辽宁本溪庙后山遗址的铀系年代研究
|
摘要
现代人起源的时间、地点和环境背景是当今古人类学研究的前沿课题之一。二种主要假说“非洲起源”和“多地区连续演化”已激烈争论了近二十年。东亚直立人(Homo erectus)和早期智人(archaic Homo sapiens)在演化系统上的联系与此直接相关。依原有人类化石地点年代系列,一般认为中国直立人和早期智人的交替发生在约200 ka前,远晚于同一事件在非洲发生的～600 ka。这一格局应有利于东亚直立人演化较慢和当地早期智人外来的假说。
位于辽宁省本溪县的庙后山地点,是我国东北地区的重要中更新世人类遗址,其年代位置的确立对相关学科的研究有着重要意义。本文报道该地点出土人类化石的第5、6堆积层次生碳酸盐岩和骨化石样的铀系测年结果。夹生于第6堆积层三个钙板的年龄分别为276_(-38)~(+60)、＞535、346_(-61)~(+160)ka,其下第5层中的钙板为526±31 ka,据此堆积层无地层倒序现象,第6层顶部应至少为200 ka,第5层中部应大于500 ka。本文结果远大于该地点原基于骨化石铀系测年的年代框架,支持中国直立人和早期智人交替比原认为约200 ka早得多的观点。
主要基于次生碳酸盐岩铀系年代这一时标,已有研究的安徽巢湖银山、周口店第1、4、15地点的测年结果亦如此。这些地点新的年代数据是我国中更新世人类遗址年代框架被整体压缩的有力证据。我国直立人和早期智人的交替,很可能与非洲同一事件无重要的时间距离,倘被进一步证实。本文结果对东亚人类演化模式的研究将有重要意义。
For about 20 years,there has been an intense debate over the origin of anatomically modern Homo sapiens between exponents of two competing hypotheses,"multiregional origins" and "recent out of Africa".The phylogenetic relationship between Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens in East Asia impacts directly on the hotly debated issues.According to the previously accepted chronology,the erectus-sapiens interface in China occurred somewhere around 200 ka, far too late compared with the same transition event in Africa which is believed to take place ca. 600 ka.
The Miaohoushan site,with the recovery of 3 hominid fossils,76 stone artifacts and a faunal assemblage of 72 mammalian species,is known for marking the northernmost human presence in Middle Pleistocene China.This paper presents ~(230)Th/~(234)U dates on four calcite and two fossil samples from the hominid fossil-bearing 5~(th)and 6~(th)depositional layers of the site.The flowstone intercalated in 5~(th)layer yields an age of 526±30 ka,while three speleothem horizons of the 6~(th) layer give ages of 276_(-38)~(+60),＞535 and 346_(-61)~(+160)ka respectively.Based on these results we propose that the topmost section of the 6~(th)layer should be no less than 200 ka,and the middle pan of the 5~(th)layer older than 500 ka.The results here presented,much older than the previous temporal frame based on the U-series dates on fossil bones,are in support of the proposition for a much earlier Homo erectus-archaic Homo sapiens interface in China.
The conclusion is consistent with the chronology of several hominid sites,including Zhoukoudian Localities 1、4 and 15 and Chaoxian hominid site that has been studied with the U-series dating intercalated speleothem formations,being in line with the observation that the existing chronological framework for Chinese Middle sites may have been compressed as a whole. The erectus-sapiens interface in China may be not far from that the same event took place in Africa.If being proved further,our results would impact profoundly on the models of human evolution in East Asia.
位于辽宁省本溪县的庙后山地点,是我国东北地区的重要中更新世人类遗址,其年代位置的确立对相关学科的研究有着重要意义。本文报道该地点出土人类化石的第5、6堆积层次生碳酸盐岩和骨化石样的铀系测年结果。夹生于第6堆积层三个钙板的年龄分别为276_(-38)~(+60)、＞535、346_(-61)~(+160)ka,其下第5层中的钙板为526±31 ka,据此堆积层无地层倒序现象,第6层顶部应至少为200 ka,第5层中部应大于500 ka。本文结果远大于该地点原基于骨化石铀系测年的年代框架,支持中国直立人和早期智人交替比原认为约200 ka早得多的观点。
主要基于次生碳酸盐岩铀系年代这一时标,已有研究的安徽巢湖银山、周口店第1、4、15地点的测年结果亦如此。这些地点新的年代数据是我国中更新世人类遗址年代框架被整体压缩的有力证据。我国直立人和早期智人的交替,很可能与非洲同一事件无重要的时间距离,倘被进一步证实。本文结果对东亚人类演化模式的研究将有重要意义。
For about 20 years,there has been an intense debate over the origin of anatomically modern Homo sapiens between exponents of two competing hypotheses,"multiregional origins" and "recent out of Africa".The phylogenetic relationship between Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens in East Asia impacts directly on the hotly debated issues.According to the previously accepted chronology,the erectus-sapiens interface in China occurred somewhere around 200 ka, far too late compared with the same transition event in Africa which is believed to take place ca. 600 ka.
The Miaohoushan site,with the recovery of 3 hominid fossils,76 stone artifacts and a faunal assemblage of 72 mammalian species,is known for marking the northernmost human presence in Middle Pleistocene China.This paper presents ~(230)Th/~(234)U dates on four calcite and two fossil samples from the hominid fossil-bearing 5~(th)and 6~(th)depositional layers of the site.The flowstone intercalated in 5~(th)layer yields an age of 526±30 ka,while three speleothem horizons of the 6~(th) layer give ages of 276_(-38)~(+60),＞535 and 346_(-61)~(+160)ka respectively.Based on these results we propose that the topmost section of the 6~(th)layer should be no less than 200 ka,and the middle pan of the 5~(th)layer older than 500 ka.The results here presented,much older than the previous temporal frame based on the U-series dates on fossil bones,are in support of the proposition for a much earlier Homo erectus-archaic Homo sapiens interface in China.
The conclusion is consistent with the chronology of several hominid sites,including Zhoukoudian Localities 1、4 and 15 and Chaoxian hominid site that has been studied with the U-series dating intercalated speleothem formations,being in line with the observation that the existing chronological framework for Chinese Middle sites may have been compressed as a whole. The erectus-sapiens interface in China may be not far from that the same event took place in Africa.If being proved further,our results would impact profoundly on the models of human evolution in East Asia.
引文
[1]吴汝康,吴新智主编.中国古人类遗址.上海:上海科技教育出版社,1999,4.
[2]Stringer CB,Andrews P.Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans.Science,1988,239:1263-1268.
[3]Stringer CB.Coasting out of Africa.Nature,2000,405:24-27.
[4]Wolpoff MH,Hawks J,Frayer DW and Hunley K.Modern human ancestry at the peripheries:A test of the replacement theory.Science,2001,291:293-297.
[5]吴新智.20世纪的中国人类古生物研究与展望.人类学学报,1999,18:165-175.
[6]吴新智.从中国晚期智人颅牙特征看中国现代人起源.人类学学报,1998,17:276-282.
[7]Etler DA.Homo erectus in East Asia:human ancestor or evolutionary dead-end? Athena Review,2004,4(1):55-67.
[8]Rightmire GP.Human evolution in the Middle Pleistocene:the role of Homo heidelbergensis.Evolutionary Anthropology,1998,6:218-227.
[9]Chen TM and Zhang YY.palaeolithie ehronology,and possible coexistence of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens in China.World Archaeology,1991,23(2):147-154.
[10]吴新智.中国远古人类的进化.人类学学报,1990,9(4):312-321.
[11]Clark J,Heinzelin J de,Sehiek KD et al.African Homo erectus:old radiometric ages and young Oldowan assemblages in the Middle Awash Valley,Ethiopia.Science,1994,264:1907-1910.
[12]Ludwig KR,Renne PR.Geochronology on the Paleoanthropological time scale.Evolutionary Anthropology,2000,9(2):101-110.
[13]Schwarcz HP.Uranium-series dating and the origin of modern man.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B,1992,337:131-137.
[14]Shen GJ,Ku T-L,Cheng H et al.High-precision U-series dating of Locality 1 at Zhoukoudian,China.Journal of Human Evolution,2001,41:679-688.
[15]沈冠军,房迎三,金林红.巢县人年代位置新证据及其意义.人类学学报,1994,3:249-256.
[16]Shen GJ,Cheng H,Edwards R L.Mass spectrometric U-series dating of New Cave at Zhoukoudian,China.Journal of Archaeological Sciences,2004,31:337-342.
[17]Shen GJ,Gao X,Zhao JX et al.U-series dating of Locality 15 at Zhoukoudian,China,and implications for hominid evolution.Quaternary Research,2004,62:208-213.
[18]原思训,陈铁梅,高世君.骨化石的不平衡铀系年代测定.见:辽宁省博物馆,本溪市博物馆编.庙后山-辽宁省本溪市旧石器文化遗址.北京:文物出版社,1986,86-89.
[19]Shen GJ.U-series dating of fossil bones:results from Chinese sites and discussion on its reliability.Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,1996,15(4):303-313.
[20]Bisehoff JL,Shamp DD,Aramburu A et al.The Sima de los Huesos hominids date to beyond U/Th equilibrium(＞ 350 kyr)and perhaps to 400-500 kyr:new radiometric dates.Journal of Archaeological Science,2003,30:275-280.
[21]Aiello L.The fossil evidence for modern human origins in Africa:a revised view.American Anthropologist,1993,95:73-96.
[22]Stringer CB.Modern Human origins-distinguishing the models.African Archaeological Review,2001,18(2):67-75.
[23]Tattersall I.Out of Africa again and again.Scientific American,1997,4:60-67.
[24]周国兴.人类起源的文化透视.黑龙江:东北林业大学出版社,1996.
[25]Cann RL,Stoneking M,Wilson AC.Mitochondria DNA and Human evolution.Nature,1987,325:31-36.
[26]Dorit RL,Akashi H,Gilbert W.Absence of polymorphism at the ZFY locus on the human Y chromosome.Science,1995,274:1183-1185.
[27]Underhill PA,Jin L,Lin AA et al.Detection of numerous Y chromosome biallelic polymorphisms by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography.Genome Research,1997,7:996-1005.
[28]Thormson R,Pritchard JK,Shen P et al.Recent common ancestry of human Y chromosomes:evidence from DNA sequence data.Proc Nati Acad Sci USA,2000,97(13):7360-7365.
[29]Ke YH,Su B,Song XF et al.African origin of modern humans in East Asia:a tale of 12,000 Y chromosomes.Science,2001,292:1151-1153.
[30]Jin L,Su B.Natives or immigrants:Modern human origin in East Asia.Nature Review Genetics,2000,1:126-133.
[31]Krings M,Stone A,Schmitz EW et al.Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans.Cell,1997,90(1):19-30.
[32]Grun R,Shackleton NJ,Deacon HJ.Electron spinresonance dating of tooth enamel from Klasies River Mouth Cave.Current Anthropology,1990,31:427-432.
[33]Stringer CB,Grun R,Schwarcz HP.et al.ESR dates for hominid burial site of Es Skhul in Israel.Nature,1989,338:756-758.
[34]Grun R,Stringer CB.Electron spin resonance dating and the evolution of modern human.Archaeometry,1991,33(2):153-199.
[35]Wintle AG.Oldest members of Homo sapiens discovered in Africa.Science,2003,300:1641.
[36]刘武.蒙古人种及现代中国人的起源与演化.人类学学报,1997,16:55-73.
[37]林圣龙.中西方旧石器文化中的技术模式的比较.人类学学报,1996,15(1):1-19.
[38]童讯.葡萄牙发现人骨化石支持智人与尼人杂交的假说.人类学学报,2000,19(2):165-166.
[39]John H,Stephen Oh,Keith H et al.An Australasian test of the recent African origin theory using the WLH-50calvarium.Journal of Human Evolution,2000,39:1-22.
[40]吴汝康.古人类学.北京:文物出版社,1989,167.
[41]吴新智.寻找人类祖先的足迹:智人.科学(双月刊),2000,52(1):18-20.
[42]曹琼英,沈德勋等编.第四纪年代学及实验技术.南京:南京大学出版社,1988.
[43]王建,陶富海,王益人.丁村旧石器时代遗址群调查发掘报告.文物世界,1994,3:1-23.
[44]杨景春,刘光勋.关于“丁村组”的几个问题.地层学杂志,1979,3(3):194-200.
[45]郭之虞.高精度加速器质谱~(14)C 测年.北京大学学报(自然科学版),1998,34:201-206.
[46]Taylor RE.Radiocarbon dating of bone:to collagen and beyond.In:Taylor RE et al.,Radiocarbon after Four Decades,an Interdesciplinary Perspective,New York:Springer-Verlag,1992,375-402.
[47]郭之虞,刘克新.加速器质谱~(14)C测年精度研究与改进.第四纪研究,2000,20(1):99.
[48]夏君定,王维达.热释光测定青铜器陶范年代.文物保护与考古科学,2002,14(supp):266-271.
[49]黄培华,金嗣等.北京猿人第一个头盖骨及其遗址堆积层年代的电子自旋共振测年研究.人类学学报,1991,10(2):107-115.
[50]陈铁梅,杨全,胡艳秋等.湖北“郧县人”化石地层的ESR测年研究.人类学学报,1996,15(2):114-118.
[51]陈铁梅,杨全,吴恩等.辽宁金牛山遗址牙釉质样品的电子自旋共振(ESR)测年.人类学学报,1993,12(4):337-345
[52]Huang WP,Ciochon R,Gu Y et al.Early Homo and associated artifacts from Asia.Nature,1995,378:275-276.
[53]陈铁梅.第四纪测年的进展与问题.第四纪研究,1995,2:182-190.
[54]安芷生,高万一,祝一志等.“蓝田人”的磁性地层年龄.人类学学报,1990,9(1):1-7.
[55]Wintle AG.Achaeologically relevant dating techniques for the next century.Journal of Archaeological Science,1996,23:123-138.
[56]Aiello L.The fossil evidence for modern human origins in Africa:a revised view.American Anthropologist,1993,95:73-96.
[57]Arsuaga JL,Martinez I,Gracia A et al.Three new human skulls from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site in Sierra de Atapuerea,Spain.Nature,1993,362:534-537.
[58]Dorozynski A.Possible Ne,andertalancestor found.Science,1993,262:991.
[59]Stringer CH.Secrets of the Pit of the bones.Nature,1993,362:501-502.
[60]Jonas.M and Grun R.Q-band ESR studied of fossil tooth enamel:implications for spectrum deconvolution and dating.Radiation Measurements,1997,27(1):49-58.
[61]Bisehoff JL,Fitzpatrick JA,Leo'n L et al.Geology and preliminary dating of the hominid-bearing sedimentary fill of the Sima de los Huesos Chamber,Cueva Mayor of the Sierra de Atapuerca,Burgos,Spain.Journal of Human Evolution,1997,33:129-154.
[62]王令红.中国远古人类年代的新近展.见:吴汝康等主编.中国远古人类.北京:科学出版社,1989,397-404.
[63]陈铁梅,原思训,高世君.铀子系法测定骨化石年龄的可靠性研究及华北地区主要旧石器地点的铀子系年代序列.人类学学报,1984,3(3):259-269.
[64]陈铁梅.我国旧石器考古年代学的进展和评述.考古学报,1988,3:357-367.
[65]陈铁梅,Hedges R,袁振新.山顶洞遗址的第二批加速器质谱~(14)C年龄数据与讨论.人类学学报,1992,11(2):112-116.
[66]蒋明.原子核物理导论.北京:原子能出版社,1983,48-58.
[67]环境放射性监测方法编写组.环境放射性监测方法.北京:原子能出版社,1977,7-8.
[68]魏菊英,王关玉.同位素地球化学.北京:地质出版社,1987,17-18.
[69]祝霖.放射化学.北京:原子能出版社,1985,167-197.
[70]Ivanovich M,Harmon RS.Uranium-series Disequilibrium:application to earth,marine,and environmental sciences(2~(nd)edition).Oxford:Clarendon Press,1992.
[71]原思训,陈铁梅,高世君.华南若干旧石器时代地点的铀系年代.人类学学报,1986,5(2):179-190.
[72]沈冠军.钟乳石铀系年龄与洞穴遗址年代测定.贵州大学学报(自然科学版),1991,8(2):114-120.
[73]Chen TM,Yuan SX.Uranium-series dating of bones and teeth from Chinese palaeolithic sites.Archaeometry,1988,30(1):59-76.
[74]梁卓成.铀系不平衡法.见:陈文寄,彭贵主编.年轻地质体系的年代测定.北京:地震出版社,1991,111-131.
[75]Edwards RL,Chen JH,Wasserburg GJ.~(234)U-~(238)U-~(230)Th systematics and the precise measurement of time over past 500 000 years.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1986,87(81):175-192.
[76]程海.铀系年代学新进展--ICP-MS ~(230)Th测年.第四纪研究,2002,22(3):292.
[77]李献华.不平衡铀系定年的新技术突破--高精度、高灵敏度 ~(238)U-~(234)U-~(230)U同位素质谱测定和应用.地球科学进展,1994,9(3):80-85.
[78]何学贤,杨淳,刘敦一.第四纪年代学的利器:热电离质谱铀系定年技术.地学前缘,2003,10(2):335-340.
[79]Luo XZ,Rehkamper M,Lee D et al.High precision ~(230)Th/~(232)Th and ~(234)U/~(238)U measurements using energyfiltered ICP magnetic sector multiple collector mass spectrometry.International Journal Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes,1997,171:105-117.
[80]Steven JG,Claudine HS.Techniques for measuring Uranium-series nuclides:1992-2002.In:Bourdon B,Henderson GM,Lundstrom CC et al.eds.Uranium-series Geochemistry.Mineralogical Society of America,Geochemical society,2003,23-58.
[81]杨文才.地层.见:辽宁省博物馆,本溪市博物馆编.庙后山-辽宁省本溪市旧石器文化遗址.北京:文物出版社,1986,6-16.
[82]张镇洪.人类化石.见:辽宁省博物馆,本溪市博物馆编.庙后山-辽宁省本溪市旧石器文化遗址.北京:文物出版社,1986,17-20.
[83]Wu XZ and Poirier FE.Human Evolution in China,New York:Oxford University Press.1995,150-151.
[84]张镇洪,魏海波,许振宏.动物化石.见:辽宁省博物馆,本溪市博物馆编.庙后山-辽宁省本溪市旧石器文化遗址.北京:文物出版社,1986,35-66.
[85]黄慰文,傅仁义,陈德辉.旧石器文化.见:辽宁省博物馆,本溪市博物馆编.庙后山-辽宁省本溪市旧石器文化遗址.北京:文物出版社,1986,21-34.
[86]Latham AG.Uranium-Series dating of bone by gamma ray spectrometry:comment.Archaeometry,1997,39(1):217-219.
[87]秦启宗,毛家骏,金忠等.化学分离法.北京:原子能出版社,1984,192.
[88]Korkisch J,Tera F.Separation of thorium by anion-exchange.Analytical Chemistry,1961,33:1264-1266.
[89]Korkisch J.Handbook of Ion Exchange Resins:Their Application to Inorganic.Analytical Chemistry,Vol.Ⅱ.CRC Press,1989.
[90]Donson RW et al.The extraction of ferric chloride from hydrochoric acide solution by isopropyl ether.Journal American Chemical Society,1936,58:2573 -2577.
[91]Hagemann F.The isolation of actinium.Journal American Chemistry Society,1950,72:768.
[92]卢玉楷,马崇智,姚历农等.放射性核素概论.北京:科学出版社,1987.
[93]原思训,陈铁梅,高世君等.周口店遗址骨化石的铀系年代研究.人类学学报,1991,10(3):190-193.
[94]高斌,沈冠军,邱立诚.马坝人地点南支洞铀系定年初步结果.暨南大学学报(自然科学版),2007,28(3):308-311.
[2]Stringer CB,Andrews P.Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans.Science,1988,239:1263-1268.
[3]Stringer CB.Coasting out of Africa.Nature,2000,405:24-27.
[4]Wolpoff MH,Hawks J,Frayer DW and Hunley K.Modern human ancestry at the peripheries:A test of the replacement theory.Science,2001,291:293-297.
[5]吴新智.20世纪的中国人类古生物研究与展望.人类学学报,1999,18:165-175.
[6]吴新智.从中国晚期智人颅牙特征看中国现代人起源.人类学学报,1998,17:276-282.
[7]Etler DA.Homo erectus in East Asia:human ancestor or evolutionary dead-end? Athena Review,2004,4(1):55-67.
[8]Rightmire GP.Human evolution in the Middle Pleistocene:the role of Homo heidelbergensis.Evolutionary Anthropology,1998,6:218-227.
[9]Chen TM and Zhang YY.palaeolithie ehronology,and possible coexistence of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens in China.World Archaeology,1991,23(2):147-154.
[10]吴新智.中国远古人类的进化.人类学学报,1990,9(4):312-321.
[11]Clark J,Heinzelin J de,Sehiek KD et al.African Homo erectus:old radiometric ages and young Oldowan assemblages in the Middle Awash Valley,Ethiopia.Science,1994,264:1907-1910.
[12]Ludwig KR,Renne PR.Geochronology on the Paleoanthropological time scale.Evolutionary Anthropology,2000,9(2):101-110.
[13]Schwarcz HP.Uranium-series dating and the origin of modern man.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B,1992,337:131-137.
[14]Shen GJ,Ku T-L,Cheng H et al.High-precision U-series dating of Locality 1 at Zhoukoudian,China.Journal of Human Evolution,2001,41:679-688.
[15]沈冠军,房迎三,金林红.巢县人年代位置新证据及其意义.人类学学报,1994,3:249-256.
[16]Shen GJ,Cheng H,Edwards R L.Mass spectrometric U-series dating of New Cave at Zhoukoudian,China.Journal of Archaeological Sciences,2004,31:337-342.
[17]Shen GJ,Gao X,Zhao JX et al.U-series dating of Locality 15 at Zhoukoudian,China,and implications for hominid evolution.Quaternary Research,2004,62:208-213.
[18]原思训,陈铁梅,高世君.骨化石的不平衡铀系年代测定.见:辽宁省博物馆,本溪市博物馆编.庙后山-辽宁省本溪市旧石器文化遗址.北京:文物出版社,1986,86-89.
[19]Shen GJ.U-series dating of fossil bones:results from Chinese sites and discussion on its reliability.Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,1996,15(4):303-313.
[20]Bisehoff JL,Shamp DD,Aramburu A et al.The Sima de los Huesos hominids date to beyond U/Th equilibrium(＞ 350 kyr)and perhaps to 400-500 kyr:new radiometric dates.Journal of Archaeological Science,2003,30:275-280.
[21]Aiello L.The fossil evidence for modern human origins in Africa:a revised view.American Anthropologist,1993,95:73-96.
[22]Stringer CB.Modern Human origins-distinguishing the models.African Archaeological Review,2001,18(2):67-75.
[23]Tattersall I.Out of Africa again and again.Scientific American,1997,4:60-67.
[24]周国兴.人类起源的文化透视.黑龙江:东北林业大学出版社,1996.
[25]Cann RL,Stoneking M,Wilson AC.Mitochondria DNA and Human evolution.Nature,1987,325:31-36.
[26]Dorit RL,Akashi H,Gilbert W.Absence of polymorphism at the ZFY locus on the human Y chromosome.Science,1995,274:1183-1185.
[27]Underhill PA,Jin L,Lin AA et al.Detection of numerous Y chromosome biallelic polymorphisms by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography.Genome Research,1997,7:996-1005.
[28]Thormson R,Pritchard JK,Shen P et al.Recent common ancestry of human Y chromosomes:evidence from DNA sequence data.Proc Nati Acad Sci USA,2000,97(13):7360-7365.
[29]Ke YH,Su B,Song XF et al.African origin of modern humans in East Asia:a tale of 12,000 Y chromosomes.Science,2001,292:1151-1153.
[30]Jin L,Su B.Natives or immigrants:Modern human origin in East Asia.Nature Review Genetics,2000,1:126-133.
[31]Krings M,Stone A,Schmitz EW et al.Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans.Cell,1997,90(1):19-30.
[32]Grun R,Shackleton NJ,Deacon HJ.Electron spinresonance dating of tooth enamel from Klasies River Mouth Cave.Current Anthropology,1990,31:427-432.
[33]Stringer CB,Grun R,Schwarcz HP.et al.ESR dates for hominid burial site of Es Skhul in Israel.Nature,1989,338:756-758.
[34]Grun R,Stringer CB.Electron spin resonance dating and the evolution of modern human.Archaeometry,1991,33(2):153-199.
[35]Wintle AG.Oldest members of Homo sapiens discovered in Africa.Science,2003,300:1641.
[36]刘武.蒙古人种及现代中国人的起源与演化.人类学学报,1997,16:55-73.
[37]林圣龙.中西方旧石器文化中的技术模式的比较.人类学学报,1996,15(1):1-19.
[38]童讯.葡萄牙发现人骨化石支持智人与尼人杂交的假说.人类学学报,2000,19(2):165-166.
[39]John H,Stephen Oh,Keith H et al.An Australasian test of the recent African origin theory using the WLH-50calvarium.Journal of Human Evolution,2000,39:1-22.
[40]吴汝康.古人类学.北京:文物出版社,1989,167.
[41]吴新智.寻找人类祖先的足迹:智人.科学(双月刊),2000,52(1):18-20.
[42]曹琼英,沈德勋等编.第四纪年代学及实验技术.南京:南京大学出版社,1988.
[43]王建,陶富海,王益人.丁村旧石器时代遗址群调查发掘报告.文物世界,1994,3:1-23.
[44]杨景春,刘光勋.关于“丁村组”的几个问题.地层学杂志,1979,3(3):194-200.
[45]郭之虞.高精度加速器质谱~(14)C 测年.北京大学学报(自然科学版),1998,34:201-206.
[46]Taylor RE.Radiocarbon dating of bone:to collagen and beyond.In:Taylor RE et al.,Radiocarbon after Four Decades,an Interdesciplinary Perspective,New York:Springer-Verlag,1992,375-402.
[47]郭之虞,刘克新.加速器质谱~(14)C测年精度研究与改进.第四纪研究,2000,20(1):99.
[48]夏君定,王维达.热释光测定青铜器陶范年代.文物保护与考古科学,2002,14(supp):266-271.
[49]黄培华,金嗣等.北京猿人第一个头盖骨及其遗址堆积层年代的电子自旋共振测年研究.人类学学报,1991,10(2):107-115.
[50]陈铁梅,杨全,胡艳秋等.湖北“郧县人”化石地层的ESR测年研究.人类学学报,1996,15(2):114-118.
[51]陈铁梅,杨全,吴恩等.辽宁金牛山遗址牙釉质样品的电子自旋共振(ESR)测年.人类学学报,1993,12(4):337-345
[52]Huang WP,Ciochon R,Gu Y et al.Early Homo and associated artifacts from Asia.Nature,1995,378:275-276.
[53]陈铁梅.第四纪测年的进展与问题.第四纪研究,1995,2:182-190.
[54]安芷生,高万一,祝一志等.“蓝田人”的磁性地层年龄.人类学学报,1990,9(1):1-7.
[55]Wintle AG.Achaeologically relevant dating techniques for the next century.Journal of Archaeological Science,1996,23:123-138.
[56]Aiello L.The fossil evidence for modern human origins in Africa:a revised view.American Anthropologist,1993,95:73-96.
[57]Arsuaga JL,Martinez I,Gracia A et al.Three new human skulls from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site in Sierra de Atapuerea,Spain.Nature,1993,362:534-537.
[58]Dorozynski A.Possible Ne,andertalancestor found.Science,1993,262:991.
[59]Stringer CH.Secrets of the Pit of the bones.Nature,1993,362:501-502.
[60]Jonas.M and Grun R.Q-band ESR studied of fossil tooth enamel:implications for spectrum deconvolution and dating.Radiation Measurements,1997,27(1):49-58.
[61]Bisehoff JL,Fitzpatrick JA,Leo'n L et al.Geology and preliminary dating of the hominid-bearing sedimentary fill of the Sima de los Huesos Chamber,Cueva Mayor of the Sierra de Atapuerca,Burgos,Spain.Journal of Human Evolution,1997,33:129-154.
[62]王令红.中国远古人类年代的新近展.见:吴汝康等主编.中国远古人类.北京:科学出版社,1989,397-404.
[63]陈铁梅,原思训,高世君.铀子系法测定骨化石年龄的可靠性研究及华北地区主要旧石器地点的铀子系年代序列.人类学学报,1984,3(3):259-269.
[64]陈铁梅.我国旧石器考古年代学的进展和评述.考古学报,1988,3:357-367.
[65]陈铁梅,Hedges R,袁振新.山顶洞遗址的第二批加速器质谱~(14)C年龄数据与讨论.人类学学报,1992,11(2):112-116.
[66]蒋明.原子核物理导论.北京:原子能出版社,1983,48-58.
[67]环境放射性监测方法编写组.环境放射性监测方法.北京:原子能出版社,1977,7-8.
[68]魏菊英,王关玉.同位素地球化学.北京:地质出版社,1987,17-18.
[69]祝霖.放射化学.北京:原子能出版社,1985,167-197.
[70]Ivanovich M,Harmon RS.Uranium-series Disequilibrium:application to earth,marine,and environmental sciences(2~(nd)edition).Oxford:Clarendon Press,1992.
[71]原思训,陈铁梅,高世君.华南若干旧石器时代地点的铀系年代.人类学学报,1986,5(2):179-190.
[72]沈冠军.钟乳石铀系年龄与洞穴遗址年代测定.贵州大学学报(自然科学版),1991,8(2):114-120.
[73]Chen TM,Yuan SX.Uranium-series dating of bones and teeth from Chinese palaeolithic sites.Archaeometry,1988,30(1):59-76.
[74]梁卓成.铀系不平衡法.见:陈文寄,彭贵主编.年轻地质体系的年代测定.北京:地震出版社,1991,111-131.
[75]Edwards RL,Chen JH,Wasserburg GJ.~(234)U-~(238)U-~(230)Th systematics and the precise measurement of time over past 500 000 years.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1986,87(81):175-192.
[76]程海.铀系年代学新进展--ICP-MS ~(230)Th测年.第四纪研究,2002,22(3):292.
[77]李献华.不平衡铀系定年的新技术突破--高精度、高灵敏度 ~(238)U-~(234)U-~(230)U同位素质谱测定和应用.地球科学进展,1994,9(3):80-85.
[78]何学贤,杨淳,刘敦一.第四纪年代学的利器:热电离质谱铀系定年技术.地学前缘,2003,10(2):335-340.
[79]Luo XZ,Rehkamper M,Lee D et al.High precision ~(230)Th/~(232)Th and ~(234)U/~(238)U measurements using energyfiltered ICP magnetic sector multiple collector mass spectrometry.International Journal Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes,1997,171:105-117.
[80]Steven JG,Claudine HS.Techniques for measuring Uranium-series nuclides:1992-2002.In:Bourdon B,Henderson GM,Lundstrom CC et al.eds.Uranium-series Geochemistry.Mineralogical Society of America,Geochemical society,2003,23-58.
[81]杨文才.地层.见:辽宁省博物馆,本溪市博物馆编.庙后山-辽宁省本溪市旧石器文化遗址.北京:文物出版社,1986,6-16.
[82]张镇洪.人类化石.见:辽宁省博物馆,本溪市博物馆编.庙后山-辽宁省本溪市旧石器文化遗址.北京:文物出版社,1986,17-20.
[83]Wu XZ and Poirier FE.Human Evolution in China,New York:Oxford University Press.1995,150-151.
[84]张镇洪,魏海波,许振宏.动物化石.见:辽宁省博物馆,本溪市博物馆编.庙后山-辽宁省本溪市旧石器文化遗址.北京:文物出版社,1986,35-66.
[85]黄慰文,傅仁义,陈德辉.旧石器文化.见:辽宁省博物馆,本溪市博物馆编.庙后山-辽宁省本溪市旧石器文化遗址.北京:文物出版社,1986,21-34.
[86]Latham AG.Uranium-Series dating of bone by gamma ray spectrometry:comment.Archaeometry,1997,39(1):217-219.
[87]秦启宗,毛家骏,金忠等.化学分离法.北京:原子能出版社,1984,192.
[88]Korkisch J,Tera F.Separation of thorium by anion-exchange.Analytical Chemistry,1961,33:1264-1266.
[89]Korkisch J.Handbook of Ion Exchange Resins:Their Application to Inorganic.Analytical Chemistry,Vol.Ⅱ.CRC Press,1989.
[90]Donson RW et al.The extraction of ferric chloride from hydrochoric acide solution by isopropyl ether.Journal American Chemical Society,1936,58:2573 -2577.
[91]Hagemann F.The isolation of actinium.Journal American Chemistry Society,1950,72:768.
[92]卢玉楷,马崇智,姚历农等.放射性核素概论.北京:科学出版社,1987.
[93]原思训,陈铁梅,高世君等.周口店遗址骨化石的铀系年代研究.人类学学报,1991,10(3):190-193.
[94]高斌,沈冠军,邱立诚.马坝人地点南支洞铀系定年初步结果.暨南大学学报(自然科学版),2007,28(3):308-311.