世界国花研究
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摘要
国花是一个国家的文化象征,属于花文化的典型表现形式,具有丰富的精神内涵。古今中外对国花的产生原因、确定方式和精神内涵等研究极少,尤其对国花文化领域的研究更加薄弱。世界上多数国家都有国花,但中国作为一个拥有5000年悠久历史的文明古国,对国花的认识存在较大分歧,急需对国花进行深入研究,统一认识。
为了探求国花现象的本质所在,寻找中国国花问题的解决办法,本文对世界各国的国花进行了系统调查和研究。作者查阅了来自33个国家的相关文献,对国际园艺生产者协会(AIPH)部分会员组织的代表进行了问卷调查,实地考察了洛阳、菏泽、南京、武汉、无锡、成都、上海、青岛等牡丹或梅花的主要栽培地区；就世界各国国花文化现象进行了统计和分析,关联比较了42个国家国花的种类、数量、生活型、来源、自然花期、栽植区域等,总结出国花形成发展的客观规律和世界各国国花的基本特征,据此提出了国花的定义和对中国国花问题的看法和建议。本文全面系统地研究世界国花,弥补了国花研究空白,对增进世界各国的文化交流与合作具有积极意义,为解决中国国花问题提供了理论依据。
主要研究结果如下：
(1)目前世界上195个国家之中,共有127个国家拥有国花,占所有国家总数的2/3。这些国家大多选择1种或2种花卉作为国花,其中一国一花的国家101个一国两花的国家24个,一国三花的国家1个,一国四花的国家1个；127个国家拥有国花的总数为156个,被选为国花的花卉种类的总数为122个,分别属于50个科、101个属。
(2)国花一般随着历史文化发展由民间约定俗成,具有独特的民族特征和广泛的群众基础。被确定为国花的花卉大多原产本国,具有丰富的观赏价值,自然花期内一般包含本国重大节日,能在本国广泛栽植,在世界范围普遍推广
(3)在总结前人的基础上,提出国花定义如下：国花是指通过民间约定、政府确定或法律确立等各种形式得到确认,并最终被本国民众广泛认可的可以作为国家和民族文化象征的花卉。国花属于文化的范畴,是国家和民族核心价值观的体现,与其所代表的国家和民族有着密切的联系,在世人脑海中能够建立起对应联想,提起它就会联想到这个国家。国花是传承民族优秀文化传统的载体,不仅能够在本国民众心中产生强烈共鸣,在国际上也能得到普遍认可。
(4)与国旗、国歌和国徽相比,国花的文化性和稳定性更为突出。国花一经选定,一般不会因为时代变迁和政体改变而改变,至今没有国家否定原有国花的先例；国花多为民间约定俗成,不写入宪法；一个国家可以选择一种或多种花卉作为国花。
(5)牡丹和梅花原产中国,在中国具有悠久的栽培历史和广泛的群众基础。牡丹在清代(1903年)被确定为国花,距今已有110年；梅花在民国时期(1928年)被确定为国花,距今已有85年。多年来,牡丹和梅花所承载的精神内涵得到中华民族的普遍认同和长期传承,至今没有任何文献资料提出过否定牡丹和梅花是中国国花的充分理由。根据世界国花产生发展的普遍规律,结合中国自身特点,在尊重中国历史、遵循国际惯例的基础上,应当继续以牡丹和梅花作为中国国花。
基于以上研究结果,建议由官方权威机构将牡丹和梅花已在历史上被确定为中国国花并应继续作为中国国花的事实通告全国,统一认识；广泛宣传牡丹和梅花的国花文化,将中华民族灿烂文化和可贵民族精神传播海内外；进一步挖掘国花文化内涵,提升牡丹和梅花作为国花的社会经济价值。
National flower is a symbol of the country it represents. It is a typical form of flower culture with rich spiritual connotation. Reference materials show that there is seldom study on cultural characteristics of national flowers such as reasons of being selected as national flowers, ways of selection and their spiritual connotation etc. Most countries in the world have national flowers. However, as a country with5000-year history and civilization, China is still facing a problem that its people still have different opinions on the issue of national flower, which means profound study on "national flower" is urgently necessary to get unified understanding about China's national flower.
To explore the hypostatic fact of the phenomenon of national flower and seek solution to China's problem about national flower, systematical survey and study were conducted on national flowers in the world. Related literatures from33countries were studied, questionnaires were distributed to some members of the International Association of Horticultural Producers (AIPH), and field surveys were conducted in cities of Luoyang, Heze, Nanjing, Wuhan, Wuxi, Chengdu, Shanghai and Qingdao, which are major cultivation places of tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa) or Mei flower(Prnus mume). The cultural phenomenon of national flowers are statistically compared and analyzed. Species, number of species, life form, origin, natural flowering period, planting areas, etc. of national flowers of42countries are compared, the objective developing rule and basic characteristics of national flowers are summarized, based on which a definition of "National Flower" as well as opinions and suggestions on solving the national flower problem in China are put forward. Through complete and systematical study of national flowers in the world, the paper filled in the blank of study on national flowers. It is of positive influence to the exchange of international culture, providing theoretic support for solving the problem of national flower in China.
Major results of this paper are as follows:
1. Among the195countries in the world,127countries have national flower(s), taking up two thirds of the total number of world countries. Most of these countries take one or two kinds of flowers as national flowers, among which there are101countries with1kind of national flower,24countries with2kinds of national flowers. Only1country has3kinds of national flowers and1has4. The total number of national flowers of the127countries is156, belonging to122species,50families and101genera.
2. Certain flower being regarded as national flower of a certain country is a process of cultural development in the history, with unique national feature and wide awareness among people in the country. Most national flowers are native to the countries they represent, with features of rich ornamental value, flowering naturally during the countries" important festival dates, widely planted in the countries, and suitable for being planted in other countries of the world.
3. Based on the study results of our predecessors, a definition of National Flower are put forward as follows:National Flower is a flower being selected as symbol of a country and its culture by people of the country, by the government or stipulated by law, which is finally and widely accepted by the whole country. National Flower belongs to the scope of culture. It has close relation with the country and nation it represents and reflects the core value of the nation. A solid connection has been formed between National Flower and the country it represents, which can make people think about the country when mentioning the flower. National Flowers can carry on the nation's excellent cultural tradition from generation to generation and arouse resonance within the hearts of people from the country. It can also be commonly recognized by people around the world.
4. Compared with national flag, national anthem and national emblem, national flower is more of cultural feature and stability. According to our study, there was no example of a national flower being denied and replaced by another flower in the history. Once a flower was selected as national flower of a country, it did not changed when time or political system changed. Most national flowers in the world were selected by people of the countries. National Flower was not written in constitution. One country can select one or more kind of flower as national flower(s).
5.Tree peony and Mei flower have been traditionally cultivated in China for long history, with wide awareness among Chinese people. Tree peony has been regarded as China's national flower for110years since1903in Qing Dynasty. Mei flower has been regarded as national flowers for85years since1928in Minguo period. For years, the spiritual connotation endowed with tree peony and Mei flower has been commonly acknowledged and carried on. So far, no reason has been put forward in any literatures denying their identification of national flowers of China. According to the common developing rules of national flowers in the world, combining China's unique characteristics, tree peony and Mei flower should be regarded as China's national flowers continuously.
Based on the above results, relevant official authority is suggested to proclaim that tree peony and Mei flower were designated as China's national flowers in history and should be continuously regarded as China's national flowers, so that the whole nation will have common understanding; the culture of tree peony and Mei flower as China's national flowers should be widely publicized to spread the splendid Chinese culture and valuable spirit of Chinese nation around the world; further study should be done to discover the connotation of the culture of national flower and increase the social and economic value of tree peony and Mei flower as China's national flowers.
为了探求国花现象的本质所在,寻找中国国花问题的解决办法,本文对世界各国的国花进行了系统调查和研究。作者查阅了来自33个国家的相关文献,对国际园艺生产者协会(AIPH)部分会员组织的代表进行了问卷调查,实地考察了洛阳、菏泽、南京、武汉、无锡、成都、上海、青岛等牡丹或梅花的主要栽培地区；就世界各国国花文化现象进行了统计和分析,关联比较了42个国家国花的种类、数量、生活型、来源、自然花期、栽植区域等,总结出国花形成发展的客观规律和世界各国国花的基本特征,据此提出了国花的定义和对中国国花问题的看法和建议。本文全面系统地研究世界国花,弥补了国花研究空白,对增进世界各国的文化交流与合作具有积极意义,为解决中国国花问题提供了理论依据。
主要研究结果如下：
(1)目前世界上195个国家之中,共有127个国家拥有国花,占所有国家总数的2/3。这些国家大多选择1种或2种花卉作为国花,其中一国一花的国家101个一国两花的国家24个,一国三花的国家1个,一国四花的国家1个；127个国家拥有国花的总数为156个,被选为国花的花卉种类的总数为122个,分别属于50个科、101个属。
(2)国花一般随着历史文化发展由民间约定俗成,具有独特的民族特征和广泛的群众基础。被确定为国花的花卉大多原产本国,具有丰富的观赏价值,自然花期内一般包含本国重大节日,能在本国广泛栽植,在世界范围普遍推广
(3)在总结前人的基础上,提出国花定义如下：国花是指通过民间约定、政府确定或法律确立等各种形式得到确认,并最终被本国民众广泛认可的可以作为国家和民族文化象征的花卉。国花属于文化的范畴,是国家和民族核心价值观的体现,与其所代表的国家和民族有着密切的联系,在世人脑海中能够建立起对应联想,提起它就会联想到这个国家。国花是传承民族优秀文化传统的载体,不仅能够在本国民众心中产生强烈共鸣,在国际上也能得到普遍认可。
(4)与国旗、国歌和国徽相比,国花的文化性和稳定性更为突出。国花一经选定,一般不会因为时代变迁和政体改变而改变,至今没有国家否定原有国花的先例；国花多为民间约定俗成,不写入宪法；一个国家可以选择一种或多种花卉作为国花。
(5)牡丹和梅花原产中国,在中国具有悠久的栽培历史和广泛的群众基础。牡丹在清代(1903年)被确定为国花,距今已有110年；梅花在民国时期(1928年)被确定为国花,距今已有85年。多年来,牡丹和梅花所承载的精神内涵得到中华民族的普遍认同和长期传承,至今没有任何文献资料提出过否定牡丹和梅花是中国国花的充分理由。根据世界国花产生发展的普遍规律,结合中国自身特点,在尊重中国历史、遵循国际惯例的基础上,应当继续以牡丹和梅花作为中国国花。
基于以上研究结果,建议由官方权威机构将牡丹和梅花已在历史上被确定为中国国花并应继续作为中国国花的事实通告全国,统一认识；广泛宣传牡丹和梅花的国花文化,将中华民族灿烂文化和可贵民族精神传播海内外；进一步挖掘国花文化内涵,提升牡丹和梅花作为国花的社会经济价值。
National flower is a symbol of the country it represents. It is a typical form of flower culture with rich spiritual connotation. Reference materials show that there is seldom study on cultural characteristics of national flowers such as reasons of being selected as national flowers, ways of selection and their spiritual connotation etc. Most countries in the world have national flowers. However, as a country with5000-year history and civilization, China is still facing a problem that its people still have different opinions on the issue of national flower, which means profound study on "national flower" is urgently necessary to get unified understanding about China's national flower.
To explore the hypostatic fact of the phenomenon of national flower and seek solution to China's problem about national flower, systematical survey and study were conducted on national flowers in the world. Related literatures from33countries were studied, questionnaires were distributed to some members of the International Association of Horticultural Producers (AIPH), and field surveys were conducted in cities of Luoyang, Heze, Nanjing, Wuhan, Wuxi, Chengdu, Shanghai and Qingdao, which are major cultivation places of tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa) or Mei flower(Prnus mume). The cultural phenomenon of national flowers are statistically compared and analyzed. Species, number of species, life form, origin, natural flowering period, planting areas, etc. of national flowers of42countries are compared, the objective developing rule and basic characteristics of national flowers are summarized, based on which a definition of "National Flower" as well as opinions and suggestions on solving the national flower problem in China are put forward. Through complete and systematical study of national flowers in the world, the paper filled in the blank of study on national flowers. It is of positive influence to the exchange of international culture, providing theoretic support for solving the problem of national flower in China.
Major results of this paper are as follows:
1. Among the195countries in the world,127countries have national flower(s), taking up two thirds of the total number of world countries. Most of these countries take one or two kinds of flowers as national flowers, among which there are101countries with1kind of national flower,24countries with2kinds of national flowers. Only1country has3kinds of national flowers and1has4. The total number of national flowers of the127countries is156, belonging to122species,50families and101genera.
2. Certain flower being regarded as national flower of a certain country is a process of cultural development in the history, with unique national feature and wide awareness among people in the country. Most national flowers are native to the countries they represent, with features of rich ornamental value, flowering naturally during the countries" important festival dates, widely planted in the countries, and suitable for being planted in other countries of the world.
3. Based on the study results of our predecessors, a definition of National Flower are put forward as follows:National Flower is a flower being selected as symbol of a country and its culture by people of the country, by the government or stipulated by law, which is finally and widely accepted by the whole country. National Flower belongs to the scope of culture. It has close relation with the country and nation it represents and reflects the core value of the nation. A solid connection has been formed between National Flower and the country it represents, which can make people think about the country when mentioning the flower. National Flowers can carry on the nation's excellent cultural tradition from generation to generation and arouse resonance within the hearts of people from the country. It can also be commonly recognized by people around the world.
4. Compared with national flag, national anthem and national emblem, national flower is more of cultural feature and stability. According to our study, there was no example of a national flower being denied and replaced by another flower in the history. Once a flower was selected as national flower of a country, it did not changed when time or political system changed. Most national flowers in the world were selected by people of the countries. National Flower was not written in constitution. One country can select one or more kind of flower as national flower(s).
5.Tree peony and Mei flower have been traditionally cultivated in China for long history, with wide awareness among Chinese people. Tree peony has been regarded as China's national flower for110years since1903in Qing Dynasty. Mei flower has been regarded as national flowers for85years since1928in Minguo period. For years, the spiritual connotation endowed with tree peony and Mei flower has been commonly acknowledged and carried on. So far, no reason has been put forward in any literatures denying their identification of national flowers of China. According to the common developing rules of national flowers in the world, combining China's unique characteristics, tree peony and Mei flower should be regarded as China's national flowers continuously.
Based on the above results, relevant official authority is suggested to proclaim that tree peony and Mei flower were designated as China's national flowers in history and should be continuously regarded as China's national flowers, so that the whole nation will have common understanding; the culture of tree peony and Mei flower as China's national flowers should be widely publicized to spread the splendid Chinese culture and valuable spirit of Chinese nation around the world; further study should be done to discover the connotation of the culture of national flower and increase the social and economic value of tree peony and Mei flower as China's national flowers.
引文
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