α-HCH在家兔体内以及氯丹在家鸡体内的手性和非手性动态分布
|
摘要
HCHs和氯丹是在环境介质中广泛分布、并具有手性组分的持久性有机污染物。本研究采用体内暴露的方法,分别研究了α-HCH在家兔体内,以及顺式氯丹CC、反式氯丹TC、七氯HEP、环氧氯丹OXY和环氧七氯HEPX在家鸡体内的手性和非手性动态分布规律。
一次性分别经口和经皮暴露后,α-HCH在家兔体内的动态变化相近。α-HCH在家兔体内的动态变化可由以血液和其他组织(合并)的两室毒代动力学模型较好拟合。分析表明,组织的血流通量和脂肪含量是影响α-HCH在家兔各组织中分布的重要因素,其中,暴露前、以及暴露后1440 min和5760 min时,家兔各组织中α-HCH浓度和脂含量显著正相关(p<0.01),但暴露10 min时相关不显著。家兔的肌肉和脂肪组织是α-HCH在家兔体内的主要贮存场所。
经口/经皮暴露外消旋的α-HCH后,家兔各组织均选择性的富集右旋异构体(+)-α-HCH,且EF值随时间显著增加。各组织的EF值由大到小依次为,脑>肝>肠>肾≈肌肉≈脂肪。采用一室模型分别拟合血液中(+)-α-HCH和(-)-α-HCH的动力学变化,结果显示,经口和经皮吸收均不存在立体选择性,借此推测该对映选择主要由于选择性代谢,且(+)-α-HCH在家兔体内的代谢为其对映体的一半。家兔脑组织能够迅速而强烈地富集(+)-α-HCH,分析主要由于血脑屏障的选择性转运。
一次性经口暴露工业氯丹后,可见CC、TC和HEP经由胃肠消化、吸收进入家鸡体内、并在各组织中分布等生物过程。顺反氯丹在家鸡中生物利用度高达98%。一室模型拟合得到CC和TC在家鸡体内的半衰期分别为13.4 h和12.5 h。暴露后,家鸡各组织中CC、TC和HEP浓度呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,浓度高低依次为脂肪>肠>皮>肝>脑>肌肉>血液。暴露500 min后家鸡各组织中CC、TC和HEP浓度与组织脂含量均显著相关(p<0.05)。本研究建立的多室模型,基本可反映CC和TC在家鸡各组织中的动态变化。暴露后,代谢产物HEPX和OXY迅速生成,并集中分布在家鸡肝脏和脂肪组织中。经推测,HEPX很可能在家鸡体内发生进一步代谢,而OXY则可能具有相对较强的蓄积能力。
经口暴露外消旋的工业氯丹后,家鸡各组织显著选择性的富集(-)-CC和(+)-TC。经对排泄物顺反氯丹的EF值进行分析,可基本排除吸收和排泄过程对家鸡选择性富集(-)-CC和(+)-TC的贡献。一室模型拟合结果表明,CC和TC一对对映体的吸收速率常数分别相同,而消除速率常数有所差异。可计算得到家鸡各组织顺反氯丹的近似EF值,其中脂肪、皮和肝脏组织中顺反氯丹的手性分异较强烈。本研究没有发现家鸡脑组织对顺反氯丹的手性富集相对其他组织有任何特异性。
Japanese Rabbits (Oyctolagus Cuniculus) were exposed toα-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) either orally or dermally and concentrations ofα-HCH and its two enantiomers were measured at different time intervals in the blood, intestine, liver, kidney, fat, brain, and muscle. The time trends were quantified using toxicokinetic models. It was found that absorption and elimination ofα-HCH in blood were first-order processes which can be characterized by a single compartmental kinetic model. The absorption of dermally exposedα-HCH in blood was more than one order of magnitude faster than that of orally exposedα-HCH. The transport ofα-HCH from the blood to other tissues was characterized using a two-compartment model. The accumulation rates were different among tissues depending on blood flow rate and fat content. Significant correlation was revealed betweenα-HCH and fat content for various tissues either before or 1 d after the exposure. However, there was no such correlation at 10 minutes immediately after the exposure.
The enantiomeric fraction (EF) ofα-HCH in rabbit blood was nearly racemic before the exposure and increased to 0.73 and 0.82 after oral or dermal exposure, respectively. The result of a toxicokinetic modeling suggested that the strong enantioenrichment of (+)-α-HCH was primarily because the elimination rate of (-)-α-HCH was more than two times higher than that of (+)-α-HCH. The EFs for other tissues also increased dramatically after the exposure and the EFs in brain reached as high as 0.99.
After a single oral exposure of technical chlordane, levels of CC, TC, HEP, HEPX and OXY were determined in gastrointestinal residues, droppings and various tissues of Chicken(Gallus gallus) at the time of 60, 120, 160, 200, 300, 500, 1000 and 2000 min. Interestingly, over 98% of CC and TC were bioaccessible for chicken, while only approximately 1.1% of CC and TC were directly excreted through droppings without further biotransformation. According to the single-compartment toxicokinetic modeling, CC and TC shared similar absorption rate in the whole body, while TC showed a slight more rapid elimination rate, with half-life of 13.4h for CC and 12.5h for TC. The metabolites of HEPX and OXY appeared as soon as 60 min after exposure, and were mainly accumulated in fat and liver tissues. Concentrations of CC, TC and HEP in chicken tissues roughly followed orders as fat > intestine > skin > liver > brain > muscle > blood. Levels of CC, TC and HEP in various tissues showed significant correlation with lipid content (p<0.05) since 500 min after exposure. A multi-compartment toxicokinetic model was developed to characterize the accumulation dynamics of CC and TC in the various tissues respectively.
Tissues of chicken all enantioselectively accumulated (-)-CC and (+)-TC, while fat, skin and liver tissues showed relatively stronger capacity of enantio-enrichments. The EFs of droppings remained nearly racemic at first, but gradually decreased less than 0.5 for CC and increased more than 0.5 for TC, which could rule out the enantioselective absorption and excretion of CC and TC in chicken. The one-compartment toxicokinetic model was applied for the individual enantiomers of CC and TC, respectively, and different elimination rates but similar absorption rates were observed between the enantiomers for both CC and TC. Compared with other tissues, brain tissues of chicken didn’t showed accumulated (-)-CC and (+)-TC to any different extent.
一次性分别经口和经皮暴露后,α-HCH在家兔体内的动态变化相近。α-HCH在家兔体内的动态变化可由以血液和其他组织(合并)的两室毒代动力学模型较好拟合。分析表明,组织的血流通量和脂肪含量是影响α-HCH在家兔各组织中分布的重要因素,其中,暴露前、以及暴露后1440 min和5760 min时,家兔各组织中α-HCH浓度和脂含量显著正相关(p<0.01),但暴露10 min时相关不显著。家兔的肌肉和脂肪组织是α-HCH在家兔体内的主要贮存场所。
经口/经皮暴露外消旋的α-HCH后,家兔各组织均选择性的富集右旋异构体(+)-α-HCH,且EF值随时间显著增加。各组织的EF值由大到小依次为,脑>肝>肠>肾≈肌肉≈脂肪。采用一室模型分别拟合血液中(+)-α-HCH和(-)-α-HCH的动力学变化,结果显示,经口和经皮吸收均不存在立体选择性,借此推测该对映选择主要由于选择性代谢,且(+)-α-HCH在家兔体内的代谢为其对映体的一半。家兔脑组织能够迅速而强烈地富集(+)-α-HCH,分析主要由于血脑屏障的选择性转运。
一次性经口暴露工业氯丹后,可见CC、TC和HEP经由胃肠消化、吸收进入家鸡体内、并在各组织中分布等生物过程。顺反氯丹在家鸡中生物利用度高达98%。一室模型拟合得到CC和TC在家鸡体内的半衰期分别为13.4 h和12.5 h。暴露后,家鸡各组织中CC、TC和HEP浓度呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,浓度高低依次为脂肪>肠>皮>肝>脑>肌肉>血液。暴露500 min后家鸡各组织中CC、TC和HEP浓度与组织脂含量均显著相关(p<0.05)。本研究建立的多室模型,基本可反映CC和TC在家鸡各组织中的动态变化。暴露后,代谢产物HEPX和OXY迅速生成,并集中分布在家鸡肝脏和脂肪组织中。经推测,HEPX很可能在家鸡体内发生进一步代谢,而OXY则可能具有相对较强的蓄积能力。
经口暴露外消旋的工业氯丹后,家鸡各组织显著选择性的富集(-)-CC和(+)-TC。经对排泄物顺反氯丹的EF值进行分析,可基本排除吸收和排泄过程对家鸡选择性富集(-)-CC和(+)-TC的贡献。一室模型拟合结果表明,CC和TC一对对映体的吸收速率常数分别相同,而消除速率常数有所差异。可计算得到家鸡各组织顺反氯丹的近似EF值,其中脂肪、皮和肝脏组织中顺反氯丹的手性分异较强烈。本研究没有发现家鸡脑组织对顺反氯丹的手性富集相对其他组织有任何特异性。
Japanese Rabbits (Oyctolagus Cuniculus) were exposed toα-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) either orally or dermally and concentrations ofα-HCH and its two enantiomers were measured at different time intervals in the blood, intestine, liver, kidney, fat, brain, and muscle. The time trends were quantified using toxicokinetic models. It was found that absorption and elimination ofα-HCH in blood were first-order processes which can be characterized by a single compartmental kinetic model. The absorption of dermally exposedα-HCH in blood was more than one order of magnitude faster than that of orally exposedα-HCH. The transport ofα-HCH from the blood to other tissues was characterized using a two-compartment model. The accumulation rates were different among tissues depending on blood flow rate and fat content. Significant correlation was revealed betweenα-HCH and fat content for various tissues either before or 1 d after the exposure. However, there was no such correlation at 10 minutes immediately after the exposure.
The enantiomeric fraction (EF) ofα-HCH in rabbit blood was nearly racemic before the exposure and increased to 0.73 and 0.82 after oral or dermal exposure, respectively. The result of a toxicokinetic modeling suggested that the strong enantioenrichment of (+)-α-HCH was primarily because the elimination rate of (-)-α-HCH was more than two times higher than that of (+)-α-HCH. The EFs for other tissues also increased dramatically after the exposure and the EFs in brain reached as high as 0.99.
After a single oral exposure of technical chlordane, levels of CC, TC, HEP, HEPX and OXY were determined in gastrointestinal residues, droppings and various tissues of Chicken(Gallus gallus) at the time of 60, 120, 160, 200, 300, 500, 1000 and 2000 min. Interestingly, over 98% of CC and TC were bioaccessible for chicken, while only approximately 1.1% of CC and TC were directly excreted through droppings without further biotransformation. According to the single-compartment toxicokinetic modeling, CC and TC shared similar absorption rate in the whole body, while TC showed a slight more rapid elimination rate, with half-life of 13.4h for CC and 12.5h for TC. The metabolites of HEPX and OXY appeared as soon as 60 min after exposure, and were mainly accumulated in fat and liver tissues. Concentrations of CC, TC and HEP in chicken tissues roughly followed orders as fat > intestine > skin > liver > brain > muscle > blood. Levels of CC, TC and HEP in various tissues showed significant correlation with lipid content (p<0.05) since 500 min after exposure. A multi-compartment toxicokinetic model was developed to characterize the accumulation dynamics of CC and TC in the various tissues respectively.
Tissues of chicken all enantioselectively accumulated (-)-CC and (+)-TC, while fat, skin and liver tissues showed relatively stronger capacity of enantio-enrichments. The EFs of droppings remained nearly racemic at first, but gradually decreased less than 0.5 for CC and increased more than 0.5 for TC, which could rule out the enantioselective absorption and excretion of CC and TC in chicken. The one-compartment toxicokinetic model was applied for the individual enantiomers of CC and TC, respectively, and different elimination rates but similar absorption rates were observed between the enantiomers for both CC and TC. Compared with other tissues, brain tissues of chicken didn’t showed accumulated (-)-CC and (+)-TC to any different extent.
引文
曹华娟,曹朝晖,胡小红,周小迪,杨云,汪文惠,袁春晖,刘建琪,范荻,苏爱湘,黄涛.2000.湖南省长沙地区人乳中有机氯化合物蓄积水平的动态研究.实用预防医学, 7(3): 172-174.
曹红英,梁涛,陶澍. 2005.北京地区50多年来有机氯农药迁移与残留的动态模拟与预测.中国科学, 35 (10): 980-988.
仇保荣,王秀丽,刘毅,栾阳. 1998.乳腺癌病人乳腺脂肪中有机氯残留量的测定.化工劳动保护, 19(5): 199-201.
郭淼,陶澍,杨宇,李本纲,曹军,王学军,刘文新,徐福留,吴永宁. 2005.天津地区人群对六六六的暴露分析.环境科学, 26(1): 164-167.
蒋新国等, 2009.生物药剂学与药物动力学.高等教育出版社,北京.
蒋煜峰,王学彤,孙阳昭,王飞,吴明红,盛国英,傅家谟. 2010.上海市城区土壤中有机氯农药残留研究.环境科学, 31(2): 409-414.
康跃惠,刘培斌,王子健,等.2003.北京官厅水库-永定河水系水体中持久性有机氯农药污染.湖泊科学, 215(2):125-132.
孔祥胜,祁士华, Oramah, I. T.,张原,黄保健. 2010.广西百朗地下河水和沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征.中国岩溶, 29(4): 363-371.
孔志明等, 2008.环境毒理学,第四版.化学工业出版社,北京.
李军,张干,祁士华,解启来. 2007.珠江三角洲土壤中氯丹的残留特征.土壤学报, 44(6): 1058-1062.
李延红,王岙,朱颖俐,李大岩,相喜魁,梁长晶,田凤华. 2000.长春市哺乳期妇女有机氯农药蓄积水平的研究.环境与健康杂志, 17(1): 18-20.
刘迪, 2009.太原地区滴滴涕和六六六的污染特征与暴露风险评价.北京大学.硕士学位论文.
刘凌云等, 2009.普通生物学,第四版,高等教育出版社,北京.
刘维屏等, 2006.农药环境化学,化学工业出版社,北京.
刘焱明,张承中,李文慧,周变红,蒋君丽,马万里,李一凡. 2010.西安城区大气有机氯农药的污染特征及来源分析.环境科学研究, 23(3): 266-271.
吕波,詹平,姚永革,夏茵茵,黄湫淇. 2008.氯丹对大鼠甲状腺激素及组织结构影响的时效关系研究.现代预防医学, 35(4): 662-680.
罗慧,王新红,汤丽,洪丽玉,吴水平,谢卫. 2008.中国部分沿海海域水体中溶解态有机氯农药和多氯联苯的残留分布特征.海洋环境科学, 29(1): 115-120.
麦碧娴,林峥,张干,盛国英,闵育顺,傅家谟. 2000.珠江三角洲河流和珠江口表层沉积物中有机污染物研究——多环芳烃和有机氯农药的分布及特征.环境科学学报, 20(2): 192-197.
苗明三等, 1997.实验动物和动物实验技术.中国中医药出版社,北京.
屈长春,范凤平,陈志萍. 1993.母乳中有机氯农药残留量初探.环境与健康, 30, 274.
邵丁丁,周丽,史双昕,等., 2007.北京市春季和秋季大气中有机氯农药的调查分析.环境化学, 26(1):110-111.
史双昕,周丽,邵丁丁,张烃,李楠,狄一安,黄业茹. 2010.长江下游表层沉积物中有机氯农药的残留状况及风险评价.环境科学研究, 23(1): 7-13.
孙剑辉,王国良,张干,等. 2008.黄河表层沉积物中有机氯农药的相关性分析与风险评价.环境科学学报, 28 (2) : 342 -348.
王广基等, 2005.药物代谢动力学.化学工业出版社,北京.
肖春艳,邰超,赵同谦,等. 2009.黄河湿地孟津段水体及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征.环境科学, 30(6): 1614-1620.
徐殿斗,马玲玲,李淑珍,许国飞,陈扬. 2010.北京石景山区夏季大气中有机氯农药的研究.中国环境科学,30(5): 599-602.
闫妍, 2008.微生物好氧降解氯丹的研究.大连理工大学.硕士学位论文.
杨代斌, 2008.α-HCH和o,p'-DDT在小鼠和锦鲤体内对映选择性代谢和分布.北京大学.博士学位论文.
张淮城,周荣,周开亚, 1993.渤海江豚体内有机氯的研究.海洋环境科学, 12(3/4): 32-39.
张婉珈,祁士华,张家泉,等. 2010.三亚湾沉积柱有机氯农药的垂直分布特征.环境科学学报, 30(4): 862-867.
朱玮,朱宝立,班永宏,陈敏. 2010.含砷和氯丹类灭蚁药对职业人群心脏功能损伤的研究.江苏卫生保健, 12(6): 1-3.
Abbott, N. J., R?nnb?ck, L., Hansson, E., 2006. Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier. Nature Rev Neuro. 7, 41-53.
Aigner, E. J., Leone, A. D., Falconer, R. L., 1998. Concentrations and enantiomeric ratios of organochlorine pesticides in soils from the US corn belt. Environ Sci Technol. 32, 1162-1168.
Agrochimie R-P. 1986. Lindane. Information kit. Lyon. Aguilar, A., Borrel, A., Pastor, T., 1999. Biological factors affecting variability of persistent pollutants levels in cetaceans. J Cetacean Res Manage. 1, 83-116.
Asakawa, F., Jitsunari, F., Shiraishi, H., Suna, S., Takeda, N., Kitamado, T.,1996. Accumulation of Chlordanes in Adipose Tissues of Mice Caused by Long-Term Exposure of Low Level Technical Chlordane. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 57, 909-916.
Baber, D. S., Mcnally, A. J., Garcia-Reyeto, N., Denslow, N. D., 2007. Exposure to p,p’-DDE or dieldrin during the productive season alters heptatic CYP expression in Largemouth bass (Micropterus Salmides). Aquat Toxicol. 81, 27-35.
Baker, M. T., Nelson, R. M., Van Dyke, R., 1985. The information on chlorobenzene and benzene by the reductive metabolism of lindane in rat liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 236, 506-514.
Barrie, L. A., Macdonald, R., Bidleman, T. F., Diamond, M., Gregor, D., Semkin, R., Strachan, W., Alaee, M., Backus, S., Bewers, M.,Gobeil, C., Halsall, C., Hoff, J., Li, A., Lockhart, L., Mackay, D.,Muir, D., Pudykiewicz, J., Reimer, K., Smith, J., Stern, G.,Schroeder, W., Wagemann, W., Wania, F., Yunker, M. Chapter2 in Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report, Jensen, J., Adair, K., Shearer, R., Eds., Ministry of Public Works and Government Services, Ottawa, QS-8525-000-EE-A1, Catalog No.R72-260/1997E, ISBN 0-662-25704-9, 1997, pp 25-182.
Berger, D. D., Anderson, D. W., Weaver, J. D., Risebrough, R.W., 1970. Shell thinning in eggs of Ungava peregrines. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 84, 265-267.
Bidleman, T. F., Jantunen, L. M., Harner, T., Wiberg, K., Widemana, J. L., Brice, K., Sua, K., Falconer, R. L., Aigner, E. J., Leone, A. D., Ridal, J. J., Kermanf, B., Finizio, A., Alegria, H., Parkhurst, W. J., Szeto, S. Y., 1998a. Chiral pesticides as tracers of air-surface exchange. Environ Pollu. 102,43-49.
Bidleman, T. F., Jantunen, L. M., Wiberg, K., Harner, T., Brice, K., Falconer, R. L., Leone, A. D., Aigner, E. J., Parkhurst, W. J.,1998b. Soil as a Source of Atmospheric Heptachlor Epoxide. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1546-1548.
Bidleman, T. F., Jantunen, L. M., Helm, P. A., Brorstr?m-Lundean, E., Juntto, S., 2002. Chlordane Enantiomers and Temporal Trends of Chlordane Isomers in Arctic Air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 539-544.
Bidleman, T.F., Leone, A. D., 2004. Soil-air exchange of organochlorine pesticides in the Southern United States. Environ pollut. 128, 49-57.
Bidleman, T. F., Wong, F., Backe, C., Sodergren, A., Brorstrom-Lunden, E., Helm, P. A., Stern, G. A., 2004. Chiral signatures of chlordanes indicate changing sources to the atmosphere over the past 30 years. Atmos Environ. 38, 5963-5970.
Blüthgen, A., Nijhuis, H., Heeschen, W., 1983. Behaviour of HCH isomers in ruminants and the environment. In Hexachlorcyclohexanals Schadstoff in Lebensmitteln, Deutache Forschungsgemeinschafft, Verlag Chemie: Weinheim, pp. 128-142.
Bondy, G. S., Newsome, W. H., Armstrong, C. L., Suzuki, C. A. M., Doucet, J., Fernie, S., Hierlihy, S. L.,Feeley, M. M., and Barker, M. G. 2000. trans-Nonachlor and cis-nonachlor toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats: Comparison with technical chlordane. Toxicol. Sci. 58,386–398.
Bondy, G.S., Armstrong, C., Coady, L., Doucet, J., Robertson, P., Feeley, M., and Barker, M. 2003. Toxicity of the chlordane metabolite oxychlordane in female rats: clinical and histopathological changes. Food Chem Toxicol. 41, 291–301.
Bondy, G. S., Coady, L., Doucet, J., Armstrong, C., Kriz, R., Liston, V., Robertson, P., Norstrom, R., Moisey, J., 2005. Enantioselective and gender-dependent depletion of chlordane compounds from rat tissues. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 68, 1917-1938.
Botella, B., Crespo, J., Rivas, A., Cerrillo, I., Olea-Serrano, M., Olea, N., 2004. Exposure of women to organochlorine pesticides in southern Spain. Environ. Res. 96, 34-40.
Buser, H. R., Müller, M. D., Rappe, C., 1992a. Enantioselective determination of chlordane components using chiral high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with application to environmental samples. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1533-1540.
Buser, H. R., Müller, M. D., 1992b. Enantiomer separation of chlordane components and metabolites using chiral high-resolution gas-chromatography and detection by mass-spectrometric techniques. Anal. Chem. 64, 3168-3175.
Buser, H. R., Müller, M. D., 1993. Enantioselective determination of chlordane components metabolites, and photoconversion products in environmental samples using chiral high-resolution gas-chromatography and mass-spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 1211-1220.
Buser, H. R., Müller, M. D., 1995. Isomer and enantioselective degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in sewage Sludge under anaerobic conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 664-672.
Butte, W., Fox, K., Zauke, G., 1991. Kinetics of bioaccumulation and clearance of isomeric hexachlorocyclohexanes. Sci. Total Environ. 109, 377-382. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 55, 291-299.
Cao, H. Y., Tao, S., Xu, F. L., et al., 2004. Multimedia fate model for hexachlorocyclohexane in Tianjin, China. Environ Sci Technol. 38, 2126-2132.
Cao, H. Y., Liang, T., Tao, S., et al., 2007. Simulating the temporal changes of OCP pollution in Hangzhou, China. Chemosphere. 67, 1335-1345.
Cavret, S., Feidt, C., 2005. Intestinal metabolism of PAR in vitro demonstration and study of its impact on PAH transfer through the intestinal epithelium. Environ Res. 98, 22-32.
Chernyak, S. M., McConnell, L. L., Rice, C. P. 1995. Fate of some chlorinated hydrocarbons in Arctic and far-eastern ecosystems in the Russian-Federation. Sci. Total Environ. 160/161, 75-85.
Chu, S. G., Covaci, A., Schepens, P., 2003. Levels and chiral signatures of persistent organochlorine pollutants in human tissues from Belgium. Environ Res.93, 167-176.
Clark, T. P., Norstrom, R. J., Fox, G. A., Won, H. T., 1987. Dynamics of organochlorine compounds in herring-gulls (Larus-Argentatus).2. A 2-compartent model and data for 10 compounds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6, 547-559.
Covaci, A., Gheorghe, A., Schepen, P., 2004. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and alpha-HCH enantiomers in pork tissues. Chemosphere. 56, 757-776.
Creton, S., Billington, R., Davies, W., Dent, M. P., Hawksworth, G. M., Parry, S., Travis, K. Z., 2009. Application of toxicokinetics to improve chemical risk assessment: Implications for the use of animals. Cotham, W. E., Bidleman, T. F. 1991. Estimating the atmosphere deposition of organochlorine contaminants to the Arctic. Chemosphere. 22, 165-188.
Davies, D., Mes, J., 1987. Comparison of the residue levels of some organochlordane compounds in breast-milk of the general and indigenous Canadian populations. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39, 743-749.
Dearth, M. A., Hites, R. A., 1991a. Complete Analysis of Technical Chlordane Using Negative Ionization Mass-Spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 245-254.
Dearth, M. A., Hites, R. A., 1991b. Chlordane Accumulation in People. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1279-1285.
Dearth, M. A., Hites, R. A., 1991c. Depuration Rates of Chlordane Compounds from Rat Fat. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1125-1128.
Devanathan, G., Subramanian, A., Someya, M., Sudaryanto, A., Isobe, T., Takahashi, S., Chakraborty, P., Tanabe, S., 2009. Persistent organochlorines inhumanbreast milk from major metropolitan cities in India. Environ. Pollut. 2009, 157, 148–154.
Dewailly, E., Mulvad, G., Pedersen, H. S., Ayotte, P., Demers, A., weber, J-P., Hansen, J. C., 1999. Concentration of Organochlorines in Human Brain, Liver, and Adipose Tissue Autopsy Samples from Greenland. Environ Health persp. 107, 823-828.
Ecobichon, D. J. Toxic effects of pesticides. In Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons, Amdur, M. O., Doull, J., Klaassen, C. D., Eds., Pergamon Press: New York, 1991, pp 565-622.
Eljarrat, E., Guerra, P., Barcelo, D.,2008. Enantiomeric determination of chiral persistent organic pollutants and their metabolites. Trends in Analyt Chem. 27, 847-861.
Eitzer, B. D., Iannucci-Berger, W., Mattina, M. I., 2003. Volatilization of weathered chiral and achiral chlordane residues from soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 4887-4893.
Ernst, W., 1977. Determination of bioconcentration potential of marine organisms - steady state approach. 1. Bioconcentration data for 7 chlorinated pesticides in mussels (Mytilus edulis) and their relation to solubility data. Chemosphere. 6, 731-740.
Falandysz, J. Kannan, K., Tanabe, S., Tatsukawa, R., 1994. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated-biphenyls in cod-liver oils-north-Atlantic, Norwegian Sea, North-sea and Baltic sea. AMBIO, 23, 288-293.
Falandysz, J., Strandberg, L., Puzyn, T., Gucia, T., 2001. Chlorinated Cyclodiene Pesticide Residues in Blue Mussel, Crab, and Fish in the Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 4163-4169.
Falconer, R. L., Bidleman, T. F., Gregor, D. J., Semkin, R., Teixeira, C., 1995. Enantioselective breakdown ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane in a small arctic lake and its watershed. Environ Sci Technol. 29, 1297-1302.
Falconer, R. L., Bidleman, T. F., Szeto, S. Y., 1997. Chiral pesticides in soils of the Fraser Valley, British Columbia. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45, 1946–1951.
Faller, J., Hühnerfuss, H., K?nig, W. A., Ludwig, P., 1991. Gas chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of marine organic pollutants : Distribution ofα-HCH enantiomers in the North Sea. Mar Pollut Bull. 22, 82-86.
Finizio, A., Bidleman, T. F., Szeto, S. Y., 1998. Emission of chiral pesticides from an agricultural soil in the Fraser valley. Chemosphere.36, 334-355.
Fisk, A. T., Moisey, J., Hobson, K. A., Karnovsky, N. J., Norstrom, R. J., 2001. Chlordane components and metabolites in seven species of Arctic seabirds from the Northwater Polynya: relationships with stable isotopes of nitrogen and enantiomeric fractions of chiral components. Environ. Pollut. 113, 225-238.
Fisk, A. T., Hoekstra, P. F., Gagnon, J. M., Duffe, J., Norstrom, R. J., Hobson, K. A., Kwan, M., Muir, D. C. G., 2003. Influence of habitat, trophic ecology and lipids on, and spatial trends of, organochlorine contaminants in Arctic marine invertebrates. Mar. Ecol-Prog. Ser. 262, 201-214.
Freeman, H. P., Taylor, A. W., Edwards, W. M., 1975. Heptachlor and dieldrin disappearance from a field soil measured by annual residue determinations. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 23, 1101-1105.
Garrison, A. W., 2006. Probing the enantioselectivity of chiral pesticides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 16-23.
Gibaldi, M., Perrier, D., 1982. Pharmacokinetics, 2nd, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York.
Gibaldi, M., Prescott, L., 1983. Handbook of clinical pharmacokinetics, ADIS Health Science Press, New York.
Harner, T., Kylin, H., Bidleman, T. F., Strachan, W. M. J., 1999. Removal of alpha- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane and enantiomers of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane in the eastern Arctic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol. 33, 1157-1164.
Harner, T., Wiberg, K., Norstrom,R., 2000. Enantiomer fractions are preferred to enantiomer ratios for decribingchiral signatures in environmental analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 218-220.
Harner, T., Bidleman, T. F., Jantunen, L. M. M., Mackay, D., 2001. Soil-air exchange model of persistent pesticides in the United States cotton belt. Environ Toxicol Chem. 20, 1612-1621.
Hedlund, E., Gustafsson, J-A., Warner, M., 2001. Cytochrome P450 in the brain: a review, Curr Drug Metab. 2, 245-263.
Herzke, D., Kallenborn, R., Nyga, T., 2002. Organochlorines in egg samples from Norwegian birds of prey: Congener-, isomer- and enantiomer specific considerations. Sci. Total Environ. 291, 59–71.
Hinckley, D. A., Bidleman, T. F., 1991. Atmospheric organochlorine pollutants and air-sea exchange of hexane in the Bering and Chukchi seas. J Geophys Res. 96, 7201-7213.
Hoekstra, P. F., Hara, T. M.O., Teixeria, C., Backus, S., Fisk,A. T., Muir, D.C.G., 2002. Spatial trends and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pollutants in marine zooplankton from the Alaskan and western Canadian Arctic. Environ Toxicol Chem. 21, 575–583.
Hoekstra, P. F., Braune, B.M., Wong, C.S., Williamson, M., Elkin, B., Muir, D.C.G., 2003a. Profile of persistent chlorinated contaminants, including selected chiral compounds, in wolverine (Gulo gulo) livers from the Canadian Arctic. Chemosphere. 53, 551–560.
Hoekstra, P. F., Braune, B.M., Hara, T. M.O., Elkin, B., Solomon, K. R., 2003b. Organochlorine contaminant and stable isotope profiles in Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) from the Alaskan and Canadian ArcticEnviron Pollut. 122, 423-433.
Hoekstra, P. F., Hara, T. M. O., Karlsson, H., Solomon, K. R. and Muir, D. C. G., 2003c. Enantiomerspecificbiomagnification ofα-Hexachlorocyclohexane and selected chiral chlordane-related compounds within an arctic marine food web. Environ Toxicol Chem. 22: 2482-2491.
Hoekstra, P. F., O'Hara, T. M., Backus, S. M., Hanns, C., Muir, D. C. G., 2005. Concentrations of persistent organochlorine contaminants in bowhead whale tissues and other biota from northern Alaska: Implications for human exposure from a subsistence diet. Environ. Res. 98, 329-340.
Hühnerfuss, H., Faller, J., Kallenborn, R., K?nig, W. A., Ludwig, P., Pfaffenberger, B., Oehme, M., Rimkus, G., 1993. Enantioselective and nonenantioselective degradation of organic pollutants in the marine ecosystem. Chirality. 5, 393-399.
Hühnerfusss, H., 2000. Chromatographic enantiomer separation of chiral xenobiotics and their metabolites-A versatile tool for process studies in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Chemosphere. 40, 913-919.
Hummert, K., Vetter, W., Luckas, B., 1995. Levels of a-HCH, lindane, and enantiomers of a-HCH in marine mammals from the northern hemisphere. Chemosphere. 31, 3489-3500.
Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Sakai, N., Tatsukawa, R., 1993. Distribution of persistent organochlorine pollutants in oceanic air and surface seawater and the role of ocean on their global transport and fate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 1080–1098.
Iwata, H., Shinsuke, T., Iida, T., Baba, N., Ludwig, J., Tatsukawa, R., 1998. Enantioselective accumulation ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane in northern fur seals and double-crested cormorants: effects of biological and ecological factors in the higher trophic levels. Environ Sci Technol. 32, 2244-2249.
Jantunen, L. M., Bidleman, T., 1996. Air-water gas exchange of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and the enantiomers of alpha-HCH in arctic regions. J Geophys Res. 101, 28837-28846.
Jantunen, L. M. M., Bidleman, T. F., 1998. Organochlorine pesticides and enantiomers of chiral pesticides in Arctic Ocean water. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol. 35, 218-228.
Jantunen, L. M., Kylin, H., Bidleman, T. F., 2004. Air–water gas exchange of a-hexachlorocyclohexane enantiomers in the South Atlantic Ocean and Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res II. 51, 2661–2672.
Jaraczewska, K., Lulek, J., Covaci, A., Voorspoels, S., Kaluba-Skotarczak, A., Drews, K., Schepens, P., 2006. Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human umbilical cord serum, maternal serum and milk from Wielkopolska region, Poland. Sci. Total Environ.372, 20–31.
Jones, K. C., 1988. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in human foodstuffs and tissues: suggestions for a selective congener analytical approach. Sci. Total Environ. 68, 141-159.
Kallenborn, R., Hühnerfuss, H., K?nig, W. A., 1991. Enantioselective Metabolism of (±)-l,2,3,4,5,6- hexachlorocyclohexane in organs of the eider duck. Angew Chem. 30, 320-321.
Kania-Korwel, I., Garrison, A. W., Avants, J. K., Hornbuckle, K. C., Robertson, L. W., Sulkowski, W. W., Lehmler, H. J., 2006. Distribution of chiral PCBs in selected tissues in the laboratory rat. Enviro. Sci. Technol. 55, 291-299.
Kannan, K., Tanabe, S., Tatsukawa, R., 1995. Geographical distribution and Accumulation Features of Organochlorine Residues in Fish in Tropical Asia and Oceania. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2673-2683.
Karlsson, H., Oehme, M., Skopp, S., Burkow, I. C., 2000. Enantiomer ratios of chlordane congeners are gender specific in cod (Gadus morhua) from the Barents Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 2126-2130.
Kawano, M., Wakimoto, T., Ohkoda, T. Nippon., 1982.Gas-chromatographic (ECD)determination of chlordanes and related-compounds in human-blood. Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan. 56, 531-536.
Kawano, M., Inoue, T., Hidaka, H., Tatsukawa, R., 1984. Chlordane compounds residues in weddell seals (Leptonychotes-weddelli) from the antarctic. Chemosphere , 13, 95-100.
Kitamura, S., Shimizu, Y., Shiraga, Y., et al., 2002. Reductive metabolism of p,p’-DDT and o,p’-DDT by rat liver cytochrome P450. Drug Metabolism and disposition, 30, 113-118.
Kreiss, K., Zack, M., Kimbrough, R., Needham, L., Smrek, A., Jones, B., 1981. Cross-sectional study of a community with exceptional exposure of DDT. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 245, 1926-1930.
Kunisue, T., Someya, M., Kayama, F., Jin, Y., Tanabe, S., 2004. Persistent organochlorines inhumanbreast milk collected from primiparae in Dalian and Shenyang, China. Environ. Pollut. 131, 381-392.
Kutz, F. W., Wood, P. H., Bottimore, D. P., 1991. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 120, 1-82.
Law, S. A., Diamond, M. L., Helm, P. A., Jantunen, L. M., Alaee, M. 2001. Factors affecting the occurrence and enantiomeric degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in northern and temperate aquatic systems. Environ Toxicol Chem. 20, 2690-2698.
Law, S. A., Bidleman, T. F., Martin, M., Ruby, M., 2004. Evidence of Enantioselective Degradation ofα-Hexachlorocyclohexane in Groundwater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 1633-1638.
Lebel, G. L., Williams, D. T.,1986. Determination of Halagenated contaminants in human adipose-tissue. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 69,451-58.
Lewis, D. L., Garrison, A. W., Wommack, K. E., Whittemore, A., Steudler, P., Melillo, J., 1999. Influence of environmental changes on degradation of chiral pollutants in soils. Nature. 40, 898-901.
Li, J., Zhang, G., Guo, L., et al., 2007. Organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere of Guangzhou and Hong Kong: regional sources and long-range atmospheric transport. Atmos Environ.41, 3889-3903.
Li, Y. F., Cai, D. J., Singh, A., 1998. Technical hexachlorocyclohexane use trends in China and their impact on the environment. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35, 688-697.
Li, Y. F., 1999. Global technical hexachlorocyclohexane usage and its contamination consequences in the environment: from 1948 to 1997. Sci. Total Environ. 232, 121-158.
Li, X. Q., Yang, L. J., Jans, U., Melcer, M. E., Zhang, P. F., 2007. Lack of enantioselective microbial degradation of chlordane in Long Island Sound sediment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 1635-1640.
Liu, P. T., Morgan, D. P., 1986. Comparative toxicity and biotransformation of lindane in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. Life Sci, 39, 1237-1244.
Ludwig, P., Hühnerfuss, H., K?nig, W. A., Gunkel, W., 1992. Gas chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of marine pollutants. Part 3. Enantioselective degradation ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane andγ-hexachlorocyclohexane by marine microorganisms. Mar Chem. 38, 13-23.
Luurtsema, G., Lange, E. C. M., Lammertsma, A. A., Franssen, E. J. F., 2004. Transport across the blood-brain barrier: stereoselectivity and PET-tracers. Mol Imaging Biol. 6, 306-318.
Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., Ma, K. C., 1997. Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals. Volume V, Pesticide Chemicals. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. New York.
Mattina, M. J., Iannucci-Berger, W., Dykas, L., 2000. Chlordane uptake and its translocation in food crops. J Agric Food Chem. 48, 1909-1915.
McBlain, W. A., 1987. The levo enantiomer of o,p’-DDT inhibits the binding of 17β-estradiol to the estrogen receptor. Life Sci. 40, 215-221.
McConnella, L. L., Bidleman, T. F., Cotham, W. E., Walla, M. D., 1998. Air concentrations of organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls over Green Bay, WI, and the four lower Great Lakes. Environ Pollut. 101,391-399.
Meylan, W., Howard, P. H., Boethling, R. S., 1992. Molecular topology fragment contribution method for predicting soil sorption coefficients. Environ Sci Technol. 26, 1560-1567.
Minh, N. H., Minh, T. B., Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Subramanian, A., Iwata, H., Tana, T. S., Baburajendran, R., Karuppiah, S., Viet, P. H., Tuyen, B. C., Tanabe, S., 2006. Contamination by Persistent Organic Pollutants in Dumping Sites of Asian Developing Countries: Implication of Emerging Pollution Sources. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 50, 474-481.
Miyazaki, A., Sakai, M., Marumo, S., 1980. Synthesis and biological-activity of optically-active heptachlor, 2-chloroheptachlor, and 3-chloroheptachlor. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28, 1310-1311.
Moisey, J., Fisk, A. T., Hobson, K. A., Norstrom, R. J., 2001. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers and chiral signatures ofα-HCH in the Arctic marine food web of the northwater polynya. Environ Sci Technol. 35, 1920-1927.
Moller, K., Hühnerfuss, H., 1993. On the diversity of enzymatic degradation pathways ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane as determined by chiral gas chromatography. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 16, 672–673.
Moller, K., Hühnerfuss, H., Wolfle, D., 1996. Differential effects of the enantiomers ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) on cytotoxicity and growth stimulation in primary rat hepatocytes. Organohal. Compd. 29, 357-360.
Mossner, S., Spraker, T. R., Becker, P. R., Ballschmiter, K., 1992. Ratios of enantiomers of alpha-HCH and determination of alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, and gamma-HCH isomers in brain and other tissues of neonatal northern fur seals (Callorhinus-Ursinus). Chemosphere. 24, 1171-1180.
Muir, D. C. G, Norstrom, R., Simon, M., 1988. Organochlorine contaminants in arctic marine food-chains-accumulation of specific polychlorinated-biphenyls and chlordane-related compounds. Enuiron. Sci. Technol. 22, 1071-1079.
Muir, D. C. G., Grift, N. P., Lockhart, W. L., Wilkinson, P., Billeck, B. N., Brunskill, G. J. 1995. The effects of ecosystem characteristics on comtaminant distribution in Northern fresh-water lakes. Sci. Total Environ. 160/161, 1-17.
Müller, M. D., Schlabach, M., Oehme, M., 1992. Fast and precise determination ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane enantiomers in environmental samples using chiral high-resolution gas chromatography. Environ Sci Technol. 26,566–569.
Müller, M. D., Buser, H. R., 1994. Identification of the (+)-enantiomers and (-)-enantiomers of chiral chlordane compounds using chiral high-Permance liquid-chromatography chiroptical detection and chiral high-resolution gas-chromatography mass-spectometry. Anal. Chem. 66, 2155-2162.
Müller, T. A., Kohler, H. P. E., 2004. Chirality of pollutants—effects on metabolism and fate. Appl Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64, 300–316.
Newsome, W. H., Davies, D., Doucet, J., 1995. PCB and organochlorine pesticides in Canadian human-milk - 1992. Chemosphere. 30, 2143–2153.
Ngo, M. A., OMalley, M., Howard, I., 2010. Maibachc percutaneous absorption and exposure assessment ofpesticides. J. Appl. Toxicol. 30, 91-114.
Norstrom, R. J., Clark, T. P., Enright, M., Leung, B., Drouillard, K. G., MacDonald, C. R., 2007. ABAM, a model for bioaccumulation of POPs in birds: Validation for adult herring gulls and their eggs in Lake Ontario. Enviro. Sci. Technol. 41, 4339-4347.
Oehme, M., Schlabach, M., Hummert, K., Luckas, B., Nordoy, E. S. 1995. Determination of levels of polychlorinated debenzo-p-dioxins, Dibenzofurans, Biphenyls and pesticides in harp seals form the Greenland Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 162, 75-91.
Offenberg, J. H., Nelson, E. D., Gigliotti, C. L., Eisenreich, S. J., 2004. Chlordanes in the mid-Atlantic atmosphere: New Jersey 1997-1999. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 3488-3497.
Parmar, D., Yadav, S., Dayal, M., Johri, A., Dhawan, A., Seth, P. K., 2003. Effect of lindane on hepatic and brain cytochrome P450s and influence of P450 modulation in lindane induced neurotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 41, 1077-1087.
Pfaffenberger, B., Hühnerfuss, H., Hallenborn, R., Günther, A. G., K?nig, W. A., Krüner, G., 1992. Chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of marine pollutants. Part 6. Comparison of the enantioselective degradation ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane in marine biota and water. Chemosphere. 25, 719-725.
Pfaffenberger, B., Hardt, I., Hühnerfuss, H., K?nig, W. A., Rimkus, G., Glausch, A., Schurig, V., Hahn, J., 1994. Enantioselective degradation ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane and cyclodiene insecticides in roe-deer liver samples from different regions of Germany. Chemosphere. 29, 1543-1554.
Polec, I., et al., 1998. Simple Synthesis of Malathion and Malaoxon Enantiomers and Isomalathion Diastereoisomers: Toxicity–Configuration Relationship. Pestic Sci. 53, 165-171.
Portig, J., Stein, K., Vohland, H. W., 1989. Preferential distribution of a-HCH into cerebral white matter. Xenobiotica. 19, 123-130.
Polischuk, S. C., Norstrom, R. J., Ramsay, M. A., 2002. Body burdens and tissue concentrations of organochlorines in polar bears(Ursus maritimus) vary during seasonal fasts. Environ Pollut. 118, 29-39.
Pozo, K., Harner, T., Wania, F., Muir, D. C. G., Jones, K. C., Barrie, L. A., 2006. Toward a Global Network for
Persistent Organic Pollutants in Air: Results from the GAPS Study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 4867-4873.
Ridal, J. J., Bidleman, T. F., Kerman, B. R., Fox, M. E., Strachan, W. M. J., 1997. Enantiomers ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane as tracers of air-water gas exchange in lake Ontario. Environ Sci Technol. 31, 1940-1945.
Rosa, R., Rodriguez-Farre, E., Sanfeliu, C., 1996. Cytotoxicity of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers and cyclodienes in primary cultures of cerebella granule cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 278, 163-169.
Ruus, A., Skaare, J. U., Ingebrigtsen, K., 2001. Dispositon and depuration of lindane (γ-HCH) and polychlorinated biphenyl-110 (2,3,39,49,6-pentachlorobiphenyl) in cod (Gadus Morhua) and bullrout (Myoxocephalus Scorpius) after single oral exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20, 2377-2382.
Sanders, L. M., 1990. Drug delivery system and routes of administration of peptide and protein drugs. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 15, 95-102.
Shen H., Virtanen H. E., Main K., Kaleva M., Anderson A. M., Skakkebak N. E., Toppari J., Schramm K-W., 2006. Enantiomeric ratios as indicator of exposure processes for persistent pollutants in human placentas. Chemosphere. 62, 390-395.
Sallam, K. I.,Morshedy, A. E. M. A., 2008. Organochlorine pesticide residues in camel, cattle and sheep carcasses slaughtered in Sharkia Province, Egypt. Food Chem. 108, 154-164.
Seemamahannop, R., Berthod, A., Maples, M., Kapila, S., Armstrong, D. W., 2005. Uptake and enantio selective elimination of chlordane compounds by common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.). Chemosphere. 59, 493-500.
Shen, H. Q., Main, K. M., Virtanen, H. E., Damggard, I. N., Haavisto, A. M., Kaleva, M., Boisen, K. A., Schmidt, I. M., Chellakooty, M., Skakkebaek, N. E., Toppari, J., Schramm, K. W., 2007. From mother to child: investigation of prenatal and postnatal exposure to persistent bioaccumulating toxicants using human milk andplacenta biomonitoring. Chemosphere, 67, S256-S262.
Smith, A. G., Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Classes of pesticides. In Handbook of pesticide toxicology, Hayes, W. J.,Laws, E. R., Eds., Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 1991, pp 731-915.
Sofuolua, Mustafao, Yucelt, et al., 2001. Temperature dependence of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in Chicago air. Atmos Environ. 35, 6503-6510.
Srinivasan, K., Ramesh, H. P., Radhakrishnamurty, R., 1984. Renal tubular dysfunction caused by dietary hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. J. Environ. Sci. Health. B19, 453-466.
Srinivasan, K., Mahadevappa, K. L., Radhakrishnamurty, R., 1991. Toxicity of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane in rats of different ages. Bull. Environ Contam Toxicol. 47, 623-627
Standley, L., Stroud Water Research Center, Avondale, PA, personal communication, 1990.
Street, J. C., Blau, S. E., 1972. Oxychlordane - Accumulation in Rat Adipose-Tissue on Feeding Chlordane Isomers or Technical Chlordane. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20, 395-397.
Subramanian, A., Ohtake, M., Kunisue, T., Tanabe, S., 2007. High levels of organochlorines in mothers, milk from Chennai (Madras) city, India. Chemosphere. 68, 928–939.
Sun, S. J., Zhao, J. H., Koga, M., Ma, Y. X., Liu, D. W., Nakamura, M., Liu, H. J., Horiguchi, H., Clark, G. C., Kayama, F., 2005. Persistent organic pollutants in human milk in women from urban and rural areas in northern China Environ Res. 99, 285-293.
Szeto, S. Y., Price, P. M., 1991. Persistence of pesticide residues in mineral and organic soils in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia. J Agric Food Chem. 39, 1679-1684.
Tao, S., Yang, Y., Cao, H. Y., Liu, W. X., Coveney, R. M., Xu, F. L., Cao, J., Li, B. G., Wang, X. J., Fang, J. Y., 2006. Modeling the dynamic changes in concentrations ofγ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) in Tianjin region from 1953 to 2020. Environ Pollut. 139,183–193.
Tao, S., Liu W. X., Li X. Q., Zhou, D. X., Li X., Yang Y. F., Yue D. P., Conveney R. M., 2009a. Organochlorine pesticide residuals in chickens and eggs at a poultry farm in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut. 157, 497-502.
Tao, S., Lu, Y., Zhang, D. Y., Yang, Y. F., Yang, Y., Lu, X. X., Sai, D. J., 2009b. Assessment of Oral Bioaccessibility of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil Using an In Vitro Gastrointestinal Model. Environ Sci Technol.43, 4524-4529.
Tanabe, S., Sung, J. K., Choi, D. Y., Baba, N., Kiyota, M., Yoshida, K., Tatsukawa, R., 1994. Persistent organochlorine residues in northern fur seal from the Pacific coast of Japan since 1971, Environ Pollut. 85, 305-314.
Tanabe, S., Kumaran, P., Iwata, H., Tatsukawa, R., Miyazaki, N., 1996. Enantiomeric Ratios ofα-Hexachlorocyclohexane in blubber of small Cetaceans. Mar Pollut Bull. 32, 27-31.
Tashiro, S., Matsumura, F., 1977. Metabolic Routes of cis- and trans-Chlordane in Rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 25, 872-880.
Tashiro, S., Matsumura, F., 1978. Metabolism of Trans-Nonachlor and Related Chlordane Components in Rat and Man. Arch. Environm Contain Toxicol. 7, 113-127.
Tojo, Y., Wariishi, M., Suzuki, Y., Nishiyama, K., 1986.Quantitation of chlordane residues in mothers milk. Arch. Enuiron. Contam. Toxicol. 15, 327-332.
Ueno, D., Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Ikeda, K., Koyama, J., Yamada, H., 2002. Specific accumulation of persistent organochlorines in bluefin tuna collected from Japanese coastal waters. Mar Pollut Bull. 45, 254-261.
Ulrich, E. M., Willett, K., Caperell-Grant, A., Bigsby, R. M., Hites, R. A., 2001. Understanding enantioselective processes, A laboratory rat model forα-hexachlorocyclohexane accumulation. Enviro. Sci. Technol. 35, 1604-1609.
Velsicol Chemical Corporation, unpublished data, 1971.
Verner, M. A., Ayotte, P., Muckle, G., Charbonneau, M., Haddad, S. A., 2009. Physiologically based pharmacokineticmodel for the assessment of infant exposure to persistent organic pollutants in epidemiologic studies. Environ. Health. Perspect. 117, 481-487.
Vetter, W., Schurig, V., 1997. Enantioselective determination of chiral organochlorine compounds in biota by gas chromatography on modified cyclodextrins. J. Chromatogr A. 774, 143-175.
Vigano, L., Galassi, S., Gatto, M., 1992. Factors affecting the bioconcentration of hexachlorocyclohexanes in early life stages of Oncorhynchus-Mykiss. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11, 535-540.
Von Rumker, R., Matter, M. R., Clement, P. D., Erickson, K. F.,1995.“Production, Distribution, Use and Environmgntal Impact Potential of Selected Pesticides”, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., p 21.
Watanabe, M., Tanabe, S., Tatsukawa, R., Amano, M., Miyazaki, N., Petrov, E. A., Khuraskin S. L.,1999. Contamination Levels and Specific Accumulation of Persistent Organochlorines in Caspian Seal (Phoca caspica) from the Caspian Sea, Russia. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 37, 396-407.
Wiberg, K., Oehme, M., Haglund, P., Karlsson, H., Olsson, M., Rappe, C., 1998. Enantioselective Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in Herring and Seal from the Swedish Marine Environment. Mar Pollut Bull 36,345-353.
Wiberg, K., Letcher, R. J., Sandau C. D., Norstrom R. J., Tysklind M., Bidleman T. F., 2000. The enantioselective bioaccumulation of chiral chlordane andα-HCH contaminants in the polar bear food chain. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 2668-2674.
Wiberg, K., Harner, T., Wideman, J. L., Bidleman, T. F., 2001. Chiral analysis of organochlorine pesticides in Alabama soils. Chemosphere. 45, 843-848.
Willett, K. L., Ulrich, E. M., Hites, R. A., 1998. Differential toxicity and environmental fates of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2197–2207.
Wong, C. S., Lau, F., Clark, M., Mabury, S. A., Muir, D. C. G., 2002. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) can eliminate chiral organochlorine compounds enantioselectively. Environ Sci Technol. 36, 1257-1262.
Xue, M., Shen G. F., Yu, J. L., Zhang, D. Y., Lu, Z. J., Wang, B., Lu, Y., Cao, Y., Tao, S., 2010. Dynamic changes ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane and its enantiomers in various tissues of Japanese Rabbits (Oyctolagus cuniculus) after oral or dermal exposure. Chemosphere. 81, 1486-1491.
Yang, D. B., Wang, Y. Q., Liu, W. X., Tao, S., 2008. A novel pretreatment approach for fast determination of organochlorine pesticides in biotic samples. J. Environ. Sci. and Health Part B. 43, 307-313.
Yang, D. B., Li, X. Q., Tao, S. , Wang, Y. Q., Cheng, Y., Zhang D.Y., Yu, L.C., 2010. Enantioselective behavior of alpha-HCH in mouse and quail tissues. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 1854-1859.
Yogui, G. T., Santos, M. C. O., Montone, R. C., 2003. Chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in marine tucuxi dolphins (Sotalia fluviatilis) from the Canane′ia estuary, southeastern Brazil. Sci. Total Environ. 312, 67-78.
Yu, H. F., Zhao, X. D., Zhao, J. H., Zhu, Z. Q., Zhao, Z., 2006. Continuous surveillance of organochlorine pesticides in human milk from 1983 to 1998 in Beijing, China. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 16, 21–26.
Yu, Y. X., Tao, S., Liu, W. X., Lu, X. X., Wang, X. J., Wong, M. H., 2009. Dietary intake and human milk residues of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in two Chinese cities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 4830-4835.
曹红英,梁涛,陶澍. 2005.北京地区50多年来有机氯农药迁移与残留的动态模拟与预测.中国科学, 35 (10): 980-988.
仇保荣,王秀丽,刘毅,栾阳. 1998.乳腺癌病人乳腺脂肪中有机氯残留量的测定.化工劳动保护, 19(5): 199-201.
郭淼,陶澍,杨宇,李本纲,曹军,王学军,刘文新,徐福留,吴永宁. 2005.天津地区人群对六六六的暴露分析.环境科学, 26(1): 164-167.
蒋新国等, 2009.生物药剂学与药物动力学.高等教育出版社,北京.
蒋煜峰,王学彤,孙阳昭,王飞,吴明红,盛国英,傅家谟. 2010.上海市城区土壤中有机氯农药残留研究.环境科学, 31(2): 409-414.
康跃惠,刘培斌,王子健,等.2003.北京官厅水库-永定河水系水体中持久性有机氯农药污染.湖泊科学, 215(2):125-132.
孔祥胜,祁士华, Oramah, I. T.,张原,黄保健. 2010.广西百朗地下河水和沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征.中国岩溶, 29(4): 363-371.
孔志明等, 2008.环境毒理学,第四版.化学工业出版社,北京.
李军,张干,祁士华,解启来. 2007.珠江三角洲土壤中氯丹的残留特征.土壤学报, 44(6): 1058-1062.
李延红,王岙,朱颖俐,李大岩,相喜魁,梁长晶,田凤华. 2000.长春市哺乳期妇女有机氯农药蓄积水平的研究.环境与健康杂志, 17(1): 18-20.
刘迪, 2009.太原地区滴滴涕和六六六的污染特征与暴露风险评价.北京大学.硕士学位论文.
刘凌云等, 2009.普通生物学,第四版,高等教育出版社,北京.
刘维屏等, 2006.农药环境化学,化学工业出版社,北京.
刘焱明,张承中,李文慧,周变红,蒋君丽,马万里,李一凡. 2010.西安城区大气有机氯农药的污染特征及来源分析.环境科学研究, 23(3): 266-271.
吕波,詹平,姚永革,夏茵茵,黄湫淇. 2008.氯丹对大鼠甲状腺激素及组织结构影响的时效关系研究.现代预防医学, 35(4): 662-680.
罗慧,王新红,汤丽,洪丽玉,吴水平,谢卫. 2008.中国部分沿海海域水体中溶解态有机氯农药和多氯联苯的残留分布特征.海洋环境科学, 29(1): 115-120.
麦碧娴,林峥,张干,盛国英,闵育顺,傅家谟. 2000.珠江三角洲河流和珠江口表层沉积物中有机污染物研究——多环芳烃和有机氯农药的分布及特征.环境科学学报, 20(2): 192-197.
苗明三等, 1997.实验动物和动物实验技术.中国中医药出版社,北京.
屈长春,范凤平,陈志萍. 1993.母乳中有机氯农药残留量初探.环境与健康, 30, 274.
邵丁丁,周丽,史双昕,等., 2007.北京市春季和秋季大气中有机氯农药的调查分析.环境化学, 26(1):110-111.
史双昕,周丽,邵丁丁,张烃,李楠,狄一安,黄业茹. 2010.长江下游表层沉积物中有机氯农药的残留状况及风险评价.环境科学研究, 23(1): 7-13.
孙剑辉,王国良,张干,等. 2008.黄河表层沉积物中有机氯农药的相关性分析与风险评价.环境科学学报, 28 (2) : 342 -348.
王广基等, 2005.药物代谢动力学.化学工业出版社,北京.
肖春艳,邰超,赵同谦,等. 2009.黄河湿地孟津段水体及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征.环境科学, 30(6): 1614-1620.
徐殿斗,马玲玲,李淑珍,许国飞,陈扬. 2010.北京石景山区夏季大气中有机氯农药的研究.中国环境科学,30(5): 599-602.
闫妍, 2008.微生物好氧降解氯丹的研究.大连理工大学.硕士学位论文.
杨代斌, 2008.α-HCH和o,p'-DDT在小鼠和锦鲤体内对映选择性代谢和分布.北京大学.博士学位论文.
张淮城,周荣,周开亚, 1993.渤海江豚体内有机氯的研究.海洋环境科学, 12(3/4): 32-39.
张婉珈,祁士华,张家泉,等. 2010.三亚湾沉积柱有机氯农药的垂直分布特征.环境科学学报, 30(4): 862-867.
朱玮,朱宝立,班永宏,陈敏. 2010.含砷和氯丹类灭蚁药对职业人群心脏功能损伤的研究.江苏卫生保健, 12(6): 1-3.
Abbott, N. J., R?nnb?ck, L., Hansson, E., 2006. Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier. Nature Rev Neuro. 7, 41-53.
Aigner, E. J., Leone, A. D., Falconer, R. L., 1998. Concentrations and enantiomeric ratios of organochlorine pesticides in soils from the US corn belt. Environ Sci Technol. 32, 1162-1168.
Agrochimie R-P. 1986. Lindane. Information kit. Lyon. Aguilar, A., Borrel, A., Pastor, T., 1999. Biological factors affecting variability of persistent pollutants levels in cetaceans. J Cetacean Res Manage. 1, 83-116.
Asakawa, F., Jitsunari, F., Shiraishi, H., Suna, S., Takeda, N., Kitamado, T.,1996. Accumulation of Chlordanes in Adipose Tissues of Mice Caused by Long-Term Exposure of Low Level Technical Chlordane. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 57, 909-916.
Baber, D. S., Mcnally, A. J., Garcia-Reyeto, N., Denslow, N. D., 2007. Exposure to p,p’-DDE or dieldrin during the productive season alters heptatic CYP expression in Largemouth bass (Micropterus Salmides). Aquat Toxicol. 81, 27-35.
Baker, M. T., Nelson, R. M., Van Dyke, R., 1985. The information on chlorobenzene and benzene by the reductive metabolism of lindane in rat liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 236, 506-514.
Barrie, L. A., Macdonald, R., Bidleman, T. F., Diamond, M., Gregor, D., Semkin, R., Strachan, W., Alaee, M., Backus, S., Bewers, M.,Gobeil, C., Halsall, C., Hoff, J., Li, A., Lockhart, L., Mackay, D.,Muir, D., Pudykiewicz, J., Reimer, K., Smith, J., Stern, G.,Schroeder, W., Wagemann, W., Wania, F., Yunker, M. Chapter2 in Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report, Jensen, J., Adair, K., Shearer, R., Eds., Ministry of Public Works and Government Services, Ottawa, QS-8525-000-EE-A1, Catalog No.R72-260/1997E, ISBN 0-662-25704-9, 1997, pp 25-182.
Berger, D. D., Anderson, D. W., Weaver, J. D., Risebrough, R.W., 1970. Shell thinning in eggs of Ungava peregrines. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 84, 265-267.
Bidleman, T. F., Jantunen, L. M., Harner, T., Wiberg, K., Widemana, J. L., Brice, K., Sua, K., Falconer, R. L., Aigner, E. J., Leone, A. D., Ridal, J. J., Kermanf, B., Finizio, A., Alegria, H., Parkhurst, W. J., Szeto, S. Y., 1998a. Chiral pesticides as tracers of air-surface exchange. Environ Pollu. 102,43-49.
Bidleman, T. F., Jantunen, L. M., Wiberg, K., Harner, T., Brice, K., Falconer, R. L., Leone, A. D., Aigner, E. J., Parkhurst, W. J.,1998b. Soil as a Source of Atmospheric Heptachlor Epoxide. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1546-1548.
Bidleman, T. F., Jantunen, L. M., Helm, P. A., Brorstr?m-Lundean, E., Juntto, S., 2002. Chlordane Enantiomers and Temporal Trends of Chlordane Isomers in Arctic Air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 539-544.
Bidleman, T.F., Leone, A. D., 2004. Soil-air exchange of organochlorine pesticides in the Southern United States. Environ pollut. 128, 49-57.
Bidleman, T. F., Wong, F., Backe, C., Sodergren, A., Brorstrom-Lunden, E., Helm, P. A., Stern, G. A., 2004. Chiral signatures of chlordanes indicate changing sources to the atmosphere over the past 30 years. Atmos Environ. 38, 5963-5970.
Blüthgen, A., Nijhuis, H., Heeschen, W., 1983. Behaviour of HCH isomers in ruminants and the environment. In Hexachlorcyclohexanals Schadstoff in Lebensmitteln, Deutache Forschungsgemeinschafft, Verlag Chemie: Weinheim, pp. 128-142.
Bondy, G. S., Newsome, W. H., Armstrong, C. L., Suzuki, C. A. M., Doucet, J., Fernie, S., Hierlihy, S. L.,Feeley, M. M., and Barker, M. G. 2000. trans-Nonachlor and cis-nonachlor toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats: Comparison with technical chlordane. Toxicol. Sci. 58,386–398.
Bondy, G.S., Armstrong, C., Coady, L., Doucet, J., Robertson, P., Feeley, M., and Barker, M. 2003. Toxicity of the chlordane metabolite oxychlordane in female rats: clinical and histopathological changes. Food Chem Toxicol. 41, 291–301.
Bondy, G. S., Coady, L., Doucet, J., Armstrong, C., Kriz, R., Liston, V., Robertson, P., Norstrom, R., Moisey, J., 2005. Enantioselective and gender-dependent depletion of chlordane compounds from rat tissues. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 68, 1917-1938.
Botella, B., Crespo, J., Rivas, A., Cerrillo, I., Olea-Serrano, M., Olea, N., 2004. Exposure of women to organochlorine pesticides in southern Spain. Environ. Res. 96, 34-40.
Buser, H. R., Müller, M. D., Rappe, C., 1992a. Enantioselective determination of chlordane components using chiral high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with application to environmental samples. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1533-1540.
Buser, H. R., Müller, M. D., 1992b. Enantiomer separation of chlordane components and metabolites using chiral high-resolution gas-chromatography and detection by mass-spectrometric techniques. Anal. Chem. 64, 3168-3175.
Buser, H. R., Müller, M. D., 1993. Enantioselective determination of chlordane components metabolites, and photoconversion products in environmental samples using chiral high-resolution gas-chromatography and mass-spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 1211-1220.
Buser, H. R., Müller, M. D., 1995. Isomer and enantioselective degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in sewage Sludge under anaerobic conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 664-672.
Butte, W., Fox, K., Zauke, G., 1991. Kinetics of bioaccumulation and clearance of isomeric hexachlorocyclohexanes. Sci. Total Environ. 109, 377-382. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 55, 291-299.
Cao, H. Y., Tao, S., Xu, F. L., et al., 2004. Multimedia fate model for hexachlorocyclohexane in Tianjin, China. Environ Sci Technol. 38, 2126-2132.
Cao, H. Y., Liang, T., Tao, S., et al., 2007. Simulating the temporal changes of OCP pollution in Hangzhou, China. Chemosphere. 67, 1335-1345.
Cavret, S., Feidt, C., 2005. Intestinal metabolism of PAR in vitro demonstration and study of its impact on PAH transfer through the intestinal epithelium. Environ Res. 98, 22-32.
Chernyak, S. M., McConnell, L. L., Rice, C. P. 1995. Fate of some chlorinated hydrocarbons in Arctic and far-eastern ecosystems in the Russian-Federation. Sci. Total Environ. 160/161, 75-85.
Chu, S. G., Covaci, A., Schepens, P., 2003. Levels and chiral signatures of persistent organochlorine pollutants in human tissues from Belgium. Environ Res.93, 167-176.
Clark, T. P., Norstrom, R. J., Fox, G. A., Won, H. T., 1987. Dynamics of organochlorine compounds in herring-gulls (Larus-Argentatus).2. A 2-compartent model and data for 10 compounds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6, 547-559.
Covaci, A., Gheorghe, A., Schepen, P., 2004. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and alpha-HCH enantiomers in pork tissues. Chemosphere. 56, 757-776.
Creton, S., Billington, R., Davies, W., Dent, M. P., Hawksworth, G. M., Parry, S., Travis, K. Z., 2009. Application of toxicokinetics to improve chemical risk assessment: Implications for the use of animals. Cotham, W. E., Bidleman, T. F. 1991. Estimating the atmosphere deposition of organochlorine contaminants to the Arctic. Chemosphere. 22, 165-188.
Davies, D., Mes, J., 1987. Comparison of the residue levels of some organochlordane compounds in breast-milk of the general and indigenous Canadian populations. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39, 743-749.
Dearth, M. A., Hites, R. A., 1991a. Complete Analysis of Technical Chlordane Using Negative Ionization Mass-Spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 245-254.
Dearth, M. A., Hites, R. A., 1991b. Chlordane Accumulation in People. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1279-1285.
Dearth, M. A., Hites, R. A., 1991c. Depuration Rates of Chlordane Compounds from Rat Fat. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1125-1128.
Devanathan, G., Subramanian, A., Someya, M., Sudaryanto, A., Isobe, T., Takahashi, S., Chakraborty, P., Tanabe, S., 2009. Persistent organochlorines inhumanbreast milk from major metropolitan cities in India. Environ. Pollut. 2009, 157, 148–154.
Dewailly, E., Mulvad, G., Pedersen, H. S., Ayotte, P., Demers, A., weber, J-P., Hansen, J. C., 1999. Concentration of Organochlorines in Human Brain, Liver, and Adipose Tissue Autopsy Samples from Greenland. Environ Health persp. 107, 823-828.
Ecobichon, D. J. Toxic effects of pesticides. In Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons, Amdur, M. O., Doull, J., Klaassen, C. D., Eds., Pergamon Press: New York, 1991, pp 565-622.
Eljarrat, E., Guerra, P., Barcelo, D.,2008. Enantiomeric determination of chiral persistent organic pollutants and their metabolites. Trends in Analyt Chem. 27, 847-861.
Eitzer, B. D., Iannucci-Berger, W., Mattina, M. I., 2003. Volatilization of weathered chiral and achiral chlordane residues from soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 4887-4893.
Ernst, W., 1977. Determination of bioconcentration potential of marine organisms - steady state approach. 1. Bioconcentration data for 7 chlorinated pesticides in mussels (Mytilus edulis) and their relation to solubility data. Chemosphere. 6, 731-740.
Falandysz, J. Kannan, K., Tanabe, S., Tatsukawa, R., 1994. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated-biphenyls in cod-liver oils-north-Atlantic, Norwegian Sea, North-sea and Baltic sea. AMBIO, 23, 288-293.
Falandysz, J., Strandberg, L., Puzyn, T., Gucia, T., 2001. Chlorinated Cyclodiene Pesticide Residues in Blue Mussel, Crab, and Fish in the Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 4163-4169.
Falconer, R. L., Bidleman, T. F., Gregor, D. J., Semkin, R., Teixeira, C., 1995. Enantioselective breakdown ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane in a small arctic lake and its watershed. Environ Sci Technol. 29, 1297-1302.
Falconer, R. L., Bidleman, T. F., Szeto, S. Y., 1997. Chiral pesticides in soils of the Fraser Valley, British Columbia. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45, 1946–1951.
Faller, J., Hühnerfuss, H., K?nig, W. A., Ludwig, P., 1991. Gas chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of marine organic pollutants : Distribution ofα-HCH enantiomers in the North Sea. Mar Pollut Bull. 22, 82-86.
Finizio, A., Bidleman, T. F., Szeto, S. Y., 1998. Emission of chiral pesticides from an agricultural soil in the Fraser valley. Chemosphere.36, 334-355.
Fisk, A. T., Moisey, J., Hobson, K. A., Karnovsky, N. J., Norstrom, R. J., 2001. Chlordane components and metabolites in seven species of Arctic seabirds from the Northwater Polynya: relationships with stable isotopes of nitrogen and enantiomeric fractions of chiral components. Environ. Pollut. 113, 225-238.
Fisk, A. T., Hoekstra, P. F., Gagnon, J. M., Duffe, J., Norstrom, R. J., Hobson, K. A., Kwan, M., Muir, D. C. G., 2003. Influence of habitat, trophic ecology and lipids on, and spatial trends of, organochlorine contaminants in Arctic marine invertebrates. Mar. Ecol-Prog. Ser. 262, 201-214.
Freeman, H. P., Taylor, A. W., Edwards, W. M., 1975. Heptachlor and dieldrin disappearance from a field soil measured by annual residue determinations. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 23, 1101-1105.
Garrison, A. W., 2006. Probing the enantioselectivity of chiral pesticides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 16-23.
Gibaldi, M., Perrier, D., 1982. Pharmacokinetics, 2nd, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York.
Gibaldi, M., Prescott, L., 1983. Handbook of clinical pharmacokinetics, ADIS Health Science Press, New York.
Harner, T., Kylin, H., Bidleman, T. F., Strachan, W. M. J., 1999. Removal of alpha- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane and enantiomers of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane in the eastern Arctic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol. 33, 1157-1164.
Harner, T., Wiberg, K., Norstrom,R., 2000. Enantiomer fractions are preferred to enantiomer ratios for decribingchiral signatures in environmental analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 218-220.
Harner, T., Bidleman, T. F., Jantunen, L. M. M., Mackay, D., 2001. Soil-air exchange model of persistent pesticides in the United States cotton belt. Environ Toxicol Chem. 20, 1612-1621.
Hedlund, E., Gustafsson, J-A., Warner, M., 2001. Cytochrome P450 in the brain: a review, Curr Drug Metab. 2, 245-263.
Herzke, D., Kallenborn, R., Nyga, T., 2002. Organochlorines in egg samples from Norwegian birds of prey: Congener-, isomer- and enantiomer specific considerations. Sci. Total Environ. 291, 59–71.
Hinckley, D. A., Bidleman, T. F., 1991. Atmospheric organochlorine pollutants and air-sea exchange of hexane in the Bering and Chukchi seas. J Geophys Res. 96, 7201-7213.
Hoekstra, P. F., Hara, T. M.O., Teixeria, C., Backus, S., Fisk,A. T., Muir, D.C.G., 2002. Spatial trends and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pollutants in marine zooplankton from the Alaskan and western Canadian Arctic. Environ Toxicol Chem. 21, 575–583.
Hoekstra, P. F., Braune, B.M., Wong, C.S., Williamson, M., Elkin, B., Muir, D.C.G., 2003a. Profile of persistent chlorinated contaminants, including selected chiral compounds, in wolverine (Gulo gulo) livers from the Canadian Arctic. Chemosphere. 53, 551–560.
Hoekstra, P. F., Braune, B.M., Hara, T. M.O., Elkin, B., Solomon, K. R., 2003b. Organochlorine contaminant and stable isotope profiles in Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) from the Alaskan and Canadian ArcticEnviron Pollut. 122, 423-433.
Hoekstra, P. F., Hara, T. M. O., Karlsson, H., Solomon, K. R. and Muir, D. C. G., 2003c. Enantiomerspecificbiomagnification ofα-Hexachlorocyclohexane and selected chiral chlordane-related compounds within an arctic marine food web. Environ Toxicol Chem. 22: 2482-2491.
Hoekstra, P. F., O'Hara, T. M., Backus, S. M., Hanns, C., Muir, D. C. G., 2005. Concentrations of persistent organochlorine contaminants in bowhead whale tissues and other biota from northern Alaska: Implications for human exposure from a subsistence diet. Environ. Res. 98, 329-340.
Hühnerfuss, H., Faller, J., Kallenborn, R., K?nig, W. A., Ludwig, P., Pfaffenberger, B., Oehme, M., Rimkus, G., 1993. Enantioselective and nonenantioselective degradation of organic pollutants in the marine ecosystem. Chirality. 5, 393-399.
Hühnerfusss, H., 2000. Chromatographic enantiomer separation of chiral xenobiotics and their metabolites-A versatile tool for process studies in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Chemosphere. 40, 913-919.
Hummert, K., Vetter, W., Luckas, B., 1995. Levels of a-HCH, lindane, and enantiomers of a-HCH in marine mammals from the northern hemisphere. Chemosphere. 31, 3489-3500.
Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Sakai, N., Tatsukawa, R., 1993. Distribution of persistent organochlorine pollutants in oceanic air and surface seawater and the role of ocean on their global transport and fate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 1080–1098.
Iwata, H., Shinsuke, T., Iida, T., Baba, N., Ludwig, J., Tatsukawa, R., 1998. Enantioselective accumulation ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane in northern fur seals and double-crested cormorants: effects of biological and ecological factors in the higher trophic levels. Environ Sci Technol. 32, 2244-2249.
Jantunen, L. M., Bidleman, T., 1996. Air-water gas exchange of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and the enantiomers of alpha-HCH in arctic regions. J Geophys Res. 101, 28837-28846.
Jantunen, L. M. M., Bidleman, T. F., 1998. Organochlorine pesticides and enantiomers of chiral pesticides in Arctic Ocean water. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol. 35, 218-228.
Jantunen, L. M., Kylin, H., Bidleman, T. F., 2004. Air–water gas exchange of a-hexachlorocyclohexane enantiomers in the South Atlantic Ocean and Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res II. 51, 2661–2672.
Jaraczewska, K., Lulek, J., Covaci, A., Voorspoels, S., Kaluba-Skotarczak, A., Drews, K., Schepens, P., 2006. Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human umbilical cord serum, maternal serum and milk from Wielkopolska region, Poland. Sci. Total Environ.372, 20–31.
Jones, K. C., 1988. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in human foodstuffs and tissues: suggestions for a selective congener analytical approach. Sci. Total Environ. 68, 141-159.
Kallenborn, R., Hühnerfuss, H., K?nig, W. A., 1991. Enantioselective Metabolism of (±)-l,2,3,4,5,6- hexachlorocyclohexane in organs of the eider duck. Angew Chem. 30, 320-321.
Kania-Korwel, I., Garrison, A. W., Avants, J. K., Hornbuckle, K. C., Robertson, L. W., Sulkowski, W. W., Lehmler, H. J., 2006. Distribution of chiral PCBs in selected tissues in the laboratory rat. Enviro. Sci. Technol. 55, 291-299.
Kannan, K., Tanabe, S., Tatsukawa, R., 1995. Geographical distribution and Accumulation Features of Organochlorine Residues in Fish in Tropical Asia and Oceania. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2673-2683.
Karlsson, H., Oehme, M., Skopp, S., Burkow, I. C., 2000. Enantiomer ratios of chlordane congeners are gender specific in cod (Gadus morhua) from the Barents Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 2126-2130.
Kawano, M., Wakimoto, T., Ohkoda, T. Nippon., 1982.Gas-chromatographic (ECD)determination of chlordanes and related-compounds in human-blood. Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan. 56, 531-536.
Kawano, M., Inoue, T., Hidaka, H., Tatsukawa, R., 1984. Chlordane compounds residues in weddell seals (Leptonychotes-weddelli) from the antarctic. Chemosphere , 13, 95-100.
Kitamura, S., Shimizu, Y., Shiraga, Y., et al., 2002. Reductive metabolism of p,p’-DDT and o,p’-DDT by rat liver cytochrome P450. Drug Metabolism and disposition, 30, 113-118.
Kreiss, K., Zack, M., Kimbrough, R., Needham, L., Smrek, A., Jones, B., 1981. Cross-sectional study of a community with exceptional exposure of DDT. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 245, 1926-1930.
Kunisue, T., Someya, M., Kayama, F., Jin, Y., Tanabe, S., 2004. Persistent organochlorines inhumanbreast milk collected from primiparae in Dalian and Shenyang, China. Environ. Pollut. 131, 381-392.
Kutz, F. W., Wood, P. H., Bottimore, D. P., 1991. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 120, 1-82.
Law, S. A., Diamond, M. L., Helm, P. A., Jantunen, L. M., Alaee, M. 2001. Factors affecting the occurrence and enantiomeric degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in northern and temperate aquatic systems. Environ Toxicol Chem. 20, 2690-2698.
Law, S. A., Bidleman, T. F., Martin, M., Ruby, M., 2004. Evidence of Enantioselective Degradation ofα-Hexachlorocyclohexane in Groundwater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 1633-1638.
Lebel, G. L., Williams, D. T.,1986. Determination of Halagenated contaminants in human adipose-tissue. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 69,451-58.
Lewis, D. L., Garrison, A. W., Wommack, K. E., Whittemore, A., Steudler, P., Melillo, J., 1999. Influence of environmental changes on degradation of chiral pollutants in soils. Nature. 40, 898-901.
Li, J., Zhang, G., Guo, L., et al., 2007. Organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere of Guangzhou and Hong Kong: regional sources and long-range atmospheric transport. Atmos Environ.41, 3889-3903.
Li, Y. F., Cai, D. J., Singh, A., 1998. Technical hexachlorocyclohexane use trends in China and their impact on the environment. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35, 688-697.
Li, Y. F., 1999. Global technical hexachlorocyclohexane usage and its contamination consequences in the environment: from 1948 to 1997. Sci. Total Environ. 232, 121-158.
Li, X. Q., Yang, L. J., Jans, U., Melcer, M. E., Zhang, P. F., 2007. Lack of enantioselective microbial degradation of chlordane in Long Island Sound sediment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 1635-1640.
Liu, P. T., Morgan, D. P., 1986. Comparative toxicity and biotransformation of lindane in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. Life Sci, 39, 1237-1244.
Ludwig, P., Hühnerfuss, H., K?nig, W. A., Gunkel, W., 1992. Gas chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of marine pollutants. Part 3. Enantioselective degradation ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane andγ-hexachlorocyclohexane by marine microorganisms. Mar Chem. 38, 13-23.
Luurtsema, G., Lange, E. C. M., Lammertsma, A. A., Franssen, E. J. F., 2004. Transport across the blood-brain barrier: stereoselectivity and PET-tracers. Mol Imaging Biol. 6, 306-318.
Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., Ma, K. C., 1997. Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals. Volume V, Pesticide Chemicals. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. New York.
Mattina, M. J., Iannucci-Berger, W., Dykas, L., 2000. Chlordane uptake and its translocation in food crops. J Agric Food Chem. 48, 1909-1915.
McBlain, W. A., 1987. The levo enantiomer of o,p’-DDT inhibits the binding of 17β-estradiol to the estrogen receptor. Life Sci. 40, 215-221.
McConnella, L. L., Bidleman, T. F., Cotham, W. E., Walla, M. D., 1998. Air concentrations of organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls over Green Bay, WI, and the four lower Great Lakes. Environ Pollut. 101,391-399.
Meylan, W., Howard, P. H., Boethling, R. S., 1992. Molecular topology fragment contribution method for predicting soil sorption coefficients. Environ Sci Technol. 26, 1560-1567.
Minh, N. H., Minh, T. B., Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Subramanian, A., Iwata, H., Tana, T. S., Baburajendran, R., Karuppiah, S., Viet, P. H., Tuyen, B. C., Tanabe, S., 2006. Contamination by Persistent Organic Pollutants in Dumping Sites of Asian Developing Countries: Implication of Emerging Pollution Sources. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 50, 474-481.
Miyazaki, A., Sakai, M., Marumo, S., 1980. Synthesis and biological-activity of optically-active heptachlor, 2-chloroheptachlor, and 3-chloroheptachlor. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28, 1310-1311.
Moisey, J., Fisk, A. T., Hobson, K. A., Norstrom, R. J., 2001. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers and chiral signatures ofα-HCH in the Arctic marine food web of the northwater polynya. Environ Sci Technol. 35, 1920-1927.
Moller, K., Hühnerfuss, H., 1993. On the diversity of enzymatic degradation pathways ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane as determined by chiral gas chromatography. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 16, 672–673.
Moller, K., Hühnerfuss, H., Wolfle, D., 1996. Differential effects of the enantiomers ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) on cytotoxicity and growth stimulation in primary rat hepatocytes. Organohal. Compd. 29, 357-360.
Mossner, S., Spraker, T. R., Becker, P. R., Ballschmiter, K., 1992. Ratios of enantiomers of alpha-HCH and determination of alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, and gamma-HCH isomers in brain and other tissues of neonatal northern fur seals (Callorhinus-Ursinus). Chemosphere. 24, 1171-1180.
Muir, D. C. G, Norstrom, R., Simon, M., 1988. Organochlorine contaminants in arctic marine food-chains-accumulation of specific polychlorinated-biphenyls and chlordane-related compounds. Enuiron. Sci. Technol. 22, 1071-1079.
Muir, D. C. G., Grift, N. P., Lockhart, W. L., Wilkinson, P., Billeck, B. N., Brunskill, G. J. 1995. The effects of ecosystem characteristics on comtaminant distribution in Northern fresh-water lakes. Sci. Total Environ. 160/161, 1-17.
Müller, M. D., Schlabach, M., Oehme, M., 1992. Fast and precise determination ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane enantiomers in environmental samples using chiral high-resolution gas chromatography. Environ Sci Technol. 26,566–569.
Müller, M. D., Buser, H. R., 1994. Identification of the (+)-enantiomers and (-)-enantiomers of chiral chlordane compounds using chiral high-Permance liquid-chromatography chiroptical detection and chiral high-resolution gas-chromatography mass-spectometry. Anal. Chem. 66, 2155-2162.
Müller, T. A., Kohler, H. P. E., 2004. Chirality of pollutants—effects on metabolism and fate. Appl Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64, 300–316.
Newsome, W. H., Davies, D., Doucet, J., 1995. PCB and organochlorine pesticides in Canadian human-milk - 1992. Chemosphere. 30, 2143–2153.
Ngo, M. A., OMalley, M., Howard, I., 2010. Maibachc percutaneous absorption and exposure assessment ofpesticides. J. Appl. Toxicol. 30, 91-114.
Norstrom, R. J., Clark, T. P., Enright, M., Leung, B., Drouillard, K. G., MacDonald, C. R., 2007. ABAM, a model for bioaccumulation of POPs in birds: Validation for adult herring gulls and their eggs in Lake Ontario. Enviro. Sci. Technol. 41, 4339-4347.
Oehme, M., Schlabach, M., Hummert, K., Luckas, B., Nordoy, E. S. 1995. Determination of levels of polychlorinated debenzo-p-dioxins, Dibenzofurans, Biphenyls and pesticides in harp seals form the Greenland Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 162, 75-91.
Offenberg, J. H., Nelson, E. D., Gigliotti, C. L., Eisenreich, S. J., 2004. Chlordanes in the mid-Atlantic atmosphere: New Jersey 1997-1999. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 3488-3497.
Parmar, D., Yadav, S., Dayal, M., Johri, A., Dhawan, A., Seth, P. K., 2003. Effect of lindane on hepatic and brain cytochrome P450s and influence of P450 modulation in lindane induced neurotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 41, 1077-1087.
Pfaffenberger, B., Hühnerfuss, H., Hallenborn, R., Günther, A. G., K?nig, W. A., Krüner, G., 1992. Chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of marine pollutants. Part 6. Comparison of the enantioselective degradation ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane in marine biota and water. Chemosphere. 25, 719-725.
Pfaffenberger, B., Hardt, I., Hühnerfuss, H., K?nig, W. A., Rimkus, G., Glausch, A., Schurig, V., Hahn, J., 1994. Enantioselective degradation ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane and cyclodiene insecticides in roe-deer liver samples from different regions of Germany. Chemosphere. 29, 1543-1554.
Polec, I., et al., 1998. Simple Synthesis of Malathion and Malaoxon Enantiomers and Isomalathion Diastereoisomers: Toxicity–Configuration Relationship. Pestic Sci. 53, 165-171.
Portig, J., Stein, K., Vohland, H. W., 1989. Preferential distribution of a-HCH into cerebral white matter. Xenobiotica. 19, 123-130.
Polischuk, S. C., Norstrom, R. J., Ramsay, M. A., 2002. Body burdens and tissue concentrations of organochlorines in polar bears(Ursus maritimus) vary during seasonal fasts. Environ Pollut. 118, 29-39.
Pozo, K., Harner, T., Wania, F., Muir, D. C. G., Jones, K. C., Barrie, L. A., 2006. Toward a Global Network for
Persistent Organic Pollutants in Air: Results from the GAPS Study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 4867-4873.
Ridal, J. J., Bidleman, T. F., Kerman, B. R., Fox, M. E., Strachan, W. M. J., 1997. Enantiomers ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane as tracers of air-water gas exchange in lake Ontario. Environ Sci Technol. 31, 1940-1945.
Rosa, R., Rodriguez-Farre, E., Sanfeliu, C., 1996. Cytotoxicity of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers and cyclodienes in primary cultures of cerebella granule cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 278, 163-169.
Ruus, A., Skaare, J. U., Ingebrigtsen, K., 2001. Dispositon and depuration of lindane (γ-HCH) and polychlorinated biphenyl-110 (2,3,39,49,6-pentachlorobiphenyl) in cod (Gadus Morhua) and bullrout (Myoxocephalus Scorpius) after single oral exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20, 2377-2382.
Sanders, L. M., 1990. Drug delivery system and routes of administration of peptide and protein drugs. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 15, 95-102.
Shen H., Virtanen H. E., Main K., Kaleva M., Anderson A. M., Skakkebak N. E., Toppari J., Schramm K-W., 2006. Enantiomeric ratios as indicator of exposure processes for persistent pollutants in human placentas. Chemosphere. 62, 390-395.
Sallam, K. I.,Morshedy, A. E. M. A., 2008. Organochlorine pesticide residues in camel, cattle and sheep carcasses slaughtered in Sharkia Province, Egypt. Food Chem. 108, 154-164.
Seemamahannop, R., Berthod, A., Maples, M., Kapila, S., Armstrong, D. W., 2005. Uptake and enantio selective elimination of chlordane compounds by common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.). Chemosphere. 59, 493-500.
Shen, H. Q., Main, K. M., Virtanen, H. E., Damggard, I. N., Haavisto, A. M., Kaleva, M., Boisen, K. A., Schmidt, I. M., Chellakooty, M., Skakkebaek, N. E., Toppari, J., Schramm, K. W., 2007. From mother to child: investigation of prenatal and postnatal exposure to persistent bioaccumulating toxicants using human milk andplacenta biomonitoring. Chemosphere, 67, S256-S262.
Smith, A. G., Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Classes of pesticides. In Handbook of pesticide toxicology, Hayes, W. J.,Laws, E. R., Eds., Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 1991, pp 731-915.
Sofuolua, Mustafao, Yucelt, et al., 2001. Temperature dependence of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in Chicago air. Atmos Environ. 35, 6503-6510.
Srinivasan, K., Ramesh, H. P., Radhakrishnamurty, R., 1984. Renal tubular dysfunction caused by dietary hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. J. Environ. Sci. Health. B19, 453-466.
Srinivasan, K., Mahadevappa, K. L., Radhakrishnamurty, R., 1991. Toxicity of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane in rats of different ages. Bull. Environ Contam Toxicol. 47, 623-627
Standley, L., Stroud Water Research Center, Avondale, PA, personal communication, 1990.
Street, J. C., Blau, S. E., 1972. Oxychlordane - Accumulation in Rat Adipose-Tissue on Feeding Chlordane Isomers or Technical Chlordane. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20, 395-397.
Subramanian, A., Ohtake, M., Kunisue, T., Tanabe, S., 2007. High levels of organochlorines in mothers, milk from Chennai (Madras) city, India. Chemosphere. 68, 928–939.
Sun, S. J., Zhao, J. H., Koga, M., Ma, Y. X., Liu, D. W., Nakamura, M., Liu, H. J., Horiguchi, H., Clark, G. C., Kayama, F., 2005. Persistent organic pollutants in human milk in women from urban and rural areas in northern China Environ Res. 99, 285-293.
Szeto, S. Y., Price, P. M., 1991. Persistence of pesticide residues in mineral and organic soils in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia. J Agric Food Chem. 39, 1679-1684.
Tao, S., Yang, Y., Cao, H. Y., Liu, W. X., Coveney, R. M., Xu, F. L., Cao, J., Li, B. G., Wang, X. J., Fang, J. Y., 2006. Modeling the dynamic changes in concentrations ofγ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) in Tianjin region from 1953 to 2020. Environ Pollut. 139,183–193.
Tao, S., Liu W. X., Li X. Q., Zhou, D. X., Li X., Yang Y. F., Yue D. P., Conveney R. M., 2009a. Organochlorine pesticide residuals in chickens and eggs at a poultry farm in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut. 157, 497-502.
Tao, S., Lu, Y., Zhang, D. Y., Yang, Y. F., Yang, Y., Lu, X. X., Sai, D. J., 2009b. Assessment of Oral Bioaccessibility of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil Using an In Vitro Gastrointestinal Model. Environ Sci Technol.43, 4524-4529.
Tanabe, S., Sung, J. K., Choi, D. Y., Baba, N., Kiyota, M., Yoshida, K., Tatsukawa, R., 1994. Persistent organochlorine residues in northern fur seal from the Pacific coast of Japan since 1971, Environ Pollut. 85, 305-314.
Tanabe, S., Kumaran, P., Iwata, H., Tatsukawa, R., Miyazaki, N., 1996. Enantiomeric Ratios ofα-Hexachlorocyclohexane in blubber of small Cetaceans. Mar Pollut Bull. 32, 27-31.
Tashiro, S., Matsumura, F., 1977. Metabolic Routes of cis- and trans-Chlordane in Rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 25, 872-880.
Tashiro, S., Matsumura, F., 1978. Metabolism of Trans-Nonachlor and Related Chlordane Components in Rat and Man. Arch. Environm Contain Toxicol. 7, 113-127.
Tojo, Y., Wariishi, M., Suzuki, Y., Nishiyama, K., 1986.Quantitation of chlordane residues in mothers milk. Arch. Enuiron. Contam. Toxicol. 15, 327-332.
Ueno, D., Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Ikeda, K., Koyama, J., Yamada, H., 2002. Specific accumulation of persistent organochlorines in bluefin tuna collected from Japanese coastal waters. Mar Pollut Bull. 45, 254-261.
Ulrich, E. M., Willett, K., Caperell-Grant, A., Bigsby, R. M., Hites, R. A., 2001. Understanding enantioselective processes, A laboratory rat model forα-hexachlorocyclohexane accumulation. Enviro. Sci. Technol. 35, 1604-1609.
Velsicol Chemical Corporation, unpublished data, 1971.
Verner, M. A., Ayotte, P., Muckle, G., Charbonneau, M., Haddad, S. A., 2009. Physiologically based pharmacokineticmodel for the assessment of infant exposure to persistent organic pollutants in epidemiologic studies. Environ. Health. Perspect. 117, 481-487.
Vetter, W., Schurig, V., 1997. Enantioselective determination of chiral organochlorine compounds in biota by gas chromatography on modified cyclodextrins. J. Chromatogr A. 774, 143-175.
Vigano, L., Galassi, S., Gatto, M., 1992. Factors affecting the bioconcentration of hexachlorocyclohexanes in early life stages of Oncorhynchus-Mykiss. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11, 535-540.
Von Rumker, R., Matter, M. R., Clement, P. D., Erickson, K. F.,1995.“Production, Distribution, Use and Environmgntal Impact Potential of Selected Pesticides”, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., p 21.
Watanabe, M., Tanabe, S., Tatsukawa, R., Amano, M., Miyazaki, N., Petrov, E. A., Khuraskin S. L.,1999. Contamination Levels and Specific Accumulation of Persistent Organochlorines in Caspian Seal (Phoca caspica) from the Caspian Sea, Russia. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 37, 396-407.
Wiberg, K., Oehme, M., Haglund, P., Karlsson, H., Olsson, M., Rappe, C., 1998. Enantioselective Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in Herring and Seal from the Swedish Marine Environment. Mar Pollut Bull 36,345-353.
Wiberg, K., Letcher, R. J., Sandau C. D., Norstrom R. J., Tysklind M., Bidleman T. F., 2000. The enantioselective bioaccumulation of chiral chlordane andα-HCH contaminants in the polar bear food chain. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 2668-2674.
Wiberg, K., Harner, T., Wideman, J. L., Bidleman, T. F., 2001. Chiral analysis of organochlorine pesticides in Alabama soils. Chemosphere. 45, 843-848.
Willett, K. L., Ulrich, E. M., Hites, R. A., 1998. Differential toxicity and environmental fates of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2197–2207.
Wong, C. S., Lau, F., Clark, M., Mabury, S. A., Muir, D. C. G., 2002. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) can eliminate chiral organochlorine compounds enantioselectively. Environ Sci Technol. 36, 1257-1262.
Xue, M., Shen G. F., Yu, J. L., Zhang, D. Y., Lu, Z. J., Wang, B., Lu, Y., Cao, Y., Tao, S., 2010. Dynamic changes ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane and its enantiomers in various tissues of Japanese Rabbits (Oyctolagus cuniculus) after oral or dermal exposure. Chemosphere. 81, 1486-1491.
Yang, D. B., Wang, Y. Q., Liu, W. X., Tao, S., 2008. A novel pretreatment approach for fast determination of organochlorine pesticides in biotic samples. J. Environ. Sci. and Health Part B. 43, 307-313.
Yang, D. B., Li, X. Q., Tao, S. , Wang, Y. Q., Cheng, Y., Zhang D.Y., Yu, L.C., 2010. Enantioselective behavior of alpha-HCH in mouse and quail tissues. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 1854-1859.
Yogui, G. T., Santos, M. C. O., Montone, R. C., 2003. Chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in marine tucuxi dolphins (Sotalia fluviatilis) from the Canane′ia estuary, southeastern Brazil. Sci. Total Environ. 312, 67-78.
Yu, H. F., Zhao, X. D., Zhao, J. H., Zhu, Z. Q., Zhao, Z., 2006. Continuous surveillance of organochlorine pesticides in human milk from 1983 to 1998 in Beijing, China. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 16, 21–26.
Yu, Y. X., Tao, S., Liu, W. X., Lu, X. X., Wang, X. J., Wong, M. H., 2009. Dietary intake and human milk residues of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in two Chinese cities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 4830-4835.