不同脂肪源对异育银鲫生长、体脂沉积和血液生化指标的影响
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摘要
脂肪是水产动物的主要营养元素,在水产饲料中起着重要作用,目前鱼油是水产饲料主要的油脂来源,但由于鱼油供应紧张、价格上涨和存在二恶英等有毒有害物质,所以寻找鱼油的替代油脂已迫在眉睫。本试验以异育银鲫为研究对象,通过在饲料中添加等量的不同脂肪源来研究各油脂对异育银鲫生长、体脂沉积、血液生化指标和脂肪酸组成的影响,为生产异育银鲫配合饲料,提供对脂肪这一营养成分的种类和含量方面的选择依据。
1不同脂肪源对异育银鲫鱼种生长性能及体成分的影响
试验选择尾均重(6.04±0.05)g的健康异育银鲫鱼种525尾,驯养1周后,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复35尾鱼。在基础饲料中分别添加4%的鱼油、豆油、猪油、花生油和混合油(鱼油：豆油：猪油=3：4：3),制成5种等氮等能试验饲料,试验期为60 d。试验结果发现混合油组的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)显著高于鱼油组和猪油组(P<0.05),但与其他组无显著差异(P>0.05)；蛋白质效率(PER)、饲料系数(FCR)各组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05)；豆油组的肠体比显著高于鱼油组和猪油组(P<0.05)；猪油组的肝体指数(HSI)显著高于鱼油组(P<0.05),猪油组的内脏指数显著高于混合油组(P<0.05)；不同脂肪源对肥满度的影响不显著(P>0.05)；猪油组肌肉中粗蛋白显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)；鱼体肌肉中水分、粗脂肪、粗灰分和磷各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)；猪油组肝脏中粗脂肪含量显著高于鱼油组和花生油组(P<0.05)；肝脏中粗蛋白鱼油组和豆油组显著高于猪油组和花生油组(P<0.05)。研究结果显示,当豆油和花生油单独添加时,与添加鱼油组表现出相似的生长性能和体成分,而单独添加猪油,不仅生长稍差而且肌肉蛋白降低肝脏脂肪升高。建议生产上鱼油、豆油和猪油混合添加,使得油脂中各种脂肪酸的比例适中,不但节约了饲料成本,而且异育银鲫表现出较好的生长效果。
2不同脂肪源对异育银鲫消化酶活性、表观消化率与血液生化指标的影响
饲养方案同1,试验结果发现鱼油组和豆油组肠道和肝胰脏中蛋白酶活性显著高于猪油组(P<0.05),但与花生油组和混合油组无显著差异(P>0.05)；豆油组和混合油组肝胰脏脂肪酶活性显著高于猪油组(P<0.05),混合油组肠道脂肪酶活性显著高于猪油组(P<0.05),其他各组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)；各组间肝胰脏和肠道中淀粉酶活性没有显著差异(P>0.05),但肠道淀粉酶活性普遍高于肝胰脏淀粉酶活性。肝胰脏中粗脂肪含量鱼油组显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),花生油组显著低于豆油组、猪油组和昆合油组(P<0.05)。猪油组粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),但各组干物质和总磷的表观消化率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。
血浆中总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)的含量鱼油组显著高于猪油组(P0.<05),而谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性猪油组显著高于鱼油组(P<0.05),其余各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。鱼油组甘油三酯(TG)含量显著低于豆油组(P<0.05),高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)含量鱼油组却显著高于猪油组(P<0.05)。各试验组的球蛋白(GLB)、胆固醇(CHO)、血糖(BGLU)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)无显著差异性(P>0.05)。此外血浆中与脂肪代谢相关的激素指标如皮质醇、胰高血糖素(Glu)和胰岛素(Ins)各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究结果显示,猪油不利于异育银鲫对营养物质的消化吸收同时阻碍体内脂肪代谢,而鱼油能调节和平衡鱼体内的脂肪代谢,有利于异育银鲫的健康生长。
3不同脂肪源对异育银鲫体脂沉积、脂类代谢酶活性和脂肪酸组成的影响
饲养方案同1,试验结果发现肝胰脏中粗脂肪含量鱼油组显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),花生油组显著低于豆油组、猪油组和混合油组(P<0.05)。各组间腹脂率、肌肉和腹腔中脂肪含量没有显著(P>0.05)。鱼油组的肝胰脏脂蛋白酯酶活性显著高于猪油组和花生油组(P<0.05)；鱼油组和混合油组肝胰脏肝酯酶活性显著高于猪油组和花生油组(P<0.05)。鱼油组组织中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),但其他各组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。组织中亚油酸(18：2n-6)含量豆油组最高,鱼油组最低,其他各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。研究结果显示,鱼油能提高肝脏中脂蛋白酯酶和肝酯酶的活性从而降低鱼体脂肪沉积,而猪油的作用相反；饲料中脂肪酸组成影响异育银鲫各组织中脂肪酸的组成。
Lipid is the main nutrient elements in aquatic animals and plays an important role in aquatic feed, fish oil has historically been the dominant raw materials in the production of fish feeds. However, the limiting supply and high cost of fish oils, along with the possible accumulation of dioxins and dioxins-like PCBs in fish oils have forced the industry to investigate alternative lipid sources for use in fish diets. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of dietary lipid sources on growth, lipid deposition, blood biochemical index and fatty acid profile of Carassius auratus gibelio (average initial weight:6.04±0.05g). For the production of Carassius auratus gibelio feed, providing the nutrient composition of fat type and content of the choice of basis.
1 Effects of dietary oil sources on growth performance and body composition of Carassius auratus gibelio
Five experimental diets were formulated to contain 4% lipid originated from fish oil, soybean oil, lard, peanut oil and an mixed oil (fish oil:soybean oil:lard,3:4:3), respectfully. 525 healthy fish were randomly divided into five groups in the experiment. The feeding trial lasted for 60 days. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed mixed oil was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed fish oil and lard, but not different from that of other groups. No significant difference was found among all treatments in protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Mesenteric length/length of fish fed soybean oil was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed fish oil and lard. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) of fish fed lard was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed fish oil. However, visceralsomatic index (VSI) of fish fed lard was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed mixed oil.
Muscle protein content of fish fed lard was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of other groups. However, no significant difference was observed among all treatments in moisture, lipid, ash and phosphorus content. Liver lipid content of fish fed lard was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed fish oil and peanut oil, and liver protein content of fish fed fish oil and soybean oil were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed lard and peanut oil. The results of this study indicated no significant difference on growth performance and body composition of Carassius auratus gibelio when soybean oil, peanut oil and fish oil were used solely. It also suggested that fish oil, soybean oil and lard could be mixed together as a better oil source for Carassius auratus gibelio, which not only reduced feed costs but also enhanced fish growth.
2 Effects of dietary oil sources on activities of digestive enzymes, apparent digestibility and blood biochemical index of Carassius auratus gibelio
The conceputual design of raising was the same as that of the One. Intestine and liver protease activities of fish fed fish oil and soybean oil were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed lard, but not different from that of the rest groups. Liver lipase activities of fish fed soybean oil and the oil mixture were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed lard; whereas, the highest intestine lipid activities was found in fish fed the oil mixture. No significant difference was observed in intestine and liver amylase activities among all the treatments. Apparent protein and lipid digestibility of fish fed lard were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of other groups.
Total protein(TP) and albumin (ALB) of fish fed fish oil were significantly (P<0.05) larger than that of fish fed lard, group were lowest, but not different from that of the rest groups. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of fish fed lard were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed fish oil, there were no significant differences between other groups (P>0.05). The concentration of the triglyceride(TG) of fish fed fish oil was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of fish fed lard, however, the concentration of the high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) of fish fed fish oil was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed lard. No significant difference was observed in concentrations of albumin (ALB), total cholesterol (TC), blood glucose (BGLU), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP). In addition, the concentrations of cortisol, insulin (Ins) and glucagons (Glu) were no significant difference among all treatments (P>0.05). The results showed that lard is not conducive to fat metabolism, while fish oil can adjust and balance fat metabolism of fish, which promoted healthy growth of Carassius auratus gibelio.
3 Lipid deposition, lipid metabolism enzymes and fatty acid profile of Carassius auratus gibelio fed different dietary lipid sources
The conceputual design of raising was the same as that of the One. Liver lipid content of fish fed fish oil was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the other groups; whereas, little difference was observed in intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio, muscle and viscera lipid content among all the treatments. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) activities of fish fed fish oil was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed lard and peanut oil. Saturated fatty acids (SFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of fish fed fish oil was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of the other groups. In addition, the highest linoleic acid was found in fish fed soybean oil while the lowest in fish fed fish oil, no obvious differences from that of the rest groups. The results of this study indicated that fish oil can enhance the LPL and HL activities of Carassius auratus gibelio coupled with the relatively low liver lipid content; whereas, the opposite is ture for lard. Tissue fatty acid profile was significantly influenced by dietary FA composition.
1不同脂肪源对异育银鲫鱼种生长性能及体成分的影响
试验选择尾均重(6.04±0.05)g的健康异育银鲫鱼种525尾,驯养1周后,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复35尾鱼。在基础饲料中分别添加4%的鱼油、豆油、猪油、花生油和混合油(鱼油：豆油：猪油=3：4：3),制成5种等氮等能试验饲料,试验期为60 d。试验结果发现混合油组的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)显著高于鱼油组和猪油组(P<0.05),但与其他组无显著差异(P>0.05)；蛋白质效率(PER)、饲料系数(FCR)各组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05)；豆油组的肠体比显著高于鱼油组和猪油组(P<0.05)；猪油组的肝体指数(HSI)显著高于鱼油组(P<0.05),猪油组的内脏指数显著高于混合油组(P<0.05)；不同脂肪源对肥满度的影响不显著(P>0.05)；猪油组肌肉中粗蛋白显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)；鱼体肌肉中水分、粗脂肪、粗灰分和磷各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)；猪油组肝脏中粗脂肪含量显著高于鱼油组和花生油组(P<0.05)；肝脏中粗蛋白鱼油组和豆油组显著高于猪油组和花生油组(P<0.05)。研究结果显示,当豆油和花生油单独添加时,与添加鱼油组表现出相似的生长性能和体成分,而单独添加猪油,不仅生长稍差而且肌肉蛋白降低肝脏脂肪升高。建议生产上鱼油、豆油和猪油混合添加,使得油脂中各种脂肪酸的比例适中,不但节约了饲料成本,而且异育银鲫表现出较好的生长效果。
2不同脂肪源对异育银鲫消化酶活性、表观消化率与血液生化指标的影响
饲养方案同1,试验结果发现鱼油组和豆油组肠道和肝胰脏中蛋白酶活性显著高于猪油组(P<0.05),但与花生油组和混合油组无显著差异(P>0.05)；豆油组和混合油组肝胰脏脂肪酶活性显著高于猪油组(P<0.05),混合油组肠道脂肪酶活性显著高于猪油组(P<0.05),其他各组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)；各组间肝胰脏和肠道中淀粉酶活性没有显著差异(P>0.05),但肠道淀粉酶活性普遍高于肝胰脏淀粉酶活性。肝胰脏中粗脂肪含量鱼油组显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),花生油组显著低于豆油组、猪油组和昆合油组(P<0.05)。猪油组粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),但各组干物质和总磷的表观消化率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。
血浆中总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)的含量鱼油组显著高于猪油组(P0.<05),而谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性猪油组显著高于鱼油组(P<0.05),其余各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。鱼油组甘油三酯(TG)含量显著低于豆油组(P<0.05),高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)含量鱼油组却显著高于猪油组(P<0.05)。各试验组的球蛋白(GLB)、胆固醇(CHO)、血糖(BGLU)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)无显著差异性(P>0.05)。此外血浆中与脂肪代谢相关的激素指标如皮质醇、胰高血糖素(Glu)和胰岛素(Ins)各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究结果显示,猪油不利于异育银鲫对营养物质的消化吸收同时阻碍体内脂肪代谢,而鱼油能调节和平衡鱼体内的脂肪代谢,有利于异育银鲫的健康生长。
3不同脂肪源对异育银鲫体脂沉积、脂类代谢酶活性和脂肪酸组成的影响
饲养方案同1,试验结果发现肝胰脏中粗脂肪含量鱼油组显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),花生油组显著低于豆油组、猪油组和混合油组(P<0.05)。各组间腹脂率、肌肉和腹腔中脂肪含量没有显著(P>0.05)。鱼油组的肝胰脏脂蛋白酯酶活性显著高于猪油组和花生油组(P<0.05)；鱼油组和混合油组肝胰脏肝酯酶活性显著高于猪油组和花生油组(P<0.05)。鱼油组组织中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),但其他各组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。组织中亚油酸(18：2n-6)含量豆油组最高,鱼油组最低,其他各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。研究结果显示,鱼油能提高肝脏中脂蛋白酯酶和肝酯酶的活性从而降低鱼体脂肪沉积,而猪油的作用相反；饲料中脂肪酸组成影响异育银鲫各组织中脂肪酸的组成。
Lipid is the main nutrient elements in aquatic animals and plays an important role in aquatic feed, fish oil has historically been the dominant raw materials in the production of fish feeds. However, the limiting supply and high cost of fish oils, along with the possible accumulation of dioxins and dioxins-like PCBs in fish oils have forced the industry to investigate alternative lipid sources for use in fish diets. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of dietary lipid sources on growth, lipid deposition, blood biochemical index and fatty acid profile of Carassius auratus gibelio (average initial weight:6.04±0.05g). For the production of Carassius auratus gibelio feed, providing the nutrient composition of fat type and content of the choice of basis.
1 Effects of dietary oil sources on growth performance and body composition of Carassius auratus gibelio
Five experimental diets were formulated to contain 4% lipid originated from fish oil, soybean oil, lard, peanut oil and an mixed oil (fish oil:soybean oil:lard,3:4:3), respectfully. 525 healthy fish were randomly divided into five groups in the experiment. The feeding trial lasted for 60 days. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed mixed oil was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed fish oil and lard, but not different from that of other groups. No significant difference was found among all treatments in protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Mesenteric length/length of fish fed soybean oil was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed fish oil and lard. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) of fish fed lard was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed fish oil. However, visceralsomatic index (VSI) of fish fed lard was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed mixed oil.
Muscle protein content of fish fed lard was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of other groups. However, no significant difference was observed among all treatments in moisture, lipid, ash and phosphorus content. Liver lipid content of fish fed lard was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed fish oil and peanut oil, and liver protein content of fish fed fish oil and soybean oil were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed lard and peanut oil. The results of this study indicated no significant difference on growth performance and body composition of Carassius auratus gibelio when soybean oil, peanut oil and fish oil were used solely. It also suggested that fish oil, soybean oil and lard could be mixed together as a better oil source for Carassius auratus gibelio, which not only reduced feed costs but also enhanced fish growth.
2 Effects of dietary oil sources on activities of digestive enzymes, apparent digestibility and blood biochemical index of Carassius auratus gibelio
The conceputual design of raising was the same as that of the One. Intestine and liver protease activities of fish fed fish oil and soybean oil were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed lard, but not different from that of the rest groups. Liver lipase activities of fish fed soybean oil and the oil mixture were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed lard; whereas, the highest intestine lipid activities was found in fish fed the oil mixture. No significant difference was observed in intestine and liver amylase activities among all the treatments. Apparent protein and lipid digestibility of fish fed lard were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of other groups.
Total protein(TP) and albumin (ALB) of fish fed fish oil were significantly (P<0.05) larger than that of fish fed lard, group were lowest, but not different from that of the rest groups. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of fish fed lard were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed fish oil, there were no significant differences between other groups (P>0.05). The concentration of the triglyceride(TG) of fish fed fish oil was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of fish fed lard, however, the concentration of the high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) of fish fed fish oil was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed lard. No significant difference was observed in concentrations of albumin (ALB), total cholesterol (TC), blood glucose (BGLU), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP). In addition, the concentrations of cortisol, insulin (Ins) and glucagons (Glu) were no significant difference among all treatments (P>0.05). The results showed that lard is not conducive to fat metabolism, while fish oil can adjust and balance fat metabolism of fish, which promoted healthy growth of Carassius auratus gibelio.
3 Lipid deposition, lipid metabolism enzymes and fatty acid profile of Carassius auratus gibelio fed different dietary lipid sources
The conceputual design of raising was the same as that of the One. Liver lipid content of fish fed fish oil was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the other groups; whereas, little difference was observed in intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio, muscle and viscera lipid content among all the treatments. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) activities of fish fed fish oil was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed lard and peanut oil. Saturated fatty acids (SFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of fish fed fish oil was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of the other groups. In addition, the highest linoleic acid was found in fish fed soybean oil while the lowest in fish fed fish oil, no obvious differences from that of the rest groups. The results of this study indicated that fish oil can enhance the LPL and HL activities of Carassius auratus gibelio coupled with the relatively low liver lipid content; whereas, the opposite is ture for lard. Tissue fatty acid profile was significantly influenced by dietary FA composition.
引文
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