加权PROPELLER技术研究
该章先简单概述了磁共振弥散成像的基本原理、临床应用和磁共振弥散加权成像方法,然后就低场磁共振成像系统上多激发弥散加权PROPELLER技术进行了研究。我们在0.35T永磁开放式磁共振成像系统上成功实现了DW-PROPELLER方法,并且得到了高质量的弥散加权图像和相应的ADC图,研究表明多激发DW-PROPELLER在低场上应用是可行的。
2.低场永磁开放型磁共振成像系统中外磁场干扰引起的图像伪影校正方法研究
该章采用磁共振方法和磁通门磁力计测量了靠近地铁的永磁磁共振成像系统的主磁场变化。然后针对这一主磁场振荡引起的图像伪影,我们提出了一种新的导航回波方法监控主磁场的波动并用以补偿磁共振信号的相位变化,通过水模和人体脑部成像研究了该方法的有效性。
3.人体肝脏磁共振波谱中运动伪影抑制方法研究
该章首先概述了活体磁共振波谱技术和生理运动对其的影响,然后研究了频率校正技术在活体肝脏1H磁共振波谱的应用价值。本章还在1.5T磁共振成像系统上实现了导航回波磁共振波谱技术,并研究了导航回波监控和屏气采集相结合的方法在活体肝脏1H磁共振波谱的应用价值。
4.3.OT磁共振成像系统上32通道头线圈在BOLD-fMRI中的应用研究
本章采用黑白棋盘格和新型图像记忆编码两种刺激范式,研究了3T磁共振成像系统上采用不同采集分辨率和空间平滑参数时,32通道头线圈的应用对视皮层和内侧颞叶区域的时间序列信噪比和激活体积的影响。
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most flexible diagnostic imaging modalities, possessing the ability to characterize a wide range of parameters in the living subject and provide exquisite spatial resolution. MRI has also been extensively used in cognitive neuroscience and for the mapping of human brain function. However, MRI still meets challenges in some applications, such as low field permanent system and in vivo liver MRS. So some solutions were proposed in this thesis and the main contents include:
1. Multi-shot diffusion weighted PROPELLER on 0.35T open MRI system
The purpose of this chapter was to develop diffusion weighted periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (DW-PROPELLER) on low-field open MR systems. The DW-PROPELLER was implemented on a 0.35T open MR system, and an auto pre-scan technique was used to mitigate non-Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) artifacts. High quality diffusion weighted images and associated ADC maps were obtained. Multi-shot DW-PROPELLER is feasible for clinical use in the diagnosis of acute cerebral infarction on low-field open systems.
2. Image correction during large and rapid BO variations in an open MRI system with permanent magnets using navigator echoes and phase compensation
An open permanent magnet system with vertical BO field and without self-shielding can be quite susceptible to perturbations from external magnetic sources. BO variation in such a system located close to a subway station was measured to be greater than 0.7 u T by both MRI and a fluxgate magnetometer. This BO variation caused image artifacts. A navigator echo approach that monitored and compensated the view-toview,variation in magnetic resonance signal phase was developed to correct for image artifacts. Human brain imaging experiments using a multislice gradient-echo sequence demonstrated that the ghosting and blurring artifacts associated with BO variations were effectively removed using the navigator method.
3. Motion artifacts reduction in in vivo 1H-MRS of liver
(1) In vivo 1H-MRS of liver:The effects of frequency correction
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of frequency correction on reducing the motion artifacts of in vivo 1H-MRS of liver. Single voxel spectra of middle region in the human liver were acquired using frame-by-frame PRESS 1H-MRS at 1.5 Tesla. The frame-by-frame variations of the frequency of the residual water-signal were analyzed and the variations were corrected retrospectively by frequency shifting individual spectra prior to averaging. Comparison of the summed spectra prior to frequency correction, the summed spectra with frequency correction showed increased SNR and narrower linewidth of both lipid(-(CH2)n-) and residual water signals. This work demonstrated that the frequency correction effectively improved the spectra of in vivo 1H-MRS of liver.
(2) Navigator gated breathhold liver proton MR spectroscopy.
Multiple breathhold summation was suggested to reduce motion artifacts in liver 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, but there could be substantial misregistration among breathholds. We propose a navigator gated breathhold method that can be easily implemented on a standard scanner. The diaphragm navigator echo is used to monitor respiration during the entire scan. A retrospective gating is used to exclude misregistred breathholds. This navigator gating substantially improved the spectral width and peak.
4. Benefits of 32-channel over 12-channel coils for BOLD-fMRI at 3.0T MRI
The purpose of this study was to investigate how much the 32-channel 3T phased-array head coil can benefit the BOLD-fMRI, as exemplified in the visual cortex at the brain surface and the medial temporal lobe at the brain center. Ten subjects participated in the visual stimulus study and eight subjects in the memory encoding study on a 3T MRI system using both the 32-channel and 12-channel head coil. For each coil, single-shot gradient-echo EPI data at two different spatial resolutions (2×2×2 mm3 and 3×3×3 mm3) were collected. Statistical analysis was performed at the individual level using both the unsmoothed and smoothed functional data. In agreement with prior studies, the time-course SNR reaches an asymptotic limit due to effect of physiological noise as the image SNR is increased with the 32-channel coil or large effective voxels. The high image SNR from a 32-channel head coil at 3T MRI system is beneficial for both high and low resolution BOLD-fMRI in the medial temporal lobe, but may benefit only high resolution BOLD-fMRI in the visual cortex, which is close to the coil elements.
1.低场MRI系统上弥散加权PROPELLER技术研究
该章先简单概述了磁共振弥散成像的基本原理、临床应用和磁共振弥散加权成像方法,然后就低场磁共振成像系统上多激发弥散加权PROPELLER技术进行了研究。我们在0.35T永磁开放式磁共振成像系统上成功实现了DW-PROPELLER方法,并且得到了高质量的弥散加权图像和相应的ADC图,研究表明多激发DW-PROPELLER在低场上应用是可行的。
2.低场永磁开放型磁共振成像系统中外磁场干扰引起的图像伪影校正方法研究
该章采用磁共振方法和磁通门磁力计测量了靠近地铁的永磁磁共振成像系统的主磁场变化。然后针对这一主磁场振荡引起的图像伪影,我们提出了一种新的导航回波方法监控主磁场的波动并用以补偿磁共振信号的相位变化,通过水模和人体脑部成像研究了该方法的有效性。
3.人体肝脏磁共振波谱中运动伪影抑制方法研究
该章首先概述了活体磁共振波谱技术和生理运动对其的影响,然后研究了频率校正技术在活体肝脏1H磁共振波谱的应用价值。本章还在1.5T磁共振成像系统上实现了导航回波磁共振波谱技术,并研究了导航回波监控和屏气采集相结合的方法在活体肝脏1H磁共振波谱的应用价值。
4.3.OT磁共振成像系统上32通道头线圈在BOLD-fMRI中的应用研究
本章采用黑白棋盘格和新型图像记忆编码两种刺激范式,研究了3T磁共振成像系统上采用不同采集分辨率和空间平滑参数时,32通道头线圈的应用对视皮层和内侧颞叶区域的时间序列信噪比和激活体积的影响。
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most flexible diagnostic imaging modalities, possessing the ability to characterize a wide range of parameters in the living subject and provide exquisite spatial resolution. MRI has also been extensively used in cognitive neuroscience and for the mapping of human brain function. However, MRI still meets challenges in some applications, such as low field permanent system and in vivo liver MRS. So some solutions were proposed in this thesis and the main contents include:
1. Multi-shot diffusion weighted PROPELLER on 0.35T open MRI system
The purpose of this chapter was to develop diffusion weighted periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (DW-PROPELLER) on low-field open MR systems. The DW-PROPELLER was implemented on a 0.35T open MR system, and an auto pre-scan technique was used to mitigate non-Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) artifacts. High quality diffusion weighted images and associated ADC maps were obtained. Multi-shot DW-PROPELLER is feasible for clinical use in the diagnosis of acute cerebral infarction on low-field open systems.
2. Image correction during large and rapid BO variations in an open MRI system with permanent magnets using navigator echoes and phase compensation
An open permanent magnet system with vertical BO field and without self-shielding can be quite susceptible to perturbations from external magnetic sources. BO variation in such a system located close to a subway station was measured to be greater than 0.7 u T by both MRI and a fluxgate magnetometer. This BO variation caused image artifacts. A navigator echo approach that monitored and compensated the view-toview,variation in magnetic resonance signal phase was developed to correct for image artifacts. Human brain imaging experiments using a multislice gradient-echo sequence demonstrated that the ghosting and blurring artifacts associated with BO variations were effectively removed using the navigator method.
3. Motion artifacts reduction in in vivo 1H-MRS of liver
(1) In vivo 1H-MRS of liver:The effects of frequency correction
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of frequency correction on reducing the motion artifacts of in vivo 1H-MRS of liver. Single voxel spectra of middle region in the human liver were acquired using frame-by-frame PRESS 1H-MRS at 1.5 Tesla. The frame-by-frame variations of the frequency of the residual water-signal were analyzed and the variations were corrected retrospectively by frequency shifting individual spectra prior to averaging. Comparison of the summed spectra prior to frequency correction, the summed spectra with frequency correction showed increased SNR and narrower linewidth of both lipid(-(CH2)n-) and residual water signals. This work demonstrated that the frequency correction effectively improved the spectra of in vivo 1H-MRS of liver.
(2) Navigator gated breathhold liver proton MR spectroscopy.
Multiple breathhold summation was suggested to reduce motion artifacts in liver 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, but there could be substantial misregistration among breathholds. We propose a navigator gated breathhold method that can be easily implemented on a standard scanner. The diaphragm navigator echo is used to monitor respiration during the entire scan. A retrospective gating is used to exclude misregistred breathholds. This navigator gating substantially improved the spectral width and peak.
4. Benefits of 32-channel over 12-channel coils for BOLD-fMRI at 3.0T MRI
The purpose of this study was to investigate how much the 32-channel 3T phased-array head coil can benefit the BOLD-fMRI, as exemplified in the visual cortex at the brain surface and the medial temporal lobe at the brain center. Ten subjects participated in the visual stimulus study and eight subjects in the memory encoding study on a 3T MRI system using both the 32-channel and 12-channel head coil. For each coil, single-shot gradient-echo EPI data at two different spatial resolutions (2×2×2 mm3 and 3×3×3 mm3) were collected. Statistical analysis was performed at the individual level using both the unsmoothed and smoothed functional data. In agreement with prior studies, the time-course SNR reaches an asymptotic limit due to effect of physiological noise as the image SNR is increased with the 32-channel coil or large effective voxels. The high image SNR from a 32-channel head coil at 3T MRI system is beneficial for both high and low resolution BOLD-fMRI in the medial temporal lobe, but may benefit only high resolution BOLD-fMRI in the visual cortex, which is close to the coil elements.
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