在役海底管道安全评估
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摘要
随着海洋油气开采与运输事业的不断发展,作为目前最主要的油气输送工具,海底管道系统发挥着越来越重要的作用。由于海底管道处在恶劣的海洋环境中,承受着各种环境因素的影响,管道能否在营运期间安全运行引起了人们的广泛关注,因此对在役海底管道进行安全评估显得具有很强的现实意义。
本文对海底管道安全评估工作的几个方面分别进行了研究。具体工作内容如下:
1.研究了DNV OS F101中基于极限状态设计的海底管道可靠性设计方法以及分项系数法的基本原理,总结了用荷载抗力系数设计法(LRFD)进行管道结构强度设计的基本过程,并与基于工作应力(ASD)的CCS《海底管道系统规范》设计方法进行了比较。
2.分析了海底管道悬跨段涡激振动形成机理及其特点。以悬跨振动控制方程,求解其固有频率。然后分别从静态和动态角度,以不同的标准推导出海底管道的允许悬跨长度。并将这些不同的方法与标准加以比较说明。
3.基于现有的腐蚀海底管道爆破试验数据,选取国际上通用的ASME-B31G、DNV-RP-F101和PCORRC方法等评估腐蚀海底管道剩余强度方法,在失效压力计算公式、安全准则和失效标准等方面进行了对比分析。
4.针对常用方法的保守性,以结构在全塑性状态时的参考应力的定义为基础,提出了确定腐蚀海底管道的极限载荷的参考应力法。应用ABAQUS有限元软件,进行了一系列含有不同腐蚀缺陷尺寸的有限元模型非线性分析。通过监测最小截面上的von Mises应力Oσ_(local),确定了σ_(local)与施加的压力之间的关系。基于这种关系,提出了一种简单而又准确的确定腐蚀管道剩余强度的新方法。
With the quick development of ocean oil gas exploitation and transportation, subsea pipeline system is playing a more and more vital role as the main means of transportation at present. Subsea pipelines are influenced by various environmental factors in the bad marine environment. Whether the pipelines can be safe in operation has been arousing people's widespread interest. Therefore, the safety assessment for subsea pipeline in service appears very important.
Several aspects of pipeline safety assessment work have been researched. The details are as follows:
1. Subsea pipeline reliability design method based on limit state design and the basal principle of partial safety factor methodology in DNV OS F101 code are researched. The load and resistance factor design(LRFD) method and process for submarine pipeline strength design are summarized in comparison with CCS subsea pipeline system code which is based on allowable stress design(ASD).
2. The vortex induced vibration (VIV) mechanism of pipeline free span and its characteristic are analyzed. The free span natural frequency is derived for the vibration governed equation. Then the allowable free span length is derived according to different standard, and from the view of static state and dynamic state. Then these approaches are compared with each other.
3. Based on the corroded pipeline burst test data, the compared study of international general methods ASME-B31G, DNV-RP-F101 and PCORRC is carrier out in the aspect of failure pressure calculation formula, safety criterion and failure standard.
4. In view of the commonly used method conservation, the reference stress approach to estimate the limit load of corroded pipeline is proposed based on the reference stress definition of the full plastic structure. Nonlinear finite element analyses of pipe containing different dimensional corrosive defects are carrier out by use of the ABAQUS finite element software. The relationship between the applied pressure and the von Mises stress in the minimum ligament is found. According to this relationship, an accurate and simple new method to estimate the residual strength of corroded pipeline is proposed.
本文对海底管道安全评估工作的几个方面分别进行了研究。具体工作内容如下:
1.研究了DNV OS F101中基于极限状态设计的海底管道可靠性设计方法以及分项系数法的基本原理,总结了用荷载抗力系数设计法(LRFD)进行管道结构强度设计的基本过程,并与基于工作应力(ASD)的CCS《海底管道系统规范》设计方法进行了比较。
2.分析了海底管道悬跨段涡激振动形成机理及其特点。以悬跨振动控制方程,求解其固有频率。然后分别从静态和动态角度,以不同的标准推导出海底管道的允许悬跨长度。并将这些不同的方法与标准加以比较说明。
3.基于现有的腐蚀海底管道爆破试验数据,选取国际上通用的ASME-B31G、DNV-RP-F101和PCORRC方法等评估腐蚀海底管道剩余强度方法,在失效压力计算公式、安全准则和失效标准等方面进行了对比分析。
4.针对常用方法的保守性,以结构在全塑性状态时的参考应力的定义为基础,提出了确定腐蚀海底管道的极限载荷的参考应力法。应用ABAQUS有限元软件,进行了一系列含有不同腐蚀缺陷尺寸的有限元模型非线性分析。通过监测最小截面上的von Mises应力Oσ_(local),确定了σ_(local)与施加的压力之间的关系。基于这种关系,提出了一种简单而又准确的确定腐蚀管道剩余强度的新方法。
With the quick development of ocean oil gas exploitation and transportation, subsea pipeline system is playing a more and more vital role as the main means of transportation at present. Subsea pipelines are influenced by various environmental factors in the bad marine environment. Whether the pipelines can be safe in operation has been arousing people's widespread interest. Therefore, the safety assessment for subsea pipeline in service appears very important.
Several aspects of pipeline safety assessment work have been researched. The details are as follows:
1. Subsea pipeline reliability design method based on limit state design and the basal principle of partial safety factor methodology in DNV OS F101 code are researched. The load and resistance factor design(LRFD) method and process for submarine pipeline strength design are summarized in comparison with CCS subsea pipeline system code which is based on allowable stress design(ASD).
2. The vortex induced vibration (VIV) mechanism of pipeline free span and its characteristic are analyzed. The free span natural frequency is derived for the vibration governed equation. Then the allowable free span length is derived according to different standard, and from the view of static state and dynamic state. Then these approaches are compared with each other.
3. Based on the corroded pipeline burst test data, the compared study of international general methods ASME-B31G, DNV-RP-F101 and PCORRC is carrier out in the aspect of failure pressure calculation formula, safety criterion and failure standard.
4. In view of the commonly used method conservation, the reference stress approach to estimate the limit load of corroded pipeline is proposed based on the reference stress definition of the full plastic structure. Nonlinear finite element analyses of pipe containing different dimensional corrosive defects are carrier out by use of the ABAQUS finite element software. The relationship between the applied pressure and the von Mises stress in the minimum ligament is found. According to this relationship, an accurate and simple new method to estimate the residual strength of corroded pipeline is proposed.
引文
[1]冯耀荣,王新虎,赵冬岩.油气输送失效事故的调查与分析.中国海上油气(工程),1999,11(5):11-14.
[2]Herbich J B.Offshore Pipeline Design Elements.New York:MARCEL DEKKER INC,1981.6-7.
[3]DET NORSKE VERITAS,OS-F101 Submarine Pipelines Systems,2000
[4]DET NORSKE VERITAS,Rules for Submarine Pipelines Systems,1996
[5]DET NORSKE VERITAS,Rules for Submarine Pipelines Systems,1981
[6]中国船级社.海底管道系统规范.人民交通出版社,1992
[7]Jiao,G.et al.The SUPERB Project:Wall-thickness Design Guideline for Pressure Containment Offshore Pipeline.Proc.of OMAE 1996
[8]马良.海底管道在水流作用时诱发的振动效应.中国海洋平台,2000(4):30-34
[9]唐友刚,李长升,李小敏.悬空管线的振动特性分析.海洋工程,1995(13):70-74
[10]唐友刚等.悬空管线涡激振动强度分析.天津大学学报,1996,第29卷第2期:247-252
[11]G.K.Furnes,J.Berntsen.On the Response of A Free Span Pipeline Subjected to Ocean Currents.Ocean Engineering,2003(30):1553-1577
[12]K.Y.Lam,Q.X.Wang,Z.Zong.A Nonlinear Fluid-structure Interaction Analysis of a near Bed Submarine Pipeline in A Current.Journal of Fluid and Structure,2002,16(8):1171-1191
[13]王维.确定海底埋设输油管线允限冲刷长度的一种实用方法.西南石油学院学报,1996,18(3):94-97
[14]杨新华,郭海燕等.考虑阻尼海底管道的动力特性及允许悬空长度.海洋工程,2005,第23卷第1期
[15]Choi H S.Free Spanning Analysis of Offshore Pipelines.Ocean Engineering,2001(28):1325-1338.
[16]American Society of Mechanical Engineer.ANSI/ASME B31G-1984Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines.New York:ASME B31 Committee,1984.
[17]American Society of Mechanical Engineer.ANSI/ASME B31G-1991Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines.New York:ASME B31 Committee,1991.
[18]DET NORSKE VERITAS,RP-F101 Corroded Pipelines,1999
[19]Stephens D R,LeiB N,Kurre M D,et al.Development of Alternative Criterion for Residual Strength of Corrosion Defects in Moderate to High Toughness Pipe.Catalog No.L51794e.1999
[20]Yung-Shih Wang.An Elastic Limit Criterion for the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipe.ASME OMAE 10~(th)Int.Conf.off.Mech.Arctic Engrg,Stavanger,Norway,1991,5:179-186
[21]Bin Fu,Mike G Kirkword.Predicting Failure Pressure of Internally Corroded Pipeline using the Finite Element Method.ASME OMAE 13th International Conference of Mechanic Arctic Engineering,Houston,1995,5:175-184
[22]Hopkins,P&Jones,D.G.A Study of the Behavior of Long and Complex-shape Corroded in Transmission Pipeline.ASME OMAE 11~(th)Int.Conf.off.Mech.Arctic Engrg,Calgary,Canada,1992,vol.5:211-217
[23]蔡文军,陈国明,潘东民.腐蚀管线剩余强度的非线性分析.石油大学学报,1999,第23卷第一期:66-68
[24]谭开忍,肖熙.含有腐蚀缺陷海底管道极限载荷分析.海洋工程,2006,第24卷第3期
[25]帅健.油气管道的极限状态设计方法.石油规划设计,2002,第13期第1卷:18-21
[26]CIRIA Report.Dynamics of Marine Structures.
[27]A.H.Mouselli.海底管道设计分析及方法.海洋出版社,1984
[28]余建星,李红涛.波流联合作用下海底管跨疲劳失效分析.天津大学学报,2006,第39卷第9期:1015-1020
[29]隋信众,方华灿.海底管线管跨的安全可靠性评估.石油矿场机械,1998,第27卷第6期:22-25
[30]方华灿.油气长输管线的安全可靠性分析.石油工业出版社,2002
[31]方同,薛璞.振动理论及应用.西北工业大学出版社,1998
[32]United States Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service.Assessment and Analysis of Unsupported Subsea Pipeline Span,1997
[33]聂武,刘玉秋.海洋工程结构动力分析.哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2002
[34]DET NORSKE VERITAS,RP-F105 free spanning pipelines,2002
[35]ASME B31.8.Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems,1999
[36]董丽丽,徐慧,郭振邦.海底管道悬跨长度的计算.中国海上油气(工程),2003第15卷第6期
[37]Kiefner J.F.and Duffy A.R.Summary of Research to Determine the Strength of Corroded Areas in Line Pipe.U.S.Department of transportation,1971
[38]Kiefner J F and Vieth P H.A Modified Criterion for Evaluating the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipes,RSTRENG PREOJECT PR3-805 PIPELINE research committee,1989,Dec.22
[39]Kiefner J F and Vieth P H.New Method Corrects Criterion for Evaluating Corroded Pipe.Oil and Gas Journal,1990,Aug.6
[40]Duane S Cronin,Roy J Pick.Experimental Database for Corroded Pipe:Evaluation of RSTRENG and B31G.International Pipeline Conference -vol2 ASME2000,757-767
[41]Hahn G.T.,Sarrate M.and Rosenfield A.R.Int.J.Fracture Mechanics,1969(5):187-210
[42]ASME XI IWB-3650&APPENDIX H,Flaw evaluation procedures and acceptance criteria for pipeline,the ASME,NY,1992
[43]WIIkowski G.M,J.Eiber.Evaluation of Tensile Failure of Girth Weld Repair grooves in pipe Subjected to offshore laying Stresses.Journal of Energy resource Technology,vol.103,48-55,1981.
[44]Moulin D,et al.French Experiment Studies of Circumferentially through-wall Cracked Austenic Pipes under Static Bending.Int.J.of Pressure Vessel and Piping,1993,vol 65,343-352
[45]Bartholome G,biesselt R W.The Application of Leak-Before-Break Concepts on Nuclear Piping of KWU-plants,IAEA-Meeting on Recent Trends in the Development of Primary Circuit Technology,Madrid,25-28,Nov,1985,Section3;Fracture Assessment and Associated and Topics,paper 1.
[46]Folias E.S.The Stresses in a Cylinder Shell Containing an Axial Crack.Int.J.fracture mechanics,1964,vol.1(1):104-113
[47]Mok D.H.B.et al.Bursting of Line Pipe with Long External Corrosion.Journal of Pressure Vessel and Piping,1991,46:159-216
[48]Adllson Carvalho Benjamin.Predicting the Failure Pressure of Pipeline Containing Nonuniform Depth Corrosion Defects using the Finite Element Method.22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering,Cancun,Mexico,2003
[49]沈士明,郑逸翔.含局部减薄缺陷管道的极限载荷与安定评定.石油机械,2004,第32卷第6期:17-20
[50]陈钢,刘应华.结构塑性极限与安定分析理论及工程方法.科学出版社,2006
[51]Save M.Experimental Verification of Plastic Limit Analysis of Torispherical and Toreiconcial Heads.Pressure Vessel and Piping Design and Analysis,I.ASME,1972,382-416
[52]ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,section Ⅲ,Div.1,1971
[53]ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code,section Ⅲ,Div.1,Par 1430,Appendix Ⅱ American society of mechanical engineers,NY,1974
[54]ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code,section Ⅲ,Div.2,Par 1,American society of mechanical engineers,NY,1986
[55]Gerdeen J C.A Critical Evaluation of Plastic Behavior Date and A United Definition of Plastic Loads for Pressure Components,number 254,WRC Bulletin,1979
[56]章为民,陆明万,张如一.确定实验极限载荷的零曲率准则.固体力学学报,1989,2:152-159
[57]J.B.Choi et al.Development of Limit Load Solutions for Corroded Gas Pipeline.International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping,2003
[58]R5:An Assessment Procedure for the High Temperature Response of Structures,Revision 2,British Energy,1999
[59]R6:Assessment of the Integrity of Structures Containing Defects,Revision 4.British Energy,2001
[60]Sim R G.Ph D dissertation.University of Cambridge,1968
[61]A.Cosham,P.Hopkins,K.A.Macdonald.Best Practice for Assessment of Defects in Pipeline-corrosion.Engineering Failure Analysis,2007(14):1245-1265
[2]Herbich J B.Offshore Pipeline Design Elements.New York:MARCEL DEKKER INC,1981.6-7.
[3]DET NORSKE VERITAS,OS-F101 Submarine Pipelines Systems,2000
[4]DET NORSKE VERITAS,Rules for Submarine Pipelines Systems,1996
[5]DET NORSKE VERITAS,Rules for Submarine Pipelines Systems,1981
[6]中国船级社.海底管道系统规范.人民交通出版社,1992
[7]Jiao,G.et al.The SUPERB Project:Wall-thickness Design Guideline for Pressure Containment Offshore Pipeline.Proc.of OMAE 1996
[8]马良.海底管道在水流作用时诱发的振动效应.中国海洋平台,2000(4):30-34
[9]唐友刚,李长升,李小敏.悬空管线的振动特性分析.海洋工程,1995(13):70-74
[10]唐友刚等.悬空管线涡激振动强度分析.天津大学学报,1996,第29卷第2期:247-252
[11]G.K.Furnes,J.Berntsen.On the Response of A Free Span Pipeline Subjected to Ocean Currents.Ocean Engineering,2003(30):1553-1577
[12]K.Y.Lam,Q.X.Wang,Z.Zong.A Nonlinear Fluid-structure Interaction Analysis of a near Bed Submarine Pipeline in A Current.Journal of Fluid and Structure,2002,16(8):1171-1191
[13]王维.确定海底埋设输油管线允限冲刷长度的一种实用方法.西南石油学院学报,1996,18(3):94-97
[14]杨新华,郭海燕等.考虑阻尼海底管道的动力特性及允许悬空长度.海洋工程,2005,第23卷第1期
[15]Choi H S.Free Spanning Analysis of Offshore Pipelines.Ocean Engineering,2001(28):1325-1338.
[16]American Society of Mechanical Engineer.ANSI/ASME B31G-1984Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines.New York:ASME B31 Committee,1984.
[17]American Society of Mechanical Engineer.ANSI/ASME B31G-1991Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines.New York:ASME B31 Committee,1991.
[18]DET NORSKE VERITAS,RP-F101 Corroded Pipelines,1999
[19]Stephens D R,LeiB N,Kurre M D,et al.Development of Alternative Criterion for Residual Strength of Corrosion Defects in Moderate to High Toughness Pipe.Catalog No.L51794e.1999
[20]Yung-Shih Wang.An Elastic Limit Criterion for the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipe.ASME OMAE 10~(th)Int.Conf.off.Mech.Arctic Engrg,Stavanger,Norway,1991,5:179-186
[21]Bin Fu,Mike G Kirkword.Predicting Failure Pressure of Internally Corroded Pipeline using the Finite Element Method.ASME OMAE 13th International Conference of Mechanic Arctic Engineering,Houston,1995,5:175-184
[22]Hopkins,P&Jones,D.G.A Study of the Behavior of Long and Complex-shape Corroded in Transmission Pipeline.ASME OMAE 11~(th)Int.Conf.off.Mech.Arctic Engrg,Calgary,Canada,1992,vol.5:211-217
[23]蔡文军,陈国明,潘东民.腐蚀管线剩余强度的非线性分析.石油大学学报,1999,第23卷第一期:66-68
[24]谭开忍,肖熙.含有腐蚀缺陷海底管道极限载荷分析.海洋工程,2006,第24卷第3期
[25]帅健.油气管道的极限状态设计方法.石油规划设计,2002,第13期第1卷:18-21
[26]CIRIA Report.Dynamics of Marine Structures.
[27]A.H.Mouselli.海底管道设计分析及方法.海洋出版社,1984
[28]余建星,李红涛.波流联合作用下海底管跨疲劳失效分析.天津大学学报,2006,第39卷第9期:1015-1020
[29]隋信众,方华灿.海底管线管跨的安全可靠性评估.石油矿场机械,1998,第27卷第6期:22-25
[30]方华灿.油气长输管线的安全可靠性分析.石油工业出版社,2002
[31]方同,薛璞.振动理论及应用.西北工业大学出版社,1998
[32]United States Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service.Assessment and Analysis of Unsupported Subsea Pipeline Span,1997
[33]聂武,刘玉秋.海洋工程结构动力分析.哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2002
[34]DET NORSKE VERITAS,RP-F105 free spanning pipelines,2002
[35]ASME B31.8.Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems,1999
[36]董丽丽,徐慧,郭振邦.海底管道悬跨长度的计算.中国海上油气(工程),2003第15卷第6期
[37]Kiefner J.F.and Duffy A.R.Summary of Research to Determine the Strength of Corroded Areas in Line Pipe.U.S.Department of transportation,1971
[38]Kiefner J F and Vieth P H.A Modified Criterion for Evaluating the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipes,RSTRENG PREOJECT PR3-805 PIPELINE research committee,1989,Dec.22
[39]Kiefner J F and Vieth P H.New Method Corrects Criterion for Evaluating Corroded Pipe.Oil and Gas Journal,1990,Aug.6
[40]Duane S Cronin,Roy J Pick.Experimental Database for Corroded Pipe:Evaluation of RSTRENG and B31G.International Pipeline Conference -vol2 ASME2000,757-767
[41]Hahn G.T.,Sarrate M.and Rosenfield A.R.Int.J.Fracture Mechanics,1969(5):187-210
[42]ASME XI IWB-3650&APPENDIX H,Flaw evaluation procedures and acceptance criteria for pipeline,the ASME,NY,1992
[43]WIIkowski G.M,J.Eiber.Evaluation of Tensile Failure of Girth Weld Repair grooves in pipe Subjected to offshore laying Stresses.Journal of Energy resource Technology,vol.103,48-55,1981.
[44]Moulin D,et al.French Experiment Studies of Circumferentially through-wall Cracked Austenic Pipes under Static Bending.Int.J.of Pressure Vessel and Piping,1993,vol 65,343-352
[45]Bartholome G,biesselt R W.The Application of Leak-Before-Break Concepts on Nuclear Piping of KWU-plants,IAEA-Meeting on Recent Trends in the Development of Primary Circuit Technology,Madrid,25-28,Nov,1985,Section3;Fracture Assessment and Associated and Topics,paper 1.
[46]Folias E.S.The Stresses in a Cylinder Shell Containing an Axial Crack.Int.J.fracture mechanics,1964,vol.1(1):104-113
[47]Mok D.H.B.et al.Bursting of Line Pipe with Long External Corrosion.Journal of Pressure Vessel and Piping,1991,46:159-216
[48]Adllson Carvalho Benjamin.Predicting the Failure Pressure of Pipeline Containing Nonuniform Depth Corrosion Defects using the Finite Element Method.22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering,Cancun,Mexico,2003
[49]沈士明,郑逸翔.含局部减薄缺陷管道的极限载荷与安定评定.石油机械,2004,第32卷第6期:17-20
[50]陈钢,刘应华.结构塑性极限与安定分析理论及工程方法.科学出版社,2006
[51]Save M.Experimental Verification of Plastic Limit Analysis of Torispherical and Toreiconcial Heads.Pressure Vessel and Piping Design and Analysis,I.ASME,1972,382-416
[52]ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,section Ⅲ,Div.1,1971
[53]ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code,section Ⅲ,Div.1,Par 1430,Appendix Ⅱ American society of mechanical engineers,NY,1974
[54]ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code,section Ⅲ,Div.2,Par 1,American society of mechanical engineers,NY,1986
[55]Gerdeen J C.A Critical Evaluation of Plastic Behavior Date and A United Definition of Plastic Loads for Pressure Components,number 254,WRC Bulletin,1979
[56]章为民,陆明万,张如一.确定实验极限载荷的零曲率准则.固体力学学报,1989,2:152-159
[57]J.B.Choi et al.Development of Limit Load Solutions for Corroded Gas Pipeline.International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping,2003
[58]R5:An Assessment Procedure for the High Temperature Response of Structures,Revision 2,British Energy,1999
[59]R6:Assessment of the Integrity of Structures Containing Defects,Revision 4.British Energy,2001
[60]Sim R G.Ph D dissertation.University of Cambridge,1968
[61]A.Cosham,P.Hopkins,K.A.Macdonald.Best Practice for Assessment of Defects in Pipeline-corrosion.Engineering Failure Analysis,2007(14):1245-1265