复合污染条件下水环境中污染物质的迁移转化研究
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摘要
本文研究了复合污染条件下泥沙吸附污染物和泥沙冲淤运动对污染物输移扩散特性的影响,建立了非恒定非饱和输沙模型和污染物迁移转化模型,计算了观音岩水电站下游河道水流泥沙的变化分布和长江清溪场-万县河段总磷污染物浓度分布,验证了模型的准确性和可靠性。针对黄河河口段利津至清7河段芳烃类污染物的分布特性,分析研究在一定水流、泥沙条件下,芳烃类污染物在该河段的迁移转化规律,重点讨论了多组分共存的复合污染条件下三种芳烃类污染物之间的吸附竞争关系及其浓度变化情况。
首先,以水流运动方程和泥沙输移方程为基础建立非恒定非饱和输沙模型,通过观音岩水电站下游河道水位过程和泥沙冲淤分布的实测资料对此模型进行了验证。其次,分别以溶解态和吸附态污染物为研究对象,建立了溶解态和吸附态污染物迁移转化的数学模型,采用悬移质吸附动力学方程作为确定模型参数的补充条件,通过长江清溪场-万县河段溶解态和吸附态总磷的实际监测结果验证了模型的有效性。对两种模型的验证,均取得了令人满意的结果。
黄河的工业废污水排入量较大,污染物种类较多,尤其是黄河河口段利津至清7河段存在明显的有机复合污染情况。为此,建立了芳烃类污染物(包括苯酚、苯胺和氯苯)泥沙水质模型。在水流、泥沙计算的基础上,对复合污染条件下苯酚、苯胺和氯苯的迁移转化规律进行研究,并与单组分污染情况对比,分析了复合污染条件下三种污染物之间的竞争吸附关系。计算结果表明:研究河段从上游到下游先冲刷后淤积,溶解态污染物浓度值沿程降低,水量沙量越大,溶解态浓度值越低,吸附态浓度值变化与此相反。与单组分体系相比,三组分复合体系下各污染物之间的竞争吸附影响明显,苯酚和氯苯在泥沙上的吸附作用受到抑制,吸附态浓度值有所下降,溶解态浓度值升高,总体来说,吸附竞争能力苯胺>氯苯>苯酚。
The influence of the pollutants adsorption and sediment motion on the pollutants transfer characteristics was studied in this paper. Unsteady-unsaturated sediment transport model and pollutants transport and transformation model were developed. The models were tested by numerical simulation of the water flow and sediment transport in the lower channel of Guanyinyan Hydro-power Station and of the concentration distribution of TP (Total Phosphorus) in the Yangtze River from Qingxichang to Wanxian section. The sediment motion and water quality model were established based on the characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons in the Yellow River from Lijin to Qing7 section, and the transport and transformation of the aromatic hydrocarbons, especially the adsorption competition of the combined pollutants, were discussed.
The unsteady-unsaturated sediment transport model was developed based on the water and sediment motion equations. The validity of the model was verified by the measurement data of water level and sediment deposition and erosion in the lower channel of Guanyinyan Hydro-power Station. The soluble and absorbable pollutants transport and transformation models were built and the absorption dynamic equation was used to determine the parameters of models. The observation data of soluble and absorbable TP in the Yangtze River from Qingxichang to Wanxian section were used to test the models. The test results were satisfied.
The Yellow River has been polluted by combined organic pollutants, especially the estuarine zone from Lijin to Qing7 section. Therefore the water quality model of aromatic hydrocarbons (including phenol, aniline and chlorobenzene)is established. Based on the calculation of the water flow and sediment motion, the transport and transformation of combined these three pollutants have been studied, and the adsorption competition of the combined pollutants has been analyzed. The calculated results showed that the erosion happens in the upper river and the deposition appears in the lower river, the concentration of soluble pollutants decreases along the river, especially when the quantity of the runoff and sediment is very large. The absorbable pollutants concentration distribution is other way round. Compared to the single pollutant, combined pollutants happen mutually the adsorption competition. It is concluded that the adsorption competition capability of aniline is strongest and the adsorption competition capability of phenol is weakest.
首先,以水流运动方程和泥沙输移方程为基础建立非恒定非饱和输沙模型,通过观音岩水电站下游河道水位过程和泥沙冲淤分布的实测资料对此模型进行了验证。其次,分别以溶解态和吸附态污染物为研究对象,建立了溶解态和吸附态污染物迁移转化的数学模型,采用悬移质吸附动力学方程作为确定模型参数的补充条件,通过长江清溪场-万县河段溶解态和吸附态总磷的实际监测结果验证了模型的有效性。对两种模型的验证,均取得了令人满意的结果。
黄河的工业废污水排入量较大,污染物种类较多,尤其是黄河河口段利津至清7河段存在明显的有机复合污染情况。为此,建立了芳烃类污染物(包括苯酚、苯胺和氯苯)泥沙水质模型。在水流、泥沙计算的基础上,对复合污染条件下苯酚、苯胺和氯苯的迁移转化规律进行研究,并与单组分污染情况对比,分析了复合污染条件下三种污染物之间的竞争吸附关系。计算结果表明:研究河段从上游到下游先冲刷后淤积,溶解态污染物浓度值沿程降低,水量沙量越大,溶解态浓度值越低,吸附态浓度值变化与此相反。与单组分体系相比,三组分复合体系下各污染物之间的竞争吸附影响明显,苯酚和氯苯在泥沙上的吸附作用受到抑制,吸附态浓度值有所下降,溶解态浓度值升高,总体来说,吸附竞争能力苯胺>氯苯>苯酚。
The influence of the pollutants adsorption and sediment motion on the pollutants transfer characteristics was studied in this paper. Unsteady-unsaturated sediment transport model and pollutants transport and transformation model were developed. The models were tested by numerical simulation of the water flow and sediment transport in the lower channel of Guanyinyan Hydro-power Station and of the concentration distribution of TP (Total Phosphorus) in the Yangtze River from Qingxichang to Wanxian section. The sediment motion and water quality model were established based on the characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons in the Yellow River from Lijin to Qing7 section, and the transport and transformation of the aromatic hydrocarbons, especially the adsorption competition of the combined pollutants, were discussed.
The unsteady-unsaturated sediment transport model was developed based on the water and sediment motion equations. The validity of the model was verified by the measurement data of water level and sediment deposition and erosion in the lower channel of Guanyinyan Hydro-power Station. The soluble and absorbable pollutants transport and transformation models were built and the absorption dynamic equation was used to determine the parameters of models. The observation data of soluble and absorbable TP in the Yangtze River from Qingxichang to Wanxian section were used to test the models. The test results were satisfied.
The Yellow River has been polluted by combined organic pollutants, especially the estuarine zone from Lijin to Qing7 section. Therefore the water quality model of aromatic hydrocarbons (including phenol, aniline and chlorobenzene)is established. Based on the calculation of the water flow and sediment motion, the transport and transformation of combined these three pollutants have been studied, and the adsorption competition of the combined pollutants has been analyzed. The calculated results showed that the erosion happens in the upper river and the deposition appears in the lower river, the concentration of soluble pollutants decreases along the river, especially when the quantity of the runoff and sediment is very large. The absorbable pollutants concentration distribution is other way round. Compared to the single pollutant, combined pollutants happen mutually the adsorption competition. It is concluded that the adsorption competition capability of aniline is strongest and the adsorption competition capability of phenol is weakest.
引文
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[2] Diehl H et al.. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 1985, 9(3): 369
[3] [日]近藤精一,石川达雄,安部郁夫.吸附科学[M].李国希译.北京:化学工业出版社,2006
[4]吴焕领,魏赛男,崔淑玲.吸附等温线的介绍及应用[J].染整技术,2006,28(10):12-27
[5]戴维明.长江口悬浮固体中重金属元素的形态研究[J].上海环境科学,1994,13(11):7-9,35,45
[6]邵秘华,王正方.长江口水体中重金属形态交换过程的研究[J].环境科学, 1995,16(6):69-72
[7]王霞,仇启善.水环境中重金属的存在形态和迁移转化规律综述[J].内蒙古环境保护,1998,10(2):22-24
[8]程晓东,郭明新.河流底泥重金属不同形态的生物有效性[J].农业环境保护, 2001,20(1):19-22
[9] Duddridqe J. E., Wainswright M. Heavy metals in river sediment-calculation of metal adsorption maxima suing Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Environmental Pollution, Series B: Chemical and Physical: 1981, 2(5): 387-397
[10] Soltan M. E., Rashed M. N., Taha G. M. Heavy metal levels and adsorption capacity of Nile river sediments. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2001, 80(3): 167-186
[11]黄岁樑，万兆惠，王兰香．泥沙吸附重金属污染物室内静态试验研究[J].水科学进展,1994(4):271-279
[12]黄岁樑，万兆惠，王兰香．泥沙浓度和水相初始浓度对泥沙吸附重金属的影响研究[J].环境科学学报,1995(1):66-76
[13]黄岁樑，万兆惠，张朝阳等．泥沙?抖灾亟鹗粑廴疚镂接跋斓难芯縖J].水利学报,1994(10):53-60
[14]李崇明,赵文谦,罗麟.泥沙吸附石油的实验研究[J].四川联合大学学报(土程科学版),1997,1(4):34-40
[15]赵文谦,晃晓波,黄勤生.泥沙吸附石油的数学模型与试验研究[J].水利学报,1997, 12(12):50-57
[16]叶常明,雷志芳,王宏等.颗粒物与天然水体痕量有机物相互作用的动态模型[J].水科学进展,1995,6(3):171-175
[17]李铁,叶常明.分类化合物在水体颗粒物上的吸附实验[J].环境化学,1997, 16(3):227-232
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