企业集群技术创新扩散行为研究
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摘要
随着经济全球化的迅速发展,企业集群已经成为当今世界上最具特色和竞争力的经济组织形式之一。它以强大的范围经济、规模经济、共生经济、信用经济和创新经济等集聚效应,正支配着世界的经济版图,成为一个国家国民经济、区域经济、都市经济的显著特征,也成为时下各个学科研究的热点。
技术创新对于企业集群的发展及其重要,是企业集群发展和竞争优势的重要来源。从20世纪80年代中期以来,技术创新问题越来越受到我国政府相关部门、学术界的重视,技术创新在现代经济增长和发展中的重要作用,已为人们普遍认同。然而,一项技术创新本身对社会经济的影响和社会生产力的提高存在一定的局限性,只有借助于扩散,技术创新的经济效益才能最大限度地发挥出来。因此,从某种程度上讲,技术创新扩散比技术创新本身更为重要。技术创新扩散是技术创新的“累积”效应,是宏观技术水平提高与国民经济增长的源泉。
本文首先从现有的企业集群理论和技术创新扩散理论入手,对国内外相关理论进行梳理,在分析技术创新扩散理论和核心能力理论的基础上,定义了企业集群的核心能力。认为企业集群的核心能力在于集群具有创新优势,并且集群环境有利于技术创新的扩散。
然后,分析了企业集群内技术创新扩散的一般过程。其中,涉及到扩散的模式、扩散的影响因素及扩散的动力,提出技术创新采纳的内在动力是采用创新动力机制的核心。最后,对技术创新扩散的绩效进行了数理分析,认为扩散给创新者和采用者带来直接效益的同时,也为社会经济带来间接的经济效益,进而推动地区经济乃至整个国民经济的增长。
接着,研究了技术创新扩散的微观采用行为。提出采用者的采用行为是扩散过程中最重要、最具决定意义的过程,是技术创新得以扩散的前提。采用博弈论分析框架,分析了外部输入型技术创新扩散和集群内的扩散,得出集群内技术溢出效应系数、企业规模对比和利润分配结构分别对企业做出新技术采纳行为的影响。
最后,为政府及相关管理者制定技术创新扩散促进政策提出建议。
With economic globalization and the rapid development of information technology, enterprise clusters has become one of the most competitive economic organizational forms. Enterprise clusters are playing the dominant role in today's world economic map with its powerful agglomeration effect, including scale economic, scope economic, mutual economic, credit economic and innovation economic effects. It has not only become notable features of the national economy, regional economy and even the city's economy, but also become the research focus of many subjects.
Technological innovation is particularly important for the development of enterprise clusters, and has become the driving force of enterprise cluster evolution and an important source of competitive advantage. At the same time, knowledge spillovers, availability of innovation resources, "catch-up effect", "drawing effect", the agglomeration effect and embeddedness can bring convenience to enterprises technological innovation and to upgrade the level of technological innovation.
Technological innovation diffusion is an important area in technological innovation Theory. Technological innovation diffusion is the“cumulative”of technological innovation, and also the source of the growth of technological level and macro economic growth. Since the mid-80s of 20th century, Chinese government departments, the academic community and practice community have attached great importance to technological innovation, and the important role played by technological innovation in the growth of development modern economic has been generally recognized. In general, however, there is a big limitation on growth of productive forces and economy by a technological innovation itself. Only with technological innovation diffusion, the potential economic benefits would be maximized. Thus, in a sense, technology innovation diffusion is more important than technological innovation itself.
Based on issues of Chinese enterprises cluster, this paper sort out the related literature home and abroad, and proposes that it can be researched on the perspective of enterprises cluster technological innovation diffusion. The influencing factors of enterprises clusters’technological innovation diffusion are studied and the positive effects and negative effects of technology spillovers are also be found, which will lay the foundation for the later study. Through the analytical framework of game theory, the technology innovation diffusion mechanism is designed to improve the technological innovation capability, and give advises to the government for promoting the innovation and provided way to upgrade the technical innovation capacity of enterprises cluster.
技术创新对于企业集群的发展及其重要,是企业集群发展和竞争优势的重要来源。从20世纪80年代中期以来,技术创新问题越来越受到我国政府相关部门、学术界的重视,技术创新在现代经济增长和发展中的重要作用,已为人们普遍认同。然而,一项技术创新本身对社会经济的影响和社会生产力的提高存在一定的局限性,只有借助于扩散,技术创新的经济效益才能最大限度地发挥出来。因此,从某种程度上讲,技术创新扩散比技术创新本身更为重要。技术创新扩散是技术创新的“累积”效应,是宏观技术水平提高与国民经济增长的源泉。
本文首先从现有的企业集群理论和技术创新扩散理论入手,对国内外相关理论进行梳理,在分析技术创新扩散理论和核心能力理论的基础上,定义了企业集群的核心能力。认为企业集群的核心能力在于集群具有创新优势,并且集群环境有利于技术创新的扩散。
然后,分析了企业集群内技术创新扩散的一般过程。其中,涉及到扩散的模式、扩散的影响因素及扩散的动力,提出技术创新采纳的内在动力是采用创新动力机制的核心。最后,对技术创新扩散的绩效进行了数理分析,认为扩散给创新者和采用者带来直接效益的同时,也为社会经济带来间接的经济效益,进而推动地区经济乃至整个国民经济的增长。
接着,研究了技术创新扩散的微观采用行为。提出采用者的采用行为是扩散过程中最重要、最具决定意义的过程,是技术创新得以扩散的前提。采用博弈论分析框架,分析了外部输入型技术创新扩散和集群内的扩散,得出集群内技术溢出效应系数、企业规模对比和利润分配结构分别对企业做出新技术采纳行为的影响。
最后,为政府及相关管理者制定技术创新扩散促进政策提出建议。
With economic globalization and the rapid development of information technology, enterprise clusters has become one of the most competitive economic organizational forms. Enterprise clusters are playing the dominant role in today's world economic map with its powerful agglomeration effect, including scale economic, scope economic, mutual economic, credit economic and innovation economic effects. It has not only become notable features of the national economy, regional economy and even the city's economy, but also become the research focus of many subjects.
Technological innovation is particularly important for the development of enterprise clusters, and has become the driving force of enterprise cluster evolution and an important source of competitive advantage. At the same time, knowledge spillovers, availability of innovation resources, "catch-up effect", "drawing effect", the agglomeration effect and embeddedness can bring convenience to enterprises technological innovation and to upgrade the level of technological innovation.
Technological innovation diffusion is an important area in technological innovation Theory. Technological innovation diffusion is the“cumulative”of technological innovation, and also the source of the growth of technological level and macro economic growth. Since the mid-80s of 20th century, Chinese government departments, the academic community and practice community have attached great importance to technological innovation, and the important role played by technological innovation in the growth of development modern economic has been generally recognized. In general, however, there is a big limitation on growth of productive forces and economy by a technological innovation itself. Only with technological innovation diffusion, the potential economic benefits would be maximized. Thus, in a sense, technology innovation diffusion is more important than technological innovation itself.
Based on issues of Chinese enterprises cluster, this paper sort out the related literature home and abroad, and proposes that it can be researched on the perspective of enterprises cluster technological innovation diffusion. The influencing factors of enterprises clusters’technological innovation diffusion are studied and the positive effects and negative effects of technology spillovers are also be found, which will lay the foundation for the later study. Through the analytical framework of game theory, the technology innovation diffusion mechanism is designed to improve the technological innovation capability, and give advises to the government for promoting the innovation and provided way to upgrade the technical innovation capacity of enterprises cluster.
引文
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[4]方明月,企业集群:介于企业与市场之间的中间组织形态[J].北方经济, 2006, (12): 17-18.
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[6]吴德进,企业集群的组织性质:属性与内涵[J].中国工业经济, 2004, (20): 14-20.
[7]刘志红.企业集群与区域创新体系[J].理论参考, 2006, (9): 1-2.
[8]李亚军,陈柳钦.企业集群的创新特征及其创新效应分析[J],北方经济, 2007, (1): 40-42.
[9]蔡铂,聂鸣.社会网络对企业集群技术创新的影响[J].科学学与科学技术管理, 2003, (7): 57-60.
[10]朱华晟.浙江产业群——产业网络成长轨迹与发展动力[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社, 2003.
[11]雷如桥,陈继祥.集群网络研究:一个社会网络理论的视角[J].经济问题索, 2004, (12): 130-131.
[12]王霄宁,王轶.新经济社会学视角下基于社会网络分析的企业集群定量化研究[J].探索, 2005, (3): 95-99.
[13]刘存福,侯光明,李存金.中小民营企业集群的社会网络分析及发展趋势探讨[J].科学学与科学技术管理, 2005, (7): 144-148.
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[16] P. Stoneman. The economic analysis of technology policy[M]. Oxford University Press, 1983.
[17]韩菁.技术创新扩散的综合分析[J].科研管理, 1995, (1): 34-39.
[18]沈剑.中国要大力加快技术创新扩散进程[J].今日科技, 2001, (2): 27-28.
[19] G. M. Dekime , M. P. Philip. Global diffusion of technological innovations[J]. Journal of Marketing, 2000, 36: 47-59.
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