《米德尔马契》的人物刻画策略
摘要
《米德尔马契》自其出版,就被公认为英国伟大小说之一。它描绘了埋藏在历史深处一个英国中部小镇的乡村生活。它是乔治·爱略特写作顶峰时期的一部力作。《米德尔马契》是一部评说社会,分析人物的力作。小说真实再现了当时的历史风貌,成功塑造了生活在其中的150多个鲜活而富有生气的人物。很明显,这些人物形象最集中地体现了乔治·爱略特的艺术才华,因而,深入分析塑造这些人物所使用的手法,无疑具有重要研究价值。
论文的导论部分首先对作者乔治·爱略特和小说《米德尔马契》的主要情节作了简要介绍,然后对小说理论中的人物和人物形象的塑造手法等问题加以梳理。第二部分从整体上分析小说的主要主题。第三部分为论文核心部分,重点分析了乔治·爱略特所运用的三种主要的人物刻画策略——“刻意渲染”过度、反讽和心理分析,同时也涉及到了作者在小说中所使用的诸如喜剧、作者介入、描写和语言等次要的人物刻画手法。最后为论文的结论部分。
Middlemarch has been recognized as one of the great English novels since the date of its publication. It portrays the provincial life of a small town standing in the middle of England and English history. It is widely regarded as George Eliot's finest achievement, written when she was at the height of her powers. Middlemarch is a very carefully woven work of social commentary and human analysis, with many living, breathing characters who are as real as the historical time period they inhabit. There are more than one hundred and fifty characters in the novel. To create so many living characters is obviously not an easy job and to study the way George Eliot has portrayed so many characters is, no doubt, of important research value.
This thesis begins with a brief introduction of George Eliot and her novel Middlemarch. And then it provides a theoretical exposition of the concepts of Character and Characterization. The second part is a thematic analysis of the novel, which is intended to prepare for the investigation of characterization in the next part. The focus of the present study is placed on George Eliot's strategies of characterization. My study claims that George Eliot has mainly adopted three major characterization strategies: excessiveness, irony and psychological study. Some other minor approaches of characterization such as dramatic scenes, authorial intervention, direct exposition and linguistic features peculiar to characters have also been discussed. The last part is the conclusion of the present study.
论文的导论部分首先对作者乔治·爱略特和小说《米德尔马契》的主要情节作了简要介绍,然后对小说理论中的人物和人物形象的塑造手法等问题加以梳理。第二部分从整体上分析小说的主要主题。第三部分为论文核心部分,重点分析了乔治·爱略特所运用的三种主要的人物刻画策略——“刻意渲染”过度、反讽和心理分析,同时也涉及到了作者在小说中所使用的诸如喜剧、作者介入、描写和语言等次要的人物刻画手法。最后为论文的结论部分。
Middlemarch has been recognized as one of the great English novels since the date of its publication. It portrays the provincial life of a small town standing in the middle of England and English history. It is widely regarded as George Eliot's finest achievement, written when she was at the height of her powers. Middlemarch is a very carefully woven work of social commentary and human analysis, with many living, breathing characters who are as real as the historical time period they inhabit. There are more than one hundred and fifty characters in the novel. To create so many living characters is obviously not an easy job and to study the way George Eliot has portrayed so many characters is, no doubt, of important research value.
This thesis begins with a brief introduction of George Eliot and her novel Middlemarch. And then it provides a theoretical exposition of the concepts of Character and Characterization. The second part is a thematic analysis of the novel, which is intended to prepare for the investigation of characterization in the next part. The focus of the present study is placed on George Eliot's strategies of characterization. My study claims that George Eliot has mainly adopted three major characterization strategies: excessiveness, irony and psychological study. Some other minor approaches of characterization such as dramatic scenes, authorial intervention, direct exposition and linguistic features peculiar to characters have also been discussed. The last part is the conclusion of the present study.
引文
① Hardy, Barbara, ed. "Middlemarch": Critical Approaches to the Novel. London: Athlone Press, 1967.
② Carroll, David, ed. George Eliot: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971.
① R.H.Hutton, (essay date 1873), Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism, Vol. 13. Pp. 293.
① Hardy, Barbara, ed. "Middlemarch": Critical Approaches to the Novel. London: Athlone Press, 1967.
① 朱桃香,《米德马尔契:外省生活研究》的叙述形式.外国文学研究,2007(2)
② The UVic Writer's Guide. http://web.uvic.ca/wguide/Rs/LTCharacter.html
③ Direct vs. Indirect Characterization by Terry W. Ervin.http://www.fictionfactor.com/guests/characterization.html
④ Characterization in Literature by Karen Bernardo www.storybites.com/characterization2.htm
[1]John,Manfred.Narratology:A Guide to the Theory of Narrative.2005.
[2]Hugh Witemeyer,"Three Stages in the Development of Characterization in George Eliot's Fiction,"http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/eliot/charl.html
[3]Claudia Moscovici,Allusive Mischaracterization in Middlemarch Nineteenth-Century Literature,Vol.49,No.4(Mar.,1995),pp.513-531.
[4]Clifford J.Marks,"Middlemarch,Obligation,and Dorothea's Duplicity,"http://rmmla.wsu.edu/ereview/54.2/articles/marks.asp
[5]彭贵菊,论《米德尔马契》的人物塑造策略,US-China Foreign Language,Sep.2004,Volume 2,No.9(Serial No.12)。
[6]谢晓河,《小说人物的认知》,《外国语》,2005年第6期。
[7]张金凤,《备受争议的婚姻》,US-China Foreign Language,Jul.,2007,Volume 5,No.7(Serial No.46)。
① David R Carroll, Unity through Analogy. VS, II (1959), pp. 312, 309
② F.R.利维斯.伟大的传统[M].袁伟 译.北京:三联书店 2002
[1]伟大的传统.(英)F.R.利维斯著;袁伟 译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002,1.p.19.
[2]伟大的传统.(英)F.R.利维斯著;袁伟 译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002,1.p.19.
① Hardy, Barbara. Implication and Incompleteness: George Eliot's Middlemarch. The Victorian Novel, ed. Ian Watt. New York: Oxford UP. 1971.
① Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Interpretations: George Eliot's Middlemarch. New York: Chelsea House, 1987
① Fatal Marriages in George Eliot's Middlemarch.
② Carroll, David, ed. George Eliot: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971. p.554
③ Carroll, David, ed. George Eliot: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971. p.555
④ Carroll, David, ed. George Eliot: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971. p.555
① 朱桃香,《米德马尔契:外省生活研究》的叙述形式.外国文献研究, 2007 (2)
① Clifford J. Marks. "Middlemarch," Obligation, and Dorothea's Duplicity. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature, Vol.54, No.2. (2000), pp.27-28.
① Claudia Moscovici, Allusive Mischaracterizaion in Middlemarch. Nineteenth-Century Literature, Vol. 49, No. 4.(Mar. 1995), pp. 525
① Clifford J. Marks, "Middlemarch", Obligation and Dorothea's Duplicity. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature. Vol. 54, No, 2. pp 37
② Clifford J. Marks, "Middlemarch", Obligation and Dorothea's Duplicity. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature. Vol. 54, No. 2. pp 38
① Barbara Hardy; J. Hillis Miller; Richard Poirier. Middlemarch, chapter 85: Three commentaries.Nineteenth-Century Fiction, Vol. 35, No.3, Special Issue: George Eliot, 1880-1980. pp. 438
① Barbara Hardy. Middlemarch, chapter 85: Three commentaries. Nineteenth-Century Fiction, Vol. 35, No.3, Special Issue: George Eliot, 1880-1980. pp. 437
① Suzanne C. Ferguson. Mme Laure and Operative Irony in Middlemarch: A Structural Analogy. Studies in English literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 3, No. 4, Nineteenth Century.pp.509-516
[1]John Purkis.A Preface to George Eliot[M].London.1985.
[2]张艳华.自我的局限与人类的无限——评米的作者议论与小说的意义.外国文学研究集刊,第12辑,中国社会科学出版社.
① 彭丽华.中国乔治艾略特研究综述[J].湘潭师范学院学报,2004, (5).
[1]Abigail S.Rischin."Beside the Reclining Statue:Ekphrasis,Narrative,and Desire in Middlemarch".http://www.jstor.org.
[2]Anderson,Quentin."George Eliot in Middlemarch",in George Eliot:A Collection of Critical Essays,(ed.) George R.Creeger,New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,Inc.Englewood Cliffs,1970.
[3]Ashton,Rosemary.George Eliot.Oxford,1983.10-15.
[4]Beaty,Jerome."History by Indirection:The Era of Reform in Middlemarch."Victorian Studies 1(1957):173-79.
[5]Blake,Kathleen."Middlemarch and the Women Question".http://www.jstor.org.
[6]Bloom,Harold,ed.Modern Critical Interpretations:George Eliot's Middlemarch.New York:Chelsea House,1987.65-80.
[7]Carroll,David,ed.George Eliot:The Critical Heritage.London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1971.
[8]Clifford J.Marks."'Middlemarch,' Obligation,and Dorothea's Duplicity".http://www.jstor.org.
[9]Eliot,George.Middlemarch.Bantam Classic Edition.March 1985.Bantam reissue February 1992.
[10]Ellmann,Richard.'Dorothea's Husbands ',Golden Codgers:Biographical Speculations.New York:Oxford Univ.Press,1973.
[11]Feltes,N.N."George Eliot's Pier-Glass:The Development of a Metaphor,"Modern Philology 67(1968):67-71.
[12]Fisher,Philip.Making Up Society:The Novels of George Eliot.Pittsburg:Univ.of Pittsburgh Press,1981.
[13]Foster,Shirley.Victorian Women's Fiction:Marriage,Freedom,and the Individual.London:Groom Helm,1985.120-123
[14]Fraser,Hilary."St.Theresa,St.Dorothea,and Miss Brooke in Middlemarch".http://www.jstor.org.
[15]Haight,Gordon S.George Eliot:A Biography.London:1968.30-45.
[16]Haight,Gordon S.The George Eliot Letters.London:Oxford Up,1954.121- 130.
[17]Hagan,John."Middlemarch:Narrative Unity in the Story of Dorothea Brooke".http://www.jstor.org.
[18]Hardy,Barbara,ed.'Middlemarch':Critical Approaches to the Novel.London:Athlone Press,1967.
[19]Hardy,Barbara.The Novels of George Eliot.London:Athlone Press,1959.120-125.
[20]Hardy,Barbara.Implication and Incompleteness:George Eliot's Middlemarch.The Victorian Novel,ed.Ian Watt.New York:Oxford UP.1971.
[21]Hardy,Barbara;J.Hillis Miller;Poirier,Richard."Middlemarch,Chapter 85:Three Commentaries".http://www.jstor.org.
[22]Harvey,William J.The Art of George Eliot.New York:Oxford Univ.Press,1962.80-100.
[23]Jones,T.J."Dorothea,the Dodo Bird in Middlemarch".Baylor University.http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/eliot/Middlemarch/jones2.html.
[24]Knoepflmacher,U.C.George Eliot's Early Novels.Berkeley:Univ.of California Press,1968.75-85.
[25]Leavis,F.R.The Great Tradition:George Eliot,Henry James,Joseph Conrad.London:Chatto and Windus,1950.
[26]Leng,Andrew."Dorothea Brooke's 'Awakening Consciousness' and Pre-Raphaelite Aesthetic in 'Middlemarch'".National University of Singapore.http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/eliot/Middlemarch/leng2.html.
[27]Newton,K.M.George Eliot:Romantic Humanist.London:The Macmillan Press Ltd.,1984.140-145.
[28]Pratt,J.C.and Neufeldt V.A.George Eliot's Middlemarch Notebooks.U of California Press,1979.
[29]Rackel M.Mroz."George Eliot's Complex Characters in Middlemarch".Lakhead University,Ontario.http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/eliot/Middlemarch/mrozl.html.
[30]Thompson,Ken.Fatal Marriage in George Eliot's "Middlemarch ":Analysis of Vocational Marriage of Women.Austin Peay State University,Memphis. http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/eliot/Middlemarch/thompson.html.
[31]Tucker,J.L.."George Eliot's Reflexive Text:Three Tonalities in the Narrative Voice of Middlemarch." http://www.jstor.org.
[32]陈蕾蕾.“乔治艾略特早期作品的新历史主义解读”.外国文学研究,2002,(1).
[33]陈蕾蕾.“传统与现代的统——乔治·爱略特早期小说特征试析”.暨南学报,2002,(6).
[34]崔东.“记忆—乔治艾略特人物个性的连续性展现”.外国文学研究,2003,(4).
[35]利维斯.F.R.《伟大的传统》(袁伟 译).北京:三联书店.2002
[36]彭丽华.中国乔治·艾略特研究综述[J].湘潭师范学院学报,2004,(5).
[37]乔治·爱略特.《米德尔马契》(朱虹译).北京:人民文学出版社,1987.
[38]殷企平.“互文和‘鬼魂':多萝西娅的选择—再访《米德尔马契》”.外国文学评论,2004,(1).
[39]朱桃香.“试论乔治·艾略特女性意识的独特性-对《米德尔马契》的重新解读”.暨南学报:哲学社会科学版,2002,(11)
[40]朱虹.《英国小说的黄金时代》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1997.39-40.
[41]林琳.“‘我'与权威——从女性主义叙事学角度解读乔治·艾略特与冰心的小说”.广东教育学院学报.2005,2.
② Carroll, David, ed. George Eliot: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971.
① R.H.Hutton, (essay date 1873), Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism, Vol. 13. Pp. 293.
① Hardy, Barbara, ed. "Middlemarch": Critical Approaches to the Novel. London: Athlone Press, 1967.
① 朱桃香,《米德马尔契:外省生活研究》的叙述形式.外国文学研究,2007(2)
② The UVic Writer's Guide. http://web.uvic.ca/wguide/Rs/LTCharacter.html
③ Direct vs. Indirect Characterization by Terry W. Ervin.http://www.fictionfactor.com/guests/characterization.html
④ Characterization in Literature by Karen Bernardo www.storybites.com/characterization2.htm
[1]John,Manfred.Narratology:A Guide to the Theory of Narrative.2005.
[2]Hugh Witemeyer,"Three Stages in the Development of Characterization in George Eliot's Fiction,"http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/eliot/charl.html
[3]Claudia Moscovici,Allusive Mischaracterization in Middlemarch Nineteenth-Century Literature,Vol.49,No.4(Mar.,1995),pp.513-531.
[4]Clifford J.Marks,"Middlemarch,Obligation,and Dorothea's Duplicity,"http://rmmla.wsu.edu/ereview/54.2/articles/marks.asp
[5]彭贵菊,论《米德尔马契》的人物塑造策略,US-China Foreign Language,Sep.2004,Volume 2,No.9(Serial No.12)。
[6]谢晓河,《小说人物的认知》,《外国语》,2005年第6期。
[7]张金凤,《备受争议的婚姻》,US-China Foreign Language,Jul.,2007,Volume 5,No.7(Serial No.46)。
① David R Carroll, Unity through Analogy. VS, II (1959), pp. 312, 309
② F.R.利维斯.伟大的传统[M].袁伟 译.北京:三联书店 2002
[1]伟大的传统.(英)F.R.利维斯著;袁伟 译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002,1.p.19.
[2]伟大的传统.(英)F.R.利维斯著;袁伟 译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002,1.p.19.
① Hardy, Barbara. Implication and Incompleteness: George Eliot's Middlemarch. The Victorian Novel, ed. Ian Watt. New York: Oxford UP. 1971.
① Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Interpretations: George Eliot's Middlemarch. New York: Chelsea House, 1987
① Fatal Marriages in George Eliot's Middlemarch.
② Carroll, David, ed. George Eliot: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971. p.554
③ Carroll, David, ed. George Eliot: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971. p.555
④ Carroll, David, ed. George Eliot: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971. p.555
① 朱桃香,《米德马尔契:外省生活研究》的叙述形式.外国文献研究, 2007 (2)
① Clifford J. Marks. "Middlemarch," Obligation, and Dorothea's Duplicity. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature, Vol.54, No.2. (2000), pp.27-28.
① Claudia Moscovici, Allusive Mischaracterizaion in Middlemarch. Nineteenth-Century Literature, Vol. 49, No. 4.(Mar. 1995), pp. 525
① Clifford J. Marks, "Middlemarch", Obligation and Dorothea's Duplicity. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature. Vol. 54, No, 2. pp 37
② Clifford J. Marks, "Middlemarch", Obligation and Dorothea's Duplicity. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature. Vol. 54, No. 2. pp 38
① Barbara Hardy; J. Hillis Miller; Richard Poirier. Middlemarch, chapter 85: Three commentaries.Nineteenth-Century Fiction, Vol. 35, No.3, Special Issue: George Eliot, 1880-1980. pp. 438
① Barbara Hardy. Middlemarch, chapter 85: Three commentaries. Nineteenth-Century Fiction, Vol. 35, No.3, Special Issue: George Eliot, 1880-1980. pp. 437
① Suzanne C. Ferguson. Mme Laure and Operative Irony in Middlemarch: A Structural Analogy. Studies in English literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 3, No. 4, Nineteenth Century.pp.509-516
[1]John Purkis.A Preface to George Eliot[M].London.1985.
[2]张艳华.自我的局限与人类的无限——评米的作者议论与小说的意义.外国文学研究集刊,第12辑,中国社会科学出版社.
① 彭丽华.中国乔治艾略特研究综述[J].湘潭师范学院学报,2004, (5).
[1]Abigail S.Rischin."Beside the Reclining Statue:Ekphrasis,Narrative,and Desire in Middlemarch".http://www.jstor.org.
[2]Anderson,Quentin."George Eliot in Middlemarch",in George Eliot:A Collection of Critical Essays,(ed.) George R.Creeger,New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,Inc.Englewood Cliffs,1970.
[3]Ashton,Rosemary.George Eliot.Oxford,1983.10-15.
[4]Beaty,Jerome."History by Indirection:The Era of Reform in Middlemarch."Victorian Studies 1(1957):173-79.
[5]Blake,Kathleen."Middlemarch and the Women Question".http://www.jstor.org.
[6]Bloom,Harold,ed.Modern Critical Interpretations:George Eliot's Middlemarch.New York:Chelsea House,1987.65-80.
[7]Carroll,David,ed.George Eliot:The Critical Heritage.London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1971.
[8]Clifford J.Marks."'Middlemarch,' Obligation,and Dorothea's Duplicity".http://www.jstor.org.
[9]Eliot,George.Middlemarch.Bantam Classic Edition.March 1985.Bantam reissue February 1992.
[10]Ellmann,Richard.'Dorothea's Husbands ',Golden Codgers:Biographical Speculations.New York:Oxford Univ.Press,1973.
[11]Feltes,N.N."George Eliot's Pier-Glass:The Development of a Metaphor,"Modern Philology 67(1968):67-71.
[12]Fisher,Philip.Making Up Society:The Novels of George Eliot.Pittsburg:Univ.of Pittsburgh Press,1981.
[13]Foster,Shirley.Victorian Women's Fiction:Marriage,Freedom,and the Individual.London:Groom Helm,1985.120-123
[14]Fraser,Hilary."St.Theresa,St.Dorothea,and Miss Brooke in Middlemarch".http://www.jstor.org.
[15]Haight,Gordon S.George Eliot:A Biography.London:1968.30-45.
[16]Haight,Gordon S.The George Eliot Letters.London:Oxford Up,1954.121- 130.
[17]Hagan,John."Middlemarch:Narrative Unity in the Story of Dorothea Brooke".http://www.jstor.org.
[18]Hardy,Barbara,ed.'Middlemarch':Critical Approaches to the Novel.London:Athlone Press,1967.
[19]Hardy,Barbara.The Novels of George Eliot.London:Athlone Press,1959.120-125.
[20]Hardy,Barbara.Implication and Incompleteness:George Eliot's Middlemarch.The Victorian Novel,ed.Ian Watt.New York:Oxford UP.1971.
[21]Hardy,Barbara;J.Hillis Miller;Poirier,Richard."Middlemarch,Chapter 85:Three Commentaries".http://www.jstor.org.
[22]Harvey,William J.The Art of George Eliot.New York:Oxford Univ.Press,1962.80-100.
[23]Jones,T.J."Dorothea,the Dodo Bird in Middlemarch".Baylor University.http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/eliot/Middlemarch/jones2.html.
[24]Knoepflmacher,U.C.George Eliot's Early Novels.Berkeley:Univ.of California Press,1968.75-85.
[25]Leavis,F.R.The Great Tradition:George Eliot,Henry James,Joseph Conrad.London:Chatto and Windus,1950.
[26]Leng,Andrew."Dorothea Brooke's 'Awakening Consciousness' and Pre-Raphaelite Aesthetic in 'Middlemarch'".National University of Singapore.http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/eliot/Middlemarch/leng2.html.
[27]Newton,K.M.George Eliot:Romantic Humanist.London:The Macmillan Press Ltd.,1984.140-145.
[28]Pratt,J.C.and Neufeldt V.A.George Eliot's Middlemarch Notebooks.U of California Press,1979.
[29]Rackel M.Mroz."George Eliot's Complex Characters in Middlemarch".Lakhead University,Ontario.http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/eliot/Middlemarch/mrozl.html.
[30]Thompson,Ken.Fatal Marriage in George Eliot's "Middlemarch ":Analysis of Vocational Marriage of Women.Austin Peay State University,Memphis. http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/eliot/Middlemarch/thompson.html.
[31]Tucker,J.L.."George Eliot's Reflexive Text:Three Tonalities in the Narrative Voice of Middlemarch." http://www.jstor.org.
[32]陈蕾蕾.“乔治艾略特早期作品的新历史主义解读”.外国文学研究,2002,(1).
[33]陈蕾蕾.“传统与现代的统——乔治·爱略特早期小说特征试析”.暨南学报,2002,(6).
[34]崔东.“记忆—乔治艾略特人物个性的连续性展现”.外国文学研究,2003,(4).
[35]利维斯.F.R.《伟大的传统》(袁伟 译).北京:三联书店.2002
[36]彭丽华.中国乔治·艾略特研究综述[J].湘潭师范学院学报,2004,(5).
[37]乔治·爱略特.《米德尔马契》(朱虹译).北京:人民文学出版社,1987.
[38]殷企平.“互文和‘鬼魂':多萝西娅的选择—再访《米德尔马契》”.外国文学评论,2004,(1).
[39]朱桃香.“试论乔治·艾略特女性意识的独特性-对《米德尔马契》的重新解读”.暨南学报:哲学社会科学版,2002,(11)
[40]朱虹.《英国小说的黄金时代》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1997.39-40.
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