贵州本地黄牛产肉性能与肉质营养特性研究
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摘要
试验选用贵州5个黄牛地方品种关岭黄牛、思南黄牛、黎平黄牛、威宁黄牛、务川黑牛,每个品种在中心产区选取5头膘情中等、品种特征明显的成年公牛,采用屠宰测定和实验室分析相结合的方法,进行了产肉性能和肉质营养特性的研究。结果表明:
(1)贵州本地黄牛属于典型小型地方黄牛品种。体格小,体重小,头均产肉量低,但皮薄骨细。黎平黄牛、威宁黄牛、思南黄牛、关岭黄牛、务川黑牛屠宰率分别为54.06%、54.68%、54.00%、53.71%、51.34%;净肉率分别为44.75%、44.41%、45.00%、48.88%、41.89%;眼肌面积最高的思南黄牛为83.15cm~2,肉骨比最高的关岭黄牛为6.62。产肉性能比上世纪80年代的报道值有所提高。
(2)无脂干物质状态下,黎平黄牛、威宁黄牛、思南黄牛、关岭黄牛、务川黑牛蛋白质含量分别为95.23%、95.45%、95.52、95.68%、95.61%,粗灰分含量为3.88%～4.35%;鲜肉状态下,黎平黄牛、威宁黄牛、思南黄牛、关岭黄牛、务川黑牛的脂肪含量分别为4.08%、6.20%、4.94%、3.64%、5.52%。
贵州本地黄牛肉的常规成分除钙外,其他成分组间差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。
(3)贵州本地黄牛肉脂肪酸主要由含十四、十六、十七、十八、二十碳原子的脂肪酸组成。不饱和脂肪酸含量(27.29%～45.48%)低于饱和脂肪酸含量(37.43%～50.96%)。黎平黄牛、威宁黄牛、思南黄牛、关岭黄牛、务川黑牛的UFA/TFA分别为45.78%、47.58%、46.30%、35.53%、44.23%,
在5个品种中,除关岭黄牛脂肪酸以硬脂酸含量最高以外,其他4个品种都以油酸含量最高,威宁黄牛的油酸含量最高为40.55%,最低的关岭黄牛为22.78%。5个品种之间,脂肪酸含量差异性较大(P＜0.05)。
(4)贵州本地黄牛肉除色氨酸未测定之外,含有其他8种人体必需氨基酸。在氨基酸含量中,以谷氨酸含量最高,最高的关岭黄牛为169.7mg/g:其次含量较高的是赖氨酸和天冬氨酸;含量最低的是胱氨酸。黎平黄牛、威宁黄牛、思南黄牛、关岭黄牛、务川黑牛的EAA/TAA分别为40.08%、43.17%、42.50%、42.67%、40.66%(不包括色氨酸)。
威宁黄牛、思南黄牛、关岭黄牛的TAA、EAA、Met、Leu、Ile、Lys、Thr、Val、Phe、His差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。黎平黄牛与务川黑牛的TAA、EAA、Met、Leu、Ile含量与其他品种间差异均不显著(P＞0.05),Lys、Thr、Val、Phe、His含量与其他品种间存在一定差异(P＜0.05)。
以Lys含量为100,建立贵州本地黄牛肌肉生长的氨基酸模型为Lys 100、Thr 49、Val 47、Ile 44、Leu 90、Met 30、His 53、Phe 42、Arg 81、Trp 14(文献值)、Met+Cys 43、Phe+Tyr 78。
Five Guizhou native cattle varieties(Guanling Cattle,Sinan Cattle,Liping Cattle,Weining Cattle,Wuchuan Black Cattle) were selected,and in each variety 5 mature bulls with medium body size in central county were choosen,to use the approaches of slaughter determination and laboratory analysis to study the meat production performance and the nutritive peculiarity.The findings show that:
(1) Guizhou native cattle belong to the typical variety of small native cattle.It has characters with small body size,small body weight,low meat production yield on average,but thin skin and minute bone.The slaughter rate and ratio of net meat production to live body weight are 53.56%and 44.99%respectively.Comparing with the report in 1980's,there is somewhat higher meat production performance.
(2) The protein contents in free-fat dry matter are 95.23%,95.45%,95.52%, 95.68%and 95.61%in Guanling Cattle,Sinan Cattle,Liping Cattle,Weining Cattle, Wuchuan Black Cattle,respectively.And the fat contents are 4.08%,6.20%,and 4.94%,3.64%and 5.52%based on fresh meat,respectively.
Except calium and phosphonium,there are no significant difference(P＞0.05) in the rest approximate compositions.
(3) The fatty acids in Guizhou native cattle are composed mostly by fourteen-, sixteen-,seventeen-,eighteen-,and twenty-carbon fatty acid.The contents of unsaturated fatty acid(27.29%～45.48%) are less than those of saturated fatty acid (37.43%～50.96%).The UFA/TFA of Guanling Cattle,Sinan Cattle,Liping Cattle, Weining Cattle,Wuchuan Black Cattle are 45.78%,47.58%,46.30%,35.53%, 44.23%,respectively.
In these varieties,except the Guanling Cattle having a high octadecanoic ned,the others are all rich in oleic acid and less in linoleic acid,in which Weining Cattle does the maxium(40.55%) and the Guanling Cattle does the minimum 22.78%oleic acid contenting.And except 16-1 olefmic acid,there is a significant difference(P＜0.05)in the rest fatty acids among these 5 varieties.
(4) Besides tryptophane failling to be determined,there are other 8 kinds of essential ammo acids needed liar human nutrient requirements in Guizhou native cattie. In all ammo acids determined the highest content is giycine which rises up to 169.7 mg/g in Guanling Cattle.And the second is lysine;the lowest is cystine.The EAA/TAA in Guarding Cattle,Sinan Cattle,Liping Cattle,Weining Cattle,Wuchuan Black Cattle are 40.08%,43.17%,42.50%,42.67%,40.66%,respectively(exclude Trp).
The content of TAA,EAA,methionine,leucine,isoleucine,lysine,threonine, valine,phenylalanine,histidine among Weining Cattle,Sinan Cattle,Guanling Cattle is no significant difference(P＞0.05).And the content of TAA,EAA,methionine, leucine,isoleucine of Liping Cattle and Wuchuan Black Cattle compare to other varieties being no significant difference(P＞0.05)wherewise there exist great significant in lysine,threonine,valine,phenylalanine,histidine(P＜0.05).
Amino acid model of flesh growth for Guizhou native cattle established based on lysine as 100 are lysine 100,threonine 49,valine 47,isoleucine 44,leucine 90, methionine 30,histidine 53,phenylalanine 42,arginine 81,tryptophane 14(literature value),methionine+cystine 43,phenylalanine+tyrosine 78.
(1)贵州本地黄牛属于典型小型地方黄牛品种。体格小,体重小,头均产肉量低,但皮薄骨细。黎平黄牛、威宁黄牛、思南黄牛、关岭黄牛、务川黑牛屠宰率分别为54.06%、54.68%、54.00%、53.71%、51.34%;净肉率分别为44.75%、44.41%、45.00%、48.88%、41.89%;眼肌面积最高的思南黄牛为83.15cm~2,肉骨比最高的关岭黄牛为6.62。产肉性能比上世纪80年代的报道值有所提高。
(2)无脂干物质状态下,黎平黄牛、威宁黄牛、思南黄牛、关岭黄牛、务川黑牛蛋白质含量分别为95.23%、95.45%、95.52、95.68%、95.61%,粗灰分含量为3.88%～4.35%;鲜肉状态下,黎平黄牛、威宁黄牛、思南黄牛、关岭黄牛、务川黑牛的脂肪含量分别为4.08%、6.20%、4.94%、3.64%、5.52%。
贵州本地黄牛肉的常规成分除钙外,其他成分组间差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。
(3)贵州本地黄牛肉脂肪酸主要由含十四、十六、十七、十八、二十碳原子的脂肪酸组成。不饱和脂肪酸含量(27.29%～45.48%)低于饱和脂肪酸含量(37.43%～50.96%)。黎平黄牛、威宁黄牛、思南黄牛、关岭黄牛、务川黑牛的UFA/TFA分别为45.78%、47.58%、46.30%、35.53%、44.23%,
在5个品种中,除关岭黄牛脂肪酸以硬脂酸含量最高以外,其他4个品种都以油酸含量最高,威宁黄牛的油酸含量最高为40.55%,最低的关岭黄牛为22.78%。5个品种之间,脂肪酸含量差异性较大(P＜0.05)。
(4)贵州本地黄牛肉除色氨酸未测定之外,含有其他8种人体必需氨基酸。在氨基酸含量中,以谷氨酸含量最高,最高的关岭黄牛为169.7mg/g:其次含量较高的是赖氨酸和天冬氨酸;含量最低的是胱氨酸。黎平黄牛、威宁黄牛、思南黄牛、关岭黄牛、务川黑牛的EAA/TAA分别为40.08%、43.17%、42.50%、42.67%、40.66%(不包括色氨酸)。
威宁黄牛、思南黄牛、关岭黄牛的TAA、EAA、Met、Leu、Ile、Lys、Thr、Val、Phe、His差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。黎平黄牛与务川黑牛的TAA、EAA、Met、Leu、Ile含量与其他品种间差异均不显著(P＞0.05),Lys、Thr、Val、Phe、His含量与其他品种间存在一定差异(P＜0.05)。
以Lys含量为100,建立贵州本地黄牛肌肉生长的氨基酸模型为Lys 100、Thr 49、Val 47、Ile 44、Leu 90、Met 30、His 53、Phe 42、Arg 81、Trp 14(文献值)、Met+Cys 43、Phe+Tyr 78。
Five Guizhou native cattle varieties(Guanling Cattle,Sinan Cattle,Liping Cattle,Weining Cattle,Wuchuan Black Cattle) were selected,and in each variety 5 mature bulls with medium body size in central county were choosen,to use the approaches of slaughter determination and laboratory analysis to study the meat production performance and the nutritive peculiarity.The findings show that:
(1) Guizhou native cattle belong to the typical variety of small native cattle.It has characters with small body size,small body weight,low meat production yield on average,but thin skin and minute bone.The slaughter rate and ratio of net meat production to live body weight are 53.56%and 44.99%respectively.Comparing with the report in 1980's,there is somewhat higher meat production performance.
(2) The protein contents in free-fat dry matter are 95.23%,95.45%,95.52%, 95.68%and 95.61%in Guanling Cattle,Sinan Cattle,Liping Cattle,Weining Cattle, Wuchuan Black Cattle,respectively.And the fat contents are 4.08%,6.20%,and 4.94%,3.64%and 5.52%based on fresh meat,respectively.
Except calium and phosphonium,there are no significant difference(P＞0.05) in the rest approximate compositions.
(3) The fatty acids in Guizhou native cattle are composed mostly by fourteen-, sixteen-,seventeen-,eighteen-,and twenty-carbon fatty acid.The contents of unsaturated fatty acid(27.29%～45.48%) are less than those of saturated fatty acid (37.43%～50.96%).The UFA/TFA of Guanling Cattle,Sinan Cattle,Liping Cattle, Weining Cattle,Wuchuan Black Cattle are 45.78%,47.58%,46.30%,35.53%, 44.23%,respectively.
In these varieties,except the Guanling Cattle having a high octadecanoic ned,the others are all rich in oleic acid and less in linoleic acid,in which Weining Cattle does the maxium(40.55%) and the Guanling Cattle does the minimum 22.78%oleic acid contenting.And except 16-1 olefmic acid,there is a significant difference(P＜0.05)in the rest fatty acids among these 5 varieties.
(4) Besides tryptophane failling to be determined,there are other 8 kinds of essential ammo acids needed liar human nutrient requirements in Guizhou native cattie. In all ammo acids determined the highest content is giycine which rises up to 169.7 mg/g in Guanling Cattle.And the second is lysine;the lowest is cystine.The EAA/TAA in Guarding Cattle,Sinan Cattle,Liping Cattle,Weining Cattle,Wuchuan Black Cattle are 40.08%,43.17%,42.50%,42.67%,40.66%,respectively(exclude Trp).
The content of TAA,EAA,methionine,leucine,isoleucine,lysine,threonine, valine,phenylalanine,histidine among Weining Cattle,Sinan Cattle,Guanling Cattle is no significant difference(P＞0.05).And the content of TAA,EAA,methionine, leucine,isoleucine of Liping Cattle and Wuchuan Black Cattle compare to other varieties being no significant difference(P＞0.05)wherewise there exist great significant in lysine,threonine,valine,phenylalanine,histidine(P＜0.05).
Amino acid model of flesh growth for Guizhou native cattle established based on lysine as 100 are lysine 100,threonine 49,valine 47,isoleucine 44,leucine 90, methionine 30,histidine 53,phenylalanine 42,arginine 81,tryptophane 14(literature value),methionine+cystine 43,phenylalanine+tyrosine 78.
引文
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