大黄鱼和鲈鱼对几种水溶性维生素营养需求及糖类营养生理的研究
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摘要
本文以我国重要的海水养殖鱼类大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea R.)和鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)为研究对象,在室内养殖系统(养殖桶规格：120L、200L或300L)或海水浮式网箱(1.0×1.0×1.5m或1.5×1.5×2.0m)中进行为期8周的摄食生长实验。探讨饲料中添加肌醇、胆碱、烟酸和糖对大黄鱼、鲈鱼生长和生理状态的影响,根据不同指标评价了大黄鱼和鲈鱼对这些营养素的需要量或适宜添加量。主要研究结果如下：
1.饲料中烟酸含量对大黄鱼的存活率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。缺乏烟酸组大黄鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)最低,显著低于添加烟酸的各组(P<0.05)。随着饲料中烟酸含量的增加,大黄鱼的WG、SGR和FE显著升高(P<0.05),且在烟酸含量为18.21 mg/kg时达到最大,而随着饲料中烟酸含量的进一步增大,维持在一稳定水平(P>0.05)。饲料烟酸含量对大黄鱼的体成分和肝指数均没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是却显著提高了大黄鱼的肝脏烟酸含量(P<0.05)。当饲料烟酸含量在1.09-12.34 mg/kg时,肝脏烟酸含量随着饲料烟酸含量的升高而显著上升,当饲料烟酸含量进一步增大到≥18.21mg/kg时,肝脏烟酸含量保持稳定,且没有显著差异(P>0.05)。以增重率为评价指标,大黄鱼对饲料烟酸的最适需要量为17.41 mg/kg。而当以肝脏烟酸含量为评价指标,大黄鱼对饲料烟酸最适需要量为21.97mg/kg。
2.饲料中烟酸含量显著提高了鲈鱼的存活率(P<0.05)。未添加烟酸饲料组存活率最低,与Diet 2组(烟酸添加量为12.34mg/kg)之间没有显著差异,但是显著低于烟酸含量≥18.21mg/kg的各组(P<0.05),添加烟酸的各组之间存活率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。缺乏烟酸组鲈鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)最低,随着饲料中烟酸含量的增加,鲈鱼的WG、SGR和FE显著升高(P<0.05),且在烟酸含量为18.21-153.36 mg/kg时,维持在一相对稳定水平(P>0.05)。饲料烟酸水平对鲈鱼的体成分和肝指数均没有显著影响(P>0.05),但却显著提高了鲈鱼肝脏烟酸含量(P<0.05)。当饲料烟酸含量为1.09-12.34 mg/kg时,肝脏烟酸含量随着饲料烟酸水平的升高而显著上升；当饲料烟酸含量为18.21-153.36mg/kg时维持稳定。以增重率为评价指标,鲈鱼对饲料烟酸的最适需要量为19.45 mg/kg,而当以鲈鱼肝脏烟酸含量为评价指标,鲈鱼对饲料烟酸最适需要量为22.17 mg/kg。
3.饲料中添加肌醇显著提高了大黄鱼的存活率(P<0.05)。当饲料中肌醇含量在48.45-216.07 mg/kg时,随着饲料中肌醇水平的升高,大黄鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)显著提高(P<0.05),然而,随着饲料中肌醇含量进一步升高到>396.76mg/kg时,其变化趋于稳定,且各处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着饲料中肌醇含量的增加,大黄鱼鱼体水分、粗蛋白、灰分和肝指数含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是大黄鱼鱼体粗脂肪含量却显著提高(P<0.05)。添加琥珀酰磺胺噻唑但不添加肌醇组(Diet 0)和不添加琥珀酰磺胺噻唑且不添加肌醇组(Diet 1)大黄鱼的肝脏脂肪含量显著高于饲料肌醇含量≥396.76 mg/kg的处理组(P<0.05),添加肌醇的各处理组之间肝脏脂肪含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。肝脏肌醇含量随着饲料肌醇含量的上升而显著升高(P<0.05),当饲料肌醇含量继续增大到≥216.07 mg/kg时维持稳定。添加琥珀酰磺胺噻唑但不添加肌醇组(Diet 0)的大黄鱼的生长、生理指标与不添加琥珀酰磺胺噻唑且不添加肌醇组(Diet1)相似,二者之间差异不显著(P>0.05),表明大黄鱼肠道中微生物的合成作用不是肌醇的主要来源。分别以大黄鱼的增重率和肝脏肌醇含量为评价指标,用折线模型分析得出大黄鱼对肌醇的适宜需求量为313.35和335.29mg/kg。
4.饲料中肌醇含量对鲈鱼的存活率没有显著影响(P>0.05),但却显著提高了鲈鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)。鲈鱼的WG、SGR和FE随着饲料中肌醇含量的升高而显著上升(P<0.05),当饲料中肌醇含量>216.07 mg/kg,SGR和FE变化趋于稳定；当饲料中肌醇含量进一步升高到>396.76mg/kg时,WG维持稳定。添加琥珀酰磺胺噻唑但不添加肌醇组(Diet0)的WG、SGR和FE与不添加琥珀酰磺胺噻唑且不添加肌醇组(Diet 1)相似,二者之间差异不显著(P>0.05),表明鲈鱼肠道中微生物的合成作用不是肌醇的主要来源。未添加肌醇的Diet0和Diet1组肝指数和肝脂肪含量最高,显著高于肌醇含量≥216.07 mg/kg的各组,肝指数和肝脂肪在添加肌醇的各处理组之间均没有显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料中肌醇含量显著影响了鲈鱼肝脏肌醇含量(P<0.05),未添加肌醇的Diet0组和Diet 1组,肝脏肌醇含量最低,显著低于肌醇添加量>396.76mg/kg的各处理组(P<0.05),添加肌醇的各组之间肝脏肌醇含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。分别以鲈鱼的增重率和肝脏肌醇含量为评价指标,用折线模型分析得出鲈鱼对肌醇的需求量为261.22和317.20 mg/kg。
5.饲料胆碱含量显著影响了大黄鱼的存活率(P<0.05),未添加胆碱组与胆碱含量为372.12mg/kg的处理组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05),但是显著低于胆碱含量≥682.99 mg/kg的各组P<0.05),存活率在各胆碱添加组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。大黄鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)随着饲料中胆碱的增加,均呈现显著上升的趋势(P<0.05),当饲料中胆碱含量≥372.12 mg/kg时,SGR趋于稳定,随着饲料中胆碱含量的进一步增加到≥682.99 mg/kg时,WG和FE维持稳定,且各处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中添加胆碱显著降低了大黄鱼肝脏脂肪含量和肝指数,同时显著提高了血清甘油三酯和胆固醇含量(P<0.05)。饲料胆碱含量也显著影响了大黄鱼肝脏胆碱含量(P<0.05),当饲料胆碱含量在96.83-682.99 mg/kg时,大黄鱼肝脏胆碱含量随着饲料胆碱含量的增加显著提高(P<0.05),而当饲料胆碱含量进一步增加时,其变化趋于稳定,且各处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。分别以大黄鱼的增重率和肝脏胆碱含量为评价指标,用折线模型分析得出大黄鱼对胆碱的需求量分别为1056.64和1124.28 mg/kg饲料。
6.随着饲料中胆碱含量的增加,各处理组之间的存活率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料中添加胆碱显著提高了鲈鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)(P<0.05)。当饲料中胆碱含量在96.83-1253.96mg/kg时,鲈鱼的WG和SGR随着饲料中胆碱水平的升高而显著提高(P<0.05),然而,随着饲料中胆碱含量的进一步升高,其变化趋于稳定,且各处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。未添加胆碱组FE显著低于其他添加胆碱的各组(P<0.05),FE在添加胆碱的各组并没有出现显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料中添加胆碱显著降低了鲈鱼肝脏脂肪含量和肝指数,同时显著提高了血清甘油三酯和胆固醇含量(P<0.05)。饲料胆碱水平也显著影响了鲈鱼肝脏胆碱含量(P<0.05),当饲料胆碱含量在96.83-682.99 mg/kg时,鲈鱼肝脏胆碱含量随着饲料胆碱含量的增加显著提高(P<0.05),而当饲料胆碱含量进一步增加时,其变化趋于稳定,且各处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。以鲈鱼的增重率和肝脏胆碱含量为评价指标,用折线模型分析得出鲈鱼对胆碱的需求量分别为929.40和1013.35 mg/kg。
7.饲料中糖水平对大黄鱼存活率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。当饲料糖含量在1.86-19.40%时,大黄鱼的体增重(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)随着饲料中糖含量的增加而显著上升,当糖含量继续增加时,大黄鱼的WG,SGR和FE显著下降(P<0.05)。饲料中糖含量对鱼体粗蛋白、水分和灰分没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是却显著提高了大黄鱼的粗脂肪含量及肝糖原、肌糖元和血糖含量(P<0.05)。饲料中糖含量对大黄鱼的蛋白酶没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是却显著提高了肠道淀粉酶活性(P<0.05)。随着饲料中糖含量的增加,大黄鱼对饲料的消化率显著降低(P<0.05),当饲料糖增加到13.56%时,脂肪消化率显著低于对照组P<0.05),而当饲料中糖含量超过19.40%时,大黄鱼对饲料蛋白质和糖的消化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。以大黄鱼的SGR为评价指标,用二次曲线模型分析得出大黄鱼饲料中糖的适宜添加量约为22%。
8.饲料中糖含量对鲈鱼存活率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。当饲料糖含量在1.86-13.56%时,鲈鱼的体增重(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)随着饲料中糖含量的增加而显著上升,当糖含量继续增加时,鲈鱼的WG,SGR和FE显著下降(P<0.05)。饲料中糖含量显著提高了鲈鱼粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量,并显著降低了鱼体水分和灰分含量(P<0.05)。肝糖原和血糖含量随着饲料糖含量的增加而呈现显著的先上升后平稳的趋势(P<0.05),肌糖原含量并没有受到饲料糖水平的影响。饲料中添加糖显著提高了鲈鱼肝脏蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性(P<0.05),对己糖激酶活力没有显著影响(P>0.05)。随着饲料中糖含量的增加,鲈鱼对饲料蛋白质、脂肪和糖的消化率显著降低(P<0.05),当饲料中糖含量大于19.40%时,鲈鱼对饲料蛋白质、脂肪和糖的消化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。以鲈鱼的SGR为评价指标,用二次曲线模型分析得出鲈鱼饲料中糖的适宜添加量约为19.8%。
Feeding trials were conducted in indoor flow-through system (120L,200L or 300 L/tank) or in seawater floating net cages (1.0 m×1.0m×1.5mor 1.5m×1.5 m×2.0 m) to investigate the effects of inositol, choline, niacin and carbohydrate on nutritional physiology of large yellow croaker(Pseudosciaena crocea) and Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus). Results of these studies are presented as follows:
1. Dietary niacin did not signicantly influence survival of large yellow croaker (P>0.05). The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) were the lowest in fish fed the basal diet, and increased with increasing dietary niacin up to 18.21 mg/kg (P<0.05), and leveled off (P>0.05). No significant difference was observed in whole-body composition and hepatosomatic index of large yellow croaker among all the groups (P>0.05). The hepatic niacin concentration significantly increased when the dietary niacin is 1.09-12.34 mg/kg (P<0.05), and leveled off when the dietary niacin content increased to 18.21 mg/kg (P>0.05). On the basis of SGR and hepatic niacin concentrations, the optimum dietary niacin requirements of juvenile large yellow croaker were estimated using broken-line regression analysis to be 17.41 and 21.97 mg/kg, respectively.
2. Survival of large yellow croaker was the lowest in fish fed the basal diet, which was significantly lower than fish fed diets supplemented with 18.21mg/kg niacin or higher (P<0.05), but no significant differences in survival were observed among the niacin-supplemented dietary groups (P>0.05). The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) were the lowest in fish fed the basal diet, and increased with increasing dietary niacin up to 18.21 mg/kg (P<0.05), and leveled off (P>0.05). No significant difference was observed in whole-body composition and hepatosomatic index of Japanese seabass among all the groups (P>0.05). The hepatic niacin concentration significantly increased when the dietary niacin is 1.09-12.34 mg/kg (P<0.05), and leveled off when the dietary niacin content was more than 18.21 mg/kg (P>0.05). On the basis of SGR and hepatic niacin concentrations, the optimum dietary niacin requirements of juvenile Japanese seabass were estimated using broken-line regression analysis to be 19.45 and 22.17 mg/kg, respectively.
3. Dietary inositol significantly enhanced the survival of large yellow croaker (P<0.05). The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) were significantly improved with dietary inositol increasing from 48.45 to 216.07 mg/kg (P>0.05), and leveled off with further increasing dietary inositol level (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in moisture, crude protein, ash and hepatosomatic index of large yellow croaker among all the groups (P>0.05), however, crude lipid of this fish significantly increased with increasing dietary inositol level (P<0.05). Hepatic lipid concentrations of fish fed the basal diet with or without succinylsulfathiazole were significantly higher than fish fed with inositol-supplemented diets (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the inositol-supplemented treatments. Inositol concentrations in livers significantly improved with increasing dietary inositol up to 216.07 mg/kg (P<0.05) and then leveled off (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed between growth performance and physiology indices of fish fed the basal diet with or without succinylsulfathiazole which demonstrated that de novo synthesis of inositol was not performed or insufficient for normal growth of large yellow croaker under these experimental conditions. On the basis of SGR and hepatic inositol concentrations, the optimum dietary inositol requirements of juvenile large yellow croaker were estimated using broken-line regression analysis to be 313.35 and 335.29 mg/kg, respectively.
4. Survival of Japanese seabass was not significantly influenced with increasing dietary inositol level (P<0.05). However, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) significantly improved with increasing dietary inositol level (P<0.05). SGR and FE leveled off when dietary inositol was more than 216.07 mg/kg while WG leveled off with dietary inositol more than 396.76 mg/kg (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed between the values of fish fed the basal diet with or without succinylsulfathiazole which demonstrated that de novo synthesis of inositol in gut was not performed or insufficient for normal growth of Japanese seabass. Hepatosomatic index and hepatic lipid concentrations of fish fed the basal diet with or without succinylsulfathiazole were highest, and significantly higher than fish fed with diets containing 216.07 mg/kg inositol or more (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the inositol-supplemented treatments. Inositol concentrations in livers were lowest in fish fed the inositol-unsupplemented diets, which were lower than fish fed diets containing 396.76mg/kg inositol or more, and no significant differences were observed among the inositol-supplemented treatments (P>0.05). On the basis of SGR and hepatic inositol concentrations, the optimum dietary inositol requirements of juvenile Japanese seabass were estimated using broken-line regression analysis to be 261.22 and 317.20 mg/kg, respectively.
5. Survival of large yellow croaker was significantly lower in fish fed the basal diet than those of fish fed diets supplemented with 682.99 mg/kg choline or higher, but no significant differences in survival were observed among the choline-supplemented dietary groups (P>0.05). The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) significantly improved with increasing dietary choline level. SGR leveled off when dietary choline is 372.12 mg/kg or higher while WG and FE leveled off with dietary inositol more than 682.99 mg/kg (P<0.05). With increasing dietary choline level, hepatic lipid concentrations and hepatosomatic index of large yellow croaker significantly decreased while serum triglyceride and cholesterol significantly increased (P<0.05). Choline concentrations in livers significantly improved with increasing dietary inositol up to 682.99 mg/kg (P<0.05), and then leveled off (P>0.05). On the basis of SGR and hepatic inositol concentrations, the optimum dietary choline requirements of juvenile large yellow croaker were estimated using broken-line regression analysis to be 1056.64 and 1124.28 mg/kg mg/kg, respectively.
6. No significant differences were observed in survival of large yellow croaker among various dietary treatments (P>0.05). The weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) significantly improved with increasing dietary choline up to 1253.96 mg/kg (P<0.05), and then leveled off (P>0.05). Feed efficiency (FE) was significantly lower in fish fed with basal diet than that fed with choline-supplemented diets (P<0.05). With increasing dietary choline level, hepatic lipid concentrations and hepatosomatic index of Japanese sebass significantly decreased while serum triglyceride and cholesterol significantly increased (P<0.05). Choline concentrations in livers significantly improved with increasing dietary inositol up to 682.99 mg/kg (P<0.05), and then leveled off (P>0.05). On the basis of SGR and hepatic inositol concentrations, the optimum dietary choline requirements of juvenile Japanese sebass were estimated using broken-line regression analysis to be 929.40 and 1013.35 mg/kg, respectively.
7. No significant differences were observed in survival of large yellow craoker among dietary treatments with graded levels of carbohydrate (P>0.05). However, with the increasing of dietary carbohydrate levels, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) increased when dietary CBH content is between 1.86 and 19.40%, and then decreased with dietary CBH further increased (P<0.05). Dietary CBH did not influence content of crude protein, moisture and ash of large yellow croaker, but significantly improved crude lipid, liver glycogen, muscle glycogen and serum glucose (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in protease among dietary treatments. However, the amylase activities in the intestine significantly increased with increasing dietary CBH levels (P<0.05). Digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dietary protein, lipid and CBH significantly decreased with increasing dietary CBH levels (P<0.05). ADCs of lipid were significantly lower when dietary CBH level is 13.56% or higher compared to basal diet. However, there was no significant effect on the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein and CBH when dietary CBH level was no more than 19.40%. On the basis of SGR, the optimum dietary carbohydrate level for the growth of large yellow croaker was estimated using second-order polynomial regression analysis to be 22%.
8. No significant differences were observed in survival of Japanese seabass among dietary treatments (P>0.05). However, with the increasing of dietary carbohydrate levels, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) increased when dietary CBH content is between 1.86 and 19.40%, and then decreased with dietary CBH further increased (P<0.05). Dietary CBH significantly improved the content of crude protein and crude lipid, but significantly decreased moisture and ash of Japanese seabass (P<0.05). With increasing dietary CBH, liver glycogen and serum glucose concentration significantly increased (P<0.05), and then leveled off. However, no significant differences were observed in muscle glycogen concentration among dietary treatments. Amylase and protease activities in livers significantly increased with increasing dietary CBH levels (P<0.05), while hexokinase activity was not influenced with dietary CBH levels. Digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dietary nutrients significantly decreased with increasing dietary CBH levels (P<0.05). However, there was no significant effect on the apparent ADCs of nutrients when dietary CBH level was no more than 19.40%. On the basis of SGR, the optimum dietary carbohydrate level for the growth of Japanese seabass was estimated using second-order polynomial regression analysis to be 19.8%.
1.饲料中烟酸含量对大黄鱼的存活率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。缺乏烟酸组大黄鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)最低,显著低于添加烟酸的各组(P<0.05)。随着饲料中烟酸含量的增加,大黄鱼的WG、SGR和FE显著升高(P<0.05),且在烟酸含量为18.21 mg/kg时达到最大,而随着饲料中烟酸含量的进一步增大,维持在一稳定水平(P>0.05)。饲料烟酸含量对大黄鱼的体成分和肝指数均没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是却显著提高了大黄鱼的肝脏烟酸含量(P<0.05)。当饲料烟酸含量在1.09-12.34 mg/kg时,肝脏烟酸含量随着饲料烟酸含量的升高而显著上升,当饲料烟酸含量进一步增大到≥18.21mg/kg时,肝脏烟酸含量保持稳定,且没有显著差异(P>0.05)。以增重率为评价指标,大黄鱼对饲料烟酸的最适需要量为17.41 mg/kg。而当以肝脏烟酸含量为评价指标,大黄鱼对饲料烟酸最适需要量为21.97mg/kg。
2.饲料中烟酸含量显著提高了鲈鱼的存活率(P<0.05)。未添加烟酸饲料组存活率最低,与Diet 2组(烟酸添加量为12.34mg/kg)之间没有显著差异,但是显著低于烟酸含量≥18.21mg/kg的各组(P<0.05),添加烟酸的各组之间存活率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。缺乏烟酸组鲈鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)最低,随着饲料中烟酸含量的增加,鲈鱼的WG、SGR和FE显著升高(P<0.05),且在烟酸含量为18.21-153.36 mg/kg时,维持在一相对稳定水平(P>0.05)。饲料烟酸水平对鲈鱼的体成分和肝指数均没有显著影响(P>0.05),但却显著提高了鲈鱼肝脏烟酸含量(P<0.05)。当饲料烟酸含量为1.09-12.34 mg/kg时,肝脏烟酸含量随着饲料烟酸水平的升高而显著上升；当饲料烟酸含量为18.21-153.36mg/kg时维持稳定。以增重率为评价指标,鲈鱼对饲料烟酸的最适需要量为19.45 mg/kg,而当以鲈鱼肝脏烟酸含量为评价指标,鲈鱼对饲料烟酸最适需要量为22.17 mg/kg。
3.饲料中添加肌醇显著提高了大黄鱼的存活率(P<0.05)。当饲料中肌醇含量在48.45-216.07 mg/kg时,随着饲料中肌醇水平的升高,大黄鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)显著提高(P<0.05),然而,随着饲料中肌醇含量进一步升高到>396.76mg/kg时,其变化趋于稳定,且各处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着饲料中肌醇含量的增加,大黄鱼鱼体水分、粗蛋白、灰分和肝指数含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是大黄鱼鱼体粗脂肪含量却显著提高(P<0.05)。添加琥珀酰磺胺噻唑但不添加肌醇组(Diet 0)和不添加琥珀酰磺胺噻唑且不添加肌醇组(Diet 1)大黄鱼的肝脏脂肪含量显著高于饲料肌醇含量≥396.76 mg/kg的处理组(P<0.05),添加肌醇的各处理组之间肝脏脂肪含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。肝脏肌醇含量随着饲料肌醇含量的上升而显著升高(P<0.05),当饲料肌醇含量继续增大到≥216.07 mg/kg时维持稳定。添加琥珀酰磺胺噻唑但不添加肌醇组(Diet 0)的大黄鱼的生长、生理指标与不添加琥珀酰磺胺噻唑且不添加肌醇组(Diet1)相似,二者之间差异不显著(P>0.05),表明大黄鱼肠道中微生物的合成作用不是肌醇的主要来源。分别以大黄鱼的增重率和肝脏肌醇含量为评价指标,用折线模型分析得出大黄鱼对肌醇的适宜需求量为313.35和335.29mg/kg。
4.饲料中肌醇含量对鲈鱼的存活率没有显著影响(P>0.05),但却显著提高了鲈鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)。鲈鱼的WG、SGR和FE随着饲料中肌醇含量的升高而显著上升(P<0.05),当饲料中肌醇含量>216.07 mg/kg,SGR和FE变化趋于稳定；当饲料中肌醇含量进一步升高到>396.76mg/kg时,WG维持稳定。添加琥珀酰磺胺噻唑但不添加肌醇组(Diet0)的WG、SGR和FE与不添加琥珀酰磺胺噻唑且不添加肌醇组(Diet 1)相似,二者之间差异不显著(P>0.05),表明鲈鱼肠道中微生物的合成作用不是肌醇的主要来源。未添加肌醇的Diet0和Diet1组肝指数和肝脂肪含量最高,显著高于肌醇含量≥216.07 mg/kg的各组,肝指数和肝脂肪在添加肌醇的各处理组之间均没有显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料中肌醇含量显著影响了鲈鱼肝脏肌醇含量(P<0.05),未添加肌醇的Diet0组和Diet 1组,肝脏肌醇含量最低,显著低于肌醇添加量>396.76mg/kg的各处理组(P<0.05),添加肌醇的各组之间肝脏肌醇含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。分别以鲈鱼的增重率和肝脏肌醇含量为评价指标,用折线模型分析得出鲈鱼对肌醇的需求量为261.22和317.20 mg/kg。
5.饲料胆碱含量显著影响了大黄鱼的存活率(P<0.05),未添加胆碱组与胆碱含量为372.12mg/kg的处理组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05),但是显著低于胆碱含量≥682.99 mg/kg的各组P<0.05),存活率在各胆碱添加组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。大黄鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)随着饲料中胆碱的增加,均呈现显著上升的趋势(P<0.05),当饲料中胆碱含量≥372.12 mg/kg时,SGR趋于稳定,随着饲料中胆碱含量的进一步增加到≥682.99 mg/kg时,WG和FE维持稳定,且各处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中添加胆碱显著降低了大黄鱼肝脏脂肪含量和肝指数,同时显著提高了血清甘油三酯和胆固醇含量(P<0.05)。饲料胆碱含量也显著影响了大黄鱼肝脏胆碱含量(P<0.05),当饲料胆碱含量在96.83-682.99 mg/kg时,大黄鱼肝脏胆碱含量随着饲料胆碱含量的增加显著提高(P<0.05),而当饲料胆碱含量进一步增加时,其变化趋于稳定,且各处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。分别以大黄鱼的增重率和肝脏胆碱含量为评价指标,用折线模型分析得出大黄鱼对胆碱的需求量分别为1056.64和1124.28 mg/kg饲料。
6.随着饲料中胆碱含量的增加,各处理组之间的存活率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料中添加胆碱显著提高了鲈鱼的增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)(P<0.05)。当饲料中胆碱含量在96.83-1253.96mg/kg时,鲈鱼的WG和SGR随着饲料中胆碱水平的升高而显著提高(P<0.05),然而,随着饲料中胆碱含量的进一步升高,其变化趋于稳定,且各处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。未添加胆碱组FE显著低于其他添加胆碱的各组(P<0.05),FE在添加胆碱的各组并没有出现显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料中添加胆碱显著降低了鲈鱼肝脏脂肪含量和肝指数,同时显著提高了血清甘油三酯和胆固醇含量(P<0.05)。饲料胆碱水平也显著影响了鲈鱼肝脏胆碱含量(P<0.05),当饲料胆碱含量在96.83-682.99 mg/kg时,鲈鱼肝脏胆碱含量随着饲料胆碱含量的增加显著提高(P<0.05),而当饲料胆碱含量进一步增加时,其变化趋于稳定,且各处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。以鲈鱼的增重率和肝脏胆碱含量为评价指标,用折线模型分析得出鲈鱼对胆碱的需求量分别为929.40和1013.35 mg/kg。
7.饲料中糖水平对大黄鱼存活率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。当饲料糖含量在1.86-19.40%时,大黄鱼的体增重(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)随着饲料中糖含量的增加而显著上升,当糖含量继续增加时,大黄鱼的WG,SGR和FE显著下降(P<0.05)。饲料中糖含量对鱼体粗蛋白、水分和灰分没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是却显著提高了大黄鱼的粗脂肪含量及肝糖原、肌糖元和血糖含量(P<0.05)。饲料中糖含量对大黄鱼的蛋白酶没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是却显著提高了肠道淀粉酶活性(P<0.05)。随着饲料中糖含量的增加,大黄鱼对饲料的消化率显著降低(P<0.05),当饲料糖增加到13.56%时,脂肪消化率显著低于对照组P<0.05),而当饲料中糖含量超过19.40%时,大黄鱼对饲料蛋白质和糖的消化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。以大黄鱼的SGR为评价指标,用二次曲线模型分析得出大黄鱼饲料中糖的适宜添加量约为22%。
8.饲料中糖含量对鲈鱼存活率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。当饲料糖含量在1.86-13.56%时,鲈鱼的体增重(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)随着饲料中糖含量的增加而显著上升,当糖含量继续增加时,鲈鱼的WG,SGR和FE显著下降(P<0.05)。饲料中糖含量显著提高了鲈鱼粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量,并显著降低了鱼体水分和灰分含量(P<0.05)。肝糖原和血糖含量随着饲料糖含量的增加而呈现显著的先上升后平稳的趋势(P<0.05),肌糖原含量并没有受到饲料糖水平的影响。饲料中添加糖显著提高了鲈鱼肝脏蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性(P<0.05),对己糖激酶活力没有显著影响(P>0.05)。随着饲料中糖含量的增加,鲈鱼对饲料蛋白质、脂肪和糖的消化率显著降低(P<0.05),当饲料中糖含量大于19.40%时,鲈鱼对饲料蛋白质、脂肪和糖的消化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。以鲈鱼的SGR为评价指标,用二次曲线模型分析得出鲈鱼饲料中糖的适宜添加量约为19.8%。
Feeding trials were conducted in indoor flow-through system (120L,200L or 300 L/tank) or in seawater floating net cages (1.0 m×1.0m×1.5mor 1.5m×1.5 m×2.0 m) to investigate the effects of inositol, choline, niacin and carbohydrate on nutritional physiology of large yellow croaker(Pseudosciaena crocea) and Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus). Results of these studies are presented as follows:
1. Dietary niacin did not signicantly influence survival of large yellow croaker (P>0.05). The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) were the lowest in fish fed the basal diet, and increased with increasing dietary niacin up to 18.21 mg/kg (P<0.05), and leveled off (P>0.05). No significant difference was observed in whole-body composition and hepatosomatic index of large yellow croaker among all the groups (P>0.05). The hepatic niacin concentration significantly increased when the dietary niacin is 1.09-12.34 mg/kg (P<0.05), and leveled off when the dietary niacin content increased to 18.21 mg/kg (P>0.05). On the basis of SGR and hepatic niacin concentrations, the optimum dietary niacin requirements of juvenile large yellow croaker were estimated using broken-line regression analysis to be 17.41 and 21.97 mg/kg, respectively.
2. Survival of large yellow croaker was the lowest in fish fed the basal diet, which was significantly lower than fish fed diets supplemented with 18.21mg/kg niacin or higher (P<0.05), but no significant differences in survival were observed among the niacin-supplemented dietary groups (P>0.05). The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) were the lowest in fish fed the basal diet, and increased with increasing dietary niacin up to 18.21 mg/kg (P<0.05), and leveled off (P>0.05). No significant difference was observed in whole-body composition and hepatosomatic index of Japanese seabass among all the groups (P>0.05). The hepatic niacin concentration significantly increased when the dietary niacin is 1.09-12.34 mg/kg (P<0.05), and leveled off when the dietary niacin content was more than 18.21 mg/kg (P>0.05). On the basis of SGR and hepatic niacin concentrations, the optimum dietary niacin requirements of juvenile Japanese seabass were estimated using broken-line regression analysis to be 19.45 and 22.17 mg/kg, respectively.
3. Dietary inositol significantly enhanced the survival of large yellow croaker (P<0.05). The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) were significantly improved with dietary inositol increasing from 48.45 to 216.07 mg/kg (P>0.05), and leveled off with further increasing dietary inositol level (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in moisture, crude protein, ash and hepatosomatic index of large yellow croaker among all the groups (P>0.05), however, crude lipid of this fish significantly increased with increasing dietary inositol level (P<0.05). Hepatic lipid concentrations of fish fed the basal diet with or without succinylsulfathiazole were significantly higher than fish fed with inositol-supplemented diets (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the inositol-supplemented treatments. Inositol concentrations in livers significantly improved with increasing dietary inositol up to 216.07 mg/kg (P<0.05) and then leveled off (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed between growth performance and physiology indices of fish fed the basal diet with or without succinylsulfathiazole which demonstrated that de novo synthesis of inositol was not performed or insufficient for normal growth of large yellow croaker under these experimental conditions. On the basis of SGR and hepatic inositol concentrations, the optimum dietary inositol requirements of juvenile large yellow croaker were estimated using broken-line regression analysis to be 313.35 and 335.29 mg/kg, respectively.
4. Survival of Japanese seabass was not significantly influenced with increasing dietary inositol level (P<0.05). However, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) significantly improved with increasing dietary inositol level (P<0.05). SGR and FE leveled off when dietary inositol was more than 216.07 mg/kg while WG leveled off with dietary inositol more than 396.76 mg/kg (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed between the values of fish fed the basal diet with or without succinylsulfathiazole which demonstrated that de novo synthesis of inositol in gut was not performed or insufficient for normal growth of Japanese seabass. Hepatosomatic index and hepatic lipid concentrations of fish fed the basal diet with or without succinylsulfathiazole were highest, and significantly higher than fish fed with diets containing 216.07 mg/kg inositol or more (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the inositol-supplemented treatments. Inositol concentrations in livers were lowest in fish fed the inositol-unsupplemented diets, which were lower than fish fed diets containing 396.76mg/kg inositol or more, and no significant differences were observed among the inositol-supplemented treatments (P>0.05). On the basis of SGR and hepatic inositol concentrations, the optimum dietary inositol requirements of juvenile Japanese seabass were estimated using broken-line regression analysis to be 261.22 and 317.20 mg/kg, respectively.
5. Survival of large yellow croaker was significantly lower in fish fed the basal diet than those of fish fed diets supplemented with 682.99 mg/kg choline or higher, but no significant differences in survival were observed among the choline-supplemented dietary groups (P>0.05). The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) significantly improved with increasing dietary choline level. SGR leveled off when dietary choline is 372.12 mg/kg or higher while WG and FE leveled off with dietary inositol more than 682.99 mg/kg (P<0.05). With increasing dietary choline level, hepatic lipid concentrations and hepatosomatic index of large yellow croaker significantly decreased while serum triglyceride and cholesterol significantly increased (P<0.05). Choline concentrations in livers significantly improved with increasing dietary inositol up to 682.99 mg/kg (P<0.05), and then leveled off (P>0.05). On the basis of SGR and hepatic inositol concentrations, the optimum dietary choline requirements of juvenile large yellow croaker were estimated using broken-line regression analysis to be 1056.64 and 1124.28 mg/kg mg/kg, respectively.
6. No significant differences were observed in survival of large yellow croaker among various dietary treatments (P>0.05). The weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) significantly improved with increasing dietary choline up to 1253.96 mg/kg (P<0.05), and then leveled off (P>0.05). Feed efficiency (FE) was significantly lower in fish fed with basal diet than that fed with choline-supplemented diets (P<0.05). With increasing dietary choline level, hepatic lipid concentrations and hepatosomatic index of Japanese sebass significantly decreased while serum triglyceride and cholesterol significantly increased (P<0.05). Choline concentrations in livers significantly improved with increasing dietary inositol up to 682.99 mg/kg (P<0.05), and then leveled off (P>0.05). On the basis of SGR and hepatic inositol concentrations, the optimum dietary choline requirements of juvenile Japanese sebass were estimated using broken-line regression analysis to be 929.40 and 1013.35 mg/kg, respectively.
7. No significant differences were observed in survival of large yellow craoker among dietary treatments with graded levels of carbohydrate (P>0.05). However, with the increasing of dietary carbohydrate levels, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) increased when dietary CBH content is between 1.86 and 19.40%, and then decreased with dietary CBH further increased (P<0.05). Dietary CBH did not influence content of crude protein, moisture and ash of large yellow croaker, but significantly improved crude lipid, liver glycogen, muscle glycogen and serum glucose (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in protease among dietary treatments. However, the amylase activities in the intestine significantly increased with increasing dietary CBH levels (P<0.05). Digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dietary protein, lipid and CBH significantly decreased with increasing dietary CBH levels (P<0.05). ADCs of lipid were significantly lower when dietary CBH level is 13.56% or higher compared to basal diet. However, there was no significant effect on the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein and CBH when dietary CBH level was no more than 19.40%. On the basis of SGR, the optimum dietary carbohydrate level for the growth of large yellow croaker was estimated using second-order polynomial regression analysis to be 22%.
8. No significant differences were observed in survival of Japanese seabass among dietary treatments (P>0.05). However, with the increasing of dietary carbohydrate levels, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) increased when dietary CBH content is between 1.86 and 19.40%, and then decreased with dietary CBH further increased (P<0.05). Dietary CBH significantly improved the content of crude protein and crude lipid, but significantly decreased moisture and ash of Japanese seabass (P<0.05). With increasing dietary CBH, liver glycogen and serum glucose concentration significantly increased (P<0.05), and then leveled off. However, no significant differences were observed in muscle glycogen concentration among dietary treatments. Amylase and protease activities in livers significantly increased with increasing dietary CBH levels (P<0.05), while hexokinase activity was not influenced with dietary CBH levels. Digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dietary nutrients significantly decreased with increasing dietary CBH levels (P<0.05). However, there was no significant effect on the apparent ADCs of nutrients when dietary CBH level was no more than 19.40%. On the basis of SGR, the optimum dietary carbohydrate level for the growth of Japanese seabass was estimated using second-order polynomial regression analysis to be 19.8%.
引文
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