船舶燃油消耗状况实时远程监测系统的设计
摘要
船舶燃油消耗是航运企业最主要成本之一,特别是近年来世界原油市场价格上涨,船东及租船人对燃油费用越来越关注。由于管理需要,船舶要定期向航运公司报告存油量和消耗油量,但受人为因素影响,有时会出现少测量或不测量而结算,或故意多报、少报等做法。船舶油耗如果人为进行测定,既不能保证数据的实时性,也不能确保数据的精确性。
本文首先分析了国内外远程抄表现状及船舶柴油机仪表现状,以船舶柴油机油耗为监测对象,开发了船舶燃油消耗状况实时远程监测系统。它以单片机AT89S52为核心,采集显示柴油机的燃油消耗量、测量次数、测量时间等参数,并将这些数据通过GSM短信模块发送到岸上的船舶管理公司,及时上报船舶燃油消耗状况,实现油耗的自动测量和远程监控。
论文重点研究了船舶燃油消耗状况实时远程监测系统的硬件结构和软件流程。硬件部分具体分析了油耗传感器的选用、频率采集电路、模拟量处理电路、A/D转换、存储电路、单片机及外围电路、按键、显示电路和通讯接口电路。由于需要采集多个柴油机的燃油消耗参数,在硬件设计中采用模拟开关对采集通道进行切换。完成了系统硬件电路焊接、调试,主要硬件电路模块的原理图和PCB板设计。软件部分介绍了船舶燃油消耗状况实时远程监测系统的软件设计,包括主程序流程图、数据采集、按键、显示、存储、短信发送的程序设计,为了缩短开发周期,采用专门的GSM Modern来完成油耗的小流量数据传输,设计开发了船岸通信软件,实现了船岸数据传输和共享。
由于船舶柴油机工作环境恶劣,存在各种干扰。论文提出了提高可靠性和抗干扰能力的措施,主要从硬件和软件两个方面采取措施。硬件抗干扰措施有选择可靠的元器件、屏蔽、印刷电路板设计;软件抗干扰措施有指令冗余、软件陷阱等。
最后对系统进行了性能测试,分析了系统试验数据,满足了设计要求。
The fuel consumption is the most important cost of shipping enterprises, especially in recent years. Due to the prices of crude oil rise rapidly, ship-owners and charterers pay more attention on the cost of the ship. Because of management requirement, the consumption of the fuel must be reported to shipping companies regularly. But the measurements of fuel consumption may be inaccurate even without measurement because of the impact of human factors. Therefore if the consumptions of the ship fuel are measured factitiously, the veracity of the real-time data can't be guaranteed. If the test equipments of fuel are on the part of the installation, the GSM modules are installed on the transmission equipments, then the problems can be solved. The fuel consumption rate is an important technical parameter of diesel engine.
In this paper the real-time remote monitoring system of ship fuel consumption, the configuration of hardware and the design of software was introduced, the theory and characteristic also was introduced. Furthermore, the selection of the fuel consumption sensor, the frequency collection circuit, the simulation processing circuit, A/D transmitter, memory circuit, SCM, etc was introduced. The simulated switch was used to switch collection channels in order to collect multiple fuel consumption parameters of diesel engine. The jointing and debugging of circuits, the design of circuit module and PCB were completed. According to practical demand, the right fuel flow-meter was installed on the pipeline of diesel engine, the flow-meter measured the fuel consumption of diesel engine, then exported the pulse signal by the transmitter. The SCM AT89S52 processed the signal and displayed the data, including the time of measurement and the fuel consumption, and the automatic measurement of ship fuel was carried out.
Because of the awful condition of ship, the accuracy of the measurement may be influenced. The measure was put forward in order to improve the reliability and the anti-jamming ability of the measurement in this paper. The measure includes two aspects: hardware and software. At last, the performance of the system was tested, the result meet the requirement.
本文首先分析了国内外远程抄表现状及船舶柴油机仪表现状,以船舶柴油机油耗为监测对象,开发了船舶燃油消耗状况实时远程监测系统。它以单片机AT89S52为核心,采集显示柴油机的燃油消耗量、测量次数、测量时间等参数,并将这些数据通过GSM短信模块发送到岸上的船舶管理公司,及时上报船舶燃油消耗状况,实现油耗的自动测量和远程监控。
论文重点研究了船舶燃油消耗状况实时远程监测系统的硬件结构和软件流程。硬件部分具体分析了油耗传感器的选用、频率采集电路、模拟量处理电路、A/D转换、存储电路、单片机及外围电路、按键、显示电路和通讯接口电路。由于需要采集多个柴油机的燃油消耗参数,在硬件设计中采用模拟开关对采集通道进行切换。完成了系统硬件电路焊接、调试,主要硬件电路模块的原理图和PCB板设计。软件部分介绍了船舶燃油消耗状况实时远程监测系统的软件设计,包括主程序流程图、数据采集、按键、显示、存储、短信发送的程序设计,为了缩短开发周期,采用专门的GSM Modern来完成油耗的小流量数据传输,设计开发了船岸通信软件,实现了船岸数据传输和共享。
由于船舶柴油机工作环境恶劣,存在各种干扰。论文提出了提高可靠性和抗干扰能力的措施,主要从硬件和软件两个方面采取措施。硬件抗干扰措施有选择可靠的元器件、屏蔽、印刷电路板设计;软件抗干扰措施有指令冗余、软件陷阱等。
最后对系统进行了性能测试,分析了系统试验数据,满足了设计要求。
The fuel consumption is the most important cost of shipping enterprises, especially in recent years. Due to the prices of crude oil rise rapidly, ship-owners and charterers pay more attention on the cost of the ship. Because of management requirement, the consumption of the fuel must be reported to shipping companies regularly. But the measurements of fuel consumption may be inaccurate even without measurement because of the impact of human factors. Therefore if the consumptions of the ship fuel are measured factitiously, the veracity of the real-time data can't be guaranteed. If the test equipments of fuel are on the part of the installation, the GSM modules are installed on the transmission equipments, then the problems can be solved. The fuel consumption rate is an important technical parameter of diesel engine.
In this paper the real-time remote monitoring system of ship fuel consumption, the configuration of hardware and the design of software was introduced, the theory and characteristic also was introduced. Furthermore, the selection of the fuel consumption sensor, the frequency collection circuit, the simulation processing circuit, A/D transmitter, memory circuit, SCM, etc was introduced. The simulated switch was used to switch collection channels in order to collect multiple fuel consumption parameters of diesel engine. The jointing and debugging of circuits, the design of circuit module and PCB were completed. According to practical demand, the right fuel flow-meter was installed on the pipeline of diesel engine, the flow-meter measured the fuel consumption of diesel engine, then exported the pulse signal by the transmitter. The SCM AT89S52 processed the signal and displayed the data, including the time of measurement and the fuel consumption, and the automatic measurement of ship fuel was carried out.
Because of the awful condition of ship, the accuracy of the measurement may be influenced. The measure was put forward in order to improve the reliability and the anti-jamming ability of the measurement in this paper. The measure includes two aspects: hardware and software. At last, the performance of the system was tested, the result meet the requirement.
引文
[1]膝宪斌,王永坚.船用燃油加装纠纷与质量争议剖析及对策.水运工程.2006,(8):28-29
[2]尤天福.当前船舶燃油管理的几点思考.航海技术.2005,(3):63-64
[3]朱明刚.船用大功率柴油机燃油消耗仪开发与研制.哈尔滨工程大学硕士论文.2004,(6):2-3
[4]船用柴油机燃油消耗率测定方法.GB6301-1986
[5]蒋文华,刘志刚,张天元.容积式船用柴油机油耗仪的研制.船舶工程.1996,(5):47-49
[6]刘涛.柴油机排放实船测试中油耗测量方法的研究.大连海事大学硕士学位论文.2004,4:22-29
[7]苏振友.船舶燃油自动化测量的若干问题.船舶工程,1996.4:12-13
[8]运输船舶油耗计量仪表配备技术要求(JT/T0012-1985)
[9]苏彦勋.流量计量与测试.中国计量出版社.1999:33-37
[10]祝海林.流量检测仪表的选用策略.石油工业技术监督.2001,(5):13-15
[11]张学强.基于GPRS的船舶主机远程监测技术研究.上海海事大学.2006,6:13-17
[12]Fukshima.Fuel consumption measuring device[P].US 5284120.1994
[13]Mayer W J.Lechman D C and Hi 1 ler D L.The contribution of engine oil to diesel exhausts particulate emissions.SAE 800256
[14]PLU Flowemeter for High Precision Fuel Consumption Measurements.Diesel& Gas Turbine Progress Worldwide.1997,6
[15]张涛,魏鸣,李刚.DS18820在高精度内燃机车油耗仪中的应用.仪表技术与传感器.2005,(6):23-25
[16]涂海川.船舶远程监控及故障诊断系统.广东造船.2006(2):10-12
[17]喻方平,金华标,常勇.船舶柴油机状态监测及故障诊断仪设计.武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程).26(3),2002,6:33-34
[18]Peter Kaub.Selecting the proper fuel flow meter for engine testing[P].SAE 930396.1999
[19]孟祥适.基于零功耗脉冲传感器的智能流量积算仪的研究.天津大学硕士学位论文.2004,4
[20]解金耀.基于SMS的无线信息采集系统的研究与设计.大连海事大学硕士学位论文.2005,3
[21]http://www.gsm.com
[22]Flowmeter Site.http://www.flowmeterdirectory.com
[23]ETSI.AT commandset forGSM Mobile Equipment(ME).GSM 07.07version_53.0.1997.8
[24]AT Command Set Siemens Cellular Engines.Version,2002,1
[25]Z-World Corporation.An Introduction to TCP_ IP.2001
[26]Ming-Chung Tang,Chun-Nun Chou,Ching-Hui Tang.Exploiting GSM short message service for ubiquitous accessing.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,2001,24,249-267
[27]谭志荣,国际海事卫星通信及应用前景.中国水运,2004,3:43-44
[28]彭澎.计算机网络基础.北京:机械工业出版社,2001.124-128
[29]Siemens AG.TC35 Terminal User Guide.2002.7-8
[30]Siemens AG.Migration from TC35 to TC35i.2003.7-8
[31]Siemens AG.MC35 Terminal User Guide.2002.7-8
[32]Siemens AG.Migration from MC35 to MC35i.2003.7-8
[33]ETSI.GSM03.40.European digital cellular telecommunications system(Phase 2):Technical realization of the Short Message Service Point to Point.1999.33-73
[34]ETSI.GSM07.05.Digital cellular telecommunications system(Phase 2+),Use of Data Terminal Equipment-Data Circuit Terminating Equipment(DTE-DCE)interface for Short Message Services(SMS)and Cell Broadcast Service(CBS).1999.55-59
[35]Siemens AG.AT Comrnand Set v03.10.2002.114-135
[36]李朝青编著.PC机及单片机.数据通信技术.北京航空航天大学出版社.2000
[37]郁文工作室编著.嵌入式C语言程序设计:使用MCS-51.清华大学出版社.2006
[38]戴佳,戴卫恒编著.51单片机C语言应用程序设计实例精讲.电子工业出版社.2006
[39]戴佳,苗龙,陈斌编著.51单片机应用系统开发典型实例.中国电力出版社.2005
[40]闰玉德,俞虹.MCS-51单片机原理与应用:C语言版.机械工业出版社.2003
[4l]王幸之.AT89系列单片机原理与接口技术.北京航空航天大学出版社.2004
[42]马忠梅.单片机的C语言应用程序设计.北京航空航天大学出版社.1999
[43]马忠梅.单片机C语言Windows环境编程宝典.北京航空航天大学出版社.2003
[44]童长飞.C8051F系列单片机开发与C语言编程.北京航空航天大学出版社.2005.
[45]于京,张景璐编著.51系列单片机c程序设计与应用案例.中国电力出版社.2006
[46]周航慈著.单片机程序设计基础.北京航空航天大学出版.2003
[47]何立民编著.MCS-51系列单片机应用系统设计:系统配置与接口技术.北京航空航天大学出版社.1990
[2]尤天福.当前船舶燃油管理的几点思考.航海技术.2005,(3):63-64
[3]朱明刚.船用大功率柴油机燃油消耗仪开发与研制.哈尔滨工程大学硕士论文.2004,(6):2-3
[4]船用柴油机燃油消耗率测定方法.GB6301-1986
[5]蒋文华,刘志刚,张天元.容积式船用柴油机油耗仪的研制.船舶工程.1996,(5):47-49
[6]刘涛.柴油机排放实船测试中油耗测量方法的研究.大连海事大学硕士学位论文.2004,4:22-29
[7]苏振友.船舶燃油自动化测量的若干问题.船舶工程,1996.4:12-13
[8]运输船舶油耗计量仪表配备技术要求(JT/T0012-1985)
[9]苏彦勋.流量计量与测试.中国计量出版社.1999:33-37
[10]祝海林.流量检测仪表的选用策略.石油工业技术监督.2001,(5):13-15
[11]张学强.基于GPRS的船舶主机远程监测技术研究.上海海事大学.2006,6:13-17
[12]Fukshima.Fuel consumption measuring device[P].US 5284120.1994
[13]Mayer W J.Lechman D C and Hi 1 ler D L.The contribution of engine oil to diesel exhausts particulate emissions.SAE 800256
[14]PLU Flowemeter for High Precision Fuel Consumption Measurements.Diesel& Gas Turbine Progress Worldwide.1997,6
[15]张涛,魏鸣,李刚.DS18820在高精度内燃机车油耗仪中的应用.仪表技术与传感器.2005,(6):23-25
[16]涂海川.船舶远程监控及故障诊断系统.广东造船.2006(2):10-12
[17]喻方平,金华标,常勇.船舶柴油机状态监测及故障诊断仪设计.武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程).26(3),2002,6:33-34
[18]Peter Kaub.Selecting the proper fuel flow meter for engine testing[P].SAE 930396.1999
[19]孟祥适.基于零功耗脉冲传感器的智能流量积算仪的研究.天津大学硕士学位论文.2004,4
[20]解金耀.基于SMS的无线信息采集系统的研究与设计.大连海事大学硕士学位论文.2005,3
[21]http://www.gsm.com
[22]Flowmeter Site.http://www.flowmeterdirectory.com
[23]ETSI.AT commandset forGSM Mobile Equipment(ME).GSM 07.07version_53.0.1997.8
[24]AT Command Set Siemens Cellular Engines.Version,2002,1
[25]Z-World Corporation.An Introduction to TCP_ IP.2001
[26]Ming-Chung Tang,Chun-Nun Chou,Ching-Hui Tang.Exploiting GSM short message service for ubiquitous accessing.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,2001,24,249-267
[27]谭志荣,国际海事卫星通信及应用前景.中国水运,2004,3:43-44
[28]彭澎.计算机网络基础.北京:机械工业出版社,2001.124-128
[29]Siemens AG.TC35 Terminal User Guide.2002.7-8
[30]Siemens AG.Migration from TC35 to TC35i.2003.7-8
[31]Siemens AG.MC35 Terminal User Guide.2002.7-8
[32]Siemens AG.Migration from MC35 to MC35i.2003.7-8
[33]ETSI.GSM03.40.European digital cellular telecommunications system(Phase 2):Technical realization of the Short Message Service Point to Point.1999.33-73
[34]ETSI.GSM07.05.Digital cellular telecommunications system(Phase 2+),Use of Data Terminal Equipment-Data Circuit Terminating Equipment(DTE-DCE)interface for Short Message Services(SMS)and Cell Broadcast Service(CBS).1999.55-59
[35]Siemens AG.AT Comrnand Set v03.10.2002.114-135
[36]李朝青编著.PC机及单片机.数据通信技术.北京航空航天大学出版社.2000
[37]郁文工作室编著.嵌入式C语言程序设计:使用MCS-51.清华大学出版社.2006
[38]戴佳,戴卫恒编著.51单片机C语言应用程序设计实例精讲.电子工业出版社.2006
[39]戴佳,苗龙,陈斌编著.51单片机应用系统开发典型实例.中国电力出版社.2005
[40]闰玉德,俞虹.MCS-51单片机原理与应用:C语言版.机械工业出版社.2003
[4l]王幸之.AT89系列单片机原理与接口技术.北京航空航天大学出版社.2004
[42]马忠梅.单片机的C语言应用程序设计.北京航空航天大学出版社.1999
[43]马忠梅.单片机C语言Windows环境编程宝典.北京航空航天大学出版社.2003
[44]童长飞.C8051F系列单片机开发与C语言编程.北京航空航天大学出版社.2005.
[45]于京,张景璐编著.51系列单片机c程序设计与应用案例.中国电力出版社.2006
[46]周航慈著.单片机程序设计基础.北京航空航天大学出版.2003
[47]何立民编著.MCS-51系列单片机应用系统设计:系统配置与接口技术.北京航空航天大学出版社.1990