北京地区街尘—径流污染特征及潜在污染负荷估算
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摘要
随着我国城市化的快速推进和城市点源治理的加强,城市地表径流对水环境污染的影响日益凸显。本文以城市地表街尘和径流为研究对象,通过对街尘及其负载的污染物城乡空间分布、粒径对街尘及天然降雨径流污染物的影响、人工控制试验模拟街尘降雨冲刷过程的研究,揭示了街尘-径流污染物的迁移机制及不透水地面污染负荷的估算方法,研究结果表明：
城乡环境背景与管理水平差异对街尘的粒径分布及其负载的重金属污染有重要影响。中心城区与卫星城区街尘的细粒径颗粒物的比例和重金属含量较高,其中道路Pb浓度从高到低依次：中心城区(70.5±11.8 mg/kg)>城中村(66.7±12.8 mg/kg)>卫星城区(56.3±9.5 mg/kg)>乡镇(51.2±6.6mg/kg)>村庄(38.6±3.2 mg/kg),而在城中村与村庄街尘单位面积质量及其负载重金属质量较高。其中,城中村和村庄在道路、居民区的单位面积Pb质量分别为：4.87±1.45mg/m2、6.94±9.32 mg/m2; 4.74±4.53 mg/m2.6.33±6.34 mg/m2.
土地利用类型对街尘粒径及其负载重金属分布和径流的污染特征有着显著影响。在交通区、居民区、商业区三种土地利用类型中,交通区街尘与径流中各种重金属浓度最高,小粒径颗粒的比例较高(在街尘和径流中小于105μm比例分别为47.8%、81%),而其它土地利用类型中径流粒径分布差别不大。
通过人工控制试验可以准确模拟不同粒径街尘在沥青和水泥两种路面降雨冲刷过程的迁移行为,发现细粒径颗粒物在水泥路面的迁移速度比在沥青路面快,粗粒径变化不明显,表明粗糙度对细粒径有着重要的影响。在两种路面均发现小粒径具有较高的迁移能力,而单位面积的质量的多少不会影响街尘的迁移能力。
运用模拟降雨试验和迁移率计算构建了一个大尺度下估算径流重金属排放负荷的方法来解决大区域下径流污染负荷核算。采用GIS提取不同类型不透水地表信息并分类统计面积,然后结合城乡梯度下街尘污染特征,估算得到北京地区单次降雨历时1h潜在污染负荷输出量在雨强25 mm/h、40 mm/h、80 mm/h下分别为2319.4 kg、2693.6 kg、3287.1 kg。
本项研究能够为深入理解街尘的污染特征和径流污染物的迁移机制,为利用静态污染物替代动态污染物间接计算在大区域径流污染物核算方法奠定基础。研究认为对地表径流污染源——街尘进行控制与治理是解决城市水环境的有效措施之一。根据街尘的城乡单位面积质量及粒径分布特征,在中心城区与卫星城区控制初期径流的是控制地表径流的有效措施,而在城中村及农村提高地表清扫技术则是当务之急。
Urban runoff pollution is becoming a serious environmental problem in the context of rapidly urban expansion and no-point pollution control in China. In this study, the mechanism of street dust washoff processes and the estimation method of pollutant loads in the runoff with street dust were discussed based on investigation of spatial distribution and pollution characteristics of street dust, linkage between street dust and runoff pollution, and rainfall simulation experiment. The findings are as follows:
The obvious differences in environmental background and management level between urban and rural regions significantly affected street dust distribution and pollution characteristics. The investigation showed the proportion of finer grain size and concentration of Pb in street dust were the highest in Urban, as for concentration of Pb on the road, the ranking order from high to low was urban (70.5±11.8mg/kg)>urban village(66.7±12.8 mg/kg)> satellite town (56.3±9.5 mg/kg)>township(51.2±6.6 mg/kg)>village(38.6±3.2 mg/kg), while unit area mass and heavy metal load were higher in urban village and village than other places, unit area Pb mass on road and residential district were 4.87±1.45mg/m2,6.94±9.32 mg/m2; 4.74±4.53 mg/m2,6.33±6.34 mg/m2 respectively.
Land use types were key factors affecting particle size distribution of street dust heavy metal contamination in street dust and runoff. The study showed that the concentration of heavy metal in street dust and runoff were highest in traffic road in all of land use types in this study, as well as the percentage finer grain size particulate(smaller than 105μm,47.8%,81% respectively, while there was no significant of particle size distribution in runoff among all the land use types.
A series of rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in order to study street dust washoff processes influenced by different diverse particle constitutes of street dust. It was found that the smaller grain size fraction of street dust was more rapidly washed from the cement ground than from the asphalt floor, while bigger one is not significant. This result indicated that roughness was very important for runoff behavior of finer particle. There is clearly higer mobility of small grain size better than big one in both impervious ground. The quantity of per unit area of street dust will not influent the rate of washoff.
Based on rainfall simulation experiments, the method of estimating heavy metal loads in runoff at the large scale was established. Imperious surface information was picked up with GIS, then categorize and calculate the area of different tapes, at last according to the ratio of washoff obtain urban-suburban-rural gradient washoff potential pollution load. The result show that washoff potential pollution load of Pb at rainfall intensity 25mm/h、40mm/h、80 mm/h were 2319.4kg.2693.6kg、3287.1kg in 1h in Bejing.
This study can provide the basis for deeply understanding the pollution characteristics of street dust and its pollution mechanism through urban runoff, which is helpful to build methodological foundation of estimating pollutant loads from street dust in urban runoff events at large scale. As well as indicate that effective to solve the problem of water-environment with measures of control source of runoff pollution-street dust. The findings imply that different strategies should be considered among different urban and rural regions for practices of controlling runoff pollution, such as first flush control will be taken in urban and satellite town, and improvement of clean technology on impervious ground will be carried out in urban village and village.
城乡环境背景与管理水平差异对街尘的粒径分布及其负载的重金属污染有重要影响。中心城区与卫星城区街尘的细粒径颗粒物的比例和重金属含量较高,其中道路Pb浓度从高到低依次：中心城区(70.5±11.8 mg/kg)>城中村(66.7±12.8 mg/kg)>卫星城区(56.3±9.5 mg/kg)>乡镇(51.2±6.6mg/kg)>村庄(38.6±3.2 mg/kg),而在城中村与村庄街尘单位面积质量及其负载重金属质量较高。其中,城中村和村庄在道路、居民区的单位面积Pb质量分别为：4.87±1.45mg/m2、6.94±9.32 mg/m2; 4.74±4.53 mg/m2.6.33±6.34 mg/m2.
土地利用类型对街尘粒径及其负载重金属分布和径流的污染特征有着显著影响。在交通区、居民区、商业区三种土地利用类型中,交通区街尘与径流中各种重金属浓度最高,小粒径颗粒的比例较高(在街尘和径流中小于105μm比例分别为47.8%、81%),而其它土地利用类型中径流粒径分布差别不大。
通过人工控制试验可以准确模拟不同粒径街尘在沥青和水泥两种路面降雨冲刷过程的迁移行为,发现细粒径颗粒物在水泥路面的迁移速度比在沥青路面快,粗粒径变化不明显,表明粗糙度对细粒径有着重要的影响。在两种路面均发现小粒径具有较高的迁移能力,而单位面积的质量的多少不会影响街尘的迁移能力。
运用模拟降雨试验和迁移率计算构建了一个大尺度下估算径流重金属排放负荷的方法来解决大区域下径流污染负荷核算。采用GIS提取不同类型不透水地表信息并分类统计面积,然后结合城乡梯度下街尘污染特征,估算得到北京地区单次降雨历时1h潜在污染负荷输出量在雨强25 mm/h、40 mm/h、80 mm/h下分别为2319.4 kg、2693.6 kg、3287.1 kg。
本项研究能够为深入理解街尘的污染特征和径流污染物的迁移机制,为利用静态污染物替代动态污染物间接计算在大区域径流污染物核算方法奠定基础。研究认为对地表径流污染源——街尘进行控制与治理是解决城市水环境的有效措施之一。根据街尘的城乡单位面积质量及粒径分布特征,在中心城区与卫星城区控制初期径流的是控制地表径流的有效措施,而在城中村及农村提高地表清扫技术则是当务之急。
Urban runoff pollution is becoming a serious environmental problem in the context of rapidly urban expansion and no-point pollution control in China. In this study, the mechanism of street dust washoff processes and the estimation method of pollutant loads in the runoff with street dust were discussed based on investigation of spatial distribution and pollution characteristics of street dust, linkage between street dust and runoff pollution, and rainfall simulation experiment. The findings are as follows:
The obvious differences in environmental background and management level between urban and rural regions significantly affected street dust distribution and pollution characteristics. The investigation showed the proportion of finer grain size and concentration of Pb in street dust were the highest in Urban, as for concentration of Pb on the road, the ranking order from high to low was urban (70.5±11.8mg/kg)>urban village(66.7±12.8 mg/kg)> satellite town (56.3±9.5 mg/kg)>township(51.2±6.6 mg/kg)>village(38.6±3.2 mg/kg), while unit area mass and heavy metal load were higher in urban village and village than other places, unit area Pb mass on road and residential district were 4.87±1.45mg/m2,6.94±9.32 mg/m2; 4.74±4.53 mg/m2,6.33±6.34 mg/m2 respectively.
Land use types were key factors affecting particle size distribution of street dust heavy metal contamination in street dust and runoff. The study showed that the concentration of heavy metal in street dust and runoff were highest in traffic road in all of land use types in this study, as well as the percentage finer grain size particulate(smaller than 105μm,47.8%,81% respectively, while there was no significant of particle size distribution in runoff among all the land use types.
A series of rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in order to study street dust washoff processes influenced by different diverse particle constitutes of street dust. It was found that the smaller grain size fraction of street dust was more rapidly washed from the cement ground than from the asphalt floor, while bigger one is not significant. This result indicated that roughness was very important for runoff behavior of finer particle. There is clearly higer mobility of small grain size better than big one in both impervious ground. The quantity of per unit area of street dust will not influent the rate of washoff.
Based on rainfall simulation experiments, the method of estimating heavy metal loads in runoff at the large scale was established. Imperious surface information was picked up with GIS, then categorize and calculate the area of different tapes, at last according to the ratio of washoff obtain urban-suburban-rural gradient washoff potential pollution load. The result show that washoff potential pollution load of Pb at rainfall intensity 25mm/h、40mm/h、80 mm/h were 2319.4kg.2693.6kg、3287.1kg in 1h in Bejing.
This study can provide the basis for deeply understanding the pollution characteristics of street dust and its pollution mechanism through urban runoff, which is helpful to build methodological foundation of estimating pollutant loads from street dust in urban runoff events at large scale. As well as indicate that effective to solve the problem of water-environment with measures of control source of runoff pollution-street dust. The findings imply that different strategies should be considered among different urban and rural regions for practices of controlling runoff pollution, such as first flush control will be taken in urban and satellite town, and improvement of clean technology on impervious ground will be carried out in urban village and village.
引文
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