外来压力与内部改革
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摘要
日美贸易摩擦贯穿于第二次世界大战以后日美关系的始终,并经历了逐步深化、逐步升级的发展过程。其发展轨迹表现为:摩擦的焦点由美国限制日本产品进入本国市场逐步转化为打破日本社会、经济结构的封闭性;摩擦的内容由牛肉、柑橘等产品或纺织、电信等行业内的个别摩擦逐步上升为涉及政治经济体制的整体争端;摩擦的领域逐渐由劳动密集型的低附加值产业向技术密集型、资本密集型的高附加值产业升级;单纯贸易领域的摩擦逐渐外溢至与贸易相关的汇率、金融、资本市场等其他经济领域;日美两国政府间的贸易谈判由双边的“规则导向型”谈判向“结果导向型”谈判发展,并逐渐转向多边和双边并重的“规则导向型”谈判。
外部压力能否而且如何促进国内改革是本文透视战后日美贸易摩擦的重要切入点。双层博弈理论是研究日美贸易摩擦的核心理论范式。在日美贸易摩擦的处理方式上,日本表现出易于屈服于美国压力的特征,美国政府的态度和政策成为深刻影响日本经济发展战略和贸易政策的关键性因素。但是,事实还表明:在应对美国贸易外压的过程中,日本同时表现出消极应付和主动出击两方面的特征,即“反应性”和“战略性”并存。两者之间并不是截然对立的,而是在不同时期和不同层面各有侧重。
外压的产生、作用类似于国际谈判中的第一层次,美国政府将国内保护主义压力传导至日本政府,双方通过对话、协商、谈判、申诉等形式进行意见交换和利益冲撞,形成初步的协议。与此同时,在日本国内,不同的利益集团、政府省厅、议员官僚协调立场,对是否以及在多大程度上支持上述对美谈判形成合意,从而缓解或进一步激化原有的外压,这是日美贸易摩擦的第二个层次。这两个过程相互交织,在外压和内压之间形成了动态的双层博弈。
外压能否有效作用,其关键在于能否适应国内的改革要求和潜在的利益诉求。历史经验表明,当国外谈判压力与日本国内原本存在但无法发挥有效作用的改革需求相结合时,才能促使日本在国际谈判中采取相对合作的态度,并且逐步开放本国市场、放松国内规制、实施结构性调整。因此,美国外压在促进日本国内变革中具有重要的推动作用。从本国核心利益出发,日本也有效地借助了美国外力,加速了国内改革。
本研究认为,日美贸易摩擦表现出“战略性贸易摩擦”的特征。日本作为新兴大国和贸易大国的迅速崛起,引起国际分工格局和利益分配格局的巨大变化。“战略性贸易摩擦”又具有长期性的特点,涵盖经贸交往的各个领域,其中的贸易摩擦、汇率摩擦和体制摩擦层层递进、渐次演变,其核心和归宿是体制之争。
20世纪60年代至今的日美贸易摩擦与90年代之后的中美贸易摩擦在贸易战略、摩擦对象、争端演变等方面具有一定的相似性。对于美国市场的高度依赖、对美贸易失衡、美国经常帐户的整体逆差是双方发生对美贸易摩擦的首要肇端。但整体而言,中国面临的对美贸易摩擦具有非对抗性。在应对美国外压的过程中,如能充分利用双层博弈,可以有效缓解贸易摩擦,并能适时推进国内改革。
Since World WarⅡJapan and the United States have been experiencing intensifying and escalating trade frictions. Its development can be summarized into the following tracks: the focus of frictions shifted from U.S. constrains on Japanese imports to the expansion of market access for U.S. goods and service in Japan; trade frictions within a single product (like beef, orange) or a single industry (like textile, telecommunication) escalated into a more comprehensive friction involving political and economic structures as a whole; the industries involving in the frictions developed from labor-intensive and low value-added ones to technology- and capital- intensive and high value-added ones; frictions in commodities and services overflowed to other economic fields in Japan like yen-dollar exchange rate, financial deregulation, and capital market; and the pattern of Japan-U.S. trade negotiations changed from a bilateral "rule-oriented" style to a "result-oriented" style and finally to a "bilateral plus multilateral" "rule-based" style.
Whether and how the foreign pressure (gaiatsu) could become a driving force for Japan's domestic reforms is an important perspective for the research of Japan-U.S. trade frictions. The theory of two-level games is a central paradigm for this analysis. Japan was prone to succumb to U.S. gaiatsu when handling its trade frictions with the U.S., and the attitudes and policies of U.S. government maintained as a critical factor in influencing Japan's economic development strategy and trade policy. However, the reality showed that, in dealing with the U.S. gaiatsu, Japan's performance was both reactive and active. Each of these two characteristics played a great role in certain periods and certain cases.
The formation and operation of gaiatsu is like the first level game in international negotiations. The U.S. government transferred the domestic protectionist pressure to its Japanese counterpart, and later these two parties managed to reach a preliminary agreement after opinion exchange and interest conflict by means of dialogue, consultation, negotiation and complaint, to name just a few. At the same time, different interest groups, governmental departments, Diet members and bureaucrats within Japan tried to coordinate their positions to decide whether and to what extent they would support the above-mentioned agreement. Due to this consensus, the previous gaiatsu was either mitigated or intensified. This process constitutes the second-level game. In sum, the interaction of gaistsu and naistsu forms a dynamic two-level game between Japan and the United States.
The key of gaiatsu' success lies in its ability to accommodate the domestic reformist requirements and potential interest appeals. The history demonstrates that, when foreign pressures could effectively integrate with Japan's existing but hard-to-effect reformist demands, the Japanese government would pursue a more cooperative stance in international negotiations and gradually endeavor to open its market, speed up the domestic deregulation and implement structural adjustments. Therefore, the U.S. gaiatsu played an important role in promoting Japan's domestic changes. Centered on the core national interests, Japan has effectively utilized U.S. gaiatsu to accelerate its domestic reforms.
This research argues that, the Japan-U.S. trade friction can be classified as a "strategic trade friction". Japan's rapid rising, as a new power and big trader, begets dramatic changes in international division-of-labor and interest distribution pattern. Moreover, the strategic trade friction ranges over various economic intercourses, within which the trade friction, interest-rate friction, and structural friction develop progressively while the structural revolution serves as the ultimate target.
The Japan-U.S. trade frictions since 1960s and the Sino-U.S. trade frictions since 1990s share some similarities in terms of trade strategy, friction partner, and conflict courses. The main causes behind these two cases are the high dependency on the U.S. market, the serious trade unbalance with the U.S., and the general deficit of U.S. current account. However, the Sino-U.S. trade frictions are basically non-confrontational, which means that, if China could properly take advantage of the two-level game with the U.S., it would provide assistance in easing trade frictions and advancing China's domestic reforms.
外部压力能否而且如何促进国内改革是本文透视战后日美贸易摩擦的重要切入点。双层博弈理论是研究日美贸易摩擦的核心理论范式。在日美贸易摩擦的处理方式上,日本表现出易于屈服于美国压力的特征,美国政府的态度和政策成为深刻影响日本经济发展战略和贸易政策的关键性因素。但是,事实还表明:在应对美国贸易外压的过程中,日本同时表现出消极应付和主动出击两方面的特征,即“反应性”和“战略性”并存。两者之间并不是截然对立的,而是在不同时期和不同层面各有侧重。
外压的产生、作用类似于国际谈判中的第一层次,美国政府将国内保护主义压力传导至日本政府,双方通过对话、协商、谈判、申诉等形式进行意见交换和利益冲撞,形成初步的协议。与此同时,在日本国内,不同的利益集团、政府省厅、议员官僚协调立场,对是否以及在多大程度上支持上述对美谈判形成合意,从而缓解或进一步激化原有的外压,这是日美贸易摩擦的第二个层次。这两个过程相互交织,在外压和内压之间形成了动态的双层博弈。
外压能否有效作用,其关键在于能否适应国内的改革要求和潜在的利益诉求。历史经验表明,当国外谈判压力与日本国内原本存在但无法发挥有效作用的改革需求相结合时,才能促使日本在国际谈判中采取相对合作的态度,并且逐步开放本国市场、放松国内规制、实施结构性调整。因此,美国外压在促进日本国内变革中具有重要的推动作用。从本国核心利益出发,日本也有效地借助了美国外力,加速了国内改革。
本研究认为,日美贸易摩擦表现出“战略性贸易摩擦”的特征。日本作为新兴大国和贸易大国的迅速崛起,引起国际分工格局和利益分配格局的巨大变化。“战略性贸易摩擦”又具有长期性的特点,涵盖经贸交往的各个领域,其中的贸易摩擦、汇率摩擦和体制摩擦层层递进、渐次演变,其核心和归宿是体制之争。
20世纪60年代至今的日美贸易摩擦与90年代之后的中美贸易摩擦在贸易战略、摩擦对象、争端演变等方面具有一定的相似性。对于美国市场的高度依赖、对美贸易失衡、美国经常帐户的整体逆差是双方发生对美贸易摩擦的首要肇端。但整体而言,中国面临的对美贸易摩擦具有非对抗性。在应对美国外压的过程中,如能充分利用双层博弈,可以有效缓解贸易摩擦,并能适时推进国内改革。
Since World WarⅡJapan and the United States have been experiencing intensifying and escalating trade frictions. Its development can be summarized into the following tracks: the focus of frictions shifted from U.S. constrains on Japanese imports to the expansion of market access for U.S. goods and service in Japan; trade frictions within a single product (like beef, orange) or a single industry (like textile, telecommunication) escalated into a more comprehensive friction involving political and economic structures as a whole; the industries involving in the frictions developed from labor-intensive and low value-added ones to technology- and capital- intensive and high value-added ones; frictions in commodities and services overflowed to other economic fields in Japan like yen-dollar exchange rate, financial deregulation, and capital market; and the pattern of Japan-U.S. trade negotiations changed from a bilateral "rule-oriented" style to a "result-oriented" style and finally to a "bilateral plus multilateral" "rule-based" style.
Whether and how the foreign pressure (gaiatsu) could become a driving force for Japan's domestic reforms is an important perspective for the research of Japan-U.S. trade frictions. The theory of two-level games is a central paradigm for this analysis. Japan was prone to succumb to U.S. gaiatsu when handling its trade frictions with the U.S., and the attitudes and policies of U.S. government maintained as a critical factor in influencing Japan's economic development strategy and trade policy. However, the reality showed that, in dealing with the U.S. gaiatsu, Japan's performance was both reactive and active. Each of these two characteristics played a great role in certain periods and certain cases.
The formation and operation of gaiatsu is like the first level game in international negotiations. The U.S. government transferred the domestic protectionist pressure to its Japanese counterpart, and later these two parties managed to reach a preliminary agreement after opinion exchange and interest conflict by means of dialogue, consultation, negotiation and complaint, to name just a few. At the same time, different interest groups, governmental departments, Diet members and bureaucrats within Japan tried to coordinate their positions to decide whether and to what extent they would support the above-mentioned agreement. Due to this consensus, the previous gaiatsu was either mitigated or intensified. This process constitutes the second-level game. In sum, the interaction of gaistsu and naistsu forms a dynamic two-level game between Japan and the United States.
The key of gaiatsu' success lies in its ability to accommodate the domestic reformist requirements and potential interest appeals. The history demonstrates that, when foreign pressures could effectively integrate with Japan's existing but hard-to-effect reformist demands, the Japanese government would pursue a more cooperative stance in international negotiations and gradually endeavor to open its market, speed up the domestic deregulation and implement structural adjustments. Therefore, the U.S. gaiatsu played an important role in promoting Japan's domestic changes. Centered on the core national interests, Japan has effectively utilized U.S. gaiatsu to accelerate its domestic reforms.
This research argues that, the Japan-U.S. trade friction can be classified as a "strategic trade friction". Japan's rapid rising, as a new power and big trader, begets dramatic changes in international division-of-labor and interest distribution pattern. Moreover, the strategic trade friction ranges over various economic intercourses, within which the trade friction, interest-rate friction, and structural friction develop progressively while the structural revolution serves as the ultimate target.
The Japan-U.S. trade frictions since 1960s and the Sino-U.S. trade frictions since 1990s share some similarities in terms of trade strategy, friction partner, and conflict courses. The main causes behind these two cases are the high dependency on the U.S. market, the serious trade unbalance with the U.S., and the general deficit of U.S. current account. However, the Sino-U.S. trade frictions are basically non-confrontational, which means that, if China could properly take advantage of the two-level game with the U.S., it would provide assistance in easing trade frictions and advancing China's domestic reforms.
引文
1 C.Fred Bergsten and Marcus Noland,Reconcilable Differences? United States-Japan Economic Conflict,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1993.
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3 本间长世「日米关系の性格一まとあと展望」、细谷千博、本间长世编『日米关系史 新版』有斐阁、1991年。
1 Mayumi Itoh,Globalization of Japan:Japanese Sakoku Mentality and US.Efforts to Open Japan,London:Macmillan,1998.
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3 从国际政治的话语分析来看,不少日本的政治经济概念由于其独特性,被按其读音原封不动地转化为英文词汇,如代表特定产业利益集团利益的政府官员和议员形成的“族”(zoku);由交叉控股、长期交易等手段形成的“企业系列制”(Keiretsu)、高级官员退休之后进入相关业界担任要职的“官员空降”或“下凡”(Amakudari)等,外压也是其中之一。英语学界对于日本政治话语的生动分析可参见:Chalmers Johnson,"Omote(Explicit) and Ura(Implicit):Translating Japanese political Terms," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.6,No.1,Winter 1980,190.89-115.
4 参见T.J.彭佩尔:《日本的对外经济政策:国际行为的国内基础》,彼得·J·卡岑斯坦编:《权力与财富之间》,陈刚译,吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版,第167-230页。
5 William W.Grimes,Unmaking the Japanese Miracle:Macroeconomic Politics,1985-2000,Ithaca,N.Y.and London:Comell University Press,2001,pp.222-223.
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7 Dennis T.Yasutomo,The New Multilateralism in Japan's Foreign Policy,New York:St.Martin's Press,1995,pp.35-42.
1 John Creighton Campbell,"Japan and the United States:Games that Work," in Gerald Curtis,ed.,Japan's Foreign Policy After the Cold War:Coping with Change,New York:M.E.Sharpe,1993,pp.43-61;Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy:Action or Reaction? London:Routledge,1996,p.6.
2 Michael Blaker,Japanese International Negotiating Style,New York:Columbia University Press,1977,p.212.
3 Michael Blaker,"Evaluating Japanese Diplomatic Performance," in Gerald Curtis,ed.,Japan's Foreign Policy After the Cold War:Coping with Change,New York:M.E.Sharpe,1993,pp.1-42.
4 C.Nakane,Japanese Society,Berkeley:University of California Press,1970;K.Ueda,"Sixteen Ways to Avoid Saying 'No' in Japan," in J.C.Condon and M.Saito,eds.,Intercultural Encounters with Japan,Tokyo:Simul Press,1974,pp.185-192;H.F.Van Zandt,"How to Negotiate in Japan," Harvard Business Review,November-December 1970,pp.45-56;Rajesh Kumar,"Communicative Conflict in Intercultural Negotiations:The Case of American and Japanese Business Negotiations," International Negotiation,4:63-78,1999.对于战前日本国际谈判风格的研究可参见Michael Blaker.Japanese International Negotiating Style,New York:Columbia University Press,1977.
5 布里吉特·斯塔奇等:《外交谈判导论》,陈志敏等译,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第44页。
6 Kent E.Calder,"Japanese Foreign Economic Policy Formation:Explaining the Reactive State," World Politics,Vol.40,No.4(July,1988),pp.517-541;Hideo Sato,"The Political Dynamics of U.S.-Japan Economic Conflicts,"Journal of Northeast Asian Studies,Vol.3,No.1,1984.
7 T.J.彭佩尔:《日本的对外经济政策:国际行为的国内基础》,彼得·J·卡岑斯坦编:《权力与财富之间》,陈刚译,吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版,第213页。
1 例如 Roger Buckley,US-Japan Alliance Diplomacy:1945-1990,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992;Gerald L.Curtis,ed.,New Perspectives on U.S.-Japan Relations,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2000.
2 R.Sorich,"Resource Review for The U.S.-Japan Economic Agenda:An Annotated Bibliography of Reports and Publications 1980-1985," New York:Council on Religion and International Affairs,1985,cited in John O.Haley,"Luck,Law,Culture and Trade:The Intractability of United States-Japan Trade Conflict," Cornell International Law Journal,Vol.22,1989,p.403.
3 胡方:《日美经济摩擦的理论与实态:我国对日美贸易的对策与建议》,武汉大学出版社,2001年版;赵瑾:《全球化与经济摩擦:日美经济摩擦的理论与实证研究》,商务印书馆,2002年版。
1 这一特征突出地体现在英文和日文的学术期刊中。关于日美贸易摩擦的学术论文不但出现在 International Organization,International Security,International Studies Quarterly,American Journal of Political Science,Foreign Affairs,Foreign Affairs,Orbis,World Politics,The American Political Science Review,The Journal of Conflict Resolution,Political Science Quarterly,The Washineton Quarterly,『国際政治』,『国際关系』等日美著名国际关系期刊中,也频繁地刊登于The World Economy,International Economy,The Japanese Economy,Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Journal of the Japanese and International Economies,Journal of Economics&Management Strategy,『贸易と阴税』等国际经济类学术刊物。此外,还经常出现于Cornell International Law Journal,Michigan Journal of International Law,Michigan Law Review等法学类学术期刊,以及The Pacific Review,Pacific Affairs,Social Science Japan Journal,Asian Survey,Journal of Japanese Studies等地区研究和日本研究刊物。
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3 Peter J.Katzenstein,"Conclusion:Domestic Structures and Strategies of Foreign Economic Policy," International Organization,Vol.31,No.4,Between Power and Plenty:Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States.(Autumn,1977),pp.879-920;T.J.Pempel,"Japanese Foreign Economic Policy:The Domestic Bases for International Behavior,"International Organization,Vol.31,No.4(Autumn,1977).pp.723-774.
1 C.Fred Bergsten and William R.Cline,The United States-Japan Economic Problem.Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1985;Bela Balassa and Marcus Noland,Japan in the World Economy,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1988;C.Fred Bergsten and Marcus Noland,Reconcilable Differences? United States-Japan Economic Conflict,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1993;C.Fred Bergsten,lto Takatoshi and Marcus Noland,No More Bashing:Building a New Japan-United States Economic Relationship,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,2001.
2 Peter A.Petri,Modeling Japanese-American Trade:A Study of Asymmetric Interdependence,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1984.
3 Sato Ryuzo and Paul Wachtel,eds.,Trade Friction and Economic Policy:Problems and Prospects for Japan and the United States,New York:Cambridge University Press,1987.
4 Ali M El-Agraa,Japan's Trade Frictions:Realities or Misconceptions?,London:Macmillan and New York:St Martin's,1988.
5 Edward J.Lincoln,Japan's Unequal Trade,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1990.
6 Paul Krugman,ed.,Trade With Japan:Has the Door Opened Wider?,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992.
7 Dennis J.Encarnation,Rivals Beyond Trade:America Versus Japan in Global Competition,New York:Cornell University Press,1992.
8 Sato Ryuzo and Julianne Nelson,eds.,Beyond Trade Friction:Japan-US Economic Relations,Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,2006.
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3 I.M.Destler,Haruhiro Fukui and Hideo Sato,The Textile Wrangle:Conflict in Japanese-American Relations,1969-1971,Ithaca,N.Y:Cornell UniversiIy Press,1979;I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato,eds.,Coping With U.S.-Japanese Economic Conflicts,Lexington,Mass.:Lexington Books,1982.
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1 Kozo Yamamura and Yasukichi Yasuba,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan,Vol.1:The Domestic Transformation,Stanford:Stanford University,1987;Tashashi Inoguchi & Daniel I.Okimoto,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan,Vol.2:The Changing International Context,Stanford:Stanford University,1988.
2 佐藤英夫『日米经济摩擦:1945-1990年』平凡社、1991年。
3 T.David Mason and Abdul M.Turay,eds.,US-Japan Trade Friction:Its Impact on Security Cooperation in the Pacific Basin,Basingstoke:Macmillan,1991.
4 Edward J.Lincoln,Troubled Times:U.S.-Japan Trade Relations in the 1990's,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,1999;James Shoch,Trading Blows:Party Competition and U.S.Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era,Chapel Hill and London:The University of North Carolina Press,2001;Robert M.Stern,ed.,Issues and Options for U.S.-Japan Trade Policies,Chicago:University of Michigan Press,2002.
5 John Kunkel,America's Trade Policy towards Japan:Demanding Results,London & New York:Routledge,2003.
6 Zeng Ka,Trade Threats,Trade Wars:Bargaining,Retaliation,and American Coercive Diplomacy,Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,2004.
7 Lonny E.Carlile and Mark Tilton,eds.,Is Japan Really Changing Its Ways?,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,1998.
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9 例如可参见 T.J.Pempel,"The Bureaucratization of Policymaking in Postwar Japan," American Journal of Political Science,Vol.18,No.4(Nov.1974),pp.647-664;T.J.Pempel,"The Unbundling of 'Japan,Inc.':The Changing Dynamics of Japanese Policy Formation," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2(Summer,1987),pp.271-306;Kozo Yamamura and Yasukichi Yasuba,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan:The Domestic Transformation,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1987;Daniel Okimoto,Between MITI and the Marketplace:Japanese Industrial Policy for High Technology,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1989.
1 例如可参见 Chalmers Johnson,"Japan:Who Governs? An Essay on Official Bureaucracy,' Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.2,No.1(Autumn,1975),pp.1-28;Chalmers Johnson,"Omote(Explicit) and Ura(Implicit):Translating Japanese Political Terms," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.6,No.1(Winter,1980),pp.89-115;Karel van Wolferen,"Reflections on the Japanese System," Survey(London),Vol.26,No.1(Winter 1982);Chalmers Johnson,"Tanaka Kakuei,Structural Corruption,and the Advent of Machine Politics in Japan," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.12,No.1(Winter,1986),pp.1-28.
2 Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2,Snecial Issue:A Forum on the Trade Crisis(Summer,1987).
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4 Hideo Sato,"Japanese-American Economic Relations in Crisis,"Current History,Vol.84,December 1985.
5 Leonard J.Schoppa,"The Social Context in Coercive International Bargaining," International Organization,Vol.53,No.2.(Spring,1999);Leonard J.Schoppa,"Gaiatsu,Learning,and Japan's Emerging Economic Liberalism,"http://research.yale.edu/eastasianstudies/iapanworld/schoppa.pdf
1 参见:Chalmers Johnson,MITI and the Japanese Miracle:the Growth of Industrial Policy,1925-1975,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1982;Chalmers Johnson,Japan,Who Governs?:The Rise of the Developmental State,New York:Norton,1995;Clyde Prestowitz,Trading Places:How We Are Giving Our Future To Japan And How To Reclaim It,New York:Basic Books,1990;Karel van Wolferen,The Enigma of Japanese Power:People and Politics in a Stateless Nation,New York:Macmillan,1989;Karel van Wolferen,"The Japan Problem," Foreign Affairs,Vol.65,No.3(Winter 1986/87);James Fallows,"Containing Japan," The Atlantic(May 1989);James Fallows,More Like Us:Making America Great Again,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1989.
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3 细谷千博『日米关系通史』东京大学出版会、1995年、278-279页。
4 Karen M.Holgerson,The Japan-U.S.Trade Friction Dilemma:The Role of Perception,Brookfield:Asngate Publishing Company,1998.
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1 例如,小宫隆太郎『贸易黑字·赤字の经济学:日米摩擦の愚かさ冬』东洋经济新报社、1994年。
2 如日本著名学者榊原英资认为,日本的立宪主义、三权分立和议会内阁制与其他西方资本主义国家并无不同,因此日本异质论毫无意义。见榊原英资『进步主羲からの诀别——日本異質论者の罪』読売新闻社、1996年。
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4 例如可参见:Hugh Patrick,ed.,Japan's High Technology Industries,Seattle,WA:University of Washington Press,1986;Gary R.Saxonhouse,"The Micro-and Macro-Economics of Foreign Sales to Japan," in W.R.Cline,ed.,Trade Policies in the 1980s,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1985,pp.259-304;Gary R.Saxonhouse,"Differentiated Products,Economics of Scale and Access to the Japanese Market," in Robert Feenstra,ed.,Trade Policies for International Competitiveness,Chicago:University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research,1989,pp.145-84;Gary R.Saxonhouse,"What Does Japanese Trade Structure Tell Us About Japanese Trade Policy?," The Journal of Economic Perspectives,Vol.7,No.3(Summer,1993),pp.21-43;Jagdish N.Bhagwati,"Samurais No More," Foreign Affairs,Volume 73,No.3(May/June 1994),pp.7-12;Jagdish Bhagwati,"The Diminished Giant Syndrome,"Foreign Affairs,Volume 72,No.2(Spring 1993)
5 Stephen D.Cohen,Cowboys and Samurai:Why the United States Is Losing the Industrial Battle and Why It Matters,N.Y.:Harper Business,1991,1919.261-262.
6 从国际经济学科视角对贸易摩擦的研究综述可参见尹翔硕、李春顶、孙磊:《国际贸易摩擦的类型、原因、 效应及化解途径》,《世界经济》,2007年第7期,第74-85页;盛斌:《国际贸易政策的政治经济学:理论与经验方法》,《国际政治研究》,2006年第2期,第73-94页:何帆:《国际贸易谈判的政治经济分析:一个初步的框架》,《公共管理学报》,2004第1期。
1 Robert D.Putnam,"Diplomacy and Domestic Politics:The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization,vol.42,no.3(Summer 1988),pp.427-460;Peter B.Evans,Harold K.Jacobson,Robert D.Putnam,eds.,Double-edged Diplomacy:International Bargaining and Domestic Politics,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993.
2 Christopher C.Meyerson,Domestic Politics and International Relations in US-Japan Trade Policymaking:The GATT Uruguay Round Agriculture Negotiations,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2003;Leonard James Schoppa,Bargaining with Japan:What American Pressure Can and Cannot Do,New York:Columbia University Press,1997;Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy:Action or Reaction?,London;New York:Routledge,1996;Norio Naka,Predicting.Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:the Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996;Ellis S.Krauss,"U.S.-Japan Negotiations on Construction and Semiconductors,1985-1988:Building Friction and Relationships," in Peter B.Evans,Harold K.Jacobson,Robert D.Putnam,eds.,Double-edged Diplomacy:International Bargaining and Domestic Politics,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993,pp.265-299.
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1 朱天飙:《国际政治经济学与比较政治经济学》,《世界经济与政治》,2005年第3期。
1 古城佳子『经济的相互依存と国家—国際收支不均衡是正の政治经济学』、木鐸社、1996年、110页。
2 杰弗里·A.弗里登、罗纳德·罗戈斯基:《国际经济对国际政策的影响:分析性综述》,罗伯特·V.基欧汉、海伦·O.米尔纳主编:《国际化与国内政治》,姜鹏、董素华译,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第20页。
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2 John A.C.Conybeare,Trade Wars:The Theory and Practice of International Commercial Rivalry,New York:Columbia University Press,1987,p.3.
1[追跻]20世纪 21世纪ヘの伝言 日米繊稚交涉——安原和雄さん」、『每日新闻』、1999年5月3日、东京朝刊、21页。
2 候文富:《“东芝事件”及其影响刍议》,《日本学刊》,2000年第1期。
3 对“外部性”的分析见:Joanne Gowa,Allies,Adversaries and International Trade,Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1994.
4 海伦·O.米尔纳、罗伯特·V.基欧汉:《国际化和国内政治:导论》,罗们特·V.基欧汉、海伦·O.米尔纳主编:《国际化与国内政治》,姜鹏、董素华译,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第20页。
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1 「构造协議、日米经济融合の一里塜——编集委具小岛明氏(柽济教室)」、『日本经济新闻』、1990年7月6日、朝刊、27页。
2 Norio Naka,Predicting Outcomes in UnitedStates-Japan Trade Negotiations:The Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996,p.227.
3 Michael C.Webb,"International Economic Structures,Government Interests,and International Coordination of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies," International Organization,Vol.45,No.3.(Summer,1991),p.331.
4 Lisa L.Martin,Coercive Cooperation:Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions,Priceton,NJ:Priceton University Press,2000,p.p.25-27,Cited in Christopher C.Meyerson,Domestic Politics and International Relations in US-Japan Trade Policymaking:The GATT Uruguay Round Agriculture Negotiations,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2003,p.10.
1 Miles Kahler,"Trade and Domestic Differences," in Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore,eds.,National Diversity and Global Capitalism,Ithaca and London:Cornell University Press,1996,pp.298-332.
2 G.Hansson,Harmonization and International Trade,London:Routledge,1990,p.1;David W.Leebron,"Lying Down with Procrustes:An Analysis of Harmonization Claims," in Jagish Bhagwati and Robert E.Hudec,eds.,Fair Trade and Harmonization:Prerequisites for Free Trade?,Volume 1,Economic Analysis,The MIT Press,1996,pp.41-117.
3 罗伯特·基欧汉:《霸权之后——世界政治经济中的合作与纷争》,苏长和等译,上海人民出版社,第62页。
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7 中川淳司「规制缓和の国隙的文脈」、橘本寿朗、中川淳司编『规制缓和の政治经济学』有斐阁、2000年、15-16页。
8 Walter Russell Mead,"America's Sticky Power," Foreign Policy,March-April,2004.
1 Joseph S.Nye,Bound to Lead." The Changing Nature of American Power,New York:Basic Books,1990.
2 Ryutaro Komiya and Motoshige Itoh,"Japan's International Trade and Trade Policy,1955-1984," in Takashi lnoguchi and Daniel I.Okimoto eds.,The Political Economy of Japan:The Changing International Context,Pale Alto.Calif.:Stanford Universitv Press.1988.o.212.
2 山本吉宣『国際和相互依存』东京大学出版会、1989年、93页。
4 Mitsuo Matsushita,"Structural Impediments Initiative An Example of Bilateral Trade Negotiation," Michigan Journal of International Law,Vol.12,1991;Gary R.Saxonhouse,"Japan,SII and the International Harmonization of Domestic Economic Practices," Michigan Journal of International Law,Vol.12,Winter 1991.
1 T.J.Pempel,Regime Shift:Comparative Dynamics of the Japanese Political Economy,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1998,Chapter 6.
2 田中明彦「日本外交と国内政治の連关——外庄の政冶学」、『国隙问题』、1989年3月、348号、25页。
3 Akitoshi Miyashita,"Gaiatsu and Japan's Foreign Aid:Rethinking the Reactive-Proactive Debate," International Studies Quarterly,Vol.43,No.4.(Dec.,1999),p.698.
4 Norio Naka,Predicting Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:The Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996,p.67.
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6 田中明彦「日本外交と国内政治の連关——外压の政治学」、『国際问题』、1989年3月、348号、23-36页。
1 中国的原因主要是指由于中日历史问题引起的日本对中国的某种“赎罪意识”。
2 Lonny E.Carlile and Mark Tilton,"Is Japan Really Changing?,"in Lonny E.Carlile and Mark Tilton,eds.,Is Japan Really Changing Its Ways?,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,1998,pp.197-218.
3 Yutaka Kosai,"Competition and Competition Policy in Japan:Foreign Pressures and Domestic Institutions," in Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore,eds.,National Diversity and Global Capitalism,Ithaca and London:Comell University Press,1996,p.214.
4 原正行「「外圧」の政治·经济学」、『国民经济雜誌』、174(3)、1996年9月、33-42页。
5 「[政治考现学]经济再生に「外圧」 米赖みで改革も」、『読売新闻』、1998年8月31日、东京朝刊、03页。
1 佐藤英夫『日米经济摩擦:1945-1990年』平凡社、1991年、193页。
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1 从国家的角度对对外经济政策分析的主要文献:Theda Skocpol,"Bringing the State Back In:Strategies of Analysis in Current Research," in Peter B.Evens,Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol,eds.,Bringing the State Back In,New York:Cambridge University Press,1985,pp.3-27.
2 G.John lkenberry,David A.Lake,and Michael Mastanduno,"Introduction:Approaches to Explaining American Foreign Policy," International Organization,Vol.42,No.1(Winter 1988),pp.1-14.
3 Robert D.Putnam,"Diplomacy and Domestic Politics:The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization,vol.42,no.3(Summer 1988),pp.427-460.
4 Peter B.Evans,Harold K.Jacobson,Robert D.Putnam,eds.,Double-edged Diplomacy:International Bargaining and Domestic Politics,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993.
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1 Jongryn Mo,"The Logic of Two-Level Games with Endogenous Domestic Coalitions," The Journal of Conflict Resolution,Vol.38,No.3.(Sep.,1994),pp.402-422.
2 Jongryn Mo,"Domestic Institutions and International Bargaining:The Role of Agent Veto in Two-Level Games,"The American Political Science Review,Vol.89,No.4.(Dec.,1995),p.914.
3 Frederick W.Mayer,"Managing Domestic Differences in International Negotiations:The Strategic Use of Internal Side-Payments," International Organization,Vol.46,No.4.(Autumn,1992),pp.797-798.
1 Frederick W.Mayer,"Managing Domestic Differences in International Negotiations:The Strategic Use of Internal Side-Payments," International Organization,Vol.46,No.4.(Autumn,1992),pp.793-818.
2 Jeffrey W.Knopf,"Beyond Two-Level Games:Domestic-International Interaction in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Negotiations," International Organization,Vol.47,No.4.(Autumn,1993),pp.599-628.
3 Jeffrey W.Knopf,"Beyond Two-Level Games:Domestic-International Interaction in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Negotiations," International Organization,Vol.47,No.4.(Autumn,1993),pp.599-628.
4 Helen V.Milner,Interests,Institutions,and Information:Domestic Politics and International Relations,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1997;Helen V.Milner and B.Peter Rosendorff,"Democratic Politics and International Trade Negotiations:Elections and Divided Government as Constraints on Trade Liberalization," The Journal of Conflict Resolution,Vol.41,No.1,New Games:Modeling Domestic-International Linkages.(Feb.,1997),pp.117-146.
1 小野直樹『戦後日米关係の国際政治經濟分析』慶応義塾大学出版会、2002年、9頁。
2 John A.C.Conybeare,Trade Wars:The Theory and Practice of International Commercial Rivalry,New York:Columbia University Press,1987.p.10.
3 宫里政玄、国際大学日米关係研究所編『日米構造摩擦の研究:相互干涉の新段階を探る』日本經濟新聞朴.1990年、11页。
4 I.M.Destler,Haruhiro Fukui,Hideo Sato,The Textile Wrangle:Conflict in Japanese-American Relations,1969-1971,Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell University Press,1979,p.37.
5 Norio Naka,Predicting Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:the Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996.
1 Christopher C.Meyerson,Domestic Politics and International Relations in US-Japan Trade Polieymaking:The GATT Uruguay Round Agriculture Negotiations,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2003,pp.6-7
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1 本章部分内容引自樊勇明、贺平:《经贸摩擦与大国崛起——日美经济战对中国的启示》,《日本学刊》,2006年第3期。
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3 谷口(?)紀『日本の对米貿易交涉』東京大学出版会、1997年、2頁。
4 Robert Pastor,Congress and the Politics of US.Foreign Economic Policy,1929-1976,Berkeley:University of California Press,1980;佐藤英夫『日米经济摩擦:1945-1990年』平凡社、1991年、58-59贝;I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato eds.,Coping With U.S.-Japanese Economic Conflicts,Lexington,Mass.:Lexington Books,1982;I.M.Destler,Haruhiro Fukui and Hideo Sato,The Textile Wrangle:Conflict in Japanese-American Relations,1969-1971,Ithaca,N.Y.:Comell University Press,1979:小峰隆夫『經济摩擦—国際化と日本の選択』日本經济新聞社、1986年、22頁。
6 船橋洋一『日米經济摩擦:その舞台裏』岩波書店、1987年、4頁。
1 部分参考自:日本外務省『日米经济关系年表(1970年代以降)」、http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/usa/keizai/nenpyo.html;『通商白书』、通彦省、1992年版、278-279页。
1 I.M.Destler and Michael Nacht,"Beyond Mutual Recrimination:Building a Solid U.S.-Japan Relationship in the 1990s," International Security,Vol.15,No.3.(Winter,1990-1991 ),p.98.
2 I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato."Introduction." in I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato.eds.,Coping with U.S.-Japanese Economic Conflicts,Lexington,Mass.:Lexington Books,1982,pp.12-13.田中明彦「日米经济关系の政治过程」、『国際问题』、1988年3月、第336号、40-51页。
1 罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球政治经济学:解读国际经济秩序》,杨宇光、杨炯译,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第3页。
2 高淑娟:《日本贸易自由化的过程及启示》,《日本学刊》,2000年第5期,第56页。
3 升味准之辅:《日本政治史》,董果良译,商务印书馆,1997年版,第1080-1081页。
1 刘红:《日本“入关”后的产业保护及其启示》,《日本研究》,2002年第1期,第25-30页。
2 桥本寿郎、长谷川信、宫岛英昭:《现代日本经济》,戴晓芙译,上海财经大学出版社,2001年版,第60-61页。
1 C.Fred Bergsten and M.Noland,Reconcilable Differences?,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1993,pp.62-64.
2 Ryuzo Sato and Paul Wachtel,eds.,Trade Friction and Economic Policy.Problems and Prospects for Japan and the United States.New York:Cambridge University Press.1987.
3 马文秀、裴桂芬:《日本的全套型产业结构与日美贸易摩擦》,《日本学刊》,2008年第2期,第94页。
1 中村隆英编:《“计划化”和“民主化”》,《日本经济史》第7卷,胡企林、胡靖、林华译,三联书店,1997年版,第335页。
2 胡方:《日美纺织品贸易摩擦及其问题》,《日本研究》,1997年第2期,第31页。
3 『日本繊维产业连盟の对米繊维输出自主规制に关する宣言」、『日米关系资料集:1945-97』、817-818页、日本繊维新闻社提供资料、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/-worldipn/documents/texts/JPUS/19710308.O1J.html。
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1 I.M.Destler,Haruhiro Fukui and Hideo Sato,The Textile Wrangle." Conflict in Japanese-American Relations,1969-1971.Ithaca.N.Y.:Cornell University Press.1979 p.320.
2 佐藤英夫『日米经济摩擦:1945-1990年』平凡社、1991年、47页。
3 胡方:《日美纺织品贸易摩擦及其问题》,《日本研究》,1997年第2期,第32-33页。
1 甘峰:《日本在对美经济贸易中的政治战略及功效》,《日本研究》,1996年第2期,第25页。
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1 Thomas J.Schoenbaum,"International Law:Trade Friction with Japan and the American Policy Response,"Michigan Law Review,Vol.82,April,1984/May,1984,pp.1647-1661.
2 中村隆英编:《“计划化”和“民主化”》,《日本经济史》第7卷,胡企林、胡靖、林华译,三联书店,1997年版,第337页。
1 安场保吉、猪木武德编:《高速增长》,《日本经济史》第8卷,连湘译,三联书店,1997年版,第26页。
2 五百旗头真主编:《战后日本外交史:1945-2005》,吴万虹译,世界知识出版社,2007年版,第149页。
3 「对米自動车输出自主规制に关する田中六助通产相声明」、『日米关系资料集:1945-97』、1001-1002页、『日刊自勤牵新闻』、1981年5月9日、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19810501.O1J.html.
4 Steven Berry,James Levinsohn and Ariel Pakes,"Voluntary Export Restraints on Automobiles:Evaluating a Trade Policy,” The American Economic Review,Vol.89,No.3.(Jun.,1999),pp.400-430.
1 Robert W.Crandall,“The Effects of U.S.Trade Protection for Autos and Steel,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1 No.1,1987,pp.287-288.
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1 Catherine L.Mann,"Protection and Retaliation:Changing the 'Rules of the Game'," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1987,No.1,1987,pp.311-335.
1 Stephen D.Krasner,"Trade Conflicts and the Common Defense:The United States and Japan," Political Science Quarterly,Vol.101,No.5,1986.
2 Michael Mastanduno,"Do Relative Gains Matter? America's Response to Japanese Industrial Policy,"International Security,Vol.16,No.1.(Summer,1991),pp.73-113.
3 山本吉宣『相互主義—その理论と政治遇程」、山影过编『相互依存时代の国際摩擦』东京大学出版会、1988年。
4 草野厚「米国对日通商政策の国内的视点」、『国隙问题』、1989年12月、第357号、48-61页。
1 Marcus Noland,"US-Japan Trade Friction and its Dilemmas for US Policy," The World Economy,Vol.18,No.2(March 1995),p.238.
2 Robert Z.Lawrence,"Imports in Japan:Closed Markets or Minds," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1987,No.2,1987,pp.517-554.
3 Robert Z.Lawrence,"How Open is Japan?," in Paul Krugman,ed.,Trade With Japan:Has the Door Opened Wider?,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992;Robert Z.Lawrence,"Japan' s Different Trade Regime:An Analysis with Particular Reference to Keiretsu," the Journal of Economic Perspectives,Vol.7,No.3(Summer,1993),pp.3-19;Robert Z.Lawrence and Gary R.Saxonhouse,"Efficient or Exclusionist? The Import Behavior of Japanese Corporate Groups," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1991,No.1,1991,pp.311-341.
1 Robert Z.Lawrence,"Imports in Japan:Closed Markets or Minds," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1987,No.2,1987,p.519.
2 Marcus Noland,"US-Japan Trade Friction and its Dilemmas for US Policy," The World Economy,Vol.18,No.2(March 1995),p.255.各个研究见 C.Fred Bergsten and William R.Cline,The UnitedStates-Japan Economic Problem,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1985;Robert Z.Lawrence,"Imports in Japan:Closed Markets or Minds," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1987,No.2,1987;Gary R.Saxonhouse,"Differentiated Products,Economics of Scale and Access to the Japanese Market," in Robert Feenstra,ed.,Trade Policies for International Competitiveness,Chicago:University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research,1989,pp.145-84;Peter A.Petri,"Japanese Trade in Transition:Hypotheses and Recent Evidence," in Paul R.Krugman,ed.,Trade With Japan:Has the Door Opened Wider?,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992;Robert Z.Lawrence,"How Open is Japan?," in Paul Krugman,ed.,Trade With Japan:Has the Door Opened Wider? Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992;Marcus Noland,"Japan and the World Economy,"Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1992;Gary R.Saxonhouse,"Economic Growth and Trade Relations:Japanese Performance in Lond-Term Perspective," in T.Ito and A.O.Krueger,eds.,Trade and Protectionism,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,pp.149-179.
1 周泽红:《日本应对贸易摩擦的经验及启示——以日美贸易摩擦为例》,《现代日本经济》,2006年第1期,第27页。
2 升味准之辅:《日本政治史》,董果良译,商务印书馆,1997年版,第1084页。
3 Bela Balassa and Marcus Noland,Japan in the World Economy,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1988,p.30,32.
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1 安场保吉、猪木武德编:《高速增长》,《日本经济史》第8卷,连湘译,三联书店,1997年版,第53页。
2 Jagdish Bhagwati,The World Trading System at Risk,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1991,Chapter 3.
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4 草野厚『アメリカ議会と日米关系』中央公论社、1991年、34页。
1 小野直樹『戦後日米关系の国際政治經济分析』慶応義塾大学出版会、2002年、279頁。
2 「日米農產物交涉合意確認の書簡日米关係資料集』、『日米关系資料集:1945-97』、1045-1047頁、『日本農業新聞』、1984年8月15日、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/dicuments/texts/JPUS/19840814.Q1J.html。
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3 Frederick W.Mayer,"Managing Domestic Differences in International Negotiations:The Strategic Use of Internal Side-Payments," International Organization,Vol.46,No.4.(Autumn,1992),p.810.
1 奥德尔:《世界经济谈判》,孙英春译,世界知识出版社,2003年版,第170-180。
2 Kazuo Sato,"Economic Growth,Foreign Trade,and Trade Policy in Japan," The World Economy,Volume 18,Issue 2,Mar 1995,p.200.
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2 John McMillan,"Why Does Japan Resist Foreign Market-Opening Pressure?," CESifo Working Paper,No.46,CESifo Working Paper Series from CESifo GmbH,1993,p.11.
3 John McMillan,"Why Does Japan Resist Foreign Market-Opening Pressure?," CESifo Working Paper,No.46,CESifo Working Paper Series from CESifo GmbH,1993,p.14.
1 郭定平:《论战后日本政党在外交决策过程中的地位和作用》,《日本学刊》,2003年第2期,第52页。
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3 青木键、马田啓一编著『日米经济关系论—米国の通商戦略と日本』劲草书房、2006年、144页。
1 小倉和夫『日米經濟摩擦——表の事情·ゥラの事情』日本經济新聞社、1991年、10-12頁。
2 小倉和夫『日米經济摩擦——表の事情·ゥラの事情』日本經济新聞社、1991年、131-134頁。
3 薮中三十二『对米經济交涉:摩擦の実像』サィマル出版会、1991年、第213-217頁。
1 对于日美金融摩擦的研究可参见:船橋洋一『通貨烈烈』朝日新聞社、1988年;野口均『日米通貨交涉2000日大蒇財務官たちの闘い』日本經濟新聞出版社、1995年;淹田洋一著、鹿島平和研究所編『日米通貨交涉20年目の真实』日本經济新聞社、2006年。
2 胡方:《日美经济摩擦的理论与实态:中国对日美贸易的对策与建议》,武汉大学出版社,2001年版,第205页。
3 "Announcement the Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of France,Germany,Japan,the United Kingdom,and the United States," September 22,1985,www.mof.go.jp/english/if/g7_850922.pdf.
1 王允贵:《“广场协议”对日本经济的影响及启示》,《国际经济评论》,2004年1-2期,第49页。
2 高柏:《日本经济的悖论——繁荣与停滞的制度性根源》,商务印书馆,2004年版,第6章。
3 罗纳德·麦金农、大野健一:《美元与日元——化解美日两国的经济冲突》,王信译,上海远东出版社,1999年版,第4页。
4 宫崎义一:《泡沫经济的经济对策:复合萧条论》,陆华生译,中国人民大学出版社,2000年版。
5 冯昭奎:《21世纪的日本:战略的贫困》,中国城市出版社,2002年版,第97-142页。
1 Japan Economic Insitute,JEI Report,17 June 1988,cited in Bela Balassa and Marcus Noland,Japan in the World Economy,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1988,p.120.
1 C.Fred Bergsten and M.Noland,Reconcilable Differences?,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1993,p.81.
2 Martin Tolchin and Susan Tolchin,Buying into America.How Foreign Money is Changing the Face of Our Nation,New York:Times Books,1988.
3 Lee Smith,"Fear and Loathing of Japan," Fortune,February 26,1990.
1 日美贸易摩擦中的“日本异质论”与传统的“日本人论”有所关联但又不尽相同,前者关注于日本政治经济体制及其相关政策的特殊性,而后者则从更为宏观的意义上强调日本人的独特性,涉及思想文化、人文美学、历史传统、政治经济体制、甚至生物构造等。对于后者的综述可参见南博:《日本人论:从明治维新到现代》,邱琡雯译,广西师范大学出版社,2007年版。
2 主要引自贺平:《日美贸易摩擦中的美国“对日修正主义”研究》,《世界经济研究》,2008年第1期。
3 Ezra F.Vogel,Japan as Number One:Lessons for America,Cambridge,Mass;Harvard University Press,1979.
4 Marvin J.Wolf,The Japanese Conspiracy:the Plot to Dominate Industry Worldwide-and How to Deal with It,New York:Empire Books,1983.
5 Lee lacocca,An Autobiography,New York:Bantam,1984,p.315,cited in Sherila K.Johnson,The Japanese Through American Eyes,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1988,p.122.
6 Theodore H.White,"The Danger from Japan," New York Times Magazine(July 28,1985).
7 "Japan,U.S.A," Business Week(July 14,1986),pp.45-55;"Where the Jobs Are," Business Week(February 2,1987),pp.36-39.
1 "Japan's Clout in the U.S.:Its Translating Economic Might into Influence," Business Week(July 11,1988),pp.64-75.
2 "Rethinking Japan:The New,Harder Line toward Tokyo," Business Week(August 7,1989),pp.44-52.
3 例如:Daniel Burstein,Yen!.Japan's New Financial Empire and Its Threat to America,New York:Simon and Schuster,1988;William J.Holstein,The Japanese Power Game,New York:Charles Scribne's Sons,1990;George Friedman and Meredith LeBard,The Coming War with Japan,New York:St.Martin's,1991.
4 Rudiger Dornbusch,"Getting Tough on Trade:Give Japan a Target and Say 'Import'!," New York Times,Sep 24,1989,p.F2.
5 盛田昭夫、石原慎太郎『「NO」と言ぇる日本:新日米关系の方策』光文社、1989年。英语文献中对《日本可以说不》一书和日本民族主义的批评和分析,可参见Andrew Goble,"Japan's America-bashers," Orbis,Winter90,Vol.34,Issue 1,pp.83-86.
6 Robert J.Samuelson,"Fears and Fantasies:What Japan Thinks of America," Newsweek(April 2,1990),pp.8-15.
7 Shotaro Yachi,"Beyond Trade Frictions-A New Horizon For U.S.-Japan Economic Relations," Cornell International Law Journal Vol.22,1989,p.396.
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1 Shafiqul Islam,"Capitalism in Conflict," Foreign Affairs,Vol.69,Issue I(1989/1990),pp.172-182.
2 保罗·肯尼迪:《大国的兴衰:1500-2000年的经济变迁与军事冲突》,陈景彪等译,国际文化出版公司,2006年版。
3 Joseph S.Nye,Jr.,"Coping with Japan," Foreign Policy,No.89(Winter 1992/1993),p.102;C.Fred Bergsten and M.Noland,Reconcilable Differences?,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1993 Marcus Noland,"US-Japan Trade Friction and its Dilemmas for US Policy," The World Economy,Vol.18,No.2(March 1995),pp.237-268.
4 Henry Kissinger and Cyrus Vance,"Bipartisan Objectives for American Foreign Policy," Foreign Affairs,Vol.66,Issue 5(Summer 1988),pp.899-921.
5 Richard Lawrence,"Policy Dispute over Japan May Develop," Journal of Commerce,21 March 1989,I,cited in Michael Mastanduno,"Framing the Japan Problem:the Bush Administration and the Structural Impediments Initiative," International Journal,XLⅦ(spring,1992),p.242.
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2 "Rethinking Japan:The New,Harder Line toward Tokyo," Business Week(August 7,1989),pp.44-52.
1 "Beyond Japan-bashing:The 'Gang of Four' Defends the Revisionist Line," U.S.News and World Report(May 7,1990),pp.54-55.
2 Karel van Wolferen,"Japan:Different,Unprecedented and Dangerous," International Herald Tribune(7November 1989),p.6,Cited in Henrik Schmiegelow & Michele Schmiegelow,"How Japan Affects the International System," International Organization,Vol.44,No.4(Autumn,1990),p.559.
3 James Fallows,"Containing Japan," The Atlantic(May 1989),pp.40-54.
1 Pat Choate,"Political Advantage:Japan's Campaign for America," Harvard Business Review,Vol.68,Issue 5(Sep/Oct 1990),pp.87-103;Pat Choate,Agents of lnfluence:How Japan's Lobbyists in the United States Manipulate America's Political and Economic System,New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1990.
2 John B.Judis,"The Japanese Megaphone," The New Republic(January 22,1990),pp.20-25.
3 Eamonn Fingleton,"Japan's Invisible Leviathan," Foreign Affairs,Vol.74,No.2(March/April 1995),pp.69-85.
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5 Chalmers Johnson,Laura D'Andrea Tyson,John Zysman,eds.,Politics and Productivity:the Real Story of Why Japan Works,New York:Harper Business,1989;James Fallows,Looking at the Sun:the Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System,New York:Pantheon Books,1994.
6 James Fallows,More Like Us:Making America Great Again,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1989,p.28;James Fallows,"Containing Japan," The Atlantic(May 1989),p.41.
7 Howard H.Baker,Jr.and Ellen L.Frost,"Rescuing the U.S.-Japan Alliance," Foreign Affairs,Vol.71,Issue 2(Spring 1992),p.99.
8 Clyde Prestowitz,Jr.,Trading Places:How We Are Giving Our Future To Japan And How To Reclaim It,New York:Basic Books,1990,p.94.
9 Alan S.Blinder,"International Perspective:Trading with Japan:Why the U.S.Loses—Even on A Level Playing Field," Business Economics,Vol.27,Issue 1(January 1992),pp.25-29.
1 Peter A.Petri,Modeling Japanese-American Trade:A Study of Asymmetric Interdependence,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1984,p.163;Eric Heginbotham & Richard J.Samuels,"Mercantile Realism and Japanese Foreign Policy," International Security,Vol.22,No.4(Spring,1998),pp.171-203.
2 Roger Buckley,U.S.-Japan Alliance Diplomacy:1945-1990,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,p.157.
3 Chalmers Johnson,MITI and the Japanese Miracle:the Growth of Industrial Policy,1925-1975,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1982.
4 Chalmers Johnson,"The Foundation of Japan's Wealth and Power and Why They Baffle the United States," in Chalmers Johnson,Japan,Who Governs?:The Rise of the Developmental State,New York:Norton,1995,pp.103-105.
5 Stephen D.Cohen,Cowboys and Samurai:Why the United States Is Losing the Industrial Battle and Why It Matters,N.Y.:Harper Business,1991,p.9.
6 塞缪尔·亨廷顿:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》,周琪等译,新华出版社,2002年版,第251页。
1 Karel van Wolferen,The Enigma of Japanese Power:People and Politics in a Stateless Nation,New York:Macmillan,1989.
2 Karel van Wolferen,"The Japan Problem,"ForeignAffairs,Vol.65,No.3(Winter 1986/87),pp.288 - 303.
3 Clyde Prestowitz,Jr.,Trading Places:How We Are Giving Our Future To Japan And How To Reclaim It,New York:Basic Books,1990.
4 大野健一:《从江户到平成:解密日本经济发展之路》,臧馨、臧新远译,中信出版社,2006年版,第124-125,152页;Edward J.Lincoln,Japan's Unequal Trade,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1990;Edward J.Lincoln,Kent E.Calder and others,"US-Japan Relations:The End of Interdependence?" SAIS Review (Winter-Spring 1990),pp.93-112;Robert Z.Lawrence,"Japan's Different Trade Regime:An Analysis with Particular Reference to Keiretsu," the Journal of Economic Perspectives,Vol.7,No.3(Summer,1993),pp.3-19;Hiro Lee and David Roland-Hols,"Cooperation or Confrontation in U.S.-Japan Trade? Some General Equilibrium Estimates,"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies,Vol.13,Issue.2(June 1999),pp.119-39;Daniel Okimoto,Between MITI and the Marketplace:Japanese Industrial Policy for High Technology(Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1989),pp.174-175;Chalmers Johnson,"Trade,Revisionism,and the Future of Japanese-American Relations," in Kozo Yamamura,ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Shouldlt Change?,Seattle:Society for Japanese Studies,1990.
5 对于“官员空降”的研究可参见:Kent E.Calder,"Elites in an Equalizing Role:Ex-Bureaucrats as Coordinators and Intermediaries in the Japanese Government-Business Relationship," Comparative Politics,Vol.21,No.4.(Jul.,1989),pp.379-403.
6 Daniel Okimoto,Between MITI and the Marketplace:Japanese Industrial Policy for High Technology,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1989,p.17.
1 日本利用商品检验检疫标准阻止他国商品进入本国市场的做法产生了若干著名的案例。例如,套用水泥船的检测方法(如坠落测试等)用于检测玻璃纤维船,以此拒绝其进口:将荷兰郁金香花球切开以检测是否含有昆虫等。见C.Fred Bergsten and M.Noland,Reconcilable Diffefences?,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1993,p.72.
2 C.Fred Bergsten and William R.Cline,The UnitedStates-Japan Economic Problem,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1987.
3 Chalmers Johnson,"How to Think about Economic Competition from Japan," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2(Summer,1987),p.427.
4 Pat Choate,"The Future of American-Japanese Trade," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.522,The Future:Trends into the Twenty-First Century,July 1992,pp.36-44.
1 Karel van Wolferen,"The Japan Problem Revisited," Foreign Affairs,Vol.9,Issue 4(Fall 1990),p.50.
2 C.Fred Bergsten and M.Noland,Reconcilable Differences?,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1993,p.212
3 Kozo Yamamura,"Will Japan's Economic Structure Change? Confessions of a Former Optimist," in Kozo Yamamura ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Should It Change?,pp.13-64.
4 Pat Choate,"Tailored Trade:Dealing With the World as It Is," Harvard Business Review(January-February,1988),pp.86-93;James Fallows,"Getting Along with Japan," The Atlantic(December 1989),pp.53-64;Karel van Wolferen,"Japan's Non-Revolution," Foreign Affairs,Vol.72,Issue 4(September/October 1993),pp.54-65.
5 James Shoch,Trading Blows:Party Competition and U.S.Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era,Chapel Hill and London:The University of North Carolina Press,2001,p.173,340.
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3 Brink Lindsey and Aaron Lukas,"Revisiting the 'Revisionists':The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Economic Model," Trade Policy Analysis,No.3,Cato lnstitute's Center for Trade Policy Studies,July 31,1998.
4 Ronald A.Morse and Alan Tonelson,"Let Japan Be Japan," The New York Times(Oct 4,1989),A 29.
5 George R.Packard,"The Coming U.S.-Japan Crisis," Foreign Affairs,Vol.66,Issue.2(Winter 1987/88),pp.348-67;Philip H.Trezise,"Japan,The Enemy?," The Brookings Review,Vol.8,No.1(Winter 1989/1990),pp.3-13;George Ro Packard,"Rising Japanese Anti-Americanism," International Economy,Vol.12,Issue.5(Sept.-Oct.1998),pp.26-28.
6 Robert B.Reich,"Is Japan Out to Get Us?," The New York Times Book Review,Vol.141,Issue 48906(March 15,1992),pp.30-38.
7 Edward J.Lincoln,"A U.S.-Japan Trade Agenda," The Brookings Review,Vol.15,Issue 3(Summer 1997),pp.32-34.
1 Far Eastern Economic Review,November 4,1993,p.26.
2 "Rethinking Japan:The New,Harder Line toward Tokyo," Business Week(August 7,1989),pp.44-52.
3 Eisuke Sakakibara,"US-Japanese Economic Policy Conflicts and Coordination during the 1990s," in Adam S.Posen and Ryoichi Mikitani edited,Japan's Financial Crisis and Its Parallels to US Experience,Special Report 13,Washington,DC:Institute for International Economics,2000,pp.167-168.
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2 例如可参见Dan Quayle,"US-Japan:Cooperating to Build a Global Market Economy," U.S.Department of State Dispatch,Address before the Council on Foreign Relations,New York City,April 27,1992.
3 James Shoch,Trading Blows:Party Competition and U.S.Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era,Chapel Hill and London:The University of North Carolina Press,2001,p.173,196,200;Robert M.Uriu,"The Impact of Policy Ideas:Revisionism and the Clinton Administration's Trade Policy toward Japan," in Gerald L.Curtis,ed.,New Perspectives on U.S.-Japan Relations,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2000,p.229.
4 Chris J.Dolan and Jerel A.Rosati,"U.S.Foreign Economic Policy and the Significance of the National Economic Council," International Studies Perspectives(2006) 7,p.115.
5 Laura D'Andrea Tyson,Who's Bashing Whom? Trade Conflict in High-Technology Industries,Washington,D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1992.
6 Amy Searight and Christopher R.Way,"Of Rose Gardens and Goldfish Bowls:Electoral Pressures and US-Japan Bargaining,1967-1998," Manuscript,October 2001,p.6.
1 G.R.Saxonhouse,"Trade Policy,Constituent Interests and Politics in US-Japan Economic Relations," Research Seminar in International Economics Discussion Paper,No.417,University of Michigan,1998.
2 Edward J.Lincoln,"Review on Bargaining with Japan:What American Pressure Can and Cannot Do;Predicting Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:The Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,"Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.24,No.1,Winter 1998,p.179.
3 Christopher Wood,The End of Japan Inc.and How the New Japan Will Look,New York:Simon & Schuster,1994,pp.182-219.
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1 「AP通信調查 經濟摩擦ごの对日制裁.報復 米の85%が贊成」、『產經新聞』、1994年3月7日、東京朝刊、縫合。內政面。
2 「米国民の日米世論調查 貿易·經濟で'日本の改善望む』、『產經新聞』、1994年2月8日、東京朝刊、总合·内政面。
3 「貿易摩擦、米にも理解 『关系良好』む6 8%——总理府外交世論調查」、『每日新聞』、1994年2月14日、東京朝刊、2頁。
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2 GATT,Trade Policy Review.Japan 1994,Geneva,GATT Secretariat,1995,Part Ⅰ,p.15.
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1 Joseph S.Nye,"The Case for Deep Engagement," Foreign Affairs,74,No.4,July/August 1995.
2 Brink Lindsey and Aaron Lukas,"Revisiting the 'Revisionists':The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Economic Model," Trade Policy Analysis,No.3,Cato Institute's Center for Trade Policy Studies,July 31,1998.
3 参见约翰逊与艾什关于日本经济奇迹的辨论:David Asher,"Economic Myths Explained:What Became of the Japanese Miracle," Orbis(Spring 1996);Chalmers Johnson,"Japan' 'Miracle' Economy," Orbis(Summer 1996);David Asher,"The Author Responds," Orbis(Summer 1996).
4 Narrelle Morris,Destructive Discourse:"Japan-bashing" in the United States,Australia and Japan in the 1980s and 1990s,Ph.D Dissertation,Murdoch University,Australia,2006,p.292.
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1 C.Fred Bergsten,American in the World Economy:A Strategy for the 1990s,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1988
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3 该图标数据来自美国国家统计局,与图2-1和图2-3中联合国贸发会议的统计数据略有差异。
1 Laura D'Andrea Tyson,"Future Directions for U.S.Economic Policy Toward Japan," the Council on Foreign Relations,October 24,2000.
2 Richard L.Armitage and Joseph S.Nye,"The United States and Japan:Advancing Toward a Mature Partnership,"Institute for National Strategic Studies Special Report,October 11,2000.
3 Bruce Stokes,"A New Beginning:Recasting the U.S.-Japan Economic Relationship,"A Council on Foreign Relations Paper,2000,pp.3-4.
4 "American Public Opinion and Foreign Policy 2002," Chicago Council on Foreign Relations,p.26.
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1 日本外務省 「米国にぉける对日世論调查(平成19年)」、http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/usa/yoron07/pdfs/2007_1.pdf。
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2 赵瑾:《全球化与经济摩擦:日美经济摩擦的理论与实证研究》,商务印书销,2002年版,第414页。
1 中小企業厅『中小企業白晝2006年版』、70页。
1 World Trade Organization,Trade Policy Review,Report by the Secretariat,JAPAN,Revision,WT/TPR/S/175/Rev.110.APril 2007.pp.91-92.
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1 Richard L.Armitage and Joseph S.Nye,"The U.S.-Japan Alliance Getting Asia Right Through 2020," Center for Strategic & International Studies,February 16,2007,p.22.
1 原正行「「外圧」の政治·经济学」、『国民经济杂志』、174(3)、1996年9月、34页。
2 David B.Yoffie,Power and Protectionism:Strategies of the Newly Industrializing Countries,New York:Columbia University Press,1983,pp.4-5
1 James H.Cassing and Arye L.Hillman,"Political Influence Motives and the Choice between Tariffs and Quotas,"Journal of International Economics,Volume 19,Issues 3-4,November 1985,pp.279-290;Arye L.Hillman and Heinrich W.Ursprung,"Domestic Politics,Foreign Interests,and International," The American Economic Review,Vol.78,No.4.(Sep.,1988),pp.729-745.
2 Peter F.Cowhey,"Domestic Institutions and the Credibility of International Commitments:Japan and the United States," International Organization,Vol.47,No.2.(Spring,1993),p.323;Ali M.EI-Agraa,"VERs as a Prominent Feature of Japanese Trade Policy:Their Rationale,Costs and Benefits," The World Economy,Vol.18,No.2,1995,p.220.
3 "The Settlement of U.S.-Japanese Conflict on Automobile and Auto Parts Trade,Statement by Ambassador Kantor," 『日米关系资料集:1945-97』,pp.1321-1322,http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/-worldipn/documents/texts/JPUS/19950516.S3E.html.
4 「日米贸易、「疑似管理」拡大む——庆応义塾大学助教授竹中平藏氏(经济教室)」、『日本经济新闻』、1995年7月5日、朝刊、29页。
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2 "The U.S.-Japan Agreement of 1986 on Semiconductor Products,Side Letter,"[日米关系集:1945-97』,p.1120;Fujiwara Mikio(kamei),Nichibei handotai kyotei korega mitsuyaku bunshoda,Bungeishunju,May 1988,p.124-137.http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldipn/documents/texts/JPUS/19860902.T2E.html.
3 Laura D'Andrea Tyson,Who s Bashing Whom? Trade Conflict in High-Technology Industries,Washington,D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1992,pp.256-257.
1 Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfeld,A Study of Crisis,2nd ed.,Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,2000,p.757,转引自布里吉特·斯塔奇等:《外交谈判导论》,陈志敏等译,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第55页。
1 H.Richard Friman,"Side-Payments Versus Security Cards:Domestic Bargaining Tactics in International Economic Negotiations," International Organization,Vol.47,No.3.(Summer,1993),pp.387-410.
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4 The United States and Japan:Advancing Toward a Mature Partnership,INSSSpecial Report,Washington,DC:National Defense University Press,October 2000.
5 Motoshige Itoh,"Trade Imbalance,Trade Frictions and Maintaining a Liberal Trade Regime in the Asia-Pacific:Recent Trends in Japanese Trade Policies," The Pacific Review,Vol.12 No.2,1999,pp.319-331.
5 小原喜雄、「日米贸易交涉とWTO」、『国隙问题』、1999年5月、No.470。
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2 Amy E.Searight,"International Organization," in Steven K.Vogel,ed.,U.S.-Japan Relations in a Changing World,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2002,pp.186-187.
3 Laura D'Andrea Tyson,"Future Directions for U.S.Economic Policy Toward Japan," the Council on Foreign Relations,October 24,2000.
1 Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy." Action or Reaction?,London;New York:Routledge,1996,p.126.
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2 Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy:Action or Reaction?,London;New York:Routledge,1996,p.17.
3 草野厚「日米経済摩擦—連続性と多樣性」、『国際問題』、1996年2月、76頁。
4 “The Application of the Super 301 Provisions to Japan,Statement on United States Action Against Foreign Trade Barriers,” May 26,1989,『日米関係資料集:1945-97』,pp.1164-1165,Public Papers of the Presidents:George H.W.Bush,1989,I,pp.607-608,http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19890526.SIE.html.
1 『日米構造問題協議最終報告』、『日米関係資料集:1945-97』、1186-1198頁、「日米構造問題協議最終報告」(財)通商產業調查、1990年、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19900628.01J.html。
2 Mitsuo Matsushita,"Structural Impediments Initiative An Example of Bilateral Trade Negotiation," Michigan Journal of International Law,Vol.12,1991.
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3 原口幸市「日米包括經濟協議—背景·經緯·課題」、『国際問題』、1995年2月、No.419、67頁。
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1 Roger C.Altman,"Why Pressure Tokyo?" Foreign Affairs,May/June 1994,p.5.
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3 World Trade Organization,Trade Policy Review,Report by JAPAN,WT/TPR/G/17519,December 2006,p.15.
1 例如:Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy:Action or Reaction?,London:Routledge,1996,pp.19-21;Ryutaro Komiya and Motoshige Itoh," Japan's International Trade and Trade Policy:1955-1984," in Takashi Inoguchi and Daniel I.Okimoto,eds,The Political Economy of Japan:The Changing International Context,Stanford,Calif.:Stanford University Press.1988.pp.217-218.
2 在本研究中,“霸权”主要是指一种处于压倒性优势地位的现实能力和客观局面。
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2 杰里尔·A·罗赛蒂:《美国对外政策的政治学》,周启朋、傅耀祖等译,世界知识出版社,1997年版,第17页。
1 对于日本在国际经济体系中定位的研究可参见:Inoguchi Takashi,"Japan's Images and Options:Not a Challenger,but a Supporter," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.12,No.1(Winter,1986),pp.95-119;David A.Lake,"Beneath the Commerce of Nations:A Theory of International Economic Structures," International Studies Quarterly,Vol.28,No.2(1984),pp.143-70;H.Richard Friman,"Rocks,Hard Places,and the New Protectionism:Textile Trade Policy Choices in the United States and Japan," International Organization,Vol.42,No.4(Autumn,1988),pp.711.
1 David A.Lake,"International Economic Structure and American Foreign Economic Policy,1887-1934," World Politics,Vol.35,No.4,July 1983,p.522.
2 罗伯特·吉尔平:《世界政治中的战争与变革》,武军等译,中国人民大学出版社,1994年版,第156页。
3 罗伯特·吉尔平:《国际关系政治经济学》,杨宁光译,经济科学出版社,1989年版,第106页。
4 罗伯特·吉尔平:《世界政治中的战争与变革》,武军等译,中国人民大学出版社,1994年版,第145页。
5 罗伯特·吉尔平:《国际关系政治经济学》,杨宇光译,经济科学出版社,1989年版,第88-89页。
1 罗们特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战:21世纪的世界经济》,杨宇光、杨炯译,上海人民出版社,2001年版,第14-15页;罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球政治经济学:解读国际经济秩序》,杨宁光、杨炯译,上海人民出版社,2003年,第3页。
2 Robert Kagan,"The Benevolent Empire," Foreign Policy(Summer 1998),p.27.
3 罗们特·吉尔平:《国际关系政治经济学》,杨宇光译,经济科学出版社,1989年版,第89、107页。
1 罗们特·吉尔平:《世界政治中的战争与变革》,武军等译,中国人民大学出版社,1994年版,第185页。
2 岁伯特·吉尔平:《世界政治中的战争与变革》,武军等译,中国人民大学出版社,1994年版,第188页。
3 罗伯特·吉尔平:《国际关系政治经济学》,杨宇光译,经济科学出版社,1989年版,第106-107页。
4 对于美国霸权开始衰落的确切时间,沃勒斯坦(Immanuel Wallerstein)、莫德尔斯基、古尔平、基欧汉等学者有着不同的见解,但一般认为,70年代初中东石油危机的爆发、布雷顿森林体系的崩溃、美国经济的“滞胀”是其霸权衰落的标志性事件。
5 冷战的胜利及其后美国霸权的再度膨胀或许可以视为美国霸权在经历一段“低潮”后的复苏,类似的起伏应该是霸权必衰过程中的应有之义。从这个意义上说,20世纪70年代初至世纪末美国霸权的衰荣不妨看作是霸权更替进程中“具体而微”的一个片断。
6 孔华润:《苏联强权时期的美国(1945—1991)》,孔华润主编:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(第四卷),王琛译,新华出版社,2004年版,第421页。
7 Ellen Frost,For Richer,For Poorer:The New U.S.-Japan Relationship,New York:Council on Foreign Relations,1987.
8 Christopher Layne,"The Unipolar Illusion:Why New Great Powers Will Rise," International Security,Vol.17,No.4(Spring,1993),p.43;现实主义国际关系理论对修正主义国家的分析可参见:Randall L.Schweller,"Bandwagoning for Profit:Bringing the Revisionist State Back In," International Security,Vol.19,No.1(Summer 1994);Alastair lain Johnson,"Is China a Status Quo Power?" International Security,Vol.27,No.4(Spring 2003);罗伯特·吉尔平:《世界政治中的战争与变革》,武军等译,中国人民大学出版社,1994年版。
9 Edward Olsen,"Target Japan as America's Economic Foe," Orbis(Fall 1992),Vol.36,Issue 4.
1 陈继勇、彭斯达:《新经济条件下美国经济周期的演变趋势》,《国际经济评论》,2003年11-12期,第38页。
2 俞正梁等:《大国战略研究:未来世界的美、俄、日、欧(盟)和中国》,中央编译出版社,1998年版,第23页。
3 张敏谦:《美国全球战略剖析——从“世界新秩序”到“克林顿主义”》,《美国研究》,2000年第4期,第36页。
4 王逸舟:《全球政治和中国外交——寻求新的视角与解释》,世界知识出版社,2003年版,第214页。
1 汉斯·摩根索:《国际纵横策论—争强权,求和平》,卢明华等译,上海译文出版社,1995年版,第42-43页。
2 美国历届政府的“总统经济学”可参考 Herbert Stein,Presidential Economics:The Making of Economic Policy from Roosevelt to Reagan and Beyond,New York:Simon and Schuster,1984.
3 Kenneth B.Pyle,“In Pursuit of a Grand Design:Nakasone Betwixt the Past and the Future,”Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2,Special Issue:A Forum on the Trade Crisis(Summer,1987),pp.244-245.
4 田中明彦「日本外交と国内政治の連関——外压の政治学」、『国際問題』、1989年3月、348号、30-31頁。
5 K.Knorr,“International Economic Leverage and Its Uses,” in K.Knorr and F.Trager,eds.,Economic Issues and National Security,Lawrence:University Press of Kansas,1977,p.102,cited in Aurelia George Mulgan,“The Role of Foreign Pressure(Gaiatsu) in Japan's Agricultural Trade Liberalisation,” Australia-Japan Research Center,Pacific Economic Papers,No.266,April 1997,p.6.
1 Thomas Bayard and Kimberly Ann Elliott,Reciprocity and Retaliation in U.S.Trade Policy,Washington,DC:Institute of International Economics,1994,p.86;Joseph M.Grieco,"Realism and Regionalism:American Power and Gernman and Japanese Institutional Strategies During and After the Cold War," Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association,San Diego,April 17,1996,Cited in Akitoshi Miyashita,"Gaiatsu and Japan's Foreign Aid:Rethinking the Reactive-Proactive Debate,"International Studies Quarterly,Vol.43,No.4.(Dec.,1999),p.698.
2 George Friedman and Meredith Lebrad,The Coming with Japan,New York:St.Martin's Press,1991.
3 田中明彦「日本外交と国内政治の连関——外圧の政治学」、『国际问题』、1989年3月、348号、30-31页。
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5 田中明彦「日本外交と国内政治の边関——外圧の政治学」、『国际问题』、1989年3月、348号、30-31页。
6 Merit E.Janow,"Trading with an Ally:Progress and Discontent in U.S.-Japan Trade Relations," in Gerald L.Curtis ed.,The United States,Japan andAsia,New York and London:W.W.Norton & Company,1994,p.92.
7 Pat Choate,"Political Advantage:Japan's Campaign for America," Harvard Business Review,September/October 1990.Vol.68,Issue 5.
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2 Norio Naka,Predicting Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:the Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996,p.40.
3 Amy Searight and Christopher R.Way,"Of Rose Gardens and Goldfish Bowls:Electoral Pressures and US-Japan Bargaining,1967-1998," Manuscript,October 2001,p.12.
4 Amy Searight and Christopher R.Way,"Of Rose Gardens and Goldfish Bowls:Electoral Pressures and US-Japan Bargaining,1967-1998," Manuscript,October 2001,p.13.
1 Merit E.Janow,"U.S.Trade Policy toward Japan and China:Integrating Bilateral,Multilateral,and Regional Approaches," in Geza Feketekuty and Bruce Stokes,eds.,Trade Strategies for A New Era,New York:The Monterey Institute of International Studies,1998,p.176.
2 Thomas O.Bayard and Kimberly Ann Elliot,Reciprocity and Retaliation in U.S.Trade Policy,Washington,.D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1994.
3 The American Chamber of Commerce in Japan,Making Trade Talks Work:An On-the-Ground Analysis of U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements,Tokyo:ACCJ,2000,p.48.
1 Paul Blustein,"Business Group Downplays Japan Trade Pacts' Effects," The Washington Post,Jarluary 14,1997,D01.
2 The American Chamber of Commerce in Japan,Making Trade Talks Work:An On-the-GroundAnalysis of U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements,Tokyo:ACCJ,2000,p.257.
1 Stephen D.Cohen,Cowboys and Samurai:Why the United States Is Losing the Industrial Battle and Why It Matters,N.Y.:Harper Business,1991,p.142.
2 Laura D'Andrea Tyson,"Future Directions for U.S.Economic Policy Toward Japan," the Council on Foreign Relations,October 24,2000,p.17.
3 Theresa M.Greaney,"Assessing the Impacts of US-Japan Bilateral Trade Agreements,1980-1995," The World Economy,Volume 24,Number 2,February 2001,p.146,155.
4 P.L.Gold and D.K.Nanto,"Japan-U.S.Trade:U.S.Exports of Negotiated Products,1985-1990," CRS Report for Congress,Congressional Research Service,The Library of Congress,1991.
1 Jayant Menon,"Has Japan Been 'Opening-Up'?:Empirical Analytics of Trade Patterns," Pacific Economic Papers,No.263,January 1997,Australis-Japan Research Center.
2 Theresa M.Greaney,"Assessing the Impacts of US-Japan Bilateral Trade Agreements,1980-1995," The World Economy.Volume 24.Number 2.February 2001.pp.127-157.
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1 曾卡:《贸易结构与美国单边威胁性贸易政策的实效性》,《世界经济与政治》,2004年第4期,第57页。
1 道格拉斯.诺思:《理解经济变迁过程》,钟正生、刑华等译,中国人民大学出版社,2008年版,第46页。
2 「国際協調のための經濟構造調整研究会報告書(经構研報告)」、http://www.komazawa-u.ac.jp/kobamasa/lecture/japaneco/maekawarep.htm。
1 张季风:《挣脱萧条:1990—2006年的日本经济》,社会科学文献出版社,2006年版,第140-141页。
1 Edward W.Desmond,"Ichiro Ozawa:Reformer at Bay," Foreign Affairs,Volume 74,No.5,1995,p.130.
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6 外務省『外交青书39号』、79页。
1 张季风:《挣脱萧条:1990—2006年的日本经济》,社会科学文献出版社,2006年版,第145-153页。
2 經濟產業省『通商白書2006年版』、208頁。
1 森山昌俊「規制緩和の輸入掂大効果」、『ESP』、No.298、1997年、32頁。
1 安倍晋三『美しい国へ』文艺春秋、2006年。
2 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Gaiatsu,Learning,and Japan's Emerging Economic Liberalism,"http://research.yale.edu/eastasianstudies/japanworld/schoppa.pdf
3 Kenneth B.Pyle,"In Pursuit of a Grand Design:Nakasone Betwixt the Past and the Future," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2,Special Issue:A Forum on the Trade Crisis(Summer,1987),pp.244-245.
4 John O.Haley,"Luck,Law,Culture and Trade:The Intractability of United States-Japan Trade Conflict," Cornell International Law Journal,Vol.22,1989.
1 其余三个途径分别是:一、对国内主要行为体注入新的理念和价值观;二、通过官僚机构的标准决策程序将国际机制的原则和宗旨嵌入一国的国内政治过程:三、通过国内的立法。
2 Andrew P.Cortell and James W.Davis,Jr.,"How Do International Institutions Matter? The Domestic Impact of International Rules and Norms," International Studies Quarterly,Vol.40,No.4.(Dec.,1996),p.453.
3 Scott C.Flanagan,"The Political and Cultural Dimensions of the Trade Friction between the United States and Japan," in T.David Mason and Abdul M.Turay eds.,US-Japan Trade Friction:Its Impact on Security Cooperation in the Pacific Basin,Basingstoke:Macmillan,1991,pp.30-66.
4 "Japanese Invite Trade Hard-Line;Tough U.S.Stance Could Spur Change,Prime Minister Says," The Washington Post,April 12,1993,Al.
1 樊勇明:《体制和结构双调整中的日本经济》,《日本学刊》,2003年第1期,第116-117页。
2 「2007年7—9月期实質GDP改定值、年率0.5%增——速報は2.6%增』、『日本經濟新聞』2007年12月3日、夕刊。
3 张季风:《挣脱萧条:1990—2006年的日本经济》,社会科学文献出版社,2006年版,第57-58页。
4 曼瑟·奧尔森:《国家的兴衰:经济增长、滞胀和社会僵化》,李增刚译,上海人民出版社,2007年版。
1 Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy:Action or Reaction?,p.46.
2 Norio Naka,Predicting Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:the Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996.
3 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Two-Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes:Why Gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases But Not Others," International Organization,Vol.47,No.3.(Summer,1993),p.375.
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2 Merit E.Janow,"U.S.Trade Policy toward Japan and China:Integrating Bilateral,Multilateral,and Regional Approaches," in Geza Feketekuty and Bruce Stokes,eds.,Trade Strategies for A New Era,New York:The Monterey Institute of International Studies,1998,pp.183-184.
1 Kenneth N.Waltz,Man,the State and War,New York:Columbia University Press.1959.
2 Peter Gourevitch,"The Second Image Reversed:The International Sources of Domestic Politics," International Organization,Vol.32,No.4,Autumn 1978,pp.881-912.
3 Peter Gourevitch,Politics in Hard Times:Comparative Responses to International Economic Crises,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1986.
4 斯托普尔—萨缪尔森定理的基本假设是生产要素在国家之间不能自由流动,而在一国国内却可以自由流动。因此,国家间贸易会使得本国充裕生产要素的所有者的实际收益提高,而稀缺生产要素的所有者的实际收益下降。
5 James A.Caporaso,"Across the Great Divide:Integrating Comparative and International Politics," International Studies Quarterly,No.41,1997,p.575.
1 Ronald Rogowski,"Political Cleavages and Changing Exposure to Trade," The American Political Science Review,Vol.81,No.4.(Dec.,1987),pp.1121-1137;Ronald Rogowski,Commerce and Coalitions:How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1989;Paul Midford,"International Trade and Domestic Politics:Improving on Rogowski's Model of Political Alignments," International Organization,Vol.47,No.4.(Autumn,1993),pp.535-564.
2 Ronald Rogowski,Commerce and Coalitions:How Trade Affects Domestic PoliticalAlignments,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1989,p.172.
3 Gene M.Grossman and Elhanan Helpman,"Protection For Sale," American Economic Review,Vol.84,No.4.(Sep.,1994),pp.833-850;Gene M.Grossman and Elhanan Helpman,"Trade Wars and Trade Talks," Journal of Political Economy,1995,Vol.103,No.4,pp.675-708.
4 迈克尔·J·希斯考克斯:《国际贸易与政治冲突——贸易、联盟与要素流动程度》,于扬杰译,中国人民大学出版社,2005年版。
5 对“进攻诉求”和“防御诉求”的分析见:奧德尔:《世界经济谈判》,孙英春译,世界知识出版社,2003年版,第31页。
1 阿维纳什·K·迪克西特:《经济政策的制定:交易成本政治学的视角》,刘元春详,中国人民大学出版社,2004年版,第35页。
2 艾尔·L.希尔曼:《贸易保护的政治经济学》,彭迪译,平新乔校,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第4页。
3 Gerald L.Curtis,"U.S.Policy toward Japan From Nixon to Clinton:An Assessment," in Gerald L.Curtis,ed.,New Perspectives on U.S.-Japan Relations,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2000,p.20.
4 David M.Gould and Graeme L.Woodbridge,"The Political Economy of Retaliation,Liberalization and Trade Wars," European Journal of Political Economy,Vol.14,1998,pp.115-137.
1 本研究中的“官僚”概念主要指以公务员为主体的行政执行者。
2 The American Chamber of Commerce in Japan,Making Trade Talks Work:An On-the-Ground Analysis of U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements,Tokyo:ACCJ,2000,pp.18-19.
3 I.M.戴斯勒:《美困贸易政治》,王恩冕、于少蔚译,中国市场出版社,2006年版,第168-191页。
1 Vinod K.Aggarwal,Robert O.Keohane and David B.Yoffie,"The Dynamics of Negotiated Protectionism," The American Political Science Review,Vol.81,No.2.(Jun.,1987),pp.345-366.
2 Vinod K.Aggarwal,Robert O.Keohane and David B.Yoffie,"The Dynamics of Negotiated Protectionism," The American Political Science Review,Vol.81,No.2.(Jun.,1987),p.354.
1 理查德.雷思:《政府与企业——比较视角下的美国政治纤济体制》,何俊志译,复旦大学出版社,2007年版,第391页。
1 依据下文绘制 Ellis S.Krauss and Simon Reich,"Ideology,Interests,and the American Executive:Toward a Theory of Foreign Competition and Manufacturing Trade Policy," International Organization,Vol.46,No.4(Autumn,1992),pp.857-897.
1 Jeffrey Friden,"Sectoral Conflict and U.S.Foreign Economic Policy,1914-1940," International Organization,Vol.42,No.1,1988,pp.60-90.
2 Robert M.Uriu,Troubled Industries:Confronting Economic Change in Japan,Ithaca,NY:Comell University Press,1996,pp.18-21.
3 Graham T.Allison,Essence of Decision:Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis,Boston:Little Brown,1971.
4 Vinod K.Aggarwal,Robert O.Keohane and David B.Yoffie,"The Dynamics of Negotiated Protectionism," The American Political Science Review,Vol.81,No.2.(Jun.,1987),p.348.
1 对于日美贸易摩擦中美国贸易代表办公室的运作可参见:Marcus Noland,"Chasing Phantoms:The Political Economy of USTR," International Organization,Vol.51,No.3.(Summer,1997),pp.365-387.
2 Michael Mastanduno,"Framing the Japan Problem:the Bush Administration and the Structural Impediments Initiative," International Journal,ⅩLⅦ,Spring,1992.
1 Michael Mastanduno,"Framing the Japan Problem:the Bush Administration and the Structural Impediments Initiative," International Journal,ⅩLⅦ,Spring,1992.
2 Amy Seafight and Christopher R.Way,"Of Rose Gardens and Goldfish Bowls:Electoral Pressures and US-Japan Bargaining,1967-1998," Manuscript,October 2001.
3 Norio Naka,Predicting Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:The Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996,p.60.
1 草野厚『アメリカ議会と日米闋係』中央公論社、1991年、25頁。
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4 Susan C.Schwab,"Japan and the U.S.Congress:Problems and Prospects," Journal of International Affairs,Summer1983,Vol.37 Issue 1,pp.123-139.
1 Clyde Prestowitz,Jr.,Trading Places:How We Are Giving Our Future To Japan And How To Reclaim It,New York:Basic Books,1990,p.251.
2 I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato,"Coping with Economic Conflicts," in I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato,eds.,Coping with U.S.-Japanese Economic Conflicts,Lexington,Mass.:Lexington Books,1982,p.320.
3 Amelia Porges,"U.S.-Japan Trade Negotiations:Paradigms Lost," in Paul Krugman ed.,Trade with Japan:Has the Door Opened Wider? Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,1991,p.308.
4 "The Application of the Super 301 Provisions to Japan,Statement on United States Action Against Foreign Trade Barriers" and "The Application of the Super 301 Provisions to Japan,Statement of Ambassador Carla A.Hills," 『日米关系资料集:1945-97』,pp.1163-1165,Public Papers of the Presidents:George H.W.Bush,1989,1,pp.607-608,http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.ip/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19890526.SIE.html,http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19890525.SIE.html.
5 Kozo Yamamura,"Introduction",in Kozo Yamamura,ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Should It Change? Seattle:Society for Japanese Studies,1990,pp.2-3
6 古城佳子『經濟的相互依存と国家—国際收支不均衡是正の政治經濟学』、木鐸社、1996年、96-97頁。Daniel I.Okimoto,"Political lnclusivity:The Domestic Structure of Trade," in Tashashi Inoguchi & Daniel I.Okimoto,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan Vol.2:The.Changing International Context,Stanford:Stanford University,1988,pp.307-310.
1 Chalmers Johnson,MITI and the Japanese Miracle:the Growth of Industrial Policy,1925-1975,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1982.
2 关于“日本株式会社”的研究可参见:Herman Kahn,The Emerging Japanese Superstate:Challenge and Response,Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice-Hall,1970;James Abegglen,"The Economic Growth of Japan," Scientific American,Vol.222,No.3(March 1970),pp.31-35,Cited in Richard Katz,"The System that Soured:Toward a New Paradigm to Guide Japan Policy," The Washington Quarterly,Vol.21,Issue 4(Autumn 1998),p.60;Eugene J.Kaplan,Japan-The Government-Business Relationship,Washington D.C.:Department of Commerce,1972.
3 参见青木昌彦等编著:《市场的作用国家的作用》,林家彬等译,中国发展出版社,2002年版.
4 彼得·J·卡岑斯坦:《结论:国内结构与对外经济政策战略》,彼得·J·卡岑斯坦编:《权力与财富之间》,陈刚译,吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版,第372、407页。
1 T.J.Pempel,"Japanese Foreign Economic Policy:The Domestic Bases for International Behavior," International Organization,Vol.31,No.4(Autumn,1977),pp.723-774.
2 Daniel I.Okimoto,"Political Inclusivity:The Domestic Structure of Trade," in Tashashi Inoguchi & Daniel I.Okimoto,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan Vol.2:The.Changing International Context,Stanford:Stanford University,1988,p.319,324.
3 自2001年1月6日开始实施的日本中央省厅改革,将原先的1府22省厅再编为1府12省厅。其中与本研究关系较为密切的改革包括:总务厅、邮政省、自治省和总理府的部分机构合并成为总务省;大藏省更名为财务省;通商产业省更名为经济产业省;运输省、建设省、国土厅、北海道开发厅合并为田土交通省;厚生省和劳动省合并为厚生劳动省;经济企划厅并入内阁府。中央省厅改革以后,日本的国内政治逐渐由“官僚主导”向“政党主导”偏移。
4 谷口将紀『日本の对米貿易交涉』東京大学出版会、1997年、200-221頁。
1 R.Kent Weaver,"The Politics of Blame Avoidance," Journal of Public Policy,Vol.6,No.4,(Oct.-Dec.,1986),pp.371-398.
2 Michio Muramatsu,"In Search of National Identity:The Political and Policies of the Nakasone Administration,"Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2,Special Issue:A Forum on the Trade Crisis(Summer,1987),pp.332-333.
3 Barry M.Mimick,The Political Economy of Regulation:Creating,Designing,and Removing Regulatory Forms,New York:Columbia University Press,1980,转引自理查德.雷恩:《政府与企业——比较视角下的美国政治经济体制》,何俊志译,复旦大学出版社,2007年版,第243页。
1 Michio Muramatsu and Ellis S.Krauss,"Bureaucrats and Politicians in Policymaking:The Case of Japan," The American Political Science Review,Vol.78,No.1.(Mar.,1984),p.141.
2 Daniel 1.Okimoto,"Political Inclusivity:The Domestic Structure of Trade," in Tashashi Inoguchi & Daniel I.Okimoto,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan Vol.2:The.Changing International Context,Stanford:Stanford University,1988,p.325.
3 T.J.Pempel,"The Unbundling of 'Japan,Inc.':The Changing Dynamics of Japanese Policy Formation," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2,Special Issue:A Forum on the Trade Crisis.(Summer,1987),pp.300-301.
4 #12
5 Michio Muramatsu,"In Search of National Identity:The Political and Policies of the Nakasone Administration,"Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2,Special Issue:A Forum on the Trade Crisis(Summer,1987),pp.315-316.
1 Leonard J.Schoppa,"The Social Context in Coercive International Bargaining," International Organization,Vol.53,No.2.(Spring,1999),pp.307-342.
2 徐万胜:《利益诱导与自民党政权——以自民党农林族议员为视角》,《日本学刊》,2002年第3期,第46页。
3 谷口捋紀『日本の对米貿易交涉』東京大学出版会、1997年、200-221頁。
4 薮中三十二『封米經濟交涉:摩擦の実像』サイマル出版会、1991年、163-164頁。
1 Richard Katz,"Japan's Self-Defeating Trade Policy:Mainframe Economics in a PC World," The Washington Quarterly,1997 Spring,Vol.20,No.2;榊原英资:《日本的结构改革》,《经济学消息报》,2002年4月12日。
2 Robert M.Uriu,Troubled Industries:Confronting Economic Change in Japan,Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1996.
1 主要参考 Daniel I.Okimoto,"Political Inclusivity:The Domestic Structure of Trade," in Tashashi Inoguchi &Daniel I.Okimoto,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan Vol.2:The.Changing International Context,Stanford:Stanford University,1988,pp.323-340.
1 #12
2 游国龙、尚会鹏:《自民党得票率与日本的米价——对自民党统治与其农业政策关系的数量分析》,《日本学刊》,2004年第3期,第20-35页。
3 猪口孝、岩井奉信『「族議員」の研究—自民党政権を牛耳る主役たち』日本經濟新聞社、1987年。
4 間場寿一、高島昌二、 居安正『日本政治を読む—その組織上風土』有斐閣、1987年、148頁,转引自林尚立:《政党政治与现代化》,上海人民出版社,1998年版,第348页。
1 「民主党にも「農林族」」、『朝曰新聞』、2007年10月22日、第13版。
2 #12
3 #12
4 #12
1 升味准之辅:《日本政治史》,董果良译,商务印书馆,1997年版,第1085-1088页。
2 #12
1 Christopher C.Meyerson,Domestic Politics andlnternational Relations in US-Japan Trade Policymaking:The GATT Uruguay Round Agriculture Negotiations,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2003,p.35.
1 弗朗西斯·麦考尔·罗森布拉斯:《国际化与日本的选举政治》,罗伯特.基欧汉、海伦·米尔纳主编:《国际化与国内政治》,姜鹏、董素华译,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第157-158页。
2 Steven K.Vogel,"Can Japan Disengage? Winners and Losers in Japan's Political Economy,and the Ties that Bind Them,"Social Science Japan Journal,Vol.2,No.1,1999,pp.3-21.
3 Robert W.Bullock,"Market Opening in Japan:Deregulation,Regulation,and Cross-Sectoral Variation," in Gerald L.Curtis,ed.,New Perspectives on U.S.-Japan Relations,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2000,pp.39-81.
4 「日米通商交涉と官民の役割』、經团連くりっぷ、No.92、1998年12月24日。
5 Richard Samuels,"Consuming for Production:Japanese National Security,Nuclear Fuel Procurement and the Domestic Economy," International Organization,43(Autumn 1989).
6 Steven K.Vogel,"When Interests Are Not Preferences:The Cautionary Tale of Japanese Consumers," Comparative Politics,Vol.31,No.2.(Jan.,1999),pp.187-207.
1 原田泰『日米闋係の經濟史』筑摩書房、1995年、149-150頁。
2 Hidetaka Yoshimatsu,"Japan's Keidanren and Political Influence on Market Liberalization," Asian Survey,Vol.38,No.3.(Mar.,1998),p.330.
1 Hidetaka Yoshimatsu,"Japan's Keidanren and Political Influence on Market Liberalization," Asian Survey,Vol.38,No.3.(Mar.,1998),pp.328-345.
2 Japanese Agricultural Policies:A Time for Change,Canberra:The Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics,Project No.11325,AGPS,p.55;cited in S.Javed Maswood,"Does Revisionism Work? U.S.Trade Strategy and the 1995 U.S.-Japan Auto Dispute," Pacific Affairs,Vol.70,No.4(Winter,1997-1998),p.153.
3 Robert D.Putnam,"Diplomacy and Domestic Politics:The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization,vol.42,no.3(Summer 1988),pp.427-460.
4 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Domestic Politics," in Steven K.Vogel,ed.,U.S.-Japan Relations in a Changing World,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2002,p.97.
5 当然,建立跨国利益同盟的关键在于准确判断日本国内的结盟对象。但是,支持或反对美国外压的不同利益集团的真实立场未必与其公开表露的政策偏好相符,其利益和立场也可能随着国际和国内政治经济格局的变动而产生质的变化。因此,“找准”结盟对象并不容易.
6 S.Javed Maswood,"Does Revisionism Work? U.S.Trade Strategy and the 1995 U.S.-Japan Auto Dispute," Pacific Affairs,Vol.70,No.4(Winter,1997-1998),pp.533-554;Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy:Action or Reaction?,p.52;Kusano Atsushi,"Deregulation in Japan and the Role of Naiatsu(Domestic Pressure),"Social Science Japan Journal Vol.2,No.1,1999,pp.65-84.
1 Robert W.Bullock,"Market Opening in Japan:Deregulation,Regulation,and Cross-Sectoral Variation," in Gerald L.Curtis ed.,New Perspectives on U.S.-Japan Relations,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2000,p.41.
2 Glen S.Fukushima,"Gaiatsu Revisited," Tokyo Business Today,December 1993,p.40.
1 安场保吉、猪木武德编:《高速增长》,《日本经济史》第8卷,连湘译,三联书店,1997年版,第322页。
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1 「日米構造問題協議最終報告」、『日米闋係資料集:1945-97』、1186—1198頁、『日米構造問題協議最終報告』(財)通商產業調查、1990年、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.ip/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19900628.OIJ.html.
2 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Two-Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes:Why Gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases But Not Others," International Organization,Vol.47,No.3.(Summer,1993),p.361.
3 Shotaro Yachi,"Beyond Trade Frictions-A New Horizon For U.S.-Japan Economic Relations," Cornell International Law Journal,Vol.22,1989,pp.396-397.
4 『大規模小壳店鋪立地法』、平成10年6月3日法律第91号、經濟產業省商務情報政策局流通政策課、http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/distribution/downloadfiles/rittihou.pdf.
1 Motoshige Itoh,"Trade Imbalance,Trade Frictions and Maintaining a Liberal Trade Regime in the Asia-Pacific:Recent Trends in Japanese Trade Policies," The Pacific Review,Vol.12 No.2,1999,pp.327-328.
1 Hidetaka Yoshimatsu,"Japan'S Keidanren and Political Influence on Market Liberalization," Asian Survey,Vol.38,No.3.(Mar.,1998),p.336.
2 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Two-Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes:Why Gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases But Not Others," International Organization,Vol.47,No.3.(Summer,1993),pp.353-386.
1 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Two-Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes:Why Gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases But Not Others," International Organization,Vol.47,No.3.(Summer,1993),pp.380-382.
2 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Two-Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes:Why Gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases But Not Others," International Organization,Vol.47,No.3.(Summer,1993),p.381.
1 I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato,"Coping With Economic Conflicts," in I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato,eds.,Coping with U.S.-Japanese Economic Conflicts,Lexington,Mass.:Lexington Books,1982,pp.271-272.
2 John Creighton Campbell,"Japan and the United States:Games that Work," in Gerald L.Curtis,ed,Japan's Foreign Policy after the Cold War:Coping with Change,Armonk,N.Y.:M.E.Sharpe,1993,pp.56-57.
3 William Nester,"Rules of Engagement:Psychological and Diplomatic Dynamics of American-Japanese Relations,"Asian Survey,Vol.35,No.4.(Apr.,1995),pp.323-335.
4 R.Harrison Wagner,"Economic Interdependence,Bargaining Power,and Political Influence," International Organization,Vol.42,No.3(Summer,1988),p.441.
5 Mike Mansfield,"The U.S.and Japan:Sharing Our Destinies," Foreign Affairs,Vol.68,Issue 2(Spring 1989),pp.3-15;迈克尔·H·阿马科斯特:《朋友还是对于——前美驻日大使说日本》,于铁军、孙博红译,袁明校,新华出版社,1998年版。
1 William Mark Habeeb,Power and Tactics in International Negotiation:How Weak Nations Bargain with Strong Nations,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1988,pp.130-140.
2 对于日本应对美国贸易外压的策略的分析可参见:Alan Wm.Wolff and Thomas R.Howell,"Japan," in Thomas R.Howell,ed.,Conflict among Nations:Trade Policies in the 1990s,Boulder:Westview Press,1992,p.125;Edward J.Lincoln,"Whither Trade Policy with Japan?" The Japanese Economy,Vol.30,No.2,March- April 2002,pp.29-41;Aurelia George,"Japan's America Problem:The Japanese Response to U.S.Pressure," The Washington Quarterly,1991Summer,Vol.14,No.3;中戶祐夫『日米通商摩擦の政治經濟学』ミネルヴァ書房、33-49頁。
1 Pat Choate,Agents of Influence:How Japan's Lobbyists in the United States Manipulate America's Political and Economic System,New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1990.
2 Chalmers Johnson,"Trade,Revisionism,and the Future of Japanese-American Relations," in Kozo Yamamura,ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Should It Change?,Seattle:Society for Japanese Studies,1990 p.127.
3 Marcus Noland,"US-Japan Trade Friction and its Dilemmas for US Policy," The World Economy,Vol.18,No.2(March 1995),p.257.
1 Aurelia George Mulgan,"The Role of Foreign Pressure(Gaiatsu) in Japan's Agricultural Trade Liberalisation,"Australia-Japan Research Center,Pacific Economic Papers,NO.266,April 1997,p.12,50.
2 Ryutaro Komiya and Kazutomo lrie,"The U.S.-Japan Trade Problem:An Economic Analysis from a Japanese Viewpoint," in Kozo Yamamura,ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Should It Change? Seattle:Society for Japanese Studies,1990,p.87.
4 Chalmers Johnson,"Trade,Revisionism,and the Future of Japanese-American Relations," in Kozo Yamamura,ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Should It Change?,Seattle:Society for Japanese Studies,1990,p.127.
1 Aurelia George Mulgan,"The Role of Foreign Pressure(Gaiatsu) in Japan's Agricultural Trade Liberalisation,"Australia-Japan Research Center,Pacific Economic Papers,NO.266,April 1997,p.28.
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3 中川淳司:《日本对外经济政策的演变(下)——从日美产业结构调整磋商到东亚共同体构想的提出》,白巴根译,《太平洋学报》,2007年第2期,第10页。
4 Ichiro Araki,"The Evolution of Japan's Aggressive Legalism," The World Economy,Vol.29 Issue 6(June 2006),p.786.
1 Amy E.Searight,"International Organizations," in Steven K.Vogel,ed.,U.S.-Japan Relations in a Changing World,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2002,p.176.
2 日本外務省「WTO紛争解決制度 日本の当事国案件」、http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/wto/funso/funsou.html.
1 Saadia M.Pekkanen,"Aggressive Legalism:The Rules of the WTO and Japan's Emerging Trade Strategy," The World Economy,Volume 24,No.5(2001),707-737;Saadia M.Pekkanen,"The Legal Evolution of Japan's Trade Liberalization Politics," in Saadia M.Pekkanen and Kelle S.Tsai,eds.,Japan and China in the Worm Political Economy,London and New York:Routledge,2005,p.71,84.
2 Saadia M.Pekkanen,"International Law,Industry and the State:Explaining Japan's Complainant Activities at the WTO," The Pacific Review,Vol.16 No.3,2003,p.292.
3 Saadia M.Pekkanen,"At Play in the Legal Realm:The WTO and the Changing Nature of U.S.-Japan Antidumping Disputes," in Ellis S.Krauss and T.J.Pempel,eds.,BeyondBilateralism:U.S.-Japan Relations in the New Asia-Pacific,Stanford,Cal.:Stanford University Press,2004,pp.221-247.
4 Kuniko P.Ashizawa,"Japan,the United States,and Multilateral Institution-Building in the Asia-Pacific:APEC and ARF," in Ellis S.Krauss and T.J.Pempel,eds.,BeyondBilateralism:U.S.-Japan Relations in the New Asia-Pacific,Cal.:Stanford University Press,2004,pp.248-271.
1 Ellis S.Krauss and T.J.Pempel,"Beyond Bilateralism-Towards Divided Dependence,"in Ellis S.Krauss and T.J.Pempel,eds.,Beyond Bilateralism:U.S.-Japan Relations in the New Asia-Pacific,Cal.:Stanford University Press,2004,p.319.
2 日本外務省「WTO紛争解決制度日本の当事国案件」、http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/6aiko/wto/funso/funsou.html.
1 保罗·肯尼迪:《大国的兴哀:1500-2000年的经济变迁与军事冲突》,陈景彪等译,国际文化出版公司,2006年版。
2 以下分析主要引自贺平:《中国与WTO:从适应到建设》,《世界经济研究》,2006年第12期;樊勇明、贺平:《中国是多边贸易体制的积极建设者》,《复旦学报(社会科学版)》,2006年第6期。
3 Richard Holbrook,"Japan and the United States:Ending the Unequal Partnership",Foreign Affairs,Winter 1991/1992,Vol.70,No.5,p.43.
4 Koichi Hamada,"Behind the US/Japan Trade Conflict",The World Economy,March 1995,Vol.18,Issue.2,p.270.
1 中华人民共和国商务部:《WTO首次对华贸易政策审议中中国政府的政策声明》,http://sms.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/xxfb/200605/20060502133041.html.
2 中华人民共和国商务部新闻办公室:《2005年专稿:我国应对贸易摩擦工作取得显著成效》,中华人民共和国商务部网站,2006年1月13日,http://bgt.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/xxfb/200601/20060101363167.html.
3 例如可参见:"2005 Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission",One Hundred Ninth Congress,First Session,Washington:U.S.Government Printing Office,November 2005.
4 中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室:《中国的和平发展道路》,《人民日报》,2005年12月23日,第15版。
1 《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》,《人民日报》,2006年3月17日,第1版。
2 中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室:《中国的和平发展道路》白皮书,北京,2005年12月22日。
《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》,《人民日报》,2006年3月17日,第1版。
I.M.戴斯勒:《美国贸易政治》,王恩冕、于少蔚译,中国市场出版社,2006年版.
阿维纳什·K·迪克西特:《经济政策的制定:交易成本政治学的视角》,刘元春译,中国人民大学出版社,2004年版。
艾尔·L.希尔曼:《贸易保护的政治经济学》,彭迪译,平新乔校,北京大学出版礼,2005年版。
安场保吉、猪木武德编:《高速增长》,《日本经济史》第8卷,连湘译,三联书店,1997年版。
奧德尔:《世界经济谈判》,孙英春泽,世界知识出版社,2003年版。
保罗·肯尼迪:《大国的兴衰:1500-2000年的经济变迁与军事沖突》,陈景彪等译,国际文化出版公司,2006年版。
保罗·肯尼迪:《大国的兴衰》,蒋葆英等译,中国经济出版社,1989年版。
彼得·J·卡岑斯坦编:《权力与财富之间》,陈刚译,吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版。
布里吉特。斯塔奇等:《外交谈判导论》,陈志敏等译,北京大学出版社,2005年版。
陈继勇、彭斯达:《新经济条件下美国经济周期的演变趋势》,《国际经济评论》,2003年11-12期.
大野健一:《从江户到平成:解密日本经济发展之路》,臧馨、臧新远译,中信出版社,2006年版。
道格拉斯·诺思:《理解经济变迁过程》,钟正生、刑华等译,中国人民大学出版社,2008年版。
樊勇明、贺平:《经贸摩擦与大国崛起——日美经济战对中国的启示》,《日本学刊》,2006年第3期。
樊勇明、贺平:《中国是多边贸易体制的积极建设者》,《复旦学报(社会科学版)》,2006年第6期。
樊勇明:《体制和结构双调整中的日本经济》,《日本学刊》,2003年第1期。
冯昭奎:《21世纪的日本:战略的贫困》,中国城市出版社,2002年版。
弗朗西斯·麦考尔·罗森布拉斯:《国际化与日本的选举政治》,罗伯特。基欧汉、海伦。米尔纳主编:《国际化与国内政治》,姜鹏、董素华泽,北京大学出版社,2003年版。
甘峰:《日本在对美经济贸易中的政治战略及功效》,《日本研究》,1996年第2期。
高柏:《日本经济的悖论——繁荣与停滞的制度性根源》,商务印书馆,2004年版。高淑娟:《日本贸易自由化的过程及启示》,《日本学刊》,2000年第5期。
宫崎义一:《泡沫经济的经济对策:复合萧条论》,陆华生译,中国人民大学出版社,2000年版。
郭定平:《论战后日本政党在外交决策过程中的地位和作用》,《日本学刊》,2003年第2期。
海伦·O.米尔纳、罗伯特·V.基欧汉:《国际化和国内政治:导论》,罗伯特·V.基欧汉、海伦·O.米尔纳主编:《国际化与国内政治》,姜鹏、董素华译,北京大学出版社,2003年版。
汉斯·摩根索:《国际纵横策论—争强权,求和平》,卢明华等译,上海译文出版社,1995年版。
何帆:《国际贸易谈判的政治经济分析:一个初步的框架》,《公共管理学报》,2004第1期.
贺平:《日美贸易摩擦中的美国“对日修正主义”研究》,《世界经济研究》,2008年第1期。
贺平:《中国与WTO:从适应到建设》,《世界经济研究》,2006年第12期。
侯文富:《“东芝事件”及其影响刍议》,《日本学刊》,2000年第1期。
胡方:《日美纺织品贸易摩擦及其问题》,《日本研究》,1997年第2期。
胡方:《日美经济摩擦的理论与实态:我国对日美贸易的对策与建议》,武汉大学出版社,2001年版。
杰弗里·法兰克尔等编:《美国90年代的经济政策》,中信出版社,2004年.
杰弗里·A.弗里登、罗纳德。罗戈斯基:《国际经济对国际政策的影响:分析性综述》,罗伯特·V.基欧汉、海伦·O.米尔纳主编:《国际化与国内政治》,姜鹏、董素华译,北京大学出版社,2003年版。
杰里尔.A.罗赛蒂:《美国对外政策的政治学》,周启朋、傅耀祖等译,世界知识出版社,1997年版.
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「[政治考現学]經濟再生に「外压」 米賴みで改革も」、『読壳新聞』、1998年8月31日、東京朝刊、03頁。
「[追跡]20世紀 21世紀への伝言 日米繊維交涉——安原和雄さん」、『每日新聞』、1999年5月3日、東京朝刊、21頁。
「「外圧」効果小さく——对日通商政策で米議会が報告書」、『日本經濟新聞』、1995年8月 24日、夕刊、2頁。
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「AP通信調查 經濟摩擦での对日制裁·報復 米の85%が贊成」、『產經新聞』、1994年3月7日、東京朝刊、綴合·内政面。
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「構造協議、日米經濟融合の一里塚——編集委員小島明氏(經济教室)」、『日本經济新聞』、1990午7月6日、朝刊、27頁。
「国際協調のための經濟構造調整研究会報告書(経構研報告)」、http://www.komazawa-u.ac.jp/~kobamasa/lecture/japaneco/maekawarep.htm.
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「在米日本大使館 經濟摩擦消之、政治案件增大のおり… 担当者、「經濟」の半分」、『產 經新聞』、2002年8月29日、東京朝刊、総合·內政面。
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「日米構造問題協議最終報告」、『日米闋係資料集:1945-97』、1186-1198頁、『日米構造問題協議最終報告」(財)通商產業調查、1990年http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19900628.O1J.html.
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「日米通商問題、個別分野の影が薄く 協調優先、色濃く——日米首腦会談」、『每日新聞』、1996年4月18曰、東京朝刊、11頁.
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「日米包括協議非公式再開秒読み 米軟化?「冷戰終結」も」、『產経新聞』、1994年5月14日、東京朝刊、經濟面。
「日米貿易、「疑似管理」拡大も——慶応義塾大学助教授竹中平蒇氏(經濟教室)」、『日本經濟新聞』、1995年7月5日、朝刊、29頁。
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「日本纖維產業連盟の对米纖維輸出自主規制に闋する宣言」、『日米关係資料集:1945-97』、817-818頁、日本繊維新聞社提供資料、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19710308.O1J.html.
「米国民の日米世論調查 貿易·經濟で日本の改善望む」、『產經新聞』、1994年2月8日、東京朝刊、結合·內政面。
「貿易摩擦、米にも理解 「闋係良好」も68%——総理府外交世論調查」、『每日新聞』、1994年2月14日、東京朝刊、2頁。
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宫里政玄、国際大学日米关係研究所編『日米構造摩擦の研究:相互干涉の新段階を探る』日本經濟新聞社、1990年。
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黑田真『日米关係の考え方-貿易摩擦を生きて-』有斐閣、1989年。
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佐藤英夫『日米經濟摩擦:1945-1990年』平凡社、1991年。
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細谷千博『日米闋係通史』東京大学出版会、1995年。
榊原英資『進步主義からの訣別——日本異質論者の罪』謊壳新聞社、1996年。
山本吉宣「相互主義—その理論上政治過程」、山影進編『相互依存時代の国際摩擦』東京大学出版会、1988年。
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春名幹男「經濟冶戰からの脱却」、外交政策決定要因研究会編『日本の外交政策決定要因』PHP研究所、1999年。
小宫隆太郎『貿易黑字·赤字の經濟学:日米摩擦の愚かさ』東洋經濟新報社、1994年。
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小峰隆夫『經濟摩擦:国際化と日本の選捉』日本經濟新聞社、1986年。
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青木健、馬田啓一編著『日米經濟关係論—米国の通商戰略と日本』勁草書房、2006年。
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淹田洋一著、鹿島平和研究所編『日米通貨交涉20年目の真実』日本經濟新聞社、2006年。
谷口捋紀『日本の对米貿易交涉』東京大学出版会、1997年.
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竹中平蒇『日米摩擦の經濟学』日本經濟新聞社、1991年。
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猪口孝、岩井奉信『「族議員」の研究—自民党政権を牛耳る主役たち』日本經濟新聞社、1987年。
猪口孝「通商問題の政治学—相互依存の深化上政治問題としての通商問題」、伊藤元重、奧 野正寬編『通商問題の政治經濟学』日本經濟新聞社、1991年。
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日本外務省 「WTO紛争解決制度日本の当事国案件」、http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/wto/funso/funsou.html.
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本間長世「日米闋係の性格一まとめと展望」、細谷千博、本間長世編『日米闋係史新版』有斐閣、1991年。
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Rogowski, Ronald, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1989.
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Sakakibara, Eisuke, "US-Japanese Economic Policy Conflicts and Coordination during the 1990s," in Adam S. Posen and Ryoichi Mikitani edited, Japan's Financial Crisis and Its Parallels to US Experience, Special Report 13, Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 2000.
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Sato, Hideo, "The Political Dynamics of U.S.-Japan Economic Conflicts," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, Vol. 3, No.1, 1984.
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Sato, Ryuzo, and Wachtel, Paul, eds., Trade Friction and Economic Policy: Problems and Prospects for Japan and the United States, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Saxonhouse, Gary R., "Differentiated Products, Economics of Scale and Access to the Japanese Market," in Robert Feenstra, ed., Trade Policies for International Competitiveness, Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989.
Saxonhouse, Gary R., "Economic Growth and Trade Relations: Japanese Performance in Lond-Term Perspective," in T. Ito and A. 0. Krueger, eds., Trade and Protectionism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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Saxonhouse, Gary R., "The Micro- and Macro- Economics of Foreign Sales to Japan," in W.R. Cline, ed., Trade Policies in the 1980s, Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, 1985.
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Schoenbaum, Thomas J., "International Law: Trade Friction with Japan and the American Policy Response, " Michigan Law Review, Vol. 82, April, 1984/May, 1984.
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Schoppa, Leonard J., "Two-Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes: Why Gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases But Not Others," International Organization, Vol. 47, No. 3. (Summer, 1993).
Schoppa, Leonard J., Bargaining with Japan: What American Pressure Can and Cannot Do, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
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Takashi, Inoguchi, "Japan's Images and Options: Not a Challenger, but a Supporter," Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Winter, 1986).
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Tyson, Laura D'Andrea, "Future Directions for U.S. Economic Policy Toward Japan," the Council on Foreign Relations, October 24, 2000.
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White, Theodore H., "The Danger from Japan," New York Times Magazine (July 28, 1985).
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Yamamura,Kozo,"Introduction",in Kozo Yamamura,ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Should It Change? Seattle:Society for Japanese Studies,1990.
Yamamura,Kozo,"Will Japan's Economic Structure Change? Confessions of a Former Optimist," in Kozo Yamamura ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Should It Change?,Seattle:Society for Japanese Studies,1990.
Yamamura,Kozo,and Yasuba,Yasukichi,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan:The Domestic Transformation,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1987.
Yasutomo,Dennis T.,The New Multilateralism in Japan's Foreign Policy,New York,St.Martin's Press,1995.
Yoffie,David B.,Power and Protectionism:Strategies of the Newly Industrializing Countries,New York:Columbia University Press,1983.
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3 本间长世「日米关系の性格一まとあと展望」、细谷千博、本间长世编『日米关系史 新版』有斐阁、1991年。
1 Mayumi Itoh,Globalization of Japan:Japanese Sakoku Mentality and US.Efforts to Open Japan,London:Macmillan,1998.
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3 从国际政治的话语分析来看,不少日本的政治经济概念由于其独特性,被按其读音原封不动地转化为英文词汇,如代表特定产业利益集团利益的政府官员和议员形成的“族”(zoku);由交叉控股、长期交易等手段形成的“企业系列制”(Keiretsu)、高级官员退休之后进入相关业界担任要职的“官员空降”或“下凡”(Amakudari)等,外压也是其中之一。英语学界对于日本政治话语的生动分析可参见:Chalmers Johnson,"Omote(Explicit) and Ura(Implicit):Translating Japanese political Terms," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.6,No.1,Winter 1980,190.89-115.
4 参见T.J.彭佩尔:《日本的对外经济政策:国际行为的国内基础》,彼得·J·卡岑斯坦编:《权力与财富之间》,陈刚译,吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版,第167-230页。
5 William W.Grimes,Unmaking the Japanese Miracle:Macroeconomic Politics,1985-2000,Ithaca,N.Y.and London:Comell University Press,2001,pp.222-223.
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7 Dennis T.Yasutomo,The New Multilateralism in Japan's Foreign Policy,New York:St.Martin's Press,1995,pp.35-42.
1 John Creighton Campbell,"Japan and the United States:Games that Work," in Gerald Curtis,ed.,Japan's Foreign Policy After the Cold War:Coping with Change,New York:M.E.Sharpe,1993,pp.43-61;Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy:Action or Reaction? London:Routledge,1996,p.6.
2 Michael Blaker,Japanese International Negotiating Style,New York:Columbia University Press,1977,p.212.
3 Michael Blaker,"Evaluating Japanese Diplomatic Performance," in Gerald Curtis,ed.,Japan's Foreign Policy After the Cold War:Coping with Change,New York:M.E.Sharpe,1993,pp.1-42.
4 C.Nakane,Japanese Society,Berkeley:University of California Press,1970;K.Ueda,"Sixteen Ways to Avoid Saying 'No' in Japan," in J.C.Condon and M.Saito,eds.,Intercultural Encounters with Japan,Tokyo:Simul Press,1974,pp.185-192;H.F.Van Zandt,"How to Negotiate in Japan," Harvard Business Review,November-December 1970,pp.45-56;Rajesh Kumar,"Communicative Conflict in Intercultural Negotiations:The Case of American and Japanese Business Negotiations," International Negotiation,4:63-78,1999.对于战前日本国际谈判风格的研究可参见Michael Blaker.Japanese International Negotiating Style,New York:Columbia University Press,1977.
5 布里吉特·斯塔奇等:《外交谈判导论》,陈志敏等译,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第44页。
6 Kent E.Calder,"Japanese Foreign Economic Policy Formation:Explaining the Reactive State," World Politics,Vol.40,No.4(July,1988),pp.517-541;Hideo Sato,"The Political Dynamics of U.S.-Japan Economic Conflicts,"Journal of Northeast Asian Studies,Vol.3,No.1,1984.
7 T.J.彭佩尔:《日本的对外经济政策:国际行为的国内基础》,彼得·J·卡岑斯坦编:《权力与财富之间》,陈刚译,吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版,第213页。
1 例如 Roger Buckley,US-Japan Alliance Diplomacy:1945-1990,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992;Gerald L.Curtis,ed.,New Perspectives on U.S.-Japan Relations,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2000.
2 R.Sorich,"Resource Review for The U.S.-Japan Economic Agenda:An Annotated Bibliography of Reports and Publications 1980-1985," New York:Council on Religion and International Affairs,1985,cited in John O.Haley,"Luck,Law,Culture and Trade:The Intractability of United States-Japan Trade Conflict," Cornell International Law Journal,Vol.22,1989,p.403.
3 胡方:《日美经济摩擦的理论与实态:我国对日美贸易的对策与建议》,武汉大学出版社,2001年版;赵瑾:《全球化与经济摩擦:日美经济摩擦的理论与实证研究》,商务印书馆,2002年版。
1 这一特征突出地体现在英文和日文的学术期刊中。关于日美贸易摩擦的学术论文不但出现在 International Organization,International Security,International Studies Quarterly,American Journal of Political Science,Foreign Affairs,Foreign Affairs,Orbis,World Politics,The American Political Science Review,The Journal of Conflict Resolution,Political Science Quarterly,The Washineton Quarterly,『国際政治』,『国際关系』等日美著名国际关系期刊中,也频繁地刊登于The World Economy,International Economy,The Japanese Economy,Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Journal of the Japanese and International Economies,Journal of Economics&Management Strategy,『贸易と阴税』等国际经济类学术刊物。此外,还经常出现于Cornell International Law Journal,Michigan Journal of International Law,Michigan Law Review等法学类学术期刊,以及The Pacific Review,Pacific Affairs,Social Science Japan Journal,Asian Survey,Journal of Japanese Studies等地区研究和日本研究刊物。
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3 Peter J.Katzenstein,"Conclusion:Domestic Structures and Strategies of Foreign Economic Policy," International Organization,Vol.31,No.4,Between Power and Plenty:Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States.(Autumn,1977),pp.879-920;T.J.Pempel,"Japanese Foreign Economic Policy:The Domestic Bases for International Behavior,"International Organization,Vol.31,No.4(Autumn,1977).pp.723-774.
1 C.Fred Bergsten and William R.Cline,The United States-Japan Economic Problem.Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1985;Bela Balassa and Marcus Noland,Japan in the World Economy,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1988;C.Fred Bergsten and Marcus Noland,Reconcilable Differences? United States-Japan Economic Conflict,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1993;C.Fred Bergsten,lto Takatoshi and Marcus Noland,No More Bashing:Building a New Japan-United States Economic Relationship,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,2001.
2 Peter A.Petri,Modeling Japanese-American Trade:A Study of Asymmetric Interdependence,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1984.
3 Sato Ryuzo and Paul Wachtel,eds.,Trade Friction and Economic Policy:Problems and Prospects for Japan and the United States,New York:Cambridge University Press,1987.
4 Ali M El-Agraa,Japan's Trade Frictions:Realities or Misconceptions?,London:Macmillan and New York:St Martin's,1988.
5 Edward J.Lincoln,Japan's Unequal Trade,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1990.
6 Paul Krugman,ed.,Trade With Japan:Has the Door Opened Wider?,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992.
7 Dennis J.Encarnation,Rivals Beyond Trade:America Versus Japan in Global Competition,New York:Cornell University Press,1992.
8 Sato Ryuzo and Julianne Nelson,eds.,Beyond Trade Friction:Japan-US Economic Relations,Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,2006.
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3 I.M.Destler,Haruhiro Fukui and Hideo Sato,The Textile Wrangle:Conflict in Japanese-American Relations,1969-1971,Ithaca,N.Y:Cornell UniversiIy Press,1979;I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato,eds.,Coping With U.S.-Japanese Economic Conflicts,Lexington,Mass.:Lexington Books,1982.
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1 Kozo Yamamura and Yasukichi Yasuba,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan,Vol.1:The Domestic Transformation,Stanford:Stanford University,1987;Tashashi Inoguchi & Daniel I.Okimoto,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan,Vol.2:The Changing International Context,Stanford:Stanford University,1988.
2 佐藤英夫『日米经济摩擦:1945-1990年』平凡社、1991年。
3 T.David Mason and Abdul M.Turay,eds.,US-Japan Trade Friction:Its Impact on Security Cooperation in the Pacific Basin,Basingstoke:Macmillan,1991.
4 Edward J.Lincoln,Troubled Times:U.S.-Japan Trade Relations in the 1990's,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,1999;James Shoch,Trading Blows:Party Competition and U.S.Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era,Chapel Hill and London:The University of North Carolina Press,2001;Robert M.Stern,ed.,Issues and Options for U.S.-Japan Trade Policies,Chicago:University of Michigan Press,2002.
5 John Kunkel,America's Trade Policy towards Japan:Demanding Results,London & New York:Routledge,2003.
6 Zeng Ka,Trade Threats,Trade Wars:Bargaining,Retaliation,and American Coercive Diplomacy,Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,2004.
7 Lonny E.Carlile and Mark Tilton,eds.,Is Japan Really Changing Its Ways?,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,1998.
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9 例如可参见 T.J.Pempel,"The Bureaucratization of Policymaking in Postwar Japan," American Journal of Political Science,Vol.18,No.4(Nov.1974),pp.647-664;T.J.Pempel,"The Unbundling of 'Japan,Inc.':The Changing Dynamics of Japanese Policy Formation," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2(Summer,1987),pp.271-306;Kozo Yamamura and Yasukichi Yasuba,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan:The Domestic Transformation,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1987;Daniel Okimoto,Between MITI and the Marketplace:Japanese Industrial Policy for High Technology,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1989.
1 例如可参见 Chalmers Johnson,"Japan:Who Governs? An Essay on Official Bureaucracy,' Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.2,No.1(Autumn,1975),pp.1-28;Chalmers Johnson,"Omote(Explicit) and Ura(Implicit):Translating Japanese Political Terms," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.6,No.1(Winter,1980),pp.89-115;Karel van Wolferen,"Reflections on the Japanese System," Survey(London),Vol.26,No.1(Winter 1982);Chalmers Johnson,"Tanaka Kakuei,Structural Corruption,and the Advent of Machine Politics in Japan," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.12,No.1(Winter,1986),pp.1-28.
2 Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2,Snecial Issue:A Forum on the Trade Crisis(Summer,1987).
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4 Hideo Sato,"Japanese-American Economic Relations in Crisis,"Current History,Vol.84,December 1985.
5 Leonard J.Schoppa,"The Social Context in Coercive International Bargaining," International Organization,Vol.53,No.2.(Spring,1999);Leonard J.Schoppa,"Gaiatsu,Learning,and Japan's Emerging Economic Liberalism,"http://research.yale.edu/eastasianstudies/iapanworld/schoppa.pdf
1 参见:Chalmers Johnson,MITI and the Japanese Miracle:the Growth of Industrial Policy,1925-1975,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1982;Chalmers Johnson,Japan,Who Governs?:The Rise of the Developmental State,New York:Norton,1995;Clyde Prestowitz,Trading Places:How We Are Giving Our Future To Japan And How To Reclaim It,New York:Basic Books,1990;Karel van Wolferen,The Enigma of Japanese Power:People and Politics in a Stateless Nation,New York:Macmillan,1989;Karel van Wolferen,"The Japan Problem," Foreign Affairs,Vol.65,No.3(Winter 1986/87);James Fallows,"Containing Japan," The Atlantic(May 1989);James Fallows,More Like Us:Making America Great Again,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1989.
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3 细谷千博『日米关系通史』东京大学出版会、1995年、278-279页。
4 Karen M.Holgerson,The Japan-U.S.Trade Friction Dilemma:The Role of Perception,Brookfield:Asngate Publishing Company,1998.
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1 例如,小宫隆太郎『贸易黑字·赤字の经济学:日米摩擦の愚かさ冬』东洋经济新报社、1994年。
2 如日本著名学者榊原英资认为,日本的立宪主义、三权分立和议会内阁制与其他西方资本主义国家并无不同,因此日本异质论毫无意义。见榊原英资『进步主羲からの诀别——日本異質论者の罪』読売新闻社、1996年。
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4 例如可参见:Hugh Patrick,ed.,Japan's High Technology Industries,Seattle,WA:University of Washington Press,1986;Gary R.Saxonhouse,"The Micro-and Macro-Economics of Foreign Sales to Japan," in W.R.Cline,ed.,Trade Policies in the 1980s,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1985,pp.259-304;Gary R.Saxonhouse,"Differentiated Products,Economics of Scale and Access to the Japanese Market," in Robert Feenstra,ed.,Trade Policies for International Competitiveness,Chicago:University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research,1989,pp.145-84;Gary R.Saxonhouse,"What Does Japanese Trade Structure Tell Us About Japanese Trade Policy?," The Journal of Economic Perspectives,Vol.7,No.3(Summer,1993),pp.21-43;Jagdish N.Bhagwati,"Samurais No More," Foreign Affairs,Volume 73,No.3(May/June 1994),pp.7-12;Jagdish Bhagwati,"The Diminished Giant Syndrome,"Foreign Affairs,Volume 72,No.2(Spring 1993)
5 Stephen D.Cohen,Cowboys and Samurai:Why the United States Is Losing the Industrial Battle and Why It Matters,N.Y.:Harper Business,1991,1919.261-262.
6 从国际经济学科视角对贸易摩擦的研究综述可参见尹翔硕、李春顶、孙磊:《国际贸易摩擦的类型、原因、 效应及化解途径》,《世界经济》,2007年第7期,第74-85页;盛斌:《国际贸易政策的政治经济学:理论与经验方法》,《国际政治研究》,2006年第2期,第73-94页:何帆:《国际贸易谈判的政治经济分析:一个初步的框架》,《公共管理学报》,2004第1期。
1 Robert D.Putnam,"Diplomacy and Domestic Politics:The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization,vol.42,no.3(Summer 1988),pp.427-460;Peter B.Evans,Harold K.Jacobson,Robert D.Putnam,eds.,Double-edged Diplomacy:International Bargaining and Domestic Politics,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993.
2 Christopher C.Meyerson,Domestic Politics and International Relations in US-Japan Trade Policymaking:The GATT Uruguay Round Agriculture Negotiations,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2003;Leonard James Schoppa,Bargaining with Japan:What American Pressure Can and Cannot Do,New York:Columbia University Press,1997;Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy:Action or Reaction?,London;New York:Routledge,1996;Norio Naka,Predicting.Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:the Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996;Ellis S.Krauss,"U.S.-Japan Negotiations on Construction and Semiconductors,1985-1988:Building Friction and Relationships," in Peter B.Evans,Harold K.Jacobson,Robert D.Putnam,eds.,Double-edged Diplomacy:International Bargaining and Domestic Politics,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993,pp.265-299.
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1 朱天飙:《国际政治经济学与比较政治经济学》,《世界经济与政治》,2005年第3期。
1 古城佳子『经济的相互依存と国家—国際收支不均衡是正の政治经济学』、木鐸社、1996年、110页。
2 杰弗里·A.弗里登、罗纳德·罗戈斯基:《国际经济对国际政策的影响:分析性综述》,罗伯特·V.基欧汉、海伦·O.米尔纳主编:《国际化与国内政治》,姜鹏、董素华译,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第20页。
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2 John A.C.Conybeare,Trade Wars:The Theory and Practice of International Commercial Rivalry,New York:Columbia University Press,1987,p.3.
1[追跻]20世纪 21世纪ヘの伝言 日米繊稚交涉——安原和雄さん」、『每日新闻』、1999年5月3日、东京朝刊、21页。
2 候文富:《“东芝事件”及其影响刍议》,《日本学刊》,2000年第1期。
3 对“外部性”的分析见:Joanne Gowa,Allies,Adversaries and International Trade,Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1994.
4 海伦·O.米尔纳、罗伯特·V.基欧汉:《国际化和国内政治:导论》,罗们特·V.基欧汉、海伦·O.米尔纳主编:《国际化与国内政治》,姜鹏、董素华译,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第20页。
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1 「构造协議、日米经济融合の一里塜——编集委具小岛明氏(柽济教室)」、『日本经济新闻』、1990年7月6日、朝刊、27页。
2 Norio Naka,Predicting Outcomes in UnitedStates-Japan Trade Negotiations:The Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996,p.227.
3 Michael C.Webb,"International Economic Structures,Government Interests,and International Coordination of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies," International Organization,Vol.45,No.3.(Summer,1991),p.331.
4 Lisa L.Martin,Coercive Cooperation:Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions,Priceton,NJ:Priceton University Press,2000,p.p.25-27,Cited in Christopher C.Meyerson,Domestic Politics and International Relations in US-Japan Trade Policymaking:The GATT Uruguay Round Agriculture Negotiations,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2003,p.10.
1 Miles Kahler,"Trade and Domestic Differences," in Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore,eds.,National Diversity and Global Capitalism,Ithaca and London:Cornell University Press,1996,pp.298-332.
2 G.Hansson,Harmonization and International Trade,London:Routledge,1990,p.1;David W.Leebron,"Lying Down with Procrustes:An Analysis of Harmonization Claims," in Jagish Bhagwati and Robert E.Hudec,eds.,Fair Trade and Harmonization:Prerequisites for Free Trade?,Volume 1,Economic Analysis,The MIT Press,1996,pp.41-117.
3 罗伯特·基欧汉:《霸权之后——世界政治经济中的合作与纷争》,苏长和等译,上海人民出版社,第62页。
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7 中川淳司「规制缓和の国隙的文脈」、橘本寿朗、中川淳司编『规制缓和の政治经济学』有斐阁、2000年、15-16页。
8 Walter Russell Mead,"America's Sticky Power," Foreign Policy,March-April,2004.
1 Joseph S.Nye,Bound to Lead." The Changing Nature of American Power,New York:Basic Books,1990.
2 Ryutaro Komiya and Motoshige Itoh,"Japan's International Trade and Trade Policy,1955-1984," in Takashi lnoguchi and Daniel I.Okimoto eds.,The Political Economy of Japan:The Changing International Context,Pale Alto.Calif.:Stanford Universitv Press.1988.o.212.
2 山本吉宣『国際和相互依存』东京大学出版会、1989年、93页。
4 Mitsuo Matsushita,"Structural Impediments Initiative An Example of Bilateral Trade Negotiation," Michigan Journal of International Law,Vol.12,1991;Gary R.Saxonhouse,"Japan,SII and the International Harmonization of Domestic Economic Practices," Michigan Journal of International Law,Vol.12,Winter 1991.
1 T.J.Pempel,Regime Shift:Comparative Dynamics of the Japanese Political Economy,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1998,Chapter 6.
2 田中明彦「日本外交と国内政治の連关——外庄の政冶学」、『国隙问题』、1989年3月、348号、25页。
3 Akitoshi Miyashita,"Gaiatsu and Japan's Foreign Aid:Rethinking the Reactive-Proactive Debate," International Studies Quarterly,Vol.43,No.4.(Dec.,1999),p.698.
4 Norio Naka,Predicting Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:The Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996,p.67.
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6 田中明彦「日本外交と国内政治の連关——外压の政治学」、『国際问题』、1989年3月、348号、23-36页。
1 中国的原因主要是指由于中日历史问题引起的日本对中国的某种“赎罪意识”。
2 Lonny E.Carlile and Mark Tilton,"Is Japan Really Changing?,"in Lonny E.Carlile and Mark Tilton,eds.,Is Japan Really Changing Its Ways?,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,1998,pp.197-218.
3 Yutaka Kosai,"Competition and Competition Policy in Japan:Foreign Pressures and Domestic Institutions," in Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore,eds.,National Diversity and Global Capitalism,Ithaca and London:Comell University Press,1996,p.214.
4 原正行「「外圧」の政治·经济学」、『国民经济雜誌』、174(3)、1996年9月、33-42页。
5 「[政治考现学]经济再生に「外圧」 米赖みで改革も」、『読売新闻』、1998年8月31日、东京朝刊、03页。
1 佐藤英夫『日米经济摩擦:1945-1990年』平凡社、1991年、193页。
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1 从国家的角度对对外经济政策分析的主要文献:Theda Skocpol,"Bringing the State Back In:Strategies of Analysis in Current Research," in Peter B.Evens,Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol,eds.,Bringing the State Back In,New York:Cambridge University Press,1985,pp.3-27.
2 G.John lkenberry,David A.Lake,and Michael Mastanduno,"Introduction:Approaches to Explaining American Foreign Policy," International Organization,Vol.42,No.1(Winter 1988),pp.1-14.
3 Robert D.Putnam,"Diplomacy and Domestic Politics:The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization,vol.42,no.3(Summer 1988),pp.427-460.
4 Peter B.Evans,Harold K.Jacobson,Robert D.Putnam,eds.,Double-edged Diplomacy:International Bargaining and Domestic Politics,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993.
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1 Jongryn Mo,"The Logic of Two-Level Games with Endogenous Domestic Coalitions," The Journal of Conflict Resolution,Vol.38,No.3.(Sep.,1994),pp.402-422.
2 Jongryn Mo,"Domestic Institutions and International Bargaining:The Role of Agent Veto in Two-Level Games,"The American Political Science Review,Vol.89,No.4.(Dec.,1995),p.914.
3 Frederick W.Mayer,"Managing Domestic Differences in International Negotiations:The Strategic Use of Internal Side-Payments," International Organization,Vol.46,No.4.(Autumn,1992),pp.797-798.
1 Frederick W.Mayer,"Managing Domestic Differences in International Negotiations:The Strategic Use of Internal Side-Payments," International Organization,Vol.46,No.4.(Autumn,1992),pp.793-818.
2 Jeffrey W.Knopf,"Beyond Two-Level Games:Domestic-International Interaction in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Negotiations," International Organization,Vol.47,No.4.(Autumn,1993),pp.599-628.
3 Jeffrey W.Knopf,"Beyond Two-Level Games:Domestic-International Interaction in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Negotiations," International Organization,Vol.47,No.4.(Autumn,1993),pp.599-628.
4 Helen V.Milner,Interests,Institutions,and Information:Domestic Politics and International Relations,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1997;Helen V.Milner and B.Peter Rosendorff,"Democratic Politics and International Trade Negotiations:Elections and Divided Government as Constraints on Trade Liberalization," The Journal of Conflict Resolution,Vol.41,No.1,New Games:Modeling Domestic-International Linkages.(Feb.,1997),pp.117-146.
1 小野直樹『戦後日米关係の国際政治經濟分析』慶応義塾大学出版会、2002年、9頁。
2 John A.C.Conybeare,Trade Wars:The Theory and Practice of International Commercial Rivalry,New York:Columbia University Press,1987.p.10.
3 宫里政玄、国際大学日米关係研究所編『日米構造摩擦の研究:相互干涉の新段階を探る』日本經濟新聞朴.1990年、11页。
4 I.M.Destler,Haruhiro Fukui,Hideo Sato,The Textile Wrangle:Conflict in Japanese-American Relations,1969-1971,Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell University Press,1979,p.37.
5 Norio Naka,Predicting Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:the Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996.
1 Christopher C.Meyerson,Domestic Politics and International Relations in US-Japan Trade Polieymaking:The GATT Uruguay Round Agriculture Negotiations,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2003,pp.6-7
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1 本章部分内容引自樊勇明、贺平:《经贸摩擦与大国崛起——日美经济战对中国的启示》,《日本学刊》,2006年第3期。
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3 谷口(?)紀『日本の对米貿易交涉』東京大学出版会、1997年、2頁。
4 Robert Pastor,Congress and the Politics of US.Foreign Economic Policy,1929-1976,Berkeley:University of California Press,1980;佐藤英夫『日米经济摩擦:1945-1990年』平凡社、1991年、58-59贝;I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato eds.,Coping With U.S.-Japanese Economic Conflicts,Lexington,Mass.:Lexington Books,1982;I.M.Destler,Haruhiro Fukui and Hideo Sato,The Textile Wrangle:Conflict in Japanese-American Relations,1969-1971,Ithaca,N.Y.:Comell University Press,1979:小峰隆夫『經济摩擦—国際化と日本の選択』日本經济新聞社、1986年、22頁。
6 船橋洋一『日米經济摩擦:その舞台裏』岩波書店、1987年、4頁。
1 部分参考自:日本外務省『日米经济关系年表(1970年代以降)」、http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/usa/keizai/nenpyo.html;『通商白书』、通彦省、1992年版、278-279页。
1 I.M.Destler and Michael Nacht,"Beyond Mutual Recrimination:Building a Solid U.S.-Japan Relationship in the 1990s," International Security,Vol.15,No.3.(Winter,1990-1991 ),p.98.
2 I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato."Introduction." in I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato.eds.,Coping with U.S.-Japanese Economic Conflicts,Lexington,Mass.:Lexington Books,1982,pp.12-13.田中明彦「日米经济关系の政治过程」、『国際问题』、1988年3月、第336号、40-51页。
1 罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球政治经济学:解读国际经济秩序》,杨宇光、杨炯译,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第3页。
2 高淑娟:《日本贸易自由化的过程及启示》,《日本学刊》,2000年第5期,第56页。
3 升味准之辅:《日本政治史》,董果良译,商务印书馆,1997年版,第1080-1081页。
1 刘红:《日本“入关”后的产业保护及其启示》,《日本研究》,2002年第1期,第25-30页。
2 桥本寿郎、长谷川信、宫岛英昭:《现代日本经济》,戴晓芙译,上海财经大学出版社,2001年版,第60-61页。
1 C.Fred Bergsten and M.Noland,Reconcilable Differences?,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1993,pp.62-64.
2 Ryuzo Sato and Paul Wachtel,eds.,Trade Friction and Economic Policy.Problems and Prospects for Japan and the United States.New York:Cambridge University Press.1987.
3 马文秀、裴桂芬:《日本的全套型产业结构与日美贸易摩擦》,《日本学刊》,2008年第2期,第94页。
1 中村隆英编:《“计划化”和“民主化”》,《日本经济史》第7卷,胡企林、胡靖、林华译,三联书店,1997年版,第335页。
2 胡方:《日美纺织品贸易摩擦及其问题》,《日本研究》,1997年第2期,第31页。
3 『日本繊维产业连盟の对米繊维输出自主规制に关する宣言」、『日米关系资料集:1945-97』、817-818页、日本繊维新闻社提供资料、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/-worldipn/documents/texts/JPUS/19710308.O1J.html。
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1 I.M.Destler,Haruhiro Fukui and Hideo Sato,The Textile Wrangle." Conflict in Japanese-American Relations,1969-1971.Ithaca.N.Y.:Cornell University Press.1979 p.320.
2 佐藤英夫『日米经济摩擦:1945-1990年』平凡社、1991年、47页。
3 胡方:《日美纺织品贸易摩擦及其问题》,《日本研究》,1997年第2期,第32-33页。
1 甘峰:《日本在对美经济贸易中的政治战略及功效》,《日本研究》,1996年第2期,第25页。
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1 Thomas J.Schoenbaum,"International Law:Trade Friction with Japan and the American Policy Response,"Michigan Law Review,Vol.82,April,1984/May,1984,pp.1647-1661.
2 中村隆英编:《“计划化”和“民主化”》,《日本经济史》第7卷,胡企林、胡靖、林华译,三联书店,1997年版,第337页。
1 安场保吉、猪木武德编:《高速增长》,《日本经济史》第8卷,连湘译,三联书店,1997年版,第26页。
2 五百旗头真主编:《战后日本外交史:1945-2005》,吴万虹译,世界知识出版社,2007年版,第149页。
3 「对米自動车输出自主规制に关する田中六助通产相声明」、『日米关系资料集:1945-97』、1001-1002页、『日刊自勤牵新闻』、1981年5月9日、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19810501.O1J.html.
4 Steven Berry,James Levinsohn and Ariel Pakes,"Voluntary Export Restraints on Automobiles:Evaluating a Trade Policy,” The American Economic Review,Vol.89,No.3.(Jun.,1999),pp.400-430.
1 Robert W.Crandall,“The Effects of U.S.Trade Protection for Autos and Steel,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1 No.1,1987,pp.287-288.
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1 Catherine L.Mann,"Protection and Retaliation:Changing the 'Rules of the Game'," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1987,No.1,1987,pp.311-335.
1 Stephen D.Krasner,"Trade Conflicts and the Common Defense:The United States and Japan," Political Science Quarterly,Vol.101,No.5,1986.
2 Michael Mastanduno,"Do Relative Gains Matter? America's Response to Japanese Industrial Policy,"International Security,Vol.16,No.1.(Summer,1991),pp.73-113.
3 山本吉宣『相互主義—その理论と政治遇程」、山影过编『相互依存时代の国際摩擦』东京大学出版会、1988年。
4 草野厚「米国对日通商政策の国内的视点」、『国隙问题』、1989年12月、第357号、48-61页。
1 Marcus Noland,"US-Japan Trade Friction and its Dilemmas for US Policy," The World Economy,Vol.18,No.2(March 1995),p.238.
2 Robert Z.Lawrence,"Imports in Japan:Closed Markets or Minds," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1987,No.2,1987,pp.517-554.
3 Robert Z.Lawrence,"How Open is Japan?," in Paul Krugman,ed.,Trade With Japan:Has the Door Opened Wider?,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992;Robert Z.Lawrence,"Japan' s Different Trade Regime:An Analysis with Particular Reference to Keiretsu," the Journal of Economic Perspectives,Vol.7,No.3(Summer,1993),pp.3-19;Robert Z.Lawrence and Gary R.Saxonhouse,"Efficient or Exclusionist? The Import Behavior of Japanese Corporate Groups," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1991,No.1,1991,pp.311-341.
1 Robert Z.Lawrence,"Imports in Japan:Closed Markets or Minds," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1987,No.2,1987,p.519.
2 Marcus Noland,"US-Japan Trade Friction and its Dilemmas for US Policy," The World Economy,Vol.18,No.2(March 1995),p.255.各个研究见 C.Fred Bergsten and William R.Cline,The UnitedStates-Japan Economic Problem,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1985;Robert Z.Lawrence,"Imports in Japan:Closed Markets or Minds," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Vol.1987,No.2,1987;Gary R.Saxonhouse,"Differentiated Products,Economics of Scale and Access to the Japanese Market," in Robert Feenstra,ed.,Trade Policies for International Competitiveness,Chicago:University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research,1989,pp.145-84;Peter A.Petri,"Japanese Trade in Transition:Hypotheses and Recent Evidence," in Paul R.Krugman,ed.,Trade With Japan:Has the Door Opened Wider?,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992;Robert Z.Lawrence,"How Open is Japan?," in Paul Krugman,ed.,Trade With Japan:Has the Door Opened Wider? Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992;Marcus Noland,"Japan and the World Economy,"Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1992;Gary R.Saxonhouse,"Economic Growth and Trade Relations:Japanese Performance in Lond-Term Perspective," in T.Ito and A.O.Krueger,eds.,Trade and Protectionism,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,pp.149-179.
1 周泽红:《日本应对贸易摩擦的经验及启示——以日美贸易摩擦为例》,《现代日本经济》,2006年第1期,第27页。
2 升味准之辅:《日本政治史》,董果良译,商务印书馆,1997年版,第1084页。
3 Bela Balassa and Marcus Noland,Japan in the World Economy,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1988,p.30,32.
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1 安场保吉、猪木武德编:《高速增长》,《日本经济史》第8卷,连湘译,三联书店,1997年版,第53页。
2 Jagdish Bhagwati,The World Trading System at Risk,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1991,Chapter 3.
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4 草野厚『アメリカ議会と日米关系』中央公论社、1991年、34页。
1 小野直樹『戦後日米关系の国際政治經济分析』慶応義塾大学出版会、2002年、279頁。
2 「日米農產物交涉合意確認の書簡日米关係資料集』、『日米关系資料集:1945-97』、1045-1047頁、『日本農業新聞』、1984年8月15日、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/dicuments/texts/JPUS/19840814.Q1J.html。
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3 Frederick W.Mayer,"Managing Domestic Differences in International Negotiations:The Strategic Use of Internal Side-Payments," International Organization,Vol.46,No.4.(Autumn,1992),p.810.
1 奥德尔:《世界经济谈判》,孙英春译,世界知识出版社,2003年版,第170-180。
2 Kazuo Sato,"Economic Growth,Foreign Trade,and Trade Policy in Japan," The World Economy,Volume 18,Issue 2,Mar 1995,p.200.
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2 John McMillan,"Why Does Japan Resist Foreign Market-Opening Pressure?," CESifo Working Paper,No.46,CESifo Working Paper Series from CESifo GmbH,1993,p.11.
3 John McMillan,"Why Does Japan Resist Foreign Market-Opening Pressure?," CESifo Working Paper,No.46,CESifo Working Paper Series from CESifo GmbH,1993,p.14.
1 郭定平:《论战后日本政党在外交决策过程中的地位和作用》,《日本学刊》,2003年第2期,第52页。
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3 青木键、马田啓一编著『日米经济关系论—米国の通商戦略と日本』劲草书房、2006年、144页。
1 小倉和夫『日米經濟摩擦——表の事情·ゥラの事情』日本經济新聞社、1991年、10-12頁。
2 小倉和夫『日米經济摩擦——表の事情·ゥラの事情』日本經济新聞社、1991年、131-134頁。
3 薮中三十二『对米經济交涉:摩擦の実像』サィマル出版会、1991年、第213-217頁。
1 对于日美金融摩擦的研究可参见:船橋洋一『通貨烈烈』朝日新聞社、1988年;野口均『日米通貨交涉2000日大蒇財務官たちの闘い』日本經濟新聞出版社、1995年;淹田洋一著、鹿島平和研究所編『日米通貨交涉20年目の真实』日本經济新聞社、2006年。
2 胡方:《日美经济摩擦的理论与实态:中国对日美贸易的对策与建议》,武汉大学出版社,2001年版,第205页。
3 "Announcement the Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of France,Germany,Japan,the United Kingdom,and the United States," September 22,1985,www.mof.go.jp/english/if/g7_850922.pdf.
1 王允贵:《“广场协议”对日本经济的影响及启示》,《国际经济评论》,2004年1-2期,第49页。
2 高柏:《日本经济的悖论——繁荣与停滞的制度性根源》,商务印书馆,2004年版,第6章。
3 罗纳德·麦金农、大野健一:《美元与日元——化解美日两国的经济冲突》,王信译,上海远东出版社,1999年版,第4页。
4 宫崎义一:《泡沫经济的经济对策:复合萧条论》,陆华生译,中国人民大学出版社,2000年版。
5 冯昭奎:《21世纪的日本:战略的贫困》,中国城市出版社,2002年版,第97-142页。
1 Japan Economic Insitute,JEI Report,17 June 1988,cited in Bela Balassa and Marcus Noland,Japan in the World Economy,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1988,p.120.
1 C.Fred Bergsten and M.Noland,Reconcilable Differences?,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1993,p.81.
2 Martin Tolchin and Susan Tolchin,Buying into America.How Foreign Money is Changing the Face of Our Nation,New York:Times Books,1988.
3 Lee Smith,"Fear and Loathing of Japan," Fortune,February 26,1990.
1 日美贸易摩擦中的“日本异质论”与传统的“日本人论”有所关联但又不尽相同,前者关注于日本政治经济体制及其相关政策的特殊性,而后者则从更为宏观的意义上强调日本人的独特性,涉及思想文化、人文美学、历史传统、政治经济体制、甚至生物构造等。对于后者的综述可参见南博:《日本人论:从明治维新到现代》,邱琡雯译,广西师范大学出版社,2007年版。
2 主要引自贺平:《日美贸易摩擦中的美国“对日修正主义”研究》,《世界经济研究》,2008年第1期。
3 Ezra F.Vogel,Japan as Number One:Lessons for America,Cambridge,Mass;Harvard University Press,1979.
4 Marvin J.Wolf,The Japanese Conspiracy:the Plot to Dominate Industry Worldwide-and How to Deal with It,New York:Empire Books,1983.
5 Lee lacocca,An Autobiography,New York:Bantam,1984,p.315,cited in Sherila K.Johnson,The Japanese Through American Eyes,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1988,p.122.
6 Theodore H.White,"The Danger from Japan," New York Times Magazine(July 28,1985).
7 "Japan,U.S.A," Business Week(July 14,1986),pp.45-55;"Where the Jobs Are," Business Week(February 2,1987),pp.36-39.
1 "Japan's Clout in the U.S.:Its Translating Economic Might into Influence," Business Week(July 11,1988),pp.64-75.
2 "Rethinking Japan:The New,Harder Line toward Tokyo," Business Week(August 7,1989),pp.44-52.
3 例如:Daniel Burstein,Yen!.Japan's New Financial Empire and Its Threat to America,New York:Simon and Schuster,1988;William J.Holstein,The Japanese Power Game,New York:Charles Scribne's Sons,1990;George Friedman and Meredith LeBard,The Coming War with Japan,New York:St.Martin's,1991.
4 Rudiger Dornbusch,"Getting Tough on Trade:Give Japan a Target and Say 'Import'!," New York Times,Sep 24,1989,p.F2.
5 盛田昭夫、石原慎太郎『「NO」と言ぇる日本:新日米关系の方策』光文社、1989年。英语文献中对《日本可以说不》一书和日本民族主义的批评和分析,可参见Andrew Goble,"Japan's America-bashers," Orbis,Winter90,Vol.34,Issue 1,pp.83-86.
6 Robert J.Samuelson,"Fears and Fantasies:What Japan Thinks of America," Newsweek(April 2,1990),pp.8-15.
7 Shotaro Yachi,"Beyond Trade Frictions-A New Horizon For U.S.-Japan Economic Relations," Cornell International Law Journal Vol.22,1989,p.396.
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1 Shafiqul Islam,"Capitalism in Conflict," Foreign Affairs,Vol.69,Issue I(1989/1990),pp.172-182.
2 保罗·肯尼迪:《大国的兴衰:1500-2000年的经济变迁与军事冲突》,陈景彪等译,国际文化出版公司,2006年版。
3 Joseph S.Nye,Jr.,"Coping with Japan," Foreign Policy,No.89(Winter 1992/1993),p.102;C.Fred Bergsten and M.Noland,Reconcilable Differences?,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1993 Marcus Noland,"US-Japan Trade Friction and its Dilemmas for US Policy," The World Economy,Vol.18,No.2(March 1995),pp.237-268.
4 Henry Kissinger and Cyrus Vance,"Bipartisan Objectives for American Foreign Policy," Foreign Affairs,Vol.66,Issue 5(Summer 1988),pp.899-921.
5 Richard Lawrence,"Policy Dispute over Japan May Develop," Journal of Commerce,21 March 1989,I,cited in Michael Mastanduno,"Framing the Japan Problem:the Bush Administration and the Structural Impediments Initiative," International Journal,XLⅦ(spring,1992),p.242.
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2 "Rethinking Japan:The New,Harder Line toward Tokyo," Business Week(August 7,1989),pp.44-52.
1 "Beyond Japan-bashing:The 'Gang of Four' Defends the Revisionist Line," U.S.News and World Report(May 7,1990),pp.54-55.
2 Karel van Wolferen,"Japan:Different,Unprecedented and Dangerous," International Herald Tribune(7November 1989),p.6,Cited in Henrik Schmiegelow & Michele Schmiegelow,"How Japan Affects the International System," International Organization,Vol.44,No.4(Autumn,1990),p.559.
3 James Fallows,"Containing Japan," The Atlantic(May 1989),pp.40-54.
1 Pat Choate,"Political Advantage:Japan's Campaign for America," Harvard Business Review,Vol.68,Issue 5(Sep/Oct 1990),pp.87-103;Pat Choate,Agents of lnfluence:How Japan's Lobbyists in the United States Manipulate America's Political and Economic System,New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1990.
2 John B.Judis,"The Japanese Megaphone," The New Republic(January 22,1990),pp.20-25.
3 Eamonn Fingleton,"Japan's Invisible Leviathan," Foreign Affairs,Vol.74,No.2(March/April 1995),pp.69-85.
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5 Chalmers Johnson,Laura D'Andrea Tyson,John Zysman,eds.,Politics and Productivity:the Real Story of Why Japan Works,New York:Harper Business,1989;James Fallows,Looking at the Sun:the Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System,New York:Pantheon Books,1994.
6 James Fallows,More Like Us:Making America Great Again,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1989,p.28;James Fallows,"Containing Japan," The Atlantic(May 1989),p.41.
7 Howard H.Baker,Jr.and Ellen L.Frost,"Rescuing the U.S.-Japan Alliance," Foreign Affairs,Vol.71,Issue 2(Spring 1992),p.99.
8 Clyde Prestowitz,Jr.,Trading Places:How We Are Giving Our Future To Japan And How To Reclaim It,New York:Basic Books,1990,p.94.
9 Alan S.Blinder,"International Perspective:Trading with Japan:Why the U.S.Loses—Even on A Level Playing Field," Business Economics,Vol.27,Issue 1(January 1992),pp.25-29.
1 Peter A.Petri,Modeling Japanese-American Trade:A Study of Asymmetric Interdependence,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1984,p.163;Eric Heginbotham & Richard J.Samuels,"Mercantile Realism and Japanese Foreign Policy," International Security,Vol.22,No.4(Spring,1998),pp.171-203.
2 Roger Buckley,U.S.-Japan Alliance Diplomacy:1945-1990,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,p.157.
3 Chalmers Johnson,MITI and the Japanese Miracle:the Growth of Industrial Policy,1925-1975,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1982.
4 Chalmers Johnson,"The Foundation of Japan's Wealth and Power and Why They Baffle the United States," in Chalmers Johnson,Japan,Who Governs?:The Rise of the Developmental State,New York:Norton,1995,pp.103-105.
5 Stephen D.Cohen,Cowboys and Samurai:Why the United States Is Losing the Industrial Battle and Why It Matters,N.Y.:Harper Business,1991,p.9.
6 塞缪尔·亨廷顿:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》,周琪等译,新华出版社,2002年版,第251页。
1 Karel van Wolferen,The Enigma of Japanese Power:People and Politics in a Stateless Nation,New York:Macmillan,1989.
2 Karel van Wolferen,"The Japan Problem,"ForeignAffairs,Vol.65,No.3(Winter 1986/87),pp.288 - 303.
3 Clyde Prestowitz,Jr.,Trading Places:How We Are Giving Our Future To Japan And How To Reclaim It,New York:Basic Books,1990.
4 大野健一:《从江户到平成:解密日本经济发展之路》,臧馨、臧新远译,中信出版社,2006年版,第124-125,152页;Edward J.Lincoln,Japan's Unequal Trade,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1990;Edward J.Lincoln,Kent E.Calder and others,"US-Japan Relations:The End of Interdependence?" SAIS Review (Winter-Spring 1990),pp.93-112;Robert Z.Lawrence,"Japan's Different Trade Regime:An Analysis with Particular Reference to Keiretsu," the Journal of Economic Perspectives,Vol.7,No.3(Summer,1993),pp.3-19;Hiro Lee and David Roland-Hols,"Cooperation or Confrontation in U.S.-Japan Trade? Some General Equilibrium Estimates,"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies,Vol.13,Issue.2(June 1999),pp.119-39;Daniel Okimoto,Between MITI and the Marketplace:Japanese Industrial Policy for High Technology(Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1989),pp.174-175;Chalmers Johnson,"Trade,Revisionism,and the Future of Japanese-American Relations," in Kozo Yamamura,ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Shouldlt Change?,Seattle:Society for Japanese Studies,1990.
5 对于“官员空降”的研究可参见:Kent E.Calder,"Elites in an Equalizing Role:Ex-Bureaucrats as Coordinators and Intermediaries in the Japanese Government-Business Relationship," Comparative Politics,Vol.21,No.4.(Jul.,1989),pp.379-403.
6 Daniel Okimoto,Between MITI and the Marketplace:Japanese Industrial Policy for High Technology,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1989,p.17.
1 日本利用商品检验检疫标准阻止他国商品进入本国市场的做法产生了若干著名的案例。例如,套用水泥船的检测方法(如坠落测试等)用于检测玻璃纤维船,以此拒绝其进口:将荷兰郁金香花球切开以检测是否含有昆虫等。见C.Fred Bergsten and M.Noland,Reconcilable Diffefences?,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1993,p.72.
2 C.Fred Bergsten and William R.Cline,The UnitedStates-Japan Economic Problem,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1987.
3 Chalmers Johnson,"How to Think about Economic Competition from Japan," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2(Summer,1987),p.427.
4 Pat Choate,"The Future of American-Japanese Trade," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.522,The Future:Trends into the Twenty-First Century,July 1992,pp.36-44.
1 Karel van Wolferen,"The Japan Problem Revisited," Foreign Affairs,Vol.9,Issue 4(Fall 1990),p.50.
2 C.Fred Bergsten and M.Noland,Reconcilable Differences?,Washington D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1993,p.212
3 Kozo Yamamura,"Will Japan's Economic Structure Change? Confessions of a Former Optimist," in Kozo Yamamura ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Should It Change?,pp.13-64.
4 Pat Choate,"Tailored Trade:Dealing With the World as It Is," Harvard Business Review(January-February,1988),pp.86-93;James Fallows,"Getting Along with Japan," The Atlantic(December 1989),pp.53-64;Karel van Wolferen,"Japan's Non-Revolution," Foreign Affairs,Vol.72,Issue 4(September/October 1993),pp.54-65.
5 James Shoch,Trading Blows:Party Competition and U.S.Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era,Chapel Hill and London:The University of North Carolina Press,2001,p.173,340.
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3 Brink Lindsey and Aaron Lukas,"Revisiting the 'Revisionists':The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Economic Model," Trade Policy Analysis,No.3,Cato lnstitute's Center for Trade Policy Studies,July 31,1998.
4 Ronald A.Morse and Alan Tonelson,"Let Japan Be Japan," The New York Times(Oct 4,1989),A 29.
5 George R.Packard,"The Coming U.S.-Japan Crisis," Foreign Affairs,Vol.66,Issue.2(Winter 1987/88),pp.348-67;Philip H.Trezise,"Japan,The Enemy?," The Brookings Review,Vol.8,No.1(Winter 1989/1990),pp.3-13;George Ro Packard,"Rising Japanese Anti-Americanism," International Economy,Vol.12,Issue.5(Sept.-Oct.1998),pp.26-28.
6 Robert B.Reich,"Is Japan Out to Get Us?," The New York Times Book Review,Vol.141,Issue 48906(March 15,1992),pp.30-38.
7 Edward J.Lincoln,"A U.S.-Japan Trade Agenda," The Brookings Review,Vol.15,Issue 3(Summer 1997),pp.32-34.
1 Far Eastern Economic Review,November 4,1993,p.26.
2 "Rethinking Japan:The New,Harder Line toward Tokyo," Business Week(August 7,1989),pp.44-52.
3 Eisuke Sakakibara,"US-Japanese Economic Policy Conflicts and Coordination during the 1990s," in Adam S.Posen and Ryoichi Mikitani edited,Japan's Financial Crisis and Its Parallels to US Experience,Special Report 13,Washington,DC:Institute for International Economics,2000,pp.167-168.
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2 例如可参见Dan Quayle,"US-Japan:Cooperating to Build a Global Market Economy," U.S.Department of State Dispatch,Address before the Council on Foreign Relations,New York City,April 27,1992.
3 James Shoch,Trading Blows:Party Competition and U.S.Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era,Chapel Hill and London:The University of North Carolina Press,2001,p.173,196,200;Robert M.Uriu,"The Impact of Policy Ideas:Revisionism and the Clinton Administration's Trade Policy toward Japan," in Gerald L.Curtis,ed.,New Perspectives on U.S.-Japan Relations,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2000,p.229.
4 Chris J.Dolan and Jerel A.Rosati,"U.S.Foreign Economic Policy and the Significance of the National Economic Council," International Studies Perspectives(2006) 7,p.115.
5 Laura D'Andrea Tyson,Who's Bashing Whom? Trade Conflict in High-Technology Industries,Washington,D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1992.
6 Amy Searight and Christopher R.Way,"Of Rose Gardens and Goldfish Bowls:Electoral Pressures and US-Japan Bargaining,1967-1998," Manuscript,October 2001,p.6.
1 G.R.Saxonhouse,"Trade Policy,Constituent Interests and Politics in US-Japan Economic Relations," Research Seminar in International Economics Discussion Paper,No.417,University of Michigan,1998.
2 Edward J.Lincoln,"Review on Bargaining with Japan:What American Pressure Can and Cannot Do;Predicting Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:The Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,"Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.24,No.1,Winter 1998,p.179.
3 Christopher Wood,The End of Japan Inc.and How the New Japan Will Look,New York:Simon & Schuster,1994,pp.182-219.
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1 「AP通信調查 經濟摩擦ごの对日制裁.報復 米の85%が贊成」、『產經新聞』、1994年3月7日、東京朝刊、縫合。內政面。
2 「米国民の日米世論調查 貿易·經濟で'日本の改善望む』、『產經新聞』、1994年2月8日、東京朝刊、总合·内政面。
3 「貿易摩擦、米にも理解 『关系良好』む6 8%——总理府外交世論調查」、『每日新聞』、1994年2月14日、東京朝刊、2頁。
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2 GATT,Trade Policy Review.Japan 1994,Geneva,GATT Secretariat,1995,Part Ⅰ,p.15.
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1 Joseph S.Nye,"The Case for Deep Engagement," Foreign Affairs,74,No.4,July/August 1995.
2 Brink Lindsey and Aaron Lukas,"Revisiting the 'Revisionists':The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Economic Model," Trade Policy Analysis,No.3,Cato Institute's Center for Trade Policy Studies,July 31,1998.
3 参见约翰逊与艾什关于日本经济奇迹的辨论:David Asher,"Economic Myths Explained:What Became of the Japanese Miracle," Orbis(Spring 1996);Chalmers Johnson,"Japan' 'Miracle' Economy," Orbis(Summer 1996);David Asher,"The Author Responds," Orbis(Summer 1996).
4 Narrelle Morris,Destructive Discourse:"Japan-bashing" in the United States,Australia and Japan in the 1980s and 1990s,Ph.D Dissertation,Murdoch University,Australia,2006,p.292.
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1 C.Fred Bergsten,American in the World Economy:A Strategy for the 1990s,Washington DC:Institute for International Economics,1988
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3 该图标数据来自美国国家统计局,与图2-1和图2-3中联合国贸发会议的统计数据略有差异。
1 Laura D'Andrea Tyson,"Future Directions for U.S.Economic Policy Toward Japan," the Council on Foreign Relations,October 24,2000.
2 Richard L.Armitage and Joseph S.Nye,"The United States and Japan:Advancing Toward a Mature Partnership,"Institute for National Strategic Studies Special Report,October 11,2000.
3 Bruce Stokes,"A New Beginning:Recasting the U.S.-Japan Economic Relationship,"A Council on Foreign Relations Paper,2000,pp.3-4.
4 "American Public Opinion and Foreign Policy 2002," Chicago Council on Foreign Relations,p.26.
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1 日本外務省 「米国にぉける对日世論调查(平成19年)」、http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/usa/yoron07/pdfs/2007_1.pdf。
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2 赵瑾:《全球化与经济摩擦:日美经济摩擦的理论与实证研究》,商务印书销,2002年版,第414页。
1 中小企業厅『中小企業白晝2006年版』、70页。
1 World Trade Organization,Trade Policy Review,Report by the Secretariat,JAPAN,Revision,WT/TPR/S/175/Rev.110.APril 2007.pp.91-92.
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1 Richard L.Armitage and Joseph S.Nye,"The U.S.-Japan Alliance Getting Asia Right Through 2020," Center for Strategic & International Studies,February 16,2007,p.22.
1 原正行「「外圧」の政治·经济学」、『国民经济杂志』、174(3)、1996年9月、34页。
2 David B.Yoffie,Power and Protectionism:Strategies of the Newly Industrializing Countries,New York:Columbia University Press,1983,pp.4-5
1 James H.Cassing and Arye L.Hillman,"Political Influence Motives and the Choice between Tariffs and Quotas,"Journal of International Economics,Volume 19,Issues 3-4,November 1985,pp.279-290;Arye L.Hillman and Heinrich W.Ursprung,"Domestic Politics,Foreign Interests,and International," The American Economic Review,Vol.78,No.4.(Sep.,1988),pp.729-745.
2 Peter F.Cowhey,"Domestic Institutions and the Credibility of International Commitments:Japan and the United States," International Organization,Vol.47,No.2.(Spring,1993),p.323;Ali M.EI-Agraa,"VERs as a Prominent Feature of Japanese Trade Policy:Their Rationale,Costs and Benefits," The World Economy,Vol.18,No.2,1995,p.220.
3 "The Settlement of U.S.-Japanese Conflict on Automobile and Auto Parts Trade,Statement by Ambassador Kantor," 『日米关系资料集:1945-97』,pp.1321-1322,http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/-worldipn/documents/texts/JPUS/19950516.S3E.html.
4 「日米贸易、「疑似管理」拡大む——庆応义塾大学助教授竹中平藏氏(经济教室)」、『日本经济新闻』、1995年7月5日、朝刊、29页。
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2 "The U.S.-Japan Agreement of 1986 on Semiconductor Products,Side Letter,"[日米关系集:1945-97』,p.1120;Fujiwara Mikio(kamei),Nichibei handotai kyotei korega mitsuyaku bunshoda,Bungeishunju,May 1988,p.124-137.http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldipn/documents/texts/JPUS/19860902.T2E.html.
3 Laura D'Andrea Tyson,Who s Bashing Whom? Trade Conflict in High-Technology Industries,Washington,D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1992,pp.256-257.
1 Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfeld,A Study of Crisis,2nd ed.,Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,2000,p.757,转引自布里吉特·斯塔奇等:《外交谈判导论》,陈志敏等译,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第55页。
1 H.Richard Friman,"Side-Payments Versus Security Cards:Domestic Bargaining Tactics in International Economic Negotiations," International Organization,Vol.47,No.3.(Summer,1993),pp.387-410.
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4 The United States and Japan:Advancing Toward a Mature Partnership,INSSSpecial Report,Washington,DC:National Defense University Press,October 2000.
5 Motoshige Itoh,"Trade Imbalance,Trade Frictions and Maintaining a Liberal Trade Regime in the Asia-Pacific:Recent Trends in Japanese Trade Policies," The Pacific Review,Vol.12 No.2,1999,pp.319-331.
5 小原喜雄、「日米贸易交涉とWTO」、『国隙问题』、1999年5月、No.470。
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2 Amy E.Searight,"International Organization," in Steven K.Vogel,ed.,U.S.-Japan Relations in a Changing World,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2002,pp.186-187.
3 Laura D'Andrea Tyson,"Future Directions for U.S.Economic Policy Toward Japan," the Council on Foreign Relations,October 24,2000.
1 Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy." Action or Reaction?,London;New York:Routledge,1996,p.126.
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2 Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy:Action or Reaction?,London;New York:Routledge,1996,p.17.
3 草野厚「日米経済摩擦—連続性と多樣性」、『国際問題』、1996年2月、76頁。
4 “The Application of the Super 301 Provisions to Japan,Statement on United States Action Against Foreign Trade Barriers,” May 26,1989,『日米関係資料集:1945-97』,pp.1164-1165,Public Papers of the Presidents:George H.W.Bush,1989,I,pp.607-608,http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19890526.SIE.html.
1 『日米構造問題協議最終報告』、『日米関係資料集:1945-97』、1186-1198頁、「日米構造問題協議最終報告」(財)通商產業調查、1990年、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19900628.01J.html。
2 Mitsuo Matsushita,"Structural Impediments Initiative An Example of Bilateral Trade Negotiation," Michigan Journal of International Law,Vol.12,1991.
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3 原口幸市「日米包括經濟協議—背景·經緯·課題」、『国際問題』、1995年2月、No.419、67頁。
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1 Roger C.Altman,"Why Pressure Tokyo?" Foreign Affairs,May/June 1994,p.5.
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3 World Trade Organization,Trade Policy Review,Report by JAPAN,WT/TPR/G/17519,December 2006,p.15.
1 例如:Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy:Action or Reaction?,London:Routledge,1996,pp.19-21;Ryutaro Komiya and Motoshige Itoh," Japan's International Trade and Trade Policy:1955-1984," in Takashi Inoguchi and Daniel I.Okimoto,eds,The Political Economy of Japan:The Changing International Context,Stanford,Calif.:Stanford University Press.1988.pp.217-218.
2 在本研究中,“霸权”主要是指一种处于压倒性优势地位的现实能力和客观局面。
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2 杰里尔·A·罗赛蒂:《美国对外政策的政治学》,周启朋、傅耀祖等译,世界知识出版社,1997年版,第17页。
1 对于日本在国际经济体系中定位的研究可参见:Inoguchi Takashi,"Japan's Images and Options:Not a Challenger,but a Supporter," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.12,No.1(Winter,1986),pp.95-119;David A.Lake,"Beneath the Commerce of Nations:A Theory of International Economic Structures," International Studies Quarterly,Vol.28,No.2(1984),pp.143-70;H.Richard Friman,"Rocks,Hard Places,and the New Protectionism:Textile Trade Policy Choices in the United States and Japan," International Organization,Vol.42,No.4(Autumn,1988),pp.711.
1 David A.Lake,"International Economic Structure and American Foreign Economic Policy,1887-1934," World Politics,Vol.35,No.4,July 1983,p.522.
2 罗伯特·吉尔平:《世界政治中的战争与变革》,武军等译,中国人民大学出版社,1994年版,第156页。
3 罗伯特·吉尔平:《国际关系政治经济学》,杨宁光译,经济科学出版社,1989年版,第106页。
4 罗伯特·吉尔平:《世界政治中的战争与变革》,武军等译,中国人民大学出版社,1994年版,第145页。
5 罗伯特·吉尔平:《国际关系政治经济学》,杨宇光译,经济科学出版社,1989年版,第88-89页。
1 罗们特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战:21世纪的世界经济》,杨宇光、杨炯译,上海人民出版社,2001年版,第14-15页;罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球政治经济学:解读国际经济秩序》,杨宁光、杨炯译,上海人民出版社,2003年,第3页。
2 Robert Kagan,"The Benevolent Empire," Foreign Policy(Summer 1998),p.27.
3 罗们特·吉尔平:《国际关系政治经济学》,杨宇光译,经济科学出版社,1989年版,第89、107页。
1 罗们特·吉尔平:《世界政治中的战争与变革》,武军等译,中国人民大学出版社,1994年版,第185页。
2 岁伯特·吉尔平:《世界政治中的战争与变革》,武军等译,中国人民大学出版社,1994年版,第188页。
3 罗伯特·吉尔平:《国际关系政治经济学》,杨宇光译,经济科学出版社,1989年版,第106-107页。
4 对于美国霸权开始衰落的确切时间,沃勒斯坦(Immanuel Wallerstein)、莫德尔斯基、古尔平、基欧汉等学者有着不同的见解,但一般认为,70年代初中东石油危机的爆发、布雷顿森林体系的崩溃、美国经济的“滞胀”是其霸权衰落的标志性事件。
5 冷战的胜利及其后美国霸权的再度膨胀或许可以视为美国霸权在经历一段“低潮”后的复苏,类似的起伏应该是霸权必衰过程中的应有之义。从这个意义上说,20世纪70年代初至世纪末美国霸权的衰荣不妨看作是霸权更替进程中“具体而微”的一个片断。
6 孔华润:《苏联强权时期的美国(1945—1991)》,孔华润主编:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(第四卷),王琛译,新华出版社,2004年版,第421页。
7 Ellen Frost,For Richer,For Poorer:The New U.S.-Japan Relationship,New York:Council on Foreign Relations,1987.
8 Christopher Layne,"The Unipolar Illusion:Why New Great Powers Will Rise," International Security,Vol.17,No.4(Spring,1993),p.43;现实主义国际关系理论对修正主义国家的分析可参见:Randall L.Schweller,"Bandwagoning for Profit:Bringing the Revisionist State Back In," International Security,Vol.19,No.1(Summer 1994);Alastair lain Johnson,"Is China a Status Quo Power?" International Security,Vol.27,No.4(Spring 2003);罗伯特·吉尔平:《世界政治中的战争与变革》,武军等译,中国人民大学出版社,1994年版。
9 Edward Olsen,"Target Japan as America's Economic Foe," Orbis(Fall 1992),Vol.36,Issue 4.
1 陈继勇、彭斯达:《新经济条件下美国经济周期的演变趋势》,《国际经济评论》,2003年11-12期,第38页。
2 俞正梁等:《大国战略研究:未来世界的美、俄、日、欧(盟)和中国》,中央编译出版社,1998年版,第23页。
3 张敏谦:《美国全球战略剖析——从“世界新秩序”到“克林顿主义”》,《美国研究》,2000年第4期,第36页。
4 王逸舟:《全球政治和中国外交——寻求新的视角与解释》,世界知识出版社,2003年版,第214页。
1 汉斯·摩根索:《国际纵横策论—争强权,求和平》,卢明华等译,上海译文出版社,1995年版,第42-43页。
2 美国历届政府的“总统经济学”可参考 Herbert Stein,Presidential Economics:The Making of Economic Policy from Roosevelt to Reagan and Beyond,New York:Simon and Schuster,1984.
3 Kenneth B.Pyle,“In Pursuit of a Grand Design:Nakasone Betwixt the Past and the Future,”Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2,Special Issue:A Forum on the Trade Crisis(Summer,1987),pp.244-245.
4 田中明彦「日本外交と国内政治の連関——外压の政治学」、『国際問題』、1989年3月、348号、30-31頁。
5 K.Knorr,“International Economic Leverage and Its Uses,” in K.Knorr and F.Trager,eds.,Economic Issues and National Security,Lawrence:University Press of Kansas,1977,p.102,cited in Aurelia George Mulgan,“The Role of Foreign Pressure(Gaiatsu) in Japan's Agricultural Trade Liberalisation,” Australia-Japan Research Center,Pacific Economic Papers,No.266,April 1997,p.6.
1 Thomas Bayard and Kimberly Ann Elliott,Reciprocity and Retaliation in U.S.Trade Policy,Washington,DC:Institute of International Economics,1994,p.86;Joseph M.Grieco,"Realism and Regionalism:American Power and Gernman and Japanese Institutional Strategies During and After the Cold War," Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association,San Diego,April 17,1996,Cited in Akitoshi Miyashita,"Gaiatsu and Japan's Foreign Aid:Rethinking the Reactive-Proactive Debate,"International Studies Quarterly,Vol.43,No.4.(Dec.,1999),p.698.
2 George Friedman and Meredith Lebrad,The Coming with Japan,New York:St.Martin's Press,1991.
3 田中明彦「日本外交と国内政治の连関——外圧の政治学」、『国际问题』、1989年3月、348号、30-31页。
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5 田中明彦「日本外交と国内政治の边関——外圧の政治学」、『国际问题』、1989年3月、348号、30-31页。
6 Merit E.Janow,"Trading with an Ally:Progress and Discontent in U.S.-Japan Trade Relations," in Gerald L.Curtis ed.,The United States,Japan andAsia,New York and London:W.W.Norton & Company,1994,p.92.
7 Pat Choate,"Political Advantage:Japan's Campaign for America," Harvard Business Review,September/October 1990.Vol.68,Issue 5.
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2 Norio Naka,Predicting Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:the Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996,p.40.
3 Amy Searight and Christopher R.Way,"Of Rose Gardens and Goldfish Bowls:Electoral Pressures and US-Japan Bargaining,1967-1998," Manuscript,October 2001,p.12.
4 Amy Searight and Christopher R.Way,"Of Rose Gardens and Goldfish Bowls:Electoral Pressures and US-Japan Bargaining,1967-1998," Manuscript,October 2001,p.13.
1 Merit E.Janow,"U.S.Trade Policy toward Japan and China:Integrating Bilateral,Multilateral,and Regional Approaches," in Geza Feketekuty and Bruce Stokes,eds.,Trade Strategies for A New Era,New York:The Monterey Institute of International Studies,1998,p.176.
2 Thomas O.Bayard and Kimberly Ann Elliot,Reciprocity and Retaliation in U.S.Trade Policy,Washington,.D.C.:Institute for International Economics,1994.
3 The American Chamber of Commerce in Japan,Making Trade Talks Work:An On-the-Ground Analysis of U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements,Tokyo:ACCJ,2000,p.48.
1 Paul Blustein,"Business Group Downplays Japan Trade Pacts' Effects," The Washington Post,Jarluary 14,1997,D01.
2 The American Chamber of Commerce in Japan,Making Trade Talks Work:An On-the-GroundAnalysis of U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements,Tokyo:ACCJ,2000,p.257.
1 Stephen D.Cohen,Cowboys and Samurai:Why the United States Is Losing the Industrial Battle and Why It Matters,N.Y.:Harper Business,1991,p.142.
2 Laura D'Andrea Tyson,"Future Directions for U.S.Economic Policy Toward Japan," the Council on Foreign Relations,October 24,2000,p.17.
3 Theresa M.Greaney,"Assessing the Impacts of US-Japan Bilateral Trade Agreements,1980-1995," The World Economy,Volume 24,Number 2,February 2001,p.146,155.
4 P.L.Gold and D.K.Nanto,"Japan-U.S.Trade:U.S.Exports of Negotiated Products,1985-1990," CRS Report for Congress,Congressional Research Service,The Library of Congress,1991.
1 Jayant Menon,"Has Japan Been 'Opening-Up'?:Empirical Analytics of Trade Patterns," Pacific Economic Papers,No.263,January 1997,Australis-Japan Research Center.
2 Theresa M.Greaney,"Assessing the Impacts of US-Japan Bilateral Trade Agreements,1980-1995," The World Economy.Volume 24.Number 2.February 2001.pp.127-157.
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1 曾卡:《贸易结构与美国单边威胁性贸易政策的实效性》,《世界经济与政治》,2004年第4期,第57页。
1 道格拉斯.诺思:《理解经济变迁过程》,钟正生、刑华等译,中国人民大学出版社,2008年版,第46页。
2 「国際協調のための經濟構造調整研究会報告書(经構研報告)」、http://www.komazawa-u.ac.jp/kobamasa/lecture/japaneco/maekawarep.htm。
1 张季风:《挣脱萧条:1990—2006年的日本经济》,社会科学文献出版社,2006年版,第140-141页。
1 Edward W.Desmond,"Ichiro Ozawa:Reformer at Bay," Foreign Affairs,Volume 74,No.5,1995,p.130.
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6 外務省『外交青书39号』、79页。
1 张季风:《挣脱萧条:1990—2006年的日本经济》,社会科学文献出版社,2006年版,第145-153页。
2 經濟產業省『通商白書2006年版』、208頁。
1 森山昌俊「規制緩和の輸入掂大効果」、『ESP』、No.298、1997年、32頁。
1 安倍晋三『美しい国へ』文艺春秋、2006年。
2 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Gaiatsu,Learning,and Japan's Emerging Economic Liberalism,"http://research.yale.edu/eastasianstudies/japanworld/schoppa.pdf
3 Kenneth B.Pyle,"In Pursuit of a Grand Design:Nakasone Betwixt the Past and the Future," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2,Special Issue:A Forum on the Trade Crisis(Summer,1987),pp.244-245.
4 John O.Haley,"Luck,Law,Culture and Trade:The Intractability of United States-Japan Trade Conflict," Cornell International Law Journal,Vol.22,1989.
1 其余三个途径分别是:一、对国内主要行为体注入新的理念和价值观;二、通过官僚机构的标准决策程序将国际机制的原则和宗旨嵌入一国的国内政治过程:三、通过国内的立法。
2 Andrew P.Cortell and James W.Davis,Jr.,"How Do International Institutions Matter? The Domestic Impact of International Rules and Norms," International Studies Quarterly,Vol.40,No.4.(Dec.,1996),p.453.
3 Scott C.Flanagan,"The Political and Cultural Dimensions of the Trade Friction between the United States and Japan," in T.David Mason and Abdul M.Turay eds.,US-Japan Trade Friction:Its Impact on Security Cooperation in the Pacific Basin,Basingstoke:Macmillan,1991,pp.30-66.
4 "Japanese Invite Trade Hard-Line;Tough U.S.Stance Could Spur Change,Prime Minister Says," The Washington Post,April 12,1993,Al.
1 樊勇明:《体制和结构双调整中的日本经济》,《日本学刊》,2003年第1期,第116-117页。
2 「2007年7—9月期实質GDP改定值、年率0.5%增——速報は2.6%增』、『日本經濟新聞』2007年12月3日、夕刊。
3 张季风:《挣脱萧条:1990—2006年的日本经济》,社会科学文献出版社,2006年版,第57-58页。
4 曼瑟·奧尔森:《国家的兴衰:经济增长、滞胀和社会僵化》,李增刚译,上海人民出版社,2007年版。
1 Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy:Action or Reaction?,p.46.
2 Norio Naka,Predicting Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:the Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996.
3 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Two-Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes:Why Gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases But Not Others," International Organization,Vol.47,No.3.(Summer,1993),p.375.
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2 Merit E.Janow,"U.S.Trade Policy toward Japan and China:Integrating Bilateral,Multilateral,and Regional Approaches," in Geza Feketekuty and Bruce Stokes,eds.,Trade Strategies for A New Era,New York:The Monterey Institute of International Studies,1998,pp.183-184.
1 Kenneth N.Waltz,Man,the State and War,New York:Columbia University Press.1959.
2 Peter Gourevitch,"The Second Image Reversed:The International Sources of Domestic Politics," International Organization,Vol.32,No.4,Autumn 1978,pp.881-912.
3 Peter Gourevitch,Politics in Hard Times:Comparative Responses to International Economic Crises,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1986.
4 斯托普尔—萨缪尔森定理的基本假设是生产要素在国家之间不能自由流动,而在一国国内却可以自由流动。因此,国家间贸易会使得本国充裕生产要素的所有者的实际收益提高,而稀缺生产要素的所有者的实际收益下降。
5 James A.Caporaso,"Across the Great Divide:Integrating Comparative and International Politics," International Studies Quarterly,No.41,1997,p.575.
1 Ronald Rogowski,"Political Cleavages and Changing Exposure to Trade," The American Political Science Review,Vol.81,No.4.(Dec.,1987),pp.1121-1137;Ronald Rogowski,Commerce and Coalitions:How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1989;Paul Midford,"International Trade and Domestic Politics:Improving on Rogowski's Model of Political Alignments," International Organization,Vol.47,No.4.(Autumn,1993),pp.535-564.
2 Ronald Rogowski,Commerce and Coalitions:How Trade Affects Domestic PoliticalAlignments,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1989,p.172.
3 Gene M.Grossman and Elhanan Helpman,"Protection For Sale," American Economic Review,Vol.84,No.4.(Sep.,1994),pp.833-850;Gene M.Grossman and Elhanan Helpman,"Trade Wars and Trade Talks," Journal of Political Economy,1995,Vol.103,No.4,pp.675-708.
4 迈克尔·J·希斯考克斯:《国际贸易与政治冲突——贸易、联盟与要素流动程度》,于扬杰译,中国人民大学出版社,2005年版。
5 对“进攻诉求”和“防御诉求”的分析见:奧德尔:《世界经济谈判》,孙英春译,世界知识出版社,2003年版,第31页。
1 阿维纳什·K·迪克西特:《经济政策的制定:交易成本政治学的视角》,刘元春详,中国人民大学出版社,2004年版,第35页。
2 艾尔·L.希尔曼:《贸易保护的政治经济学》,彭迪译,平新乔校,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第4页。
3 Gerald L.Curtis,"U.S.Policy toward Japan From Nixon to Clinton:An Assessment," in Gerald L.Curtis,ed.,New Perspectives on U.S.-Japan Relations,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2000,p.20.
4 David M.Gould and Graeme L.Woodbridge,"The Political Economy of Retaliation,Liberalization and Trade Wars," European Journal of Political Economy,Vol.14,1998,pp.115-137.
1 本研究中的“官僚”概念主要指以公务员为主体的行政执行者。
2 The American Chamber of Commerce in Japan,Making Trade Talks Work:An On-the-Ground Analysis of U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements,Tokyo:ACCJ,2000,pp.18-19.
3 I.M.戴斯勒:《美困贸易政治》,王恩冕、于少蔚译,中国市场出版社,2006年版,第168-191页。
1 Vinod K.Aggarwal,Robert O.Keohane and David B.Yoffie,"The Dynamics of Negotiated Protectionism," The American Political Science Review,Vol.81,No.2.(Jun.,1987),pp.345-366.
2 Vinod K.Aggarwal,Robert O.Keohane and David B.Yoffie,"The Dynamics of Negotiated Protectionism," The American Political Science Review,Vol.81,No.2.(Jun.,1987),p.354.
1 理查德.雷思:《政府与企业——比较视角下的美国政治纤济体制》,何俊志译,复旦大学出版社,2007年版,第391页。
1 依据下文绘制 Ellis S.Krauss and Simon Reich,"Ideology,Interests,and the American Executive:Toward a Theory of Foreign Competition and Manufacturing Trade Policy," International Organization,Vol.46,No.4(Autumn,1992),pp.857-897.
1 Jeffrey Friden,"Sectoral Conflict and U.S.Foreign Economic Policy,1914-1940," International Organization,Vol.42,No.1,1988,pp.60-90.
2 Robert M.Uriu,Troubled Industries:Confronting Economic Change in Japan,Ithaca,NY:Comell University Press,1996,pp.18-21.
3 Graham T.Allison,Essence of Decision:Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis,Boston:Little Brown,1971.
4 Vinod K.Aggarwal,Robert O.Keohane and David B.Yoffie,"The Dynamics of Negotiated Protectionism," The American Political Science Review,Vol.81,No.2.(Jun.,1987),p.348.
1 对于日美贸易摩擦中美国贸易代表办公室的运作可参见:Marcus Noland,"Chasing Phantoms:The Political Economy of USTR," International Organization,Vol.51,No.3.(Summer,1997),pp.365-387.
2 Michael Mastanduno,"Framing the Japan Problem:the Bush Administration and the Structural Impediments Initiative," International Journal,ⅩLⅦ,Spring,1992.
1 Michael Mastanduno,"Framing the Japan Problem:the Bush Administration and the Structural Impediments Initiative," International Journal,ⅩLⅦ,Spring,1992.
2 Amy Seafight and Christopher R.Way,"Of Rose Gardens and Goldfish Bowls:Electoral Pressures and US-Japan Bargaining,1967-1998," Manuscript,October 2001.
3 Norio Naka,Predicting Outcomes in United States-Japan Trade Negotiations:The Political Process of the Structural Impediments Initiative,Westport,Conn.:Quorum,1996,p.60.
1 草野厚『アメリカ議会と日米闋係』中央公論社、1991年、25頁。
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4 Susan C.Schwab,"Japan and the U.S.Congress:Problems and Prospects," Journal of International Affairs,Summer1983,Vol.37 Issue 1,pp.123-139.
1 Clyde Prestowitz,Jr.,Trading Places:How We Are Giving Our Future To Japan And How To Reclaim It,New York:Basic Books,1990,p.251.
2 I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato,"Coping with Economic Conflicts," in I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato,eds.,Coping with U.S.-Japanese Economic Conflicts,Lexington,Mass.:Lexington Books,1982,p.320.
3 Amelia Porges,"U.S.-Japan Trade Negotiations:Paradigms Lost," in Paul Krugman ed.,Trade with Japan:Has the Door Opened Wider? Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,1991,p.308.
4 "The Application of the Super 301 Provisions to Japan,Statement on United States Action Against Foreign Trade Barriers" and "The Application of the Super 301 Provisions to Japan,Statement of Ambassador Carla A.Hills," 『日米关系资料集:1945-97』,pp.1163-1165,Public Papers of the Presidents:George H.W.Bush,1989,1,pp.607-608,http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.ip/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19890526.SIE.html,http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19890525.SIE.html.
5 Kozo Yamamura,"Introduction",in Kozo Yamamura,ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Should It Change? Seattle:Society for Japanese Studies,1990,pp.2-3
6 古城佳子『經濟的相互依存と国家—国際收支不均衡是正の政治經濟学』、木鐸社、1996年、96-97頁。Daniel I.Okimoto,"Political lnclusivity:The Domestic Structure of Trade," in Tashashi Inoguchi & Daniel I.Okimoto,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan Vol.2:The.Changing International Context,Stanford:Stanford University,1988,pp.307-310.
1 Chalmers Johnson,MITI and the Japanese Miracle:the Growth of Industrial Policy,1925-1975,Palo Alto,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1982.
2 关于“日本株式会社”的研究可参见:Herman Kahn,The Emerging Japanese Superstate:Challenge and Response,Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice-Hall,1970;James Abegglen,"The Economic Growth of Japan," Scientific American,Vol.222,No.3(March 1970),pp.31-35,Cited in Richard Katz,"The System that Soured:Toward a New Paradigm to Guide Japan Policy," The Washington Quarterly,Vol.21,Issue 4(Autumn 1998),p.60;Eugene J.Kaplan,Japan-The Government-Business Relationship,Washington D.C.:Department of Commerce,1972.
3 参见青木昌彦等编著:《市场的作用国家的作用》,林家彬等译,中国发展出版社,2002年版.
4 彼得·J·卡岑斯坦:《结论:国内结构与对外经济政策战略》,彼得·J·卡岑斯坦编:《权力与财富之间》,陈刚译,吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版,第372、407页。
1 T.J.Pempel,"Japanese Foreign Economic Policy:The Domestic Bases for International Behavior," International Organization,Vol.31,No.4(Autumn,1977),pp.723-774.
2 Daniel I.Okimoto,"Political Inclusivity:The Domestic Structure of Trade," in Tashashi Inoguchi & Daniel I.Okimoto,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan Vol.2:The.Changing International Context,Stanford:Stanford University,1988,p.319,324.
3 自2001年1月6日开始实施的日本中央省厅改革,将原先的1府22省厅再编为1府12省厅。其中与本研究关系较为密切的改革包括:总务厅、邮政省、自治省和总理府的部分机构合并成为总务省;大藏省更名为财务省;通商产业省更名为经济产业省;运输省、建设省、国土厅、北海道开发厅合并为田土交通省;厚生省和劳动省合并为厚生劳动省;经济企划厅并入内阁府。中央省厅改革以后,日本的国内政治逐渐由“官僚主导”向“政党主导”偏移。
4 谷口将紀『日本の对米貿易交涉』東京大学出版会、1997年、200-221頁。
1 R.Kent Weaver,"The Politics of Blame Avoidance," Journal of Public Policy,Vol.6,No.4,(Oct.-Dec.,1986),pp.371-398.
2 Michio Muramatsu,"In Search of National Identity:The Political and Policies of the Nakasone Administration,"Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2,Special Issue:A Forum on the Trade Crisis(Summer,1987),pp.332-333.
3 Barry M.Mimick,The Political Economy of Regulation:Creating,Designing,and Removing Regulatory Forms,New York:Columbia University Press,1980,转引自理查德.雷恩:《政府与企业——比较视角下的美国政治经济体制》,何俊志译,复旦大学出版社,2007年版,第243页。
1 Michio Muramatsu and Ellis S.Krauss,"Bureaucrats and Politicians in Policymaking:The Case of Japan," The American Political Science Review,Vol.78,No.1.(Mar.,1984),p.141.
2 Daniel 1.Okimoto,"Political Inclusivity:The Domestic Structure of Trade," in Tashashi Inoguchi & Daniel I.Okimoto,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan Vol.2:The.Changing International Context,Stanford:Stanford University,1988,p.325.
3 T.J.Pempel,"The Unbundling of 'Japan,Inc.':The Changing Dynamics of Japanese Policy Formation," Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2,Special Issue:A Forum on the Trade Crisis.(Summer,1987),pp.300-301.
4 #12
5 Michio Muramatsu,"In Search of National Identity:The Political and Policies of the Nakasone Administration,"Journal of Japanese Studies,Vol.13,No.2,Special Issue:A Forum on the Trade Crisis(Summer,1987),pp.315-316.
1 Leonard J.Schoppa,"The Social Context in Coercive International Bargaining," International Organization,Vol.53,No.2.(Spring,1999),pp.307-342.
2 徐万胜:《利益诱导与自民党政权——以自民党农林族议员为视角》,《日本学刊》,2002年第3期,第46页。
3 谷口捋紀『日本の对米貿易交涉』東京大学出版会、1997年、200-221頁。
4 薮中三十二『封米經濟交涉:摩擦の実像』サイマル出版会、1991年、163-164頁。
1 Richard Katz,"Japan's Self-Defeating Trade Policy:Mainframe Economics in a PC World," The Washington Quarterly,1997 Spring,Vol.20,No.2;榊原英资:《日本的结构改革》,《经济学消息报》,2002年4月12日。
2 Robert M.Uriu,Troubled Industries:Confronting Economic Change in Japan,Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1996.
1 主要参考 Daniel I.Okimoto,"Political Inclusivity:The Domestic Structure of Trade," in Tashashi Inoguchi &Daniel I.Okimoto,eds.,The Political Economy of Japan Vol.2:The.Changing International Context,Stanford:Stanford University,1988,pp.323-340.
1 #12
2 游国龙、尚会鹏:《自民党得票率与日本的米价——对自民党统治与其农业政策关系的数量分析》,《日本学刊》,2004年第3期,第20-35页。
3 猪口孝、岩井奉信『「族議員」の研究—自民党政権を牛耳る主役たち』日本經濟新聞社、1987年。
4 間場寿一、高島昌二、 居安正『日本政治を読む—その組織上風土』有斐閣、1987年、148頁,转引自林尚立:《政党政治与现代化》,上海人民出版社,1998年版,第348页。
1 「民主党にも「農林族」」、『朝曰新聞』、2007年10月22日、第13版。
2 #12
3 #12
4 #12
1 升味准之辅:《日本政治史》,董果良译,商务印书馆,1997年版,第1085-1088页。
2 #12
1 Christopher C.Meyerson,Domestic Politics andlnternational Relations in US-Japan Trade Policymaking:The GATT Uruguay Round Agriculture Negotiations,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2003,p.35.
1 弗朗西斯·麦考尔·罗森布拉斯:《国际化与日本的选举政治》,罗伯特.基欧汉、海伦·米尔纳主编:《国际化与国内政治》,姜鹏、董素华译,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第157-158页。
2 Steven K.Vogel,"Can Japan Disengage? Winners and Losers in Japan's Political Economy,and the Ties that Bind Them,"Social Science Japan Journal,Vol.2,No.1,1999,pp.3-21.
3 Robert W.Bullock,"Market Opening in Japan:Deregulation,Regulation,and Cross-Sectoral Variation," in Gerald L.Curtis,ed.,New Perspectives on U.S.-Japan Relations,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2000,pp.39-81.
4 「日米通商交涉と官民の役割』、經团連くりっぷ、No.92、1998年12月24日。
5 Richard Samuels,"Consuming for Production:Japanese National Security,Nuclear Fuel Procurement and the Domestic Economy," International Organization,43(Autumn 1989).
6 Steven K.Vogel,"When Interests Are Not Preferences:The Cautionary Tale of Japanese Consumers," Comparative Politics,Vol.31,No.2.(Jan.,1999),pp.187-207.
1 原田泰『日米闋係の經濟史』筑摩書房、1995年、149-150頁。
2 Hidetaka Yoshimatsu,"Japan's Keidanren and Political Influence on Market Liberalization," Asian Survey,Vol.38,No.3.(Mar.,1998),p.330.
1 Hidetaka Yoshimatsu,"Japan's Keidanren and Political Influence on Market Liberalization," Asian Survey,Vol.38,No.3.(Mar.,1998),pp.328-345.
2 Japanese Agricultural Policies:A Time for Change,Canberra:The Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics,Project No.11325,AGPS,p.55;cited in S.Javed Maswood,"Does Revisionism Work? U.S.Trade Strategy and the 1995 U.S.-Japan Auto Dispute," Pacific Affairs,Vol.70,No.4(Winter,1997-1998),p.153.
3 Robert D.Putnam,"Diplomacy and Domestic Politics:The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization,vol.42,no.3(Summer 1988),pp.427-460.
4 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Domestic Politics," in Steven K.Vogel,ed.,U.S.-Japan Relations in a Changing World,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2002,p.97.
5 当然,建立跨国利益同盟的关键在于准确判断日本国内的结盟对象。但是,支持或反对美国外压的不同利益集团的真实立场未必与其公开表露的政策偏好相符,其利益和立场也可能随着国际和国内政治经济格局的变动而产生质的变化。因此,“找准”结盟对象并不容易.
6 S.Javed Maswood,"Does Revisionism Work? U.S.Trade Strategy and the 1995 U.S.-Japan Auto Dispute," Pacific Affairs,Vol.70,No.4(Winter,1997-1998),pp.533-554;Yumiko Mikanagi,Japan's Trade Policy:Action or Reaction?,p.52;Kusano Atsushi,"Deregulation in Japan and the Role of Naiatsu(Domestic Pressure),"Social Science Japan Journal Vol.2,No.1,1999,pp.65-84.
1 Robert W.Bullock,"Market Opening in Japan:Deregulation,Regulation,and Cross-Sectoral Variation," in Gerald L.Curtis ed.,New Perspectives on U.S.-Japan Relations,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2000,p.41.
2 Glen S.Fukushima,"Gaiatsu Revisited," Tokyo Business Today,December 1993,p.40.
1 安场保吉、猪木武德编:《高速增长》,《日本经济史》第8卷,连湘译,三联书店,1997年版,第322页。
2 #12
1 「日米構造問題協議最終報告」、『日米闋係資料集:1945-97』、1186—1198頁、『日米構造問題協議最終報告』(財)通商產業調查、1990年、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.ip/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19900628.OIJ.html.
2 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Two-Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes:Why Gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases But Not Others," International Organization,Vol.47,No.3.(Summer,1993),p.361.
3 Shotaro Yachi,"Beyond Trade Frictions-A New Horizon For U.S.-Japan Economic Relations," Cornell International Law Journal,Vol.22,1989,pp.396-397.
4 『大規模小壳店鋪立地法』、平成10年6月3日法律第91号、經濟產業省商務情報政策局流通政策課、http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/distribution/downloadfiles/rittihou.pdf.
1 Motoshige Itoh,"Trade Imbalance,Trade Frictions and Maintaining a Liberal Trade Regime in the Asia-Pacific:Recent Trends in Japanese Trade Policies," The Pacific Review,Vol.12 No.2,1999,pp.327-328.
1 Hidetaka Yoshimatsu,"Japan'S Keidanren and Political Influence on Market Liberalization," Asian Survey,Vol.38,No.3.(Mar.,1998),p.336.
2 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Two-Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes:Why Gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases But Not Others," International Organization,Vol.47,No.3.(Summer,1993),pp.353-386.
1 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Two-Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes:Why Gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases But Not Others," International Organization,Vol.47,No.3.(Summer,1993),pp.380-382.
2 Leonard J.Schoppa,"Two-Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes:Why Gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases But Not Others," International Organization,Vol.47,No.3.(Summer,1993),p.381.
1 I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato,"Coping With Economic Conflicts," in I.M.Destler and Hideo Sato,eds.,Coping with U.S.-Japanese Economic Conflicts,Lexington,Mass.:Lexington Books,1982,pp.271-272.
2 John Creighton Campbell,"Japan and the United States:Games that Work," in Gerald L.Curtis,ed,Japan's Foreign Policy after the Cold War:Coping with Change,Armonk,N.Y.:M.E.Sharpe,1993,pp.56-57.
3 William Nester,"Rules of Engagement:Psychological and Diplomatic Dynamics of American-Japanese Relations,"Asian Survey,Vol.35,No.4.(Apr.,1995),pp.323-335.
4 R.Harrison Wagner,"Economic Interdependence,Bargaining Power,and Political Influence," International Organization,Vol.42,No.3(Summer,1988),p.441.
5 Mike Mansfield,"The U.S.and Japan:Sharing Our Destinies," Foreign Affairs,Vol.68,Issue 2(Spring 1989),pp.3-15;迈克尔·H·阿马科斯特:《朋友还是对于——前美驻日大使说日本》,于铁军、孙博红译,袁明校,新华出版社,1998年版。
1 William Mark Habeeb,Power and Tactics in International Negotiation:How Weak Nations Bargain with Strong Nations,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1988,pp.130-140.
2 对于日本应对美国贸易外压的策略的分析可参见:Alan Wm.Wolff and Thomas R.Howell,"Japan," in Thomas R.Howell,ed.,Conflict among Nations:Trade Policies in the 1990s,Boulder:Westview Press,1992,p.125;Edward J.Lincoln,"Whither Trade Policy with Japan?" The Japanese Economy,Vol.30,No.2,March- April 2002,pp.29-41;Aurelia George,"Japan's America Problem:The Japanese Response to U.S.Pressure," The Washington Quarterly,1991Summer,Vol.14,No.3;中戶祐夫『日米通商摩擦の政治經濟学』ミネルヴァ書房、33-49頁。
1 Pat Choate,Agents of Influence:How Japan's Lobbyists in the United States Manipulate America's Political and Economic System,New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1990.
2 Chalmers Johnson,"Trade,Revisionism,and the Future of Japanese-American Relations," in Kozo Yamamura,ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Should It Change?,Seattle:Society for Japanese Studies,1990 p.127.
3 Marcus Noland,"US-Japan Trade Friction and its Dilemmas for US Policy," The World Economy,Vol.18,No.2(March 1995),p.257.
1 Aurelia George Mulgan,"The Role of Foreign Pressure(Gaiatsu) in Japan's Agricultural Trade Liberalisation,"Australia-Japan Research Center,Pacific Economic Papers,NO.266,April 1997,p.12,50.
2 Ryutaro Komiya and Kazutomo lrie,"The U.S.-Japan Trade Problem:An Economic Analysis from a Japanese Viewpoint," in Kozo Yamamura,ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Should It Change? Seattle:Society for Japanese Studies,1990,p.87.
4 Chalmers Johnson,"Trade,Revisionism,and the Future of Japanese-American Relations," in Kozo Yamamura,ed.,Japan's Economic Structure:Should It Change?,Seattle:Society for Japanese Studies,1990,p.127.
1 Aurelia George Mulgan,"The Role of Foreign Pressure(Gaiatsu) in Japan's Agricultural Trade Liberalisation,"Australia-Japan Research Center,Pacific Economic Papers,NO.266,April 1997,p.28.
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3 中川淳司:《日本对外经济政策的演变(下)——从日美产业结构调整磋商到东亚共同体构想的提出》,白巴根译,《太平洋学报》,2007年第2期,第10页。
4 Ichiro Araki,"The Evolution of Japan's Aggressive Legalism," The World Economy,Vol.29 Issue 6(June 2006),p.786.
1 Amy E.Searight,"International Organizations," in Steven K.Vogel,ed.,U.S.-Japan Relations in a Changing World,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2002,p.176.
2 日本外務省「WTO紛争解決制度 日本の当事国案件」、http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/wto/funso/funsou.html.
1 Saadia M.Pekkanen,"Aggressive Legalism:The Rules of the WTO and Japan's Emerging Trade Strategy," The World Economy,Volume 24,No.5(2001),707-737;Saadia M.Pekkanen,"The Legal Evolution of Japan's Trade Liberalization Politics," in Saadia M.Pekkanen and Kelle S.Tsai,eds.,Japan and China in the Worm Political Economy,London and New York:Routledge,2005,p.71,84.
2 Saadia M.Pekkanen,"International Law,Industry and the State:Explaining Japan's Complainant Activities at the WTO," The Pacific Review,Vol.16 No.3,2003,p.292.
3 Saadia M.Pekkanen,"At Play in the Legal Realm:The WTO and the Changing Nature of U.S.-Japan Antidumping Disputes," in Ellis S.Krauss and T.J.Pempel,eds.,BeyondBilateralism:U.S.-Japan Relations in the New Asia-Pacific,Stanford,Cal.:Stanford University Press,2004,pp.221-247.
4 Kuniko P.Ashizawa,"Japan,the United States,and Multilateral Institution-Building in the Asia-Pacific:APEC and ARF," in Ellis S.Krauss and T.J.Pempel,eds.,BeyondBilateralism:U.S.-Japan Relations in the New Asia-Pacific,Cal.:Stanford University Press,2004,pp.248-271.
1 Ellis S.Krauss and T.J.Pempel,"Beyond Bilateralism-Towards Divided Dependence,"in Ellis S.Krauss and T.J.Pempel,eds.,Beyond Bilateralism:U.S.-Japan Relations in the New Asia-Pacific,Cal.:Stanford University Press,2004,p.319.
2 日本外務省「WTO紛争解決制度日本の当事国案件」、http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/6aiko/wto/funso/funsou.html.
1 保罗·肯尼迪:《大国的兴哀:1500-2000年的经济变迁与军事冲突》,陈景彪等译,国际文化出版公司,2006年版。
2 以下分析主要引自贺平:《中国与WTO:从适应到建设》,《世界经济研究》,2006年第12期;樊勇明、贺平:《中国是多边贸易体制的积极建设者》,《复旦学报(社会科学版)》,2006年第6期。
3 Richard Holbrook,"Japan and the United States:Ending the Unequal Partnership",Foreign Affairs,Winter 1991/1992,Vol.70,No.5,p.43.
4 Koichi Hamada,"Behind the US/Japan Trade Conflict",The World Economy,March 1995,Vol.18,Issue.2,p.270.
1 中华人民共和国商务部:《WTO首次对华贸易政策审议中中国政府的政策声明》,http://sms.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/xxfb/200605/20060502133041.html.
2 中华人民共和国商务部新闻办公室:《2005年专稿:我国应对贸易摩擦工作取得显著成效》,中华人民共和国商务部网站,2006年1月13日,http://bgt.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/xxfb/200601/20060101363167.html.
3 例如可参见:"2005 Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission",One Hundred Ninth Congress,First Session,Washington:U.S.Government Printing Office,November 2005.
4 中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室:《中国的和平发展道路》,《人民日报》,2005年12月23日,第15版。
1 《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》,《人民日报》,2006年3月17日,第1版。
2 中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室:《中国的和平发展道路》白皮书,北京,2005年12月22日。
《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》,《人民日报》,2006年3月17日,第1版。
I.M.戴斯勒:《美国贸易政治》,王恩冕、于少蔚译,中国市场出版社,2006年版.
阿维纳什·K·迪克西特:《经济政策的制定:交易成本政治学的视角》,刘元春译,中国人民大学出版社,2004年版。
艾尔·L.希尔曼:《贸易保护的政治经济学》,彭迪译,平新乔校,北京大学出版礼,2005年版。
安场保吉、猪木武德编:《高速增长》,《日本经济史》第8卷,连湘译,三联书店,1997年版。
奧德尔:《世界经济谈判》,孙英春泽,世界知识出版社,2003年版。
保罗·肯尼迪:《大国的兴衰:1500-2000年的经济变迁与军事沖突》,陈景彪等译,国际文化出版公司,2006年版。
保罗·肯尼迪:《大国的兴衰》,蒋葆英等译,中国经济出版社,1989年版。
彼得·J·卡岑斯坦编:《权力与财富之间》,陈刚译,吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版。
布里吉特。斯塔奇等:《外交谈判导论》,陈志敏等译,北京大学出版社,2005年版。
陈继勇、彭斯达:《新经济条件下美国经济周期的演变趋势》,《国际经济评论》,2003年11-12期.
大野健一:《从江户到平成:解密日本经济发展之路》,臧馨、臧新远译,中信出版社,2006年版。
道格拉斯·诺思:《理解经济变迁过程》,钟正生、刑华等译,中国人民大学出版社,2008年版。
樊勇明、贺平:《经贸摩擦与大国崛起——日美经济战对中国的启示》,《日本学刊》,2006年第3期。
樊勇明、贺平:《中国是多边贸易体制的积极建设者》,《复旦学报(社会科学版)》,2006年第6期。
樊勇明:《体制和结构双调整中的日本经济》,《日本学刊》,2003年第1期。
冯昭奎:《21世纪的日本:战略的贫困》,中国城市出版社,2002年版。
弗朗西斯·麦考尔·罗森布拉斯:《国际化与日本的选举政治》,罗伯特。基欧汉、海伦。米尔纳主编:《国际化与国内政治》,姜鹏、董素华泽,北京大学出版社,2003年版。
甘峰:《日本在对美经济贸易中的政治战略及功效》,《日本研究》,1996年第2期。
高柏:《日本经济的悖论——繁荣与停滞的制度性根源》,商务印书馆,2004年版。高淑娟:《日本贸易自由化的过程及启示》,《日本学刊》,2000年第5期。
宫崎义一:《泡沫经济的经济对策:复合萧条论》,陆华生译,中国人民大学出版社,2000年版。
郭定平:《论战后日本政党在外交决策过程中的地位和作用》,《日本学刊》,2003年第2期。
海伦·O.米尔纳、罗伯特·V.基欧汉:《国际化和国内政治:导论》,罗伯特·V.基欧汉、海伦·O.米尔纳主编:《国际化与国内政治》,姜鹏、董素华译,北京大学出版社,2003年版。
汉斯·摩根索:《国际纵横策论—争强权,求和平》,卢明华等译,上海译文出版社,1995年版。
何帆:《国际贸易谈判的政治经济分析:一个初步的框架》,《公共管理学报》,2004第1期.
贺平:《日美贸易摩擦中的美国“对日修正主义”研究》,《世界经济研究》,2008年第1期。
贺平:《中国与WTO:从适应到建设》,《世界经济研究》,2006年第12期。
侯文富:《“东芝事件”及其影响刍议》,《日本学刊》,2000年第1期。
胡方:《日美纺织品贸易摩擦及其问题》,《日本研究》,1997年第2期。
胡方:《日美经济摩擦的理论与实态:我国对日美贸易的对策与建议》,武汉大学出版社,2001年版。
杰弗里·法兰克尔等编:《美国90年代的经济政策》,中信出版社,2004年.
杰弗里·A.弗里登、罗纳德。罗戈斯基:《国际经济对国际政策的影响:分析性综述》,罗伯特·V.基欧汉、海伦·O.米尔纳主编:《国际化与国内政治》,姜鹏、董素华译,北京大学出版社,2003年版。
杰里尔.A.罗赛蒂:《美国对外政策的政治学》,周启朋、傅耀祖等译,世界知识出版社,1997年版.
孔华润:《苏联强权时期的美国(1945—1991)》,孔华润主编:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(第四卷),王琛译.新华出版社,2004年版。
理查德.雷恩:《政府与企业——比较视角下的美国政治经济体制》,何俊志译,复旦大学出版社,2007年版。
林尚立:《政党政治与现代化》,上海人民出版社,1998年版。
刘红:《日本“入关”后的产业保护及其启示》,《日本研究》,2002年第1期。
罗伯特·基欧汉:《霸权之后——世界政治经济中的合作与纷争》,苏长和等译,上海人民出版社。
罗伯特·吉尔平:《国际关系政治经济学》,杨宇光译,经济科学出版社,1989年版。
罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球政治经济学:解读国际经济秩序》,杨宇光、杨炯译,上海人民出版社,2003年版。
罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战:21世纪的世界经济》,杨宇光、杨炯译,上海人民出版社,2001年版。
罗伯特·吉尔平:《世界政治中的战争与变革》,武军等译,中国人民大学出版社,1994年版。
罗纳德.麦金农、大野健一:《美元与日元——化解美日两国的经济冲突》,王信译,上海远东出版社,1999年版.
马文秀、裴桂芬:《日本的全套型产业结构与日美贸易摩擦》,《日本学刊》,2008年第2期。
迈克尔·H·阿马科斯特:《朋友还是对手——前美驻日大使说日本》,于铁军、孙博红译,袁明校,新华出版社,1998年版。
迈克尔·J·希斯考克斯:《国际贸易与政治冲突——贸易、联盟与要素流动程度》,于扬杰译,中国人民大学出版社,2005年版。
曼瑟·奧尔森:《国家的兴衰:经济增长、滞胀和社会僵化》,李增刚译,上海人民出版社,2007年版。
南博:《日本人论:从明治维新到现代》,邱琡雯译,广西师范大学出版社,2007年版.
桥本寿郎、长谷川信、宮岛英昭:《现代日本经济》,戴晓芙译,上海财经大学出版社,2001年版.
青木昌彦等编著:《市场的作用国家的作用》,林家彬等译,中国发展出版社,2002年版。
塞缪尔.亨廷顿:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》,周琪等译,新华出版社,2002年版。
榊原英资:《日本的结构改革》,《经济学消息报》,2002年4月12日。
升味准之辅:《日本政治史》,董果良译,商务印书馆,1997年版.
盛斌:《国际贸易政策的政治经济学:理论与经验方法》,《国际政治研究》,2006年第2期。
王逸舟:《全球政治和中国外交——寻求新的视角与解释》,世界知识出版社,2003年版。
王允贵:《“广场协议”对日本经济的影响及启示》,《国际经济评论》,2004年1-2期。
五百旗头真主编:《战后日本外交史:1945-2005》,吴万虹译,世界知识出版社,2007年版。
徐梅:《外资并购日本企业的进展及趋势》,《日本学刊》,2006年第1期。
徐万胜:《利益诱导与自民党政权——以自民党农林族议员为视角》,《日本学刊》,2002年第3期。
尹翔硕、李春顶、孙磊:《国际贸易摩擦的类型、原因、效应及化解途径》,《世界经济》,2007年第7期。
游国龙、尚会鹏:《白民党得票率与日本的米价——对自民党统治与其农业政策关系的数量分析》,《日本学刊》,2004年第3期。
俞正梁等:《大国战略研究:未来世界的美、俄、日、欧(盟)和中国》,中央编译出版社,1998年版。
曾卡:《贸易结构与美国单边威胁性贸易政策的实效性》,《世界经济与政治》,2004年第4期。
张季风:《挣脱萧条:1990—2006年的日本经济》,社会科学文献出版社,2006年版.
张敏谦:《美国全球战略剖析——从“世界新秩序”到“克林顿主义”》,《美国研究》,2000年第4期。
赵瑾:《全球化与经济摩擦:日美经济摩擦的理论与实证研究》,商务印书馆,2002年版.
中川淳司:《日本对外经济政策的演变(下)——从日美产业结构调整磋商到东亚共同体构想的提出》,白巴根译,《太平洋学报》,2007年第2期。
中村隆英编:《“计划化”和“民主化”》,《日本经济史》第7卷,胡企林、胡靖、林华译,三联书店,1997年版。
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室:《中国的和平发展道路》,《人民日报》,2005年12月23日,第15版。
中华人民共和国商务部:《WTO首次对华贸易政策审议中中国政府的政策声明》,http://sms.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/xxfb/200605/20060502133041.html.
中华人民共和国商务部新闻办公室:《2005午专稿:我国应对贸易摩擦工作取得显著成效》,中华人民共和国商务部网站,2006年1月13日,http://bgt.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/xxfb/200601/20060101363167.html.
周泽红:《日本应对贸易摩擦的经验及启示——以日美贸易摩擦为例》,《现代日本经济》,2006年第1期。
朱天飙:《国际政治经济学与比较政治经济学》,《世界经济与政治》,2005年第3期.
朱颖:《日美经贸关系的新变化》,《日本学刊》,2007年第3期。
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「[政治考現学]經濟再生に「外压」 米賴みで改革も」、『読壳新聞』、1998年8月31日、東京朝刊、03頁。
「[追跡]20世紀 21世紀への伝言 日米繊維交涉——安原和雄さん」、『每日新聞』、1999年5月3日、東京朝刊、21頁。
「「外圧」効果小さく——对日通商政策で米議会が報告書」、『日本經濟新聞』、1995年8月 24日、夕刊、2頁。
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「AP通信調查 經濟摩擦での对日制裁·報復 米の85%が贊成」、『產經新聞』、1994年3月7日、東京朝刊、綴合·内政面。
「MOSS討議に閧する日米共同報告,分野別討議に閧する日米共同報告」、『日米关係資 料集:1945-97』、1082—1089頁、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.ip/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19860110.OIJ.html.
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「構造協議、日米經濟融合の一里塚——編集委員小島明氏(經济教室)」、『日本經济新聞』、1990午7月6日、朝刊、27頁。
「国際協調のための經濟構造調整研究会報告書(経構研報告)」、http://www.komazawa-u.ac.jp/~kobamasa/lecture/japaneco/maekawarep.htm.
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「在米日本大使館 經濟摩擦消之、政治案件增大のおり… 担当者、「經濟」の半分」、『產 經新聞』、2002年8月29日、東京朝刊、総合·內政面。
「社說:戰後60年で考える 日本經濟 外压依存症からの脱却を」、『每日新聞』、2005年1月11日、東京朝刊、5頁、社說。
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「对米自動車輪出自主規制に关する田中六助通產相声明」、『日米关係資料集:1945-97』、1001-1002頁、『日刊自動車新聞』、1981年5月9日、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19810501.O1J.html.
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「日米構造問題協議最終報告」、『日米闋係資料集:1945-97』、1186-1198頁、『日米構造問題協議最終報告」(財)通商產業調查、1990年http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19900628.O1J.html.
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「日米通商問題、個別分野の影が薄く 協調優先、色濃く——日米首腦会談」、『每日新聞』、1996年4月18曰、東京朝刊、11頁.
「日米農產物交涉合意確認の書簡日米闋係資料集」、『日米关係資料集:1945-97』、1045-1047頁、『日本農業新聞』、1984年8月15日、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/docurnents/texts/JPUS/19840814.O1J.html.
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「日米包括協議非公式再開秒読み 米軟化?「冷戰終結」も」、『產経新聞』、1994年5月14日、東京朝刊、經濟面。
「日米貿易、「疑似管理」拡大も——慶応義塾大学助教授竹中平蒇氏(經濟教室)」、『日本經濟新聞』、1995年7月5日、朝刊、29頁。
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「日本纖維產業連盟の对米纖維輸出自主規制に闋する宣言」、『日米关係資料集:1945-97』、817-818頁、日本繊維新聞社提供資料、http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19710308.O1J.html.
「米国民の日米世論調查 貿易·經濟で日本の改善望む」、『產經新聞』、1994年2月8日、東京朝刊、結合·內政面。
「貿易摩擦、米にも理解 「闋係良好」も68%——総理府外交世論調查」、『每日新聞』、1994年2月14日、東京朝刊、2頁。
「民主党にも「農林族」』、『朝日新聞』、2007年10月22日、第13版。
『大規模小壳店舗における小壳業の事業活動の調整に关する法律』、昭和48年10月1日法律第109号。
『大規模小壳店鋪立地法』、平成10年6月3日法律第91号、經濟產業省商務情報政策局流通政策課、http://www.rneti.go.jp/policy/distribution/downloadfiles/rittihou.pdf.
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安延申「日米次官級經濟協議と日米貿易委員会」、「日米財界人会議」、「日米賢人会議」、行天豐雄、黑田真編『日米經濟問題100のキ一ワ一ド』有斐閣、1992年。
安倍晋三『美しい国へ』文藝春秋、2006年。
安保哲夫、柴垣和夫、河合正弘編『日米关係の構図-相互依存と摩擦』ミネルヴァ書房、1992年。
伊藤元「对米乗用車輪出自主規制」、行天豊雄、黑田真編『曰米經濟問題100のキ一ワ一ド』有斐閣、1992年。
伊藤元重、奧野正寬編『通商問題の政治經濟学』日本經濟新聞社、1991年。
宮島良明 大泉啓一郎『中国の台頭上東アジア域內貿易World Trade Atlas(1996-2006)の分析から』、『現代中国研究拠点研究シリ一ズ』、No.1、東京大学社会科学研究所、2008年。
宫里政玄、国際大学日米关係研究所編『日米構造摩擦の研究:相互干涉の新段階を探る』日本經濟新聞社、1990年。
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金川徹『日米貿易摩擦—对立と協調の構図』啓文社、1989年。
經濟產業省/通商產業省『通商白書』、各年。
原口幸市「日米包括經濟協議—背景·經緯·課題』、『国際問題』、1995年2月、No.419.
原正行「「外压」の政治·經濟学」、『國民經濟雜誌』、174(3)、1996年9月。
原田泰『日米闋係の經濟史』筑摩書房、1995年。
古城佳子『經濟的相互依存上国家—国際收支不均衡是正の政治經濟学』木鐸社、1996年。
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黑田真『日米关係の考え方-貿易摩擦を生きて-』有斐閣、1989年。
佐竹正夫「摩擦は沈静化したか-1990年代の日米貿易交涉」、『国際文化研究科論集』、No.8、2000年。
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佐藤英夫『日米經濟摩擦:1945-1990年』平凡社、1991年。
佐藤定幸編『日米經濟摩擦の構図』有斐閣、1987年.
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細谷千博『日米闋係通史』東京大学出版会、1995年。
榊原英資『進步主義からの訣別——日本異質論者の罪』謊壳新聞社、1996年。
山本吉宣「相互主義—その理論上政治過程」、山影進編『相互依存時代の国際摩擦』東京大学出版会、1988年。
山本吉宣『国際的相互依存』東京大学出版会、1989年。
山本满「<外圧—反応>の循璟を超えて」、細谷千博、有賀貞編『国際環境の变容と日米关係』東京大学出版会、1987年。
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春名幹男「經濟冶戰からの脱却」、外交政策決定要因研究会編『日本の外交政策決定要因』PHP研究所、1999年。
小宫隆太郎『貿易黑字·赤字の經濟学:日米摩擦の愚かさ』東洋經濟新報社、1994年。
小原喜雄『日米貿易交涉とWTO」、『国際問題』、1999年5月、No.470。
小倉和夫『日米經濟摩擦——表の事情·ウラの事情』日本經濟新聞社、1991年。
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小峰隆夫『經濟摩擦:国際化と日本の選捉』日本經濟新聞社、1986年。
小野直樹『戰後日米闋係の国際政治經濟分析』慶応義塾大学出版会、2002年。
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#12
森山昌俊『規制緩和の輸入掂大効果』、『ESP』、No.298、1997年。
須田祐子「日本の電気通信政策をめぐる外压と国內政治」、『国際政治』、第122号、1999年9月。
#12
盛田昭夫、石原慎太郎『「NO」と言える日本:新日米关係の方策』光文社、1989年。
西山英彦「日米建設問題」、行天豐雄、黑田真編『日米經濟問題100のキ一ワ一ド』有斐閣、1992年。
青木健、馬田啓一編著『日米經濟关係論—米国の通商戰略と日本』勁草書房、2006年。
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船橋洋一『通貨烈烈』朝日新聞社、1988年。
船橋洋一『日米經濟摩擦:その舞台裏』岩波書店、1987年。
草野厚『日米經濟摩擦—連統性と多樣性」、『国際問題』、1996年2月。
草野厚「日本の地方から見た日米闋係,一九八五年から一九九三」、草野厚、梅本哲也編『現 代日本外交の分析』東京大学出版会、1995年。
草野厚「米国对日通商政策の国内的視点」、『国際問題』、1989年12月、第357号。
草野厚『アメリカ議会と日米关係』中央公論社、1991年。
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大矢根聡『日米韓半導体摩擦:通商交涉の政治經濟学』有信堂高文社、2000年。
#12
淹田洋一著、鹿島平和研究所編『日米通貨交涉20年目の真実』日本經濟新聞社、2006年。
谷口捋紀『日本の对米貿易交涉』東京大学出版会、1997年.
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竹中平蒇『日米摩擦の經濟学』日本經濟新聞社、1991年。
中戶祐夫『日米通商摩擦の政治經濟学』ミネルヴァ書房、2003年。
中小企業厅『中小企業白書2006年版』。
中川淳司「規制緩和の国際的文脈」、橋本寿朗、中川淳司編『規制緩和の政治經濟学』有斐閣、2000年。
猪口孝、岩井奉信『「族議員」の研究—自民党政権を牛耳る主役たち』日本經濟新聞社、1987年。
猪口孝「通商問題の政治学—相互依存の深化上政治問題としての通商問題」、伊藤元重、奧 野正寬編『通商問題の政治經濟学』日本經濟新聞社、1991年。
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田中明彦『日米經濟关係の政治過程」、『国際問題』、1988年3月、第336号.
田中明彦「日本外交上国內政治の連関——外压の政治学」、『国際問題』、1989年3月、第348号。
渡边美智雄·柿澤弘治·伊吹文明『新保守革命』ネスュ、1994年。
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東力『經濟大国日本の生きる道:日米經濟摩擦にどら对処する』東洋堂企画出版社、1985 年。
#12
日本外務省 「WTO紛争解決制度日本の当事国案件」、http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/wto/funso/funsou.html.
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#12
日本外務省「日米經濟关係早わかり(平成19年11月)」、http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/usa/keizai/j_us.pdf.
日本外務省「日米經濟关係年表(1970年代以降)」、http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/usa/keizai/nenpyo.html.
日本外務省「米国における对日世論調查(平成19年)」、http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/usa/yoron07/pdfs/2007_1.pdf.
日本外務省『外交青書』、各年。
#12
本間長世「日米闋係の性格一まとめと展望」、細谷千博、本間長世編『日米闋係史新版』有斐閣、1991年。
#12
野口均『日米通貨交涉2000日大蔵財務官たちの闘い』日本經濟新聞出版社、1995年。
薮中三十二『对米經濟交涉:摩擦の実像』サイマル出版会、1991年.
落合浩太郎『日米經濟摩擦:全体像を求めて』慶応通信、1994年。
#12
"2005 Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission," One Hundred Ninth Congress,First Session,Washington D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Orifice,November 2005.
"American Public Opinion and Foreign Policy 2002," Chicago Council on Foreign Relations.
"Announcement the Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of France,Germany,Japan,the United Kingdom,and the United States," September 22,1985,www.mof.go.jp/english/if/g7_850922.pdf.
"Beyond Japan-bashing:The 'Gang of Four' Defends the Revisionist Line," U.S.News and World Report(May 7,1990).
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"Japan's Clout in the U.S.:Its Translating Economic Might into Influence," Business Week(July 11,1988).
"Japanese Invite Trade Hard-Line;Tough U.S.Stance Could Spur Change,Prime Minister Says,"The Washington Post,April 12,1993,A 1.
"Rethinking Japan:The New,Harder Line toward Tokyo," Business Week(August 7,1989).
"The Application of the Super 301 Provisions to Japan,Statement on United States Action Against Foreign Trade Barriers" and "The Application of the Super 301 Provisions to Japan,Statement of Ambassador CarlaA.Hills," 『日米关系资料集:1945-97』,pp.1163-1165,Public Papers of the Presidents:George H.W.Bush,1989,1,pp.607-608,http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19890525.S1E.html.
"The Settlement of U.S.-Japanese Conflict on Automobile and Auto Parts Trade,Statement by Ambassador Kantor," 『日米关系资料集:1945-97』,pp.1321-1322,http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/～worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19950516.S3E.html.
#12
"Where the Jobs Are," Business Week(February 2,1987).
Aggarwal,Vinod K.,Keohane,Robert O.,and Yoffie,David B.,"The Dynamics of Negotiated Protectionism," The American Political Science Review,Vol.81,No.2.(Jun.,1987).
Allison,Graham T.,Essence of Decision:Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis,Boston:Little Brown,1971.
Altman,Roger C.,"Why Pressure Tokyo?" Foreign Affairs,May/June 1994.
Anchordoguy, Marie, Computers Inc., Japan's Challenge to IBM, Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1989.
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