毛里塔尼亚贫困问题研究
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摘要
毛里塔尼亚作为一个较为落后的发展中国家,一直保守贫困问题的折磨,这些问题也都严重制约了国家的发展和进步。因此国家政府决定采取国家扶贫计划,期待通过这项计划,能够在2015年使得国家各个方面都能实现一定程度的脱贫,从经济上和国民素质上(教育程度和发展观念)全面提升国家综合国力。当前毛里塔尼亚国家的主要问题是地区差异和城乡差异较大、国家负有沉重的外债包袱、国民受教育程度不高、政府执政能力薄弱和民间团体难以发挥其积极作用。要想真正实现国家的减贫致富,就一定要有针对性的解决这些问题,否则扶贫工作无从谈起。
针对当前严峻的局面,国家提出了扶贫发展战略计划,这一计划充分结合当前现状,通过实现国民经济加速式分配再增长和优先考虑最贫困地区人民生活需求来安排制定具体工作。并全面提升公共基础设施服务水平和国民的思想文化教育程度,通过人才战略实现国家扶贫计划的顺利实施。
Poverty is a redoubtable obstacle that confronts developing economies, Mauritania is no exception. Different strategies and policies were designed by developing countries to combat this issue. By the same token, Mauritania for the next coming 10 years has taken upon itself to put forth policies that will support the socio-economic development as we previously mentioned in this research. Mauritania has opted for a long-term strategic vision to combat poverty. An analysis of aspects of poverty shows the multifaceted dimensions of this phenomenon and its interwoven causes in Mauritania. Entirely integrating national expertise and taking into account lessons learned in other developing countries and their experience in rapidly reducing
poverty is the foundation of this strategy.
The strategy that Mauritania has taken is contingent upon applying holistic policies to combat all determinants of poverty simultaneously. This could have a rapid and everlasting effect in limiting poverty.
The long-term aim of the Mauritanian strategy is as follow:
Reduce the number of Mauritanians living under the poverty line to less than 27% by the year 2010, which has almost been realized, and less than 17% by 2015.
Achieving the recommendation that were agreed upon in the international summit concerning the social development before 2015.
Reducing regional and social discrepancies.
The Mauritanian strategy is built on four major pillars that support one another and converge to achieve the ultimately aim of reducing poverty. The four pillars are:
1- Accelerating growth and development and the retaining stability of the overall economy
2- Anchoring growth in the economic sphere of the poor.
3- Nurturing human resource and expanding basic services
4- Enhancing governance and supporting state capacity.
针对当前严峻的局面,国家提出了扶贫发展战略计划,这一计划充分结合当前现状,通过实现国民经济加速式分配再增长和优先考虑最贫困地区人民生活需求来安排制定具体工作。并全面提升公共基础设施服务水平和国民的思想文化教育程度,通过人才战略实现国家扶贫计划的顺利实施。
Poverty is a redoubtable obstacle that confronts developing economies, Mauritania is no exception. Different strategies and policies were designed by developing countries to combat this issue. By the same token, Mauritania for the next coming 10 years has taken upon itself to put forth policies that will support the socio-economic development as we previously mentioned in this research. Mauritania has opted for a long-term strategic vision to combat poverty. An analysis of aspects of poverty shows the multifaceted dimensions of this phenomenon and its interwoven causes in Mauritania. Entirely integrating national expertise and taking into account lessons learned in other developing countries and their experience in rapidly reducing
poverty is the foundation of this strategy.
The strategy that Mauritania has taken is contingent upon applying holistic policies to combat all determinants of poverty simultaneously. This could have a rapid and everlasting effect in limiting poverty.
The long-term aim of the Mauritanian strategy is as follow:
Reduce the number of Mauritanians living under the poverty line to less than 27% by the year 2010, which has almost been realized, and less than 17% by 2015.
Achieving the recommendation that were agreed upon in the international summit concerning the social development before 2015.
Reducing regional and social discrepancies.
The Mauritanian strategy is built on four major pillars that support one another and converge to achieve the ultimately aim of reducing poverty. The four pillars are:
1- Accelerating growth and development and the retaining stability of the overall economy
2- Anchoring growth in the economic sphere of the poor.
3- Nurturing human resource and expanding basic services
4- Enhancing governance and supporting state capacity.
引文
[1] Adcock, P. Understanding Poverty. Pal grave Macmillan, Third Edition, 2006.
[2] Agüero, J., Carter, M.R. and May, J. (2006) Poverty and Inequality in the First Decade of South Africa’s Democracy: Evidence from KwaZulu-Natal, Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
[3] Cohen, J.A. et al. Urban air pollution. In: Comparative quantification of health risks. Global and regionalburden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. World Health Organization, 2004.
[4] Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) MAURITANIA: Food Insecurity,2002
[5] Ensuring Environmental Sustainability: Measuring Progress. Toward the 7th Millennium Development Goal, World Bank, 2005
[6] Hutton, G. & Haller, L. Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water And sanitation improvements at the global level. Water, Sanitation and Health Protection of the Human Environment, World Health Organization, 2004
[7] Islamic Republic of Mauritania Assessment and Action Plan (AAP) to Track Expenditures,2001
[8] Islamic Republic of Mauritania Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, international Monetary Fund, January 2007IMF Country Report No. 07/40
[9] Ministère de l’Education Nationale/PNUD :éduquer les adolescentes pour soutenir le développement des communautés– NOUAKCHOTT 2001
[10] Ministère du Développement Rural et de l’Environnement : plan d’action 2000-2001
[11] Ministère du Développement Rural et de l’Environnement : politiques et stratégies générales pour le développement du secteur rural horizon 2010– janvier 1998
[12] Osei Tutu,SURVEY OF ICT AND EDUCATION IN AFRICA: Mauritania Country Reprint in Education in Mauritania,June 2007
[13] PNUD : vaincre la pauvreté– rapport sur la pauvreté2000 ;
[14] PNUD/FENU : réduction de la pauvreté, participation et meilleure gouvernance locale, le r?le du FENU , cahiers du FENU– 1996
[15] P. Vedeld, A. Angelsen, E. Sjaasrad and G. Berg, Counting on the Environment: Forest Income and theRural Poor, Environmental Economics Series No. 98, Washington DC, World Bank, 2004
[16] République Islamique de Mauritanie : rapport sur la mise en oeuvre du CSLP– mars 2002 ;
[17] Schiller, Bradley R., 2001. The Economics of Poverty and Discrimination. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
[18] SAMEH WAHBA, The evolution and impact of shelter and poverty alleviation strategies in marginalized settlements in Nouakchott, Mauritania.IMF, December 2001
[19] SECF/DCPP : exécution des programmes d’appui aux activités génératrices de revenus au titre de l’année 2002
[20] SECF/OXFAM GB : réactualisation de la stratégie nationale de promotion féminine , rapport de synthèse des ateliers régionaux et ruraux , décembre 2001 ;
[21] SETEN : stratégie nationale pour le développement des nouvelles technologies del’information– Novembers 2001 ;
[22] Sophia Antipolice, Islamic Republic of Mauritania: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper—Joint Staff Advisory Note, IMF Country Report No. 07/42
[2] Agüero, J., Carter, M.R. and May, J. (2006) Poverty and Inequality in the First Decade of South Africa’s Democracy: Evidence from KwaZulu-Natal, Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
[3] Cohen, J.A. et al. Urban air pollution. In: Comparative quantification of health risks. Global and regionalburden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. World Health Organization, 2004.
[4] Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) MAURITANIA: Food Insecurity,2002
[5] Ensuring Environmental Sustainability: Measuring Progress. Toward the 7th Millennium Development Goal, World Bank, 2005
[6] Hutton, G. & Haller, L. Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water And sanitation improvements at the global level. Water, Sanitation and Health Protection of the Human Environment, World Health Organization, 2004
[7] Islamic Republic of Mauritania Assessment and Action Plan (AAP) to Track Expenditures,2001
[8] Islamic Republic of Mauritania Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, international Monetary Fund, January 2007IMF Country Report No. 07/40
[9] Ministère de l’Education Nationale/PNUD :éduquer les adolescentes pour soutenir le développement des communautés– NOUAKCHOTT 2001
[10] Ministère du Développement Rural et de l’Environnement : plan d’action 2000-2001
[11] Ministère du Développement Rural et de l’Environnement : politiques et stratégies générales pour le développement du secteur rural horizon 2010– janvier 1998
[12] Osei Tutu,SURVEY OF ICT AND EDUCATION IN AFRICA: Mauritania Country Reprint in Education in Mauritania,June 2007
[13] PNUD : vaincre la pauvreté– rapport sur la pauvreté2000 ;
[14] PNUD/FENU : réduction de la pauvreté, participation et meilleure gouvernance locale, le r?le du FENU , cahiers du FENU– 1996
[15] P. Vedeld, A. Angelsen, E. Sjaasrad and G. Berg, Counting on the Environment: Forest Income and theRural Poor, Environmental Economics Series No. 98, Washington DC, World Bank, 2004
[16] République Islamique de Mauritanie : rapport sur la mise en oeuvre du CSLP– mars 2002 ;
[17] Schiller, Bradley R., 2001. The Economics of Poverty and Discrimination. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
[18] SAMEH WAHBA, The evolution and impact of shelter and poverty alleviation strategies in marginalized settlements in Nouakchott, Mauritania.IMF, December 2001
[19] SECF/DCPP : exécution des programmes d’appui aux activités génératrices de revenus au titre de l’année 2002
[20] SECF/OXFAM GB : réactualisation de la stratégie nationale de promotion féminine , rapport de synthèse des ateliers régionaux et ruraux , décembre 2001 ;
[21] SETEN : stratégie nationale pour le développement des nouvelles technologies del’information– Novembers 2001 ;
[22] Sophia Antipolice, Islamic Republic of Mauritania: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper—Joint Staff Advisory Note, IMF Country Report No. 07/42