农民用水户协会运行效果监测评价研究
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摘要
农民用水户协会运行监测是一个综合性的、复杂的系统工程。对农民用水户协会的组建、运行、管理进行监测与评价,以便及时掌握协会的发展进程,评价其取得的成效,找出运行过程中存在的问题,从而明确下一步的发展方向,对于协会的健康运行具有重要意义。
本文在全面、系统综述国内外相关研究成果的基础上,以项目管理学和经济学做为科学指导,通过定量与定性研究,全面分析协会的运行效果以及运行过程中存在的问题。本文以内蒙古世行三期项目区内的用水户协会为案例,通过实地调查数据,将协会组建前后、协会与非组建协会区对比组进行对比分析,对成立农民用水户协会的效果进行客观评价,从而发现协会在组建与运行中遇到的一系列理论与实践问题:认识水平有待提高,协会治理结构方面存在的问题,按方计价执行率较低,供水不足及灌溉系统配套率较低导致协会运行不畅,协会运行经费来源渠道不畅,存在资金短缺问题,协会工作人员报酬较低,部分协会执委成员由村干部担任,章程的本地化不明显,针对性不强。最后对农民用水户协会的有效运行提出具体政策建议,包括进一步加强领导,加强宣传与培训工作,提高协会组建和运行水平,给予协会更多的权利,建立WUA的考核评价体系,对协会实施有效管理,加大支持力度,寻求多种途径,解决协会运行经费,保障协会的健康发展。
Water user association of farmers (WUA) is a comprehensive, complicated system engineering that peasants operate and monitor with an association of water. Monitor and appraise to peasants by water set-up, operation, management of an association, in order to grasp the development process of the association in time, appraise its effect made, find out the problem existing in the operation course, thus define the next developing direction, it is significant to run as to the health of the association.
This article is on the basis of domestic and international relevant research results of overall, systematic survey, with management of project and economics, guide as science, study with determining the nature through the ration, analyze the problem existing in the operation result of the association and operation course in an all-round way.This text regards using an association of water in the Inner Mongol World Bank three projects district as the case, through census data on the spot, association set up, with set up association district compare with group compare and analyse association, to establish peasant carry on objective appraisal with water households of result of association, find association in a series of theories and practice issues that set up and meet run:The level of understanding remains to improve, association's administration structure existing problem, valuate person who carry out to be relatively low according to side, supply water insufficient and irrigation system person who form a complete set relatively low to lead to the fact association run smoothly, association operate funds to be source channel smooth, exist, short of fund problem, association remuneration lower in staff member, the members of executive committee members of some associations are held by the village cadre, the localization of the rules is not obvious, pertinence is not strong.Propose the concrete policy recommendations to peasant with water households of effective operation of association finally, including further strengthening the leadership, strengthen the propaganda and training, improve association's setting up and operation level, offer the association more rights, set up the examination of WUA and appraise the system, manage the association effectively, devote more efforts to supporting, seek the multiple channel, solve the association and operate the funds, ensure the sound development of the association.
本文在全面、系统综述国内外相关研究成果的基础上,以项目管理学和经济学做为科学指导,通过定量与定性研究,全面分析协会的运行效果以及运行过程中存在的问题。本文以内蒙古世行三期项目区内的用水户协会为案例,通过实地调查数据,将协会组建前后、协会与非组建协会区对比组进行对比分析,对成立农民用水户协会的效果进行客观评价,从而发现协会在组建与运行中遇到的一系列理论与实践问题:认识水平有待提高,协会治理结构方面存在的问题,按方计价执行率较低,供水不足及灌溉系统配套率较低导致协会运行不畅,协会运行经费来源渠道不畅,存在资金短缺问题,协会工作人员报酬较低,部分协会执委成员由村干部担任,章程的本地化不明显,针对性不强。最后对农民用水户协会的有效运行提出具体政策建议,包括进一步加强领导,加强宣传与培训工作,提高协会组建和运行水平,给予协会更多的权利,建立WUA的考核评价体系,对协会实施有效管理,加大支持力度,寻求多种途径,解决协会运行经费,保障协会的健康发展。
Water user association of farmers (WUA) is a comprehensive, complicated system engineering that peasants operate and monitor with an association of water. Monitor and appraise to peasants by water set-up, operation, management of an association, in order to grasp the development process of the association in time, appraise its effect made, find out the problem existing in the operation course, thus define the next developing direction, it is significant to run as to the health of the association.
This article is on the basis of domestic and international relevant research results of overall, systematic survey, with management of project and economics, guide as science, study with determining the nature through the ration, analyze the problem existing in the operation result of the association and operation course in an all-round way.This text regards using an association of water in the Inner Mongol World Bank three projects district as the case, through census data on the spot, association set up, with set up association district compare with group compare and analyse association, to establish peasant carry on objective appraisal with water households of result of association, find association in a series of theories and practice issues that set up and meet run:The level of understanding remains to improve, association's administration structure existing problem, valuate person who carry out to be relatively low according to side, supply water insufficient and irrigation system person who form a complete set relatively low to lead to the fact association run smoothly, association operate funds to be source channel smooth, exist, short of fund problem, association remuneration lower in staff member, the members of executive committee members of some associations are held by the village cadre, the localization of the rules is not obvious, pertinence is not strong.Propose the concrete policy recommendations to peasant with water households of effective operation of association finally, including further strengthening the leadership, strengthen the propaganda and training, improve association's setting up and operation level, offer the association more rights, set up the examination of WUA and appraise the system, manage the association effectively, devote more efforts to supporting, seek the multiple channel, solve the association and operate the funds, ensure the sound development of the association.
引文
1王金霞,黄季焜,徐志刚等.灌溉、管理改革及其效应—黄河流域灌区的实证分析[M].北京.中国水利水电出版社,2005
2白玉惠.中小型灌区水资源管理体制探索—经济自立灌排区(SIDD)的理论与实践[D].合肥工业大学.2003
3刘慧萍.经济自立灌排区管理模式初探[J].运筹与管理,1998,(1):90 - 93
4李强.农民用水协会监测评价与可持续发展研究[D].西北农林科技大学,2008
5 Vermillion, D.L.1997. Impacts of Irrigation Management Transfer: A Review of the Evidence.Research Report 11.Colombo, SriLanka: International Irrigation Management Institute
6 India Chapter.http://inpim.org/Chapters/India
7 NATIONAL WATER POLICY.Government of India Ministry of Water Resources.2002,4
8理查德·瑞丁格.中国的参与式灌溉管理改革:自主管理灌排区[J].中国农村水利水电,2002,6
9那巍.用水户参与灌溉管理若干问题探讨[J].科技情报开发与经济,2005,(07).287-288
10由金玉,汪志农,李瑛.农民用水协会在组建及运行中的若干问题分析[J].节水灌溉,2007,(3)
11 Van Koppen, B.;R. Parthasarathy; and C.Safiliou.2002. Poverty Dimensions of Irrigation Management Transfer in Large-scale Canal Irrigation in Andra Pradesh and Gujarat, India. Research Report 61.Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute
12 Hong Yang and Xiaohe Zhang and Alexander J.B.Zehnder .2002. scarcity, pricing mechanism and institutional reform in Northen China irrigated agriculture. Agriculture water management 1801:1-19
13毛广全.美国的灌溉管理[J].北京水利,2000,(6):38-39
14 Yukio Tanaka, Yohei Sato. Farmers managed irrigation districts in Japan: Assessing how fairness may contribute to sustainability [J]. Agricultural Water Management,2005,(77):196-209
15 Henning Bjornlund.Farmer participation in markets for temporary and permanent water in southeastern Australia [J]. Agricultural Water Management,2003,(63):57-76
16 Johnson, S. H. III. Management transfer in Mexico: A strategy to achieve irrigation district sustainability. Research Report 16. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute, 1997
17 Meinzen-Dick, Ruth & Raju, K. V. & Gulati, Ashok, 2002. "What Affects Organization and Collective Action for Managing Resources? Evidence from Canal IrrigationSystems in India," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 30(4), pages 649-666, April
18 Bardhan,P Analytics of the institutions of informal cooperation in rural development. World Development, 1993,21(4): 633-639
19 Meinzen-Dick, R. S., Mendoza, M. S., Saddoulet, L., Abiad-Shields, G., and Subramanian, A.Sustainable water user associations: Lessons from a literature review. In A. N. V. Subramanian, Jagannathan R. S. Meinzen-Dick (Eds.), User organizations for sustainable water services (pp.7-87) World Bank Technical Paper 354. Washington, DC: World Bank.1997
20 Cernea M M. 1993. The sociologist's approach to sustainable development. Finance and Development,Dec 1993
21 Hunt, Robert.1989. "Appropriate Social Organization? Water User Associations in Bureaucratic Canal Irrigation Systems." Human Organization, 1:79-90
22 Trawick, P.2001. Successfully governing the commons: Principles of social organization in an Andean irrigation system. Human Ecology 29(1):1‐25
23薛鼎武.参与式灌溉管理纵横谈[J].陕西水利,2004,2
24陆军.自主管理灌排区理论与实践[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003
25张陆彪,刘静,胡定寰.农民用水户协会的绩效与问题分析[J].农业经济问题,2003,2:29-33
26王翌秋,张兵.民用水者参与灌区用水管理与节水灌溉研究一对江苏省皂河灌区自主管理排灌区模式运行的实证分析[J].农业经济问题,2004,3
27黄祖辉,穆贤清.我国农户参与灌溉管理的产权制度保障[J].经济理论与经济管理,2004,12
28汪志农,雷雁斌,周安良等.灌区管理体制改革与监测评价[M].河南郑州:黄河水利出版社,2006
29冯广志.积极推进农业用水水价改革[J].中国水利,2003,8
30李甲林.灌区参与式灌溉管理经济与社会影响评价探讨[J].中国农村水利水电,2003,1
31毕勇刚,秦丽娜,杜文成.北京市推广建立农民用水者协会的实践及成效.中国水利,2006(5):28-30
32冯广志,陈菁.参与式灌溉管理的案例调查—安徽省淠源渠灌区参与式灌溉管理调查之一.中国农村水利水电,2004(7):1-3
33胡学家.发展农民用水户协会的思考.中国农村水利水电,2006(5):8-10
34伏新礼.关于建立农民用水户协会的实践[J].中国农村水利水电,2003(4):21-22
35苏林,袁寿其,张兵,张杰.参与式灌溉管理的现状及发展趋势,排灌机械.第25卷第3期2007年5月:65-68
36王建鹏1,崔远来1,张笑天2,杨平富2,郑国2,程磊2.漳河灌区农民用水户协会绩效评价.2008.7中国水利:40-42
37刘静,Ruth Meinzen-Dick,钱克明,张陆彪,蒋藜*.中国中部用水者协会对农户生产的影响,经济学(季刊) 2008年1月,第7卷第2期,465-479
38周晓平1,王宝恩2,由国文3,朱东恺2.基于和谐用水的组织创新:农民用水者协会.水利发展研究.2008.2:26-29
39徐宁红,杨培君.宁夏引黄自流灌区农民用水户协会调查研究.2008.11中国水利:60-62
40兰姆.C.马尔霍特拉,《农业项目的监测评价及数据分析》Pl-3,中国财政经济出版社,1991
41 OED,World Bank,《lessons and Practices No.8: designing Project Monitoring and Evaluation》1996, http://www.worldbank.org/ oed/
42 WFP,《WFP Principle for Monitoring and Evaluation》2000,Rome,Italy
43 UNDP,《Result-oriented Monitoring and Evaluation—A Handbook for Programme Managers》,1997,http://www.undp.org/eo/mec 1-3.htm
44何长见.中国农业项目监测评价体系研究[D].西南财经大学.2001
45刘丽敏.农业投资项目监测与评价的理论与实践…操作者指南.中国农业出版社.1994:12
46朱秀珍.大型灌区运行状况综合评价研究[D].中国农业大学.2005
47王海德等.现代项目管理的理论与方法—项目管理者操作指南[D].北京:中国农业出版社
48汪志农,雷雁斌,周安良等.灌区管理体制改革与监测评价[M].河南郑州:黄河水利出版社,2006
49 Douglas L V. Guide to Monitoring and Evaluation of Irrigation Management Transfer[M]. Jananese Institute for Irrigation and Drainage.http://www.inpim.org
2白玉惠.中小型灌区水资源管理体制探索—经济自立灌排区(SIDD)的理论与实践[D].合肥工业大学.2003
3刘慧萍.经济自立灌排区管理模式初探[J].运筹与管理,1998,(1):90 - 93
4李强.农民用水协会监测评价与可持续发展研究[D].西北农林科技大学,2008
5 Vermillion, D.L.1997. Impacts of Irrigation Management Transfer: A Review of the Evidence.Research Report 11.Colombo, SriLanka: International Irrigation Management Institute
6 India Chapter.http://inpim.org/Chapters/India
7 NATIONAL WATER POLICY.Government of India Ministry of Water Resources.2002,4
8理查德·瑞丁格.中国的参与式灌溉管理改革:自主管理灌排区[J].中国农村水利水电,2002,6
9那巍.用水户参与灌溉管理若干问题探讨[J].科技情报开发与经济,2005,(07).287-288
10由金玉,汪志农,李瑛.农民用水协会在组建及运行中的若干问题分析[J].节水灌溉,2007,(3)
11 Van Koppen, B.;R. Parthasarathy; and C.Safiliou.2002. Poverty Dimensions of Irrigation Management Transfer in Large-scale Canal Irrigation in Andra Pradesh and Gujarat, India. Research Report 61.Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute
12 Hong Yang and Xiaohe Zhang and Alexander J.B.Zehnder .2002. scarcity, pricing mechanism and institutional reform in Northen China irrigated agriculture. Agriculture water management 1801:1-19
13毛广全.美国的灌溉管理[J].北京水利,2000,(6):38-39
14 Yukio Tanaka, Yohei Sato. Farmers managed irrigation districts in Japan: Assessing how fairness may contribute to sustainability [J]. Agricultural Water Management,2005,(77):196-209
15 Henning Bjornlund.Farmer participation in markets for temporary and permanent water in southeastern Australia [J]. Agricultural Water Management,2003,(63):57-76
16 Johnson, S. H. III. Management transfer in Mexico: A strategy to achieve irrigation district sustainability. Research Report 16. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute, 1997
17 Meinzen-Dick, Ruth & Raju, K. V. & Gulati, Ashok, 2002. "What Affects Organization and Collective Action for Managing Resources? Evidence from Canal IrrigationSystems in India," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 30(4), pages 649-666, April
18 Bardhan,P Analytics of the institutions of informal cooperation in rural development. World Development, 1993,21(4): 633-639
19 Meinzen-Dick, R. S., Mendoza, M. S., Saddoulet, L., Abiad-Shields, G., and Subramanian, A.Sustainable water user associations: Lessons from a literature review. In A. N. V. Subramanian, Jagannathan R. S. Meinzen-Dick (Eds.), User organizations for sustainable water services (pp.7-87) World Bank Technical Paper 354. Washington, DC: World Bank.1997
20 Cernea M M. 1993. The sociologist's approach to sustainable development. Finance and Development,Dec 1993
21 Hunt, Robert.1989. "Appropriate Social Organization? Water User Associations in Bureaucratic Canal Irrigation Systems." Human Organization, 1:79-90
22 Trawick, P.2001. Successfully governing the commons: Principles of social organization in an Andean irrigation system. Human Ecology 29(1):1‐25
23薛鼎武.参与式灌溉管理纵横谈[J].陕西水利,2004,2
24陆军.自主管理灌排区理论与实践[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003
25张陆彪,刘静,胡定寰.农民用水户协会的绩效与问题分析[J].农业经济问题,2003,2:29-33
26王翌秋,张兵.民用水者参与灌区用水管理与节水灌溉研究一对江苏省皂河灌区自主管理排灌区模式运行的实证分析[J].农业经济问题,2004,3
27黄祖辉,穆贤清.我国农户参与灌溉管理的产权制度保障[J].经济理论与经济管理,2004,12
28汪志农,雷雁斌,周安良等.灌区管理体制改革与监测评价[M].河南郑州:黄河水利出版社,2006
29冯广志.积极推进农业用水水价改革[J].中国水利,2003,8
30李甲林.灌区参与式灌溉管理经济与社会影响评价探讨[J].中国农村水利水电,2003,1
31毕勇刚,秦丽娜,杜文成.北京市推广建立农民用水者协会的实践及成效.中国水利,2006(5):28-30
32冯广志,陈菁.参与式灌溉管理的案例调查—安徽省淠源渠灌区参与式灌溉管理调查之一.中国农村水利水电,2004(7):1-3
33胡学家.发展农民用水户协会的思考.中国农村水利水电,2006(5):8-10
34伏新礼.关于建立农民用水户协会的实践[J].中国农村水利水电,2003(4):21-22
35苏林,袁寿其,张兵,张杰.参与式灌溉管理的现状及发展趋势,排灌机械.第25卷第3期2007年5月:65-68
36王建鹏1,崔远来1,张笑天2,杨平富2,郑国2,程磊2.漳河灌区农民用水户协会绩效评价.2008.7中国水利:40-42
37刘静,Ruth Meinzen-Dick,钱克明,张陆彪,蒋藜*.中国中部用水者协会对农户生产的影响,经济学(季刊) 2008年1月,第7卷第2期,465-479
38周晓平1,王宝恩2,由国文3,朱东恺2.基于和谐用水的组织创新:农民用水者协会.水利发展研究.2008.2:26-29
39徐宁红,杨培君.宁夏引黄自流灌区农民用水户协会调查研究.2008.11中国水利:60-62
40兰姆.C.马尔霍特拉,《农业项目的监测评价及数据分析》Pl-3,中国财政经济出版社,1991
41 OED,World Bank,《lessons and Practices No.8: designing Project Monitoring and Evaluation》1996, http://www.worldbank.org/ oed/
42 WFP,《WFP Principle for Monitoring and Evaluation》2000,Rome,Italy
43 UNDP,《Result-oriented Monitoring and Evaluation—A Handbook for Programme Managers》,1997,http://www.undp.org/eo/mec 1-3.htm
44何长见.中国农业项目监测评价体系研究[D].西南财经大学.2001
45刘丽敏.农业投资项目监测与评价的理论与实践…操作者指南.中国农业出版社.1994:12
46朱秀珍.大型灌区运行状况综合评价研究[D].中国农业大学.2005
47王海德等.现代项目管理的理论与方法—项目管理者操作指南[D].北京:中国农业出版社
48汪志农,雷雁斌,周安良等.灌区管理体制改革与监测评价[M].河南郑州:黄河水利出版社,2006
49 Douglas L V. Guide to Monitoring and Evaluation of Irrigation Management Transfer[M]. Jananese Institute for Irrigation and Drainage.http://www.inpim.org