自主动态膜生物反应器膜污染控制研究
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摘要
近年来,一种新型的污水处理工艺,自生动态膜生物反应器越来越受到关注。它是通过在粗孔材料上(无纺布、尼龙、工业滤布等)自发形成的污泥层(孔径大约为10-100μm)来实现近似于微滤膜的高效的泥水分离。由于使用廉价的粗孔材料代替昂贵的微滤膜,并且能耗大大降低,从而使得自生动态膜生物反应器的运行费用大大降低。因此为其在发展中国家的推广应用打下了良好的基础。但是与传统膜生物反应器一样,膜污染问题仍然是限制其发展的重要瓶颈。
基材对于自生动态膜的污染速率影响巨大,因此选择合适的基材显得尤为重要。本文选取三维滤布和普通单滑面无纺布两种基材做对比,试验结果显示,选用三维滤布作为基材时,由于其特殊的三维结构和憎水表面,可以有效控制自生动态膜的污染速率,明显延长自生动态膜生物反应器稳定运行时间。
更重要的是,研究表明,在次临界通量条件下运行反应器可以有效控制膜污染。但是在自生动态膜生物反应器领域,临界通量方面的研究并不多,由于自生动态膜具有高度的可压缩性,使得至今还没有合适的测试临界通量方法。本研究中提出一种间歇式压力步长法,能够最大程度的减少自生动态膜可压缩性对临界通量测量的影响。同时试验表明,当使用传统压力步长法测量临界通量时,阶梯式上升的过膜压力使得自生动态膜不断被压缩,过膜阻力不断上升,加剧污染,导致临界通量测定不准确；而我们所提出的间歇式压力步长法可以有效去除自生动态膜可压缩性的影响,使得测量结果相对准确。在本文中,为了使试验结果更准确我们同样给出了间歇式压力步长法测量临界通量各个参数的建议值。
试验结果表明,曝气强度和污泥浓度对临界通量影响很明显。当曝气量小于240 L·h-1时,临界通量随着曝气量的增大而增大；而当污泥浓度小于9 g·L-1时,临界通量随着污泥浓度的上升而下降。同时污泥性质,如EPS含量、粘度、电负性和憎水性等都会对自生动态膜临界通量产生相应影响。
In recent years, an innovative and promising wastewater treatment technology, termed self-forming dynamic membrane bioreactor (SFDMBR) system, has attracted increasing attention worldwide. The idea is to utilize the membrane, sludge layer essentially, self-formed on certain coarse materials (e.g. non-woven fabric, nylon mesh, industrial filter-cloth) with pore size ranging from 10-100μm for effective solid-liquid separation. It has been widely reported that self-forming membrane (SFM) can be quickly shaped up and function similarly as commercial microfiltration (MF) membranes, evidenced by the comparable effluent quality free of suspended solids.
The costs of SFMBR systems are significantly lower than MBR systems due partly to the replacement of MF membranes by cheap coarse materials, and partly to the less energy consumptions of SFM operation. This makes SFDMBR systems highly potential alternatives of MBR systems especially in developing countries where MBR systems are usually unaffordable. However, as with MBR systems, membrane fouling indicated by the undesirable increase of filtration resistance remains the most serious problem greatly impairing the performance of SFDMBR systems.
The filter material is the key factor of dynamic membrane fouling. In this study, we chose three-dimensional filter-cloth and nonwoven material to build dynamic membrane bioreactors (DMBR) for wastewater treatment. Three-dimensional filter-cloth have three-dimensional structure, hydrophobic surface and little pore size, which made foulants difficult to adhere to filter-cloth surface, and decreased the probability of membrane fouling. In a word, three-dimensional filter-cloth is a better material for DMBR, resisting membrane fouling efficiently.
Moreover, for better controlling membrane fouling and identification of appropriate operating conditions, the concept of critical flux was proposed. It was found that fouling nearly did not occur under sub-critical flux for MBR. However, in sharp contrast to the numerous investigations in MBR systems, critical flux has not been seriously studied in SFMBR systems. This is partly because of the relative novelty of SFMBR systems, and partly because of the lack of appropriate measurement methods. The critical flux in MBR systems is commonly obtained from short-term flux-transmembrane pressure (TMP) profiles by either TMP or flux stepping methods. These methods, however, cannot be directly applied in SFMBR systems because of the distinctive compressible nature of SFM. Unlike commercial MF membranes having rigid configuration, SFM is indeed a sludge layer with relatively loose structure and thus expected to be considerably compressed as TMP or flux rapidly increases during short-time critical flux determination tests. In other words, the properties of SFM would significantly change during the course of measurement when applying traditional TMP/flux-step methods, resulting in inaccurate critical flux values.
In this study, a new method (i.e. intermittent TMP-step method) was developed for more accurate determination of critical flux in SFMBR systems. Relaxation phases are incorporated in the new method to minimize the variation of SFM properties mainly resulted from the continuous compression during the stepwise increase of TMP. A series of comparative tests were carried out in the specially designed lab-scale SFMBR system for more systematic and rigorous evaluations of the intermittent TMP-step method. The results reported here may contribute to a better understanding of SFM properties, and consequently the establishment of the proper method for critical flux determination in SFMBR systems.
基材对于自生动态膜的污染速率影响巨大,因此选择合适的基材显得尤为重要。本文选取三维滤布和普通单滑面无纺布两种基材做对比,试验结果显示,选用三维滤布作为基材时,由于其特殊的三维结构和憎水表面,可以有效控制自生动态膜的污染速率,明显延长自生动态膜生物反应器稳定运行时间。
更重要的是,研究表明,在次临界通量条件下运行反应器可以有效控制膜污染。但是在自生动态膜生物反应器领域,临界通量方面的研究并不多,由于自生动态膜具有高度的可压缩性,使得至今还没有合适的测试临界通量方法。本研究中提出一种间歇式压力步长法,能够最大程度的减少自生动态膜可压缩性对临界通量测量的影响。同时试验表明,当使用传统压力步长法测量临界通量时,阶梯式上升的过膜压力使得自生动态膜不断被压缩,过膜阻力不断上升,加剧污染,导致临界通量测定不准确；而我们所提出的间歇式压力步长法可以有效去除自生动态膜可压缩性的影响,使得测量结果相对准确。在本文中,为了使试验结果更准确我们同样给出了间歇式压力步长法测量临界通量各个参数的建议值。
试验结果表明,曝气强度和污泥浓度对临界通量影响很明显。当曝气量小于240 L·h-1时,临界通量随着曝气量的增大而增大；而当污泥浓度小于9 g·L-1时,临界通量随着污泥浓度的上升而下降。同时污泥性质,如EPS含量、粘度、电负性和憎水性等都会对自生动态膜临界通量产生相应影响。
In recent years, an innovative and promising wastewater treatment technology, termed self-forming dynamic membrane bioreactor (SFDMBR) system, has attracted increasing attention worldwide. The idea is to utilize the membrane, sludge layer essentially, self-formed on certain coarse materials (e.g. non-woven fabric, nylon mesh, industrial filter-cloth) with pore size ranging from 10-100μm for effective solid-liquid separation. It has been widely reported that self-forming membrane (SFM) can be quickly shaped up and function similarly as commercial microfiltration (MF) membranes, evidenced by the comparable effluent quality free of suspended solids.
The costs of SFMBR systems are significantly lower than MBR systems due partly to the replacement of MF membranes by cheap coarse materials, and partly to the less energy consumptions of SFM operation. This makes SFDMBR systems highly potential alternatives of MBR systems especially in developing countries where MBR systems are usually unaffordable. However, as with MBR systems, membrane fouling indicated by the undesirable increase of filtration resistance remains the most serious problem greatly impairing the performance of SFDMBR systems.
The filter material is the key factor of dynamic membrane fouling. In this study, we chose three-dimensional filter-cloth and nonwoven material to build dynamic membrane bioreactors (DMBR) for wastewater treatment. Three-dimensional filter-cloth have three-dimensional structure, hydrophobic surface and little pore size, which made foulants difficult to adhere to filter-cloth surface, and decreased the probability of membrane fouling. In a word, three-dimensional filter-cloth is a better material for DMBR, resisting membrane fouling efficiently.
Moreover, for better controlling membrane fouling and identification of appropriate operating conditions, the concept of critical flux was proposed. It was found that fouling nearly did not occur under sub-critical flux for MBR. However, in sharp contrast to the numerous investigations in MBR systems, critical flux has not been seriously studied in SFMBR systems. This is partly because of the relative novelty of SFMBR systems, and partly because of the lack of appropriate measurement methods. The critical flux in MBR systems is commonly obtained from short-term flux-transmembrane pressure (TMP) profiles by either TMP or flux stepping methods. These methods, however, cannot be directly applied in SFMBR systems because of the distinctive compressible nature of SFM. Unlike commercial MF membranes having rigid configuration, SFM is indeed a sludge layer with relatively loose structure and thus expected to be considerably compressed as TMP or flux rapidly increases during short-time critical flux determination tests. In other words, the properties of SFM would significantly change during the course of measurement when applying traditional TMP/flux-step methods, resulting in inaccurate critical flux values.
In this study, a new method (i.e. intermittent TMP-step method) was developed for more accurate determination of critical flux in SFMBR systems. Relaxation phases are incorporated in the new method to minimize the variation of SFM properties mainly resulted from the continuous compression during the stepwise increase of TMP. A series of comparative tests were carried out in the specially designed lab-scale SFMBR system for more systematic and rigorous evaluations of the intermittent TMP-step method. The results reported here may contribute to a better understanding of SFM properties, and consequently the establishment of the proper method for critical flux determination in SFMBR systems.
引文
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