无线传感器网络监控系统路由研究与设计
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摘要
集成了传感器、嵌入式计算、网络和无线通信四大技术而形成的无线传感器网络是一种全新的信息获取和处理技术,它是一种新型的无基础设施的无线网络,能够协作地实时监测、感知和采集各种环境或监测对象的信息,并对其进行处理,传送到需要这些信息的拥护。无线传感器网络是计算机科学技术的一个新的研究领域,具有十分广阔的应用前景,引起了学术界和工业界的高度重视。无线传感器网络路由协议是在网络时变的信道和拓扑结构下,监控网络拓扑结构变化,变换路由信息,定位目的节点,产生、维护和选择路由,并根据选择的路径转发数据,提供网络的连通性。
由于无线传感器网络通常由大量密集的传感器节点构成,节点的能源、计算能力和带宽都非常有限,因而传感器节点和组网协议是无线传感器网络工程设计的重点。以此为主要内容,本文设计一种无线传感器监控网络,完成蓄电池化成过程中单体蓄电池电压、温度采集功能,实现了多节点自组织成树状结构的网络。该无线传感器网络是使用内嵌51单片机的射频SOC(片上系统)nRF9E5为核心芯片的具有电压、温度采集功能的微型嵌入式传感器单元所组建的局域网络;监控单元是以ARM7(PHILIPS LPC2292)为核心芯片,完成与上位机交互和发送操作命令到变流控制单元的功能。
论文首先介绍无线传感器网络体系结构,目标特点以及研究现状,并分析传感器节点和组网协议,结合方案要求提出系统设计方案。然后详细讲述网络控制单元相关硬件平台的设计工作,对各模块的功能、结构和主要工作原理进行了论述。
接着分析和比较了国外提出的几种针对无线传感器网络的路由协议,从多角度分析路由协议的共性特点和个性特点,总结衡量路由协议优劣的评价标准。最后针对蓄电池充电监控系统中网络规模较大、节点经常加入或退出传感器网络等情况,分析各种路由协议的适用性,详细描述LEACH协议在本系统中的应用实现。结果表明在蓄电池充电监控的现场环境下,节点可以稳定工作,LEACH协议可以较好的实现基于树状结构的组网。
Wireless sensor network, which is made by the convergence of sensor, nested computation, networks and wireless communication technologies, is a novel technology about acquiring and processing information. It is a late-model wireless networks of infrastructuraless network and can be used for testing, sensing, collecting and processing information of monitored objects. WSN is a new research area of computer science and technology and has a wide application future. Both academia and industrial are very interested in it. The routing protocol of Wireless Sensor networks at when the network has varied channel and topology. It aim at monitoring the variety of the network topology, exchanging routing information, going to destination node, producing, holding and selecting the routing, transferring the data packet according the route and ensuring the connectivity of the network.
Sensor node design and network protocol design are both important processes of the network. The task of this thesis is to design a kind of wireless sensor monitoring network, accomplish the function of gathering single cell battery voltage and temperature of the battery formation process. This wireless sensor network is a network with the inlays MCS51 radio frequency SOC(on piece system) Nrf9E5 as its core chip, a network consists of mini embedded sensor unit, which has a function of gathering voltage and temperature. The monitoring is an embedded controller ARM7(PHILIPS LPC2292) as its core chip, and it can complete communicating and sending information to the variable current control unit with the On Position Machine.
The thesis briefly introduced the present situation of wireless sensor network development and the prospect of short distance wireless communication technology, and described in detail of the thought of the network design, as well as the overall construction of the system according to the demand of the system plan. Then the thesis described in detail some hardware platform design work. The hardware platform has introduced the function, structure, and prime task principle according to various modules. Then the thesis analyzed the common evaluating criterion for WSN routing protocol, and compare some routing mechanism using graph theory, we also give some explanation of some typical kinds of WSN routing in detail. we do some implementation work with LEACH protocol in this wireless sensor monitoring network. The results indicate that the sensor nodes and protocol stack can work steadily and establish a tree network in the work environment of this paper. Finally, we summarized the result which the topic design obtained, as well as analyzed some insufficiency in the design, with some attainment and experience included.
由于无线传感器网络通常由大量密集的传感器节点构成,节点的能源、计算能力和带宽都非常有限,因而传感器节点和组网协议是无线传感器网络工程设计的重点。以此为主要内容,本文设计一种无线传感器监控网络,完成蓄电池化成过程中单体蓄电池电压、温度采集功能,实现了多节点自组织成树状结构的网络。该无线传感器网络是使用内嵌51单片机的射频SOC(片上系统)nRF9E5为核心芯片的具有电压、温度采集功能的微型嵌入式传感器单元所组建的局域网络;监控单元是以ARM7(PHILIPS LPC2292)为核心芯片,完成与上位机交互和发送操作命令到变流控制单元的功能。
论文首先介绍无线传感器网络体系结构,目标特点以及研究现状,并分析传感器节点和组网协议,结合方案要求提出系统设计方案。然后详细讲述网络控制单元相关硬件平台的设计工作,对各模块的功能、结构和主要工作原理进行了论述。
接着分析和比较了国外提出的几种针对无线传感器网络的路由协议,从多角度分析路由协议的共性特点和个性特点,总结衡量路由协议优劣的评价标准。最后针对蓄电池充电监控系统中网络规模较大、节点经常加入或退出传感器网络等情况,分析各种路由协议的适用性,详细描述LEACH协议在本系统中的应用实现。结果表明在蓄电池充电监控的现场环境下,节点可以稳定工作,LEACH协议可以较好的实现基于树状结构的组网。
Wireless sensor network, which is made by the convergence of sensor, nested computation, networks and wireless communication technologies, is a novel technology about acquiring and processing information. It is a late-model wireless networks of infrastructuraless network and can be used for testing, sensing, collecting and processing information of monitored objects. WSN is a new research area of computer science and technology and has a wide application future. Both academia and industrial are very interested in it. The routing protocol of Wireless Sensor networks at when the network has varied channel and topology. It aim at monitoring the variety of the network topology, exchanging routing information, going to destination node, producing, holding and selecting the routing, transferring the data packet according the route and ensuring the connectivity of the network.
Sensor node design and network protocol design are both important processes of the network. The task of this thesis is to design a kind of wireless sensor monitoring network, accomplish the function of gathering single cell battery voltage and temperature of the battery formation process. This wireless sensor network is a network with the inlays MCS51 radio frequency SOC(on piece system) Nrf9E5 as its core chip, a network consists of mini embedded sensor unit, which has a function of gathering voltage and temperature. The monitoring is an embedded controller ARM7(PHILIPS LPC2292) as its core chip, and it can complete communicating and sending information to the variable current control unit with the On Position Machine.
The thesis briefly introduced the present situation of wireless sensor network development and the prospect of short distance wireless communication technology, and described in detail of the thought of the network design, as well as the overall construction of the system according to the demand of the system plan. Then the thesis described in detail some hardware platform design work. The hardware platform has introduced the function, structure, and prime task principle according to various modules. Then the thesis analyzed the common evaluating criterion for WSN routing protocol, and compare some routing mechanism using graph theory, we also give some explanation of some typical kinds of WSN routing in detail. we do some implementation work with LEACH protocol in this wireless sensor monitoring network. The results indicate that the sensor nodes and protocol stack can work steadily and establish a tree network in the work environment of this paper. Finally, we summarized the result which the topic design obtained, as well as analyzed some insufficiency in the design, with some attainment and experience included.
引文
[1]孙利民,李建中,陈渝,朱红松.无线传感器网络.北京:清华大学出版社,2005.4-6
[2]K.Sohrabi.On Low Power Wireless Sensor Networks.Department of Electrical Engineering,2000
[3]B.Warneke,M.Last,B.Liebowitz,KSJ.Pister.Smart dust:Communicating with a Cubic-millimeter Computer.IEEE Comupter Magazine,2001,34(1):44-51
[4]蔡型,张思全.短距离无线通信技术综述.现代电子技术,2004.(3):65-67
[5]于海斌,曾鹏等.智能无线传感器网络系统.科学出版社,2006.1
[6]张海滨,郑维智.短距离无线通信在控制中的应用.微计算机信息,2004.38(11):129-130
[7]郝铁伟.基于无线传感器的监控网络系统设计.[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学自动化学院,2005
[8]K.Sohrabi.On Low Power Wireless Sensor Networks.Department of Electrical Engineering,2000
[9]Yao Y,Gehrke J.Query processing for sensor networks.In Proc 1st Biennial ConfonInnovative Data Systems Research(CIDR).2003:1360-1468.
[10]唐秀辉.无线传感器技术及在环境监测中的应用研究:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2006.
[11]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展.软件学报,2004.14(10):1717-1727
[12]Chipcon Inc.CC1000 Single Chip Very Low Power RF Transceiver.www.Chipcon.com.2001.9.5
[13]陈建洪,李金刚,申明,霍展羽.无线收发芯片nRF401在监测系统中的应用.电子技术,2002.(11):45-47
[14]Nordic VLSI ASA Inc.Nordic NRF9E5 Product Spicification.January 2004:1-90
[15]沙占友.智能化集成温度传感器原理与应用.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[16]耿莉霞,姜学东.基于CAN总线的蓄电池组充放电集散控制系统的设计.自动化与仪器仪表,2005.(5):26-29
[17]方彦军,李京丽.新型数字式温度传感器LM74在现场总线中的应用.自动化仪表,2004.25(05):68-70
[18]陈良光.数字式温度传感器原理及其应用.中国仪器仪表,2001.(1):15-18
[19]崔莉,鞠海玲,苗勇等.无线传感器网络研究进展。计算机研究与发展,2005,42(1):163-174
[20]Hedetniemi S,Liestman A.A Survey of Gossiping and Broadcasting in Communication Networks[J].Networks,1998,18(4):319-349
[21]Estrin D,Govindan R,Heidemann J,et al.Next century challenges:Scalable Coordination in Sensor Network In:Proceeding of the 5~(th)ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.Seattle:IEEE Computer Society,1999,263-270.
[22]Intanagonwiwat C,Govindan R,Estrin D.Directed diffusion:a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks[C].Proceeding of the ACM MobiCom'00,Boston,MA,2000,56-67.
[23]Shah,R.C.and J.M.Rabaey(2002).Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc Networking Conference,Vol.1,Orlando,FL pp350-55.
[24]I.F.Akyildiz,W.Su,Y.Sankarasubramaniam,and E.Cayrci,"Wireless sensor networks:A survey," Computer Networks,vol.38,no.4,pp,393-422,2002.
[25]Heinzelman W R,Chandrakasan A,Balakrishnan H,"Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks",In:Proc 22rd Hawaii Int'l Conf on System Sciences,Maui,Hawaii,January 4-7,2000
[26]Heinzelman W R,Chandrakasan A,Balakrishnan H,"An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks",IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communication,2002,1(4):660-670
[27]Noury N,Herve T,Rialle V,et ai.Monitoring behavior in hone using a smart fall sensor.In Proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology.On:IEEE Computer Society,2000:607-610
[28]韩立峰.无线传感器网络技术。电信快报.2005(4):15-16.
[29]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络.软件学报,Vol 14,No.7,2003,1281-1291
[30]肖永康。无线Ad Hoc网络及其研究难点。电信科学,2002.6(1):12-14
[32]方旭明,何蓉.短距离无线与移动通信网络。人民邮电出版社,2004
[33]赵耀培,等.Ad Hoc网络技术研究进展.网络与通信,2005.3:9-12
[34]孙雨耕,张静,孙永进,房朝晖.无线自组传感器网络[J].传感技术学报,2004,6(2):331-335.
[35]Maxim Semiconductor Corporation.Ultra Low-Power,Single/Dual-Supply Comparators (MAX921-924).1995
[36]Hedetniemi S,Liestman A.A Survey of Gossiping and Broadcasting in Communication Networks[J].Networks,1998,18(4):319-349
[37]Zhong L C,Rabaey J,Guo C L,et al.Data link layer design for wireless sensor networks.Communications for Network-Centric Operations,Creating the Information Force,Washington,2001
[38]Guo C,Zhong L C,Rabaey J M.Low power distributed MAC for ad hoc sensor radio networks.IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf.(GLOBECOM'01),San Antonio,TX USA,2001
[39]李丽,分布式蓄电池化成电源控制系统的设计和应用研究。[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学自动化学院,2005
[40]http://www.wch.cn/download/index.asp,ch372datasheet
[41]Harvey Lehpamer.Transmission Systems Design Handbook for Wireless Networks.Artech House Publishers,2002:19-20
[2]K.Sohrabi.On Low Power Wireless Sensor Networks.Department of Electrical Engineering,2000
[3]B.Warneke,M.Last,B.Liebowitz,KSJ.Pister.Smart dust:Communicating with a Cubic-millimeter Computer.IEEE Comupter Magazine,2001,34(1):44-51
[4]蔡型,张思全.短距离无线通信技术综述.现代电子技术,2004.(3):65-67
[5]于海斌,曾鹏等.智能无线传感器网络系统.科学出版社,2006.1
[6]张海滨,郑维智.短距离无线通信在控制中的应用.微计算机信息,2004.38(11):129-130
[7]郝铁伟.基于无线传感器的监控网络系统设计.[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学自动化学院,2005
[8]K.Sohrabi.On Low Power Wireless Sensor Networks.Department of Electrical Engineering,2000
[9]Yao Y,Gehrke J.Query processing for sensor networks.In Proc 1st Biennial ConfonInnovative Data Systems Research(CIDR).2003:1360-1468.
[10]唐秀辉.无线传感器技术及在环境监测中的应用研究:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2006.
[11]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展.软件学报,2004.14(10):1717-1727
[12]Chipcon Inc.CC1000 Single Chip Very Low Power RF Transceiver.www.Chipcon.com.2001.9.5
[13]陈建洪,李金刚,申明,霍展羽.无线收发芯片nRF401在监测系统中的应用.电子技术,2002.(11):45-47
[14]Nordic VLSI ASA Inc.Nordic NRF9E5 Product Spicification.January 2004:1-90
[15]沙占友.智能化集成温度传感器原理与应用.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[16]耿莉霞,姜学东.基于CAN总线的蓄电池组充放电集散控制系统的设计.自动化与仪器仪表,2005.(5):26-29
[17]方彦军,李京丽.新型数字式温度传感器LM74在现场总线中的应用.自动化仪表,2004.25(05):68-70
[18]陈良光.数字式温度传感器原理及其应用.中国仪器仪表,2001.(1):15-18
[19]崔莉,鞠海玲,苗勇等.无线传感器网络研究进展。计算机研究与发展,2005,42(1):163-174
[20]Hedetniemi S,Liestman A.A Survey of Gossiping and Broadcasting in Communication Networks[J].Networks,1998,18(4):319-349
[21]Estrin D,Govindan R,Heidemann J,et al.Next century challenges:Scalable Coordination in Sensor Network In:Proceeding of the 5~(th)ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.Seattle:IEEE Computer Society,1999,263-270.
[22]Intanagonwiwat C,Govindan R,Estrin D.Directed diffusion:a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks[C].Proceeding of the ACM MobiCom'00,Boston,MA,2000,56-67.
[23]Shah,R.C.and J.M.Rabaey(2002).Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc Networking Conference,Vol.1,Orlando,FL pp350-55.
[24]I.F.Akyildiz,W.Su,Y.Sankarasubramaniam,and E.Cayrci,"Wireless sensor networks:A survey," Computer Networks,vol.38,no.4,pp,393-422,2002.
[25]Heinzelman W R,Chandrakasan A,Balakrishnan H,"Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks",In:Proc 22rd Hawaii Int'l Conf on System Sciences,Maui,Hawaii,January 4-7,2000
[26]Heinzelman W R,Chandrakasan A,Balakrishnan H,"An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks",IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communication,2002,1(4):660-670
[27]Noury N,Herve T,Rialle V,et ai.Monitoring behavior in hone using a smart fall sensor.In Proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology.On:IEEE Computer Society,2000:607-610
[28]韩立峰.无线传感器网络技术。电信快报.2005(4):15-16.
[29]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络.软件学报,Vol 14,No.7,2003,1281-1291
[30]肖永康。无线Ad Hoc网络及其研究难点。电信科学,2002.6(1):12-14
[32]方旭明,何蓉.短距离无线与移动通信网络。人民邮电出版社,2004
[33]赵耀培,等.Ad Hoc网络技术研究进展.网络与通信,2005.3:9-12
[34]孙雨耕,张静,孙永进,房朝晖.无线自组传感器网络[J].传感技术学报,2004,6(2):331-335.
[35]Maxim Semiconductor Corporation.Ultra Low-Power,Single/Dual-Supply Comparators (MAX921-924).1995
[36]Hedetniemi S,Liestman A.A Survey of Gossiping and Broadcasting in Communication Networks[J].Networks,1998,18(4):319-349
[37]Zhong L C,Rabaey J,Guo C L,et al.Data link layer design for wireless sensor networks.Communications for Network-Centric Operations,Creating the Information Force,Washington,2001
[38]Guo C,Zhong L C,Rabaey J M.Low power distributed MAC for ad hoc sensor radio networks.IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf.(GLOBECOM'01),San Antonio,TX USA,2001
[39]李丽,分布式蓄电池化成电源控制系统的设计和应用研究。[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学自动化学院,2005
[40]http://www.wch.cn/download/index.asp,ch372datasheet
[41]Harvey Lehpamer.Transmission Systems Design Handbook for Wireless Networks.Artech House Publishers,2002:19-20