基于嵌入式平台的异构通信网关的设计
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摘要
随着技术的进步与人们需求的不断增加,嵌入式系统的应用范围不断扩大,尤其在电子、通信等领域。在这种背景下,本文从嵌入式系统应用与实践的角度出发,设计开发了一款基于32位ARM微处理器S3C44B0X和μCLinux嵌入式操作系统的异构通信网关,除具有数据处理与控制功能外,还提供一定的硬件通信接口,从而实现了串口终端设备之间以及串口终端设备与新兴通信网络(如CAN总线网络)之间的互联,并使现有设备可联网使用,解决了各种不同终端在传输距离和可靠性方面的局限性。
本文研究了异构通信网关设计、开发和应用过程中所涉及的关键技术并提出了合理的解决方案。论文主要从五个方面展开:首先,介绍了嵌入式系统及嵌入式系统开发的一般方法,给出了相关流程图,并提出了系统的总体设计方案;在分析ARM内核特点的基础上选定S3C44B0X为核心,给出了硬件平台的设计方案,在满足系统参数需求的条件下选用器件,并对各主要模块的功能、结构和工作原理进行了分析,给出了电路设计;随后介绍了PCB制版与硬件调试的过程,并分析了调试过程中的关键问题;接着实现了软件平台的设计,阐述了启动代码程序的设计、嵌入式操作系统μCLinux的移植、设备驱动程序的设计以及操作系统下多任务应用程序的开发过程;在完成异构通信网关的软硬件协同开发之后,结合具体项目——人工影响天气通信作业指挥系统,介绍了系统的组成、通信协议以及系统的具体实施过程,给出了系统软硬件的具体实现方法。最后总结了课题设计,提出了下一步工作的方向。
With the development of technology and people's increasing requirement, the embedded system is being used in more and more fields, especially in the fields of electronics communication, etc. From the aspect of the application and practice of practice of embedded system, a kind of heterogeneous communication gateway is designed and implemented based on the 32-bit ARM microprocessor S3C44B0X and the embedded operating systemμCLinux, which not only have the functions of data processing and controlling, but provides some basic hardware interfaces, including Multi-UART interfaces and 1 CAN-BUS interface. The heterogeneous communication gateway makes it possible to communication between traditional serial terminals, solving the problem of reliability and transmission distance limitation of different devices.
This thesis studies the key problems of technologies involved in the design, development and application of the heterogeneous communication gateway, and provides the proper method of solving the problems in the process. The thesis is mainly composed of five parts: firstly, the embedded system and its developing method is introduced, and then the whole design scheme is put forward; secondly, based on the analysis of the ARM kernel S3C44B0X is chosen for the CPU of the H-C gateway, the scheme of hardware which can meet the need of system parameter is brought forward, and the functions, structure and working flow is also analyzed, the system circuit comes up; thirdly, the process of PCB design and hardware debugging are introduced and key points in the debugging are analyzed; and then the software platform design is introduced, the bootloader program design, transplant of embedded operating systemμCLinux, device drivers and application multi-task programs included; finally, combined with the application after the H-C gateway hardware-software design, the project of the Commanding System of Cloud Seeding Operation is implemented, in which the structure, communication protocol and the implement are given out after the analyses of system requirement, hardware and the flow chart of software are given out as well. Summary is made at the end of this thesis and the further research direction is proposed.
本文研究了异构通信网关设计、开发和应用过程中所涉及的关键技术并提出了合理的解决方案。论文主要从五个方面展开:首先,介绍了嵌入式系统及嵌入式系统开发的一般方法,给出了相关流程图,并提出了系统的总体设计方案;在分析ARM内核特点的基础上选定S3C44B0X为核心,给出了硬件平台的设计方案,在满足系统参数需求的条件下选用器件,并对各主要模块的功能、结构和工作原理进行了分析,给出了电路设计;随后介绍了PCB制版与硬件调试的过程,并分析了调试过程中的关键问题;接着实现了软件平台的设计,阐述了启动代码程序的设计、嵌入式操作系统μCLinux的移植、设备驱动程序的设计以及操作系统下多任务应用程序的开发过程;在完成异构通信网关的软硬件协同开发之后,结合具体项目——人工影响天气通信作业指挥系统,介绍了系统的组成、通信协议以及系统的具体实施过程,给出了系统软硬件的具体实现方法。最后总结了课题设计,提出了下一步工作的方向。
With the development of technology and people's increasing requirement, the embedded system is being used in more and more fields, especially in the fields of electronics communication, etc. From the aspect of the application and practice of practice of embedded system, a kind of heterogeneous communication gateway is designed and implemented based on the 32-bit ARM microprocessor S3C44B0X and the embedded operating systemμCLinux, which not only have the functions of data processing and controlling, but provides some basic hardware interfaces, including Multi-UART interfaces and 1 CAN-BUS interface. The heterogeneous communication gateway makes it possible to communication between traditional serial terminals, solving the problem of reliability and transmission distance limitation of different devices.
This thesis studies the key problems of technologies involved in the design, development and application of the heterogeneous communication gateway, and provides the proper method of solving the problems in the process. The thesis is mainly composed of five parts: firstly, the embedded system and its developing method is introduced, and then the whole design scheme is put forward; secondly, based on the analysis of the ARM kernel S3C44B0X is chosen for the CPU of the H-C gateway, the scheme of hardware which can meet the need of system parameter is brought forward, and the functions, structure and working flow is also analyzed, the system circuit comes up; thirdly, the process of PCB design and hardware debugging are introduced and key points in the debugging are analyzed; and then the software platform design is introduced, the bootloader program design, transplant of embedded operating systemμCLinux, device drivers and application multi-task programs included; finally, combined with the application after the H-C gateway hardware-software design, the project of the Commanding System of Cloud Seeding Operation is implemented, in which the structure, communication protocol and the implement are given out after the analyses of system requirement, hardware and the flow chart of software are given out as well. Summary is made at the end of this thesis and the further research direction is proposed.
引文
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[2]管耀武;杨宗德,ARM嵌入式无线通信系统开发实例精讲[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2006.
[3]周立功,周立功.ARM嵌入式系统基础教程[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2004.
[4]范学英,张明新,王登磊,”嵌入式系统概述,自动化技术与应用,2008.第27卷第二期”pp.113-115.
[5]A.Cuomo,"Future challenges in embedded systems," in Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis,2004.CODES + ISSS 2004.International Conference on,2004,p.1.
[6]陈跃宗,”嵌入式系统概述及其应用前景,”新西部,vol.8,pp.246-156,2007.
[7]张晶;曾宪云,”嵌入式系统概述,”电测与仪表,vol.39,pp.42-44,2002.
[8]S.Williams,"IrDA:past,present and future," Personal Communications,IEEE,vol.7,pp.11-19,2000.
[9]贾智平;张瑞华,嵌入式系统原理与接口技术[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[10]D.Naiditch,"Selecting a programming language for your project," Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine,IEEE,vol.14,pp.11-14,1999.
[11]W.Jun and X.Zhi-Tao,"Design of communication interface in a video vehicular detection system based on ARM and DSP," in Signal Processing,2008.ICSP 2008.9th International Conference on,2008,pp.431-434.
[12]吴明晖等,基于ARM的嵌入式系统开发与应用[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2004.
[13]S.Furber;田泽等,ARM SoC体系结构[M.北京:航空航大大学出版社,2002.
[14]Y.Yanagisawa,K.Kourai,S.Chiba,and R.Ishikawa,"A dynamic aspect-oriented system for OS kernels," Portland,OR,United states,2006,pp. 69-78.
[15]L.Jaehwan,V.J.Mooney,Ⅲ,A.Daleby,K.Ingstrom,T.Klevin,and L.Lindh,"A comparison of the RTU hardware RTOS with a hardware/software RTOS,"in Design Automation Conference,2003.Proceedings of the ASP-DAC 2003.Asia and South Pacific,2003,pp.683-688.
[16]刘尚军等,ARM嵌入式技术原理与应用[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2007.
[17]A.Barbalace,A.Luchetta,G.Manduchi,M.Moro,A.Soppelsa,and C.Taliercio,"Performance Comparison of VxWorks,Linux,RTAI,and Xenomai in a Hard Real-Time Application," Nuclear Science,IEEE Transactions on,vol.55,pp.435-439,2008.
[18]D.Marsh,"Embedded Linux steals design wins," EDN,vol.50,pp.20-32,2005.
[19]张海涛,嵌入式系统的设计及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[20]探矽工作室,嵌入式系统导论[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2005.
[21]S.Bates,"Case study:Advanced RISC Machines,the future today[company prospects]," in Next Generation Manufacturing:Future Trends in Manufacturing and Supply Chain Management(Digest No:1996/278),IEE Colloqiuum on,1996,pp.4/1-4/3.
[22]A.Limited.,"ARM Architecture Reference Manual[Z].London:ARM Lomited,"2000.
[23]"ARM Limited.ARM7TDMI(Rev4) Technical Reference Manual[Z],"London:ARM limited,pp.1-15,2001.
[24]M.D.Godfrey and D.F.Hendry,"The computer as von Neumann planned it,"Annals of the History of Computing,IEEE,vol.15,pp.11-21,1993.
[25]"ARM Limited.The ARM-THUMB Procedure Call standard[Z].London:ARM Limited,2004," pp.1-50.
[26]X.Xianhong and S.Jones,"Code compression for the embedded ARM/THUMB processor," in Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems:Technology and Applications,2003.Proceedings of the Second IEEE International Workshop on,2003,pp.31-35.
[27]"Samsung Electronics.S3C44BOX User's Manual.Samsung Electronics,"2005.8.
[28]"Analog Devices,Inc.ADM706P/R/S/T +3 V,Voltage Monitoring μP Supervisory Circuits Analog Devices," 1999.
[29]吴东坡,”Flash存储器技术与应用,”微电子学与计算机,pp.55-56,1998.6.
[30]R.Bez,E.Camerlenghi,A.Modelli,and A.Visconti,"Introduction to flash memory," Proceedings of the IEEE,vol.91,pp.489-502,2003.
[31]J.Yongsoo,C.Yongseok,and S.Hojun,"Energy exploration and reduction of SDRAM memory systems," in Design Automation Conference,2002.Proceedings.39th,2002,pp.892-897.
[32]"Texas Instruments,TL16C554 Asynchronous Communications Element,Texas Instruments."
[33]V.Ajay Kumar,"Overcoming data corruption in RS485 communication,"Madras,India,1995,pp.9-10.
[34]"MCP2510 Stand-Alone CAN Controller With SPI Interface.MICROCHIP,"1999.
[35]X.Fang,M.Huang,J.Wang,and S.Gu,"Development of DeviceNet fieldbus intelligent node," Hangzhou,China,2004,pp.1396-1400.
[36]"KS8995M User's Manual.Micrel,Inc.," 2006.
[37]"W3150A+ Datasheet Ver.2.0.2,WIZnet Co.," 2007.
[38]"u-blox AG,LEA-5 u-blox 5 Modules for GPS and GALILEO,u-blox AG,2008."
[39]V.Mannama,R.Sabolotny,and V.Strik,"Ultra low noise low power LDO design," in Baltic Electronics Conference,2006 International,2006,pp.1-4.
[40]赵家贵,电子电路设计[M].北京:中国计量出版社,2005.
[41]孙继业;赵亦工,”高速数字系统印刷电路板的设计要点,”电子工程师,vol.27,pp.51-54,2001.
[42]周芸,柯敏毅,“高速PCB板设计研究,”通信电源技术,vol.25,pp.23-26,3月25日2008.
[43]Y.Guang and L.Yinghua,"Crosstalk analysis of high speed digital microstrip traces over a slotted ground plane using the non-uniform FDTD method,"Qingdao,China,2007,pp.118-121.
[44]区健昌,电子设备的电磁兼容性设计[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2003.
[45]李宁,ARM开发工具RealView MDK使用入门[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2008.
[46]"IEEE Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan Architecture,IEEE Standard 1149.1,2001."
[47]万永波;张根宝;田泽;杨峰,”基于ARM的嵌入式系统Bootloader启动流程分析,”微计算机信息,vol.22,pp.90-92,150,2005.
[48]夏大鹏;田泽,“ARM系统中多种启动代码的实现,”通信电源技术,vol.26,pp.64-66,2009.
[49]邓丽芳,“ARM处理器启动代码的分析与设计,”沿海企业与科技,vol.09,pp.32-34,2007.
[50]李善平;刘文峰;王焕龙等,Linux与嵌入式系统[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
[51]李岩;荣盘祥编著,基于S3C44BOX嵌入式μCLinux系统原理及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[52]陈赜,ARM嵌入式技术实践教程[M].北京:北京航空航天大学,2005.
[53]高卓,”基于ARM的uclinux移植与开发,”微计算机信息,vol.23,pp.152-154,2007.
[54]刘峥嵘等,嵌入式Linux应用开发详解[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2004.
[55]杜旭,顿新平,黄建,”一种嵌入式系统驱动架构的分析及实现,”计算机工程与应用,vol.40,pp.116-119,2004.
[56]"Jonathan Corbet,Greg Kroah-Hartman,Alessandro Rubini.Linux Device Drivers,56,3rd Edition.O'Reilly 2005."
[57]杜开祝,”基于ARM嵌入式系统应用平台的研究与设计[D],.武汉:武汉理工大学,2006,pp.50-52.
[58]何嘉斌,陈适,何方,”嵌入式Internet技术应用,”单片机与嵌入式系统应用,vol.(1-6合订本),pp.169-172,2002.
[2]管耀武;杨宗德,ARM嵌入式无线通信系统开发实例精讲[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2006.
[3]周立功,周立功.ARM嵌入式系统基础教程[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2004.
[4]范学英,张明新,王登磊,”嵌入式系统概述,自动化技术与应用,2008.第27卷第二期”pp.113-115.
[5]A.Cuomo,"Future challenges in embedded systems," in Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis,2004.CODES + ISSS 2004.International Conference on,2004,p.1.
[6]陈跃宗,”嵌入式系统概述及其应用前景,”新西部,vol.8,pp.246-156,2007.
[7]张晶;曾宪云,”嵌入式系统概述,”电测与仪表,vol.39,pp.42-44,2002.
[8]S.Williams,"IrDA:past,present and future," Personal Communications,IEEE,vol.7,pp.11-19,2000.
[9]贾智平;张瑞华,嵌入式系统原理与接口技术[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[10]D.Naiditch,"Selecting a programming language for your project," Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine,IEEE,vol.14,pp.11-14,1999.
[11]W.Jun and X.Zhi-Tao,"Design of communication interface in a video vehicular detection system based on ARM and DSP," in Signal Processing,2008.ICSP 2008.9th International Conference on,2008,pp.431-434.
[12]吴明晖等,基于ARM的嵌入式系统开发与应用[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2004.
[13]S.Furber;田泽等,ARM SoC体系结构[M.北京:航空航大大学出版社,2002.
[14]Y.Yanagisawa,K.Kourai,S.Chiba,and R.Ishikawa,"A dynamic aspect-oriented system for OS kernels," Portland,OR,United states,2006,pp. 69-78.
[15]L.Jaehwan,V.J.Mooney,Ⅲ,A.Daleby,K.Ingstrom,T.Klevin,and L.Lindh,"A comparison of the RTU hardware RTOS with a hardware/software RTOS,"in Design Automation Conference,2003.Proceedings of the ASP-DAC 2003.Asia and South Pacific,2003,pp.683-688.
[16]刘尚军等,ARM嵌入式技术原理与应用[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2007.
[17]A.Barbalace,A.Luchetta,G.Manduchi,M.Moro,A.Soppelsa,and C.Taliercio,"Performance Comparison of VxWorks,Linux,RTAI,and Xenomai in a Hard Real-Time Application," Nuclear Science,IEEE Transactions on,vol.55,pp.435-439,2008.
[18]D.Marsh,"Embedded Linux steals design wins," EDN,vol.50,pp.20-32,2005.
[19]张海涛,嵌入式系统的设计及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[20]探矽工作室,嵌入式系统导论[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2005.
[21]S.Bates,"Case study:Advanced RISC Machines,the future today[company prospects]," in Next Generation Manufacturing:Future Trends in Manufacturing and Supply Chain Management(Digest No:1996/278),IEE Colloqiuum on,1996,pp.4/1-4/3.
[22]A.Limited.,"ARM Architecture Reference Manual[Z].London:ARM Lomited,"2000.
[23]"ARM Limited.ARM7TDMI(Rev4) Technical Reference Manual[Z],"London:ARM limited,pp.1-15,2001.
[24]M.D.Godfrey and D.F.Hendry,"The computer as von Neumann planned it,"Annals of the History of Computing,IEEE,vol.15,pp.11-21,1993.
[25]"ARM Limited.The ARM-THUMB Procedure Call standard[Z].London:ARM Limited,2004," pp.1-50.
[26]X.Xianhong and S.Jones,"Code compression for the embedded ARM/THUMB processor," in Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems:Technology and Applications,2003.Proceedings of the Second IEEE International Workshop on,2003,pp.31-35.
[27]"Samsung Electronics.S3C44BOX User's Manual.Samsung Electronics,"2005.8.
[28]"Analog Devices,Inc.ADM706P/R/S/T +3 V,Voltage Monitoring μP Supervisory Circuits Analog Devices," 1999.
[29]吴东坡,”Flash存储器技术与应用,”微电子学与计算机,pp.55-56,1998.6.
[30]R.Bez,E.Camerlenghi,A.Modelli,and A.Visconti,"Introduction to flash memory," Proceedings of the IEEE,vol.91,pp.489-502,2003.
[31]J.Yongsoo,C.Yongseok,and S.Hojun,"Energy exploration and reduction of SDRAM memory systems," in Design Automation Conference,2002.Proceedings.39th,2002,pp.892-897.
[32]"Texas Instruments,TL16C554 Asynchronous Communications Element,Texas Instruments."
[33]V.Ajay Kumar,"Overcoming data corruption in RS485 communication,"Madras,India,1995,pp.9-10.
[34]"MCP2510 Stand-Alone CAN Controller With SPI Interface.MICROCHIP,"1999.
[35]X.Fang,M.Huang,J.Wang,and S.Gu,"Development of DeviceNet fieldbus intelligent node," Hangzhou,China,2004,pp.1396-1400.
[36]"KS8995M User's Manual.Micrel,Inc.," 2006.
[37]"W3150A+ Datasheet Ver.2.0.2,WIZnet Co.," 2007.
[38]"u-blox AG,LEA-5 u-blox 5 Modules for GPS and GALILEO,u-blox AG,2008."
[39]V.Mannama,R.Sabolotny,and V.Strik,"Ultra low noise low power LDO design," in Baltic Electronics Conference,2006 International,2006,pp.1-4.
[40]赵家贵,电子电路设计[M].北京:中国计量出版社,2005.
[41]孙继业;赵亦工,”高速数字系统印刷电路板的设计要点,”电子工程师,vol.27,pp.51-54,2001.
[42]周芸,柯敏毅,“高速PCB板设计研究,”通信电源技术,vol.25,pp.23-26,3月25日2008.
[43]Y.Guang and L.Yinghua,"Crosstalk analysis of high speed digital microstrip traces over a slotted ground plane using the non-uniform FDTD method,"Qingdao,China,2007,pp.118-121.
[44]区健昌,电子设备的电磁兼容性设计[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2003.
[45]李宁,ARM开发工具RealView MDK使用入门[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2008.
[46]"IEEE Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan Architecture,IEEE Standard 1149.1,2001."
[47]万永波;张根宝;田泽;杨峰,”基于ARM的嵌入式系统Bootloader启动流程分析,”微计算机信息,vol.22,pp.90-92,150,2005.
[48]夏大鹏;田泽,“ARM系统中多种启动代码的实现,”通信电源技术,vol.26,pp.64-66,2009.
[49]邓丽芳,“ARM处理器启动代码的分析与设计,”沿海企业与科技,vol.09,pp.32-34,2007.
[50]李善平;刘文峰;王焕龙等,Linux与嵌入式系统[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
[51]李岩;荣盘祥编著,基于S3C44BOX嵌入式μCLinux系统原理及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[52]陈赜,ARM嵌入式技术实践教程[M].北京:北京航空航天大学,2005.
[53]高卓,”基于ARM的uclinux移植与开发,”微计算机信息,vol.23,pp.152-154,2007.
[54]刘峥嵘等,嵌入式Linux应用开发详解[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2004.
[55]杜旭,顿新平,黄建,”一种嵌入式系统驱动架构的分析及实现,”计算机工程与应用,vol.40,pp.116-119,2004.
[56]"Jonathan Corbet,Greg Kroah-Hartman,Alessandro Rubini.Linux Device Drivers,56,3rd Edition.O'Reilly 2005."
[57]杜开祝,”基于ARM嵌入式系统应用平台的研究与设计[D],.武汉:武汉理工大学,2006,pp.50-52.
[58]何嘉斌,陈适,何方,”嵌入式Internet技术应用,”单片机与嵌入式系统应用,vol.(1-6合订本),pp.169-172,2002.