崇明岛农田土壤重金属的分布与累积特征
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摘要
土壤是一种重要的自然资源,它不仅是农业生产的基础,而且还是人类环境的重要组成部分,可以通过各种途径直接或间接影响人类健康。Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg等重金属作为持久性有毒污染物的重要组成部分已越来越受到国内外学者的重视。崇明岛位于长江流域和东部沿海地区“T”字形格局的交汇点,是上海市最具潜在战略意义的发展空间之一,已被上海市政府列入“建设现代综合性生态岛”的规划,主导产业为农业,水稻是主要的粮食作物,而蔬菜的种植面积也相当大。近年来,现代农业的发展势必对当地的土壤环境造成一定的影响,进而影响到当地人民的身体健康。
本研究依据上海市科委重大项目：“崇明岛数字生态建设决策支持系统的开发与利用——崇明生态岛建设农业用地健康诊断决策支持系统开发与应用示范”(07DZ12037)的研究内容,并在此项目及国家自然科学基金项目“饮用水源地底泥重金属再悬浮释放与水源地水质安全研究”(40701164)、上海市环保局招标项目“饮用水源地持久性毒害污染物调研及对策”(07-15)、国家环保部公益项目(WFLY-2009-1-SK-06-03)及国家重大水专项课题“城市黑臭河道外源阻断、工程修复与原位多级生态净化关键技术研究与示范”(2009ZX07317-006)的资助下,以崇明岛为研究区域,分析了农田土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的含量特征及时空分布特征、蔬菜地重金属的分布及富集特征、重金属元素Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的大气沉降通量及典型生态农业示范区土壤重金属的环境质量评价等,以期为研究区农田土壤重金属的进一步研究提供基础数据和理论依据。
取得的主要研究结果如下：
1.崇明岛农田土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg的平均含量分别为：Pb 21.60mg.kg-1、Cd 0.176 mg.kg-1、Cr 69.40 mg·kg-1、As 9.209 mg·kg-1、Hg 0.128 mg·kg-1。除Pb、Cr外,其余重金属平均含量均高于该区的背景值含量,Cd、As和Hg分别高出其背景值33.0%、1.2%和26.3%。不同土地利用方式对土壤重金属的累积影响明显,菜地受重金属的污染程度最为严重,这可能与菜地施用更多的农药、化肥有关。
2.崇明岛农田土壤质量整体尚好,土壤生态率为1.26%,优良率为97.14%,合格率为1.47%,不合格率仅为0.12%。生态级土壤呈小面积块状分布；优级土壤分布于崇明大部；良级土壤主要分布于陈家镇、港沿镇、竖新镇、三星镇和农场的部分地区；合格级土壤主要分布于港沿镇、陈家镇和农场的部分地区；不合格土壤分布于港沿镇。本次调查农田土壤质量较03年有一定程度下降,生态级、优级土壤面积有一定程度减小,良级、合格级和不合格级土壤已出现。
3.崇明岛菜地土壤Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg平均含量分别为20.51 mg·kg-1、0.22mg·kg-1、72.15 mg·kg-1、12.30 mg·kg-1和0.1894 mg·kg-1。蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg平均含量分别为0.0081 mg·kg-1、0.0078 mg·kg-1、0.0100 mg·kg-1、0.0186mg·kg-1和0.0049 mg·kg-1。对于Pb、Cd和Cr而言,全部样品均未超过《食品中污染物限量标准》(GB2762-2005)中的限量值。对于As而言,9.52%的样品(茄子和空心菜)超过了该标准的限量值,对于Hg而言,14%的样品(空心菜和卷心菜)超过了该标准的限量值。蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Cr、As含量与它们的富集系数呈极显著的正相关关系,蔬菜Hg含量与土壤Hg含量呈显著性正相关。在种植蔬菜时,应根据土壤重金属含量状况选择富集能力较弱的蔬菜品种,但对于Hg污染严重的土壤除外。4.各类蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg的年健康风险均表现为儿童大于成人。对于基因毒物质(Cd、Cr、As)而言,成人和儿童的年平均风险值分别为2.53E-06a-1、5.37E-06 a1-,高于大部分机构和学者的最大可接受水平,低于美国环保局(EPA)和国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)的最大可接受水平。对于躯体毒物质(Pb、Hg)而言,成人的年平均风险值为5.81E-07 a-1,低于大部分机构和学者的最大可接受水平。儿童的年平均风险值为1.23E-06 a-1,高于大部分机构和学者的最大可接受水平,低于美国环保局(EPA)和国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)的最大可接受水平。
5.崇明岛重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg年沉降通量分别为：Pb 7735μg·m-2·a-1、Cd 208μg·m-2·a-1、Cr 4620μg·m-2·a-1、As 2238μg·m-2·a-1、Hg 52.78μg·m-2·a-1,具体表现为Pb>Cr>As>Cd>Hg。Pb、Cr、As主要以颗粒态形式存在于沉降样品中,Cd、Hg主要以溶解态形式存在于沉降样品中。1年中有两个时间段各重金属的沉降通量较大,第一时间段是12、1、2、3月,第二时间段是5、6、8、9月。大气沉降对研究区农田表层土壤中As、Hg的年净贡献率约为16%和2%。与国内外某些地区相比,崇明岛重金属大气沉降通量相对较小,这可能与研究区所处的地理位置、较少的工业污染及生态岛的规划建设有关。
6.大棚芦笋种植示范区LS04和LS07大棚土壤质量为1级,属于清洁水平。LS98大棚土壤质量为2级,属于尚清洁水平。3个不同年限大棚土壤重金属含量均未超标,适宜作为无公害蔬菜的种植基地。土壤中各重金属含量与大棚使用年限密切相关,所有重金属均与棚龄呈正相关关系,即土壤中重金属的含量随大棚使用年限的增加而增加,其中Cd的含量与棚龄的相关性较强,达到显著水平(P<0.05)。清园工作对大棚土壤重金属含量影响显著,期间频繁施肥与灌溉导致部分重金属含量明显增加。露天花菜种植示范区和稻-麦轮作种植示范区土壤环境质量属于2级,为优级土壤,符合上海市地方标准及安全卫生优质农产品(或原料)产地环境标准。绝大多数重金属元素在土壤表层呈现出一定的累积。
Soil was one of the important natural resources. It was not only the foundation of agricultural production, but also the important component of the environment. It could affect human health directly or indirectly through various channels.Heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg, are the important parts of persistent toxic substances, which attached more and more attention by scholars. Chongming Island, located in the middle of Yangtze, is one of the most potential developing areas of Shanghai. Agriculture is the leading industry of Chongming Island, and farmland in the study area predominantly consists of paddy fields and vegetable plots. The population census in 2004 reported that more than 75% of employed people are engaged in agriculture for both subsistence and commercial purpose. However, the high population density and modern agricultural development have put great pressure on the natural and economic resources. A number of substantial environmental pressures and symptoms of environmental degradation have been identified in recent years.
With the support of the National Natural Science Foundation (No.40701164), the bidding projects of Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau (No.07-15), the Public Project of Environmental Protection Ministry of China (No. WFLY-2009-1-SK-06-03)and the National Key Water Program during the 11th Five-Year Plan Period (No.2009ZX07317-006),the concentrations, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, the distribution and accumulation in vegetable soil, atmospheric deposition fluxes of five heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg)in agricultural soils of Chongming Island were studied. Besides, the environmental quality of heavy metals in soils of three ecological agriculture demonstration areas were also studied in order to provide basis data and scientific support for further exploring heavy metals in the agricultural soil in the study area.
The main conclusions can be summed up as follows.
1.The Average concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg in agricultural soils in the study area were 21.60 mg·kg-1,0.176 mg·kg-1,69.40 mg·kg-1,9.209 mg·kg-1 and 0.128 mg·kg-1, respectively. Except for Pb and Cr, the average contents of Cd, As and Hg in soils were 33.0%,1.2% and 26.3% higher than the background values of soil heavy metals in soils of Shanghai. Of the three land use types, vegetable plot was polluted most seriously by heavy metals, which was probably related to the over-application of pesticides and fertile.
2. Most of the agricultural soils quality is still good overall. The percentages of ecological soil, good soil, qualified soil and unqualified soil were 1.26%,97.1%, 1.47% and 0.12%, respectively. The ecological soil shows a small area of block distribution. The superior soil, accounting for 72.11% of the total area, distributed widely in the island.The satisfactory soil mainly distributed in Chenjia Town, Gangyan Town, Shuxin Town, Sanxing Town and some areas of Nongchang. The unqualified soil mainly distributed in Gangyan Town. Compared to 2003, the soil quality decreased to some extent in the survey. The soil area of ecological grade, superior grade reduced to some extent and the other three grades has existed.
3.The contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg in vegetable soil averaged 20.51 mg·kg-1,0.22 mg·kg-1,72.15 mg·kg-1,12.299 mg·kg-1 and 0.1894 mg·kg-1, respectively. The contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg in the edible portions of vegetables averaged 0.0081 mg·kg-1,0.0078 mg·kg-1,0.0100 mg·kg-1,0.0186 mg·kg-1 and 0.0049 mg·kg-1, respectively. In all of the vegetable samples, the contents of Pb、Cd and Cr were less than the tolerance limit of the maximum levels of contaminants in foods (GB 2762-2005).While for As and Hg,9.52%(eggplant and water spinach) and 14% (water spinach and cabbage) vegetable samples were beyond the tolerance limit of the maximum levels of contaminants in foods, respectively. For Pb, Cd, Cr and As, there were significantly positive correlations between the contents and the Bioconcentration factor (BCF) in vegetables. As to Hg, there were significantly positive correlations between the Hg contents in vegetables and the contents in vegetable soils.
4.Vegetables of lower bioconcentration factors could be grown in soil, which was moderately polluted by Pb, Cd, Cr or As, not Hg. The average annual health risk value of child was higher than that of adult affect by Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg in the edible portions of vegetables in the study area. For carcinogens (Cd, Cr and As), The average annual risk values of adult and child were 2.53E-06 a- and 5.37E-06 a-1, respectively. The risk values were higher than the maximum allowance levels recommended by some organizations and researchers, but lower than the maximum allowance levels recommended by US EPA and ICRP.For non-carcinogens (Pb and Hg), The average annual risk values of adult and child were 5.81E-07 a-1 and 1.23E-06 a-1, respectively. The average annual risk values of adult were lower than the maximum allowance levels recommended by some organizations and researchers。The average annual risk values of child were higher than the maximum allowance levels recommended by some organizations and researchers, but lower than the maximum allowance levels recommended by US EPA and ICRP.
5.The annual deposition fluxes of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg in the study area were 7735μg·m-2·a-1,208μg·m-2·a-1,4620μg·m-2·a-1,2238μg·m-2·a-1 and 52.78μg·m-2·a-1, respectively. The annual deposition fluxes were in the order of Pb>Cr>As>Cd> Hg. The deposition fluxes of particulate Pb and As were higher than the fluxes of soluble Pb and As, but Cd and Hg was on the contrary. The atmospheric deposition fluxes of heavy metals were higher in December, January, February and March, highest in December and decreased gradually from December to March. Additionally, the deposition fluxes were also higher in May, June, August and September, highest in June. Compared with other regions, the atmospheric deposition fluxes of heavy metals were relatively lower in the study area, which was probably related to the location, less industrial pollution and the construction planning of eco-island. The annual contribution rates of As、Hg in the agricultural topsoil (0～20cm) of the study area were 16% and 2%, respectively.
6.According to Grading Standards of Environment Quality in Vegetable Greenhouses(GB/T 18407.1-2001),soils of three asparagus greenhouses in different age were suitable for planting non-environmental pollution vegetable. Concretely speaking, the soil environmental quality in LS04 and LS07 greenhouse was grade one, and that in LS98 was grade two.The correlation analysis showed that there were positive correlations between five heavy metals concentrations and the greenhouse planting years. Especially for Cd, the Cd concentration significantly correlated to the greenhouse planting year (P<0.05).The reaping work had a significant effect on the heavy metals concentrations in the greenhouses. Frequent fertilization and irrigation during the period lead to the increase of some heavy metals concentration. The soil environmental quality in cauliflower and paddy-wheat rotation demonstration area was grade two, namely superior grade, conformed to Environmental Standard of Safe, Healthy, High Quality Agricultural Products (Shanghai Local Standard, DB31/T391-2000). Several heavy metals presented certain accumulation in the topsoil.
本研究依据上海市科委重大项目：“崇明岛数字生态建设决策支持系统的开发与利用——崇明生态岛建设农业用地健康诊断决策支持系统开发与应用示范”(07DZ12037)的研究内容,并在此项目及国家自然科学基金项目“饮用水源地底泥重金属再悬浮释放与水源地水质安全研究”(40701164)、上海市环保局招标项目“饮用水源地持久性毒害污染物调研及对策”(07-15)、国家环保部公益项目(WFLY-2009-1-SK-06-03)及国家重大水专项课题“城市黑臭河道外源阻断、工程修复与原位多级生态净化关键技术研究与示范”(2009ZX07317-006)的资助下,以崇明岛为研究区域,分析了农田土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的含量特征及时空分布特征、蔬菜地重金属的分布及富集特征、重金属元素Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的大气沉降通量及典型生态农业示范区土壤重金属的环境质量评价等,以期为研究区农田土壤重金属的进一步研究提供基础数据和理论依据。
取得的主要研究结果如下：
1.崇明岛农田土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg的平均含量分别为：Pb 21.60mg.kg-1、Cd 0.176 mg.kg-1、Cr 69.40 mg·kg-1、As 9.209 mg·kg-1、Hg 0.128 mg·kg-1。除Pb、Cr外,其余重金属平均含量均高于该区的背景值含量,Cd、As和Hg分别高出其背景值33.0%、1.2%和26.3%。不同土地利用方式对土壤重金属的累积影响明显,菜地受重金属的污染程度最为严重,这可能与菜地施用更多的农药、化肥有关。
2.崇明岛农田土壤质量整体尚好,土壤生态率为1.26%,优良率为97.14%,合格率为1.47%,不合格率仅为0.12%。生态级土壤呈小面积块状分布；优级土壤分布于崇明大部；良级土壤主要分布于陈家镇、港沿镇、竖新镇、三星镇和农场的部分地区；合格级土壤主要分布于港沿镇、陈家镇和农场的部分地区；不合格土壤分布于港沿镇。本次调查农田土壤质量较03年有一定程度下降,生态级、优级土壤面积有一定程度减小,良级、合格级和不合格级土壤已出现。
3.崇明岛菜地土壤Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg平均含量分别为20.51 mg·kg-1、0.22mg·kg-1、72.15 mg·kg-1、12.30 mg·kg-1和0.1894 mg·kg-1。蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg平均含量分别为0.0081 mg·kg-1、0.0078 mg·kg-1、0.0100 mg·kg-1、0.0186mg·kg-1和0.0049 mg·kg-1。对于Pb、Cd和Cr而言,全部样品均未超过《食品中污染物限量标准》(GB2762-2005)中的限量值。对于As而言,9.52%的样品(茄子和空心菜)超过了该标准的限量值,对于Hg而言,14%的样品(空心菜和卷心菜)超过了该标准的限量值。蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Cr、As含量与它们的富集系数呈极显著的正相关关系,蔬菜Hg含量与土壤Hg含量呈显著性正相关。在种植蔬菜时,应根据土壤重金属含量状况选择富集能力较弱的蔬菜品种,但对于Hg污染严重的土壤除外。4.各类蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg的年健康风险均表现为儿童大于成人。对于基因毒物质(Cd、Cr、As)而言,成人和儿童的年平均风险值分别为2.53E-06a-1、5.37E-06 a1-,高于大部分机构和学者的最大可接受水平,低于美国环保局(EPA)和国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)的最大可接受水平。对于躯体毒物质(Pb、Hg)而言,成人的年平均风险值为5.81E-07 a-1,低于大部分机构和学者的最大可接受水平。儿童的年平均风险值为1.23E-06 a-1,高于大部分机构和学者的最大可接受水平,低于美国环保局(EPA)和国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)的最大可接受水平。
5.崇明岛重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg年沉降通量分别为：Pb 7735μg·m-2·a-1、Cd 208μg·m-2·a-1、Cr 4620μg·m-2·a-1、As 2238μg·m-2·a-1、Hg 52.78μg·m-2·a-1,具体表现为Pb>Cr>As>Cd>Hg。Pb、Cr、As主要以颗粒态形式存在于沉降样品中,Cd、Hg主要以溶解态形式存在于沉降样品中。1年中有两个时间段各重金属的沉降通量较大,第一时间段是12、1、2、3月,第二时间段是5、6、8、9月。大气沉降对研究区农田表层土壤中As、Hg的年净贡献率约为16%和2%。与国内外某些地区相比,崇明岛重金属大气沉降通量相对较小,这可能与研究区所处的地理位置、较少的工业污染及生态岛的规划建设有关。
6.大棚芦笋种植示范区LS04和LS07大棚土壤质量为1级,属于清洁水平。LS98大棚土壤质量为2级,属于尚清洁水平。3个不同年限大棚土壤重金属含量均未超标,适宜作为无公害蔬菜的种植基地。土壤中各重金属含量与大棚使用年限密切相关,所有重金属均与棚龄呈正相关关系,即土壤中重金属的含量随大棚使用年限的增加而增加,其中Cd的含量与棚龄的相关性较强,达到显著水平(P<0.05)。清园工作对大棚土壤重金属含量影响显著,期间频繁施肥与灌溉导致部分重金属含量明显增加。露天花菜种植示范区和稻-麦轮作种植示范区土壤环境质量属于2级,为优级土壤,符合上海市地方标准及安全卫生优质农产品(或原料)产地环境标准。绝大多数重金属元素在土壤表层呈现出一定的累积。
Soil was one of the important natural resources. It was not only the foundation of agricultural production, but also the important component of the environment. It could affect human health directly or indirectly through various channels.Heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg, are the important parts of persistent toxic substances, which attached more and more attention by scholars. Chongming Island, located in the middle of Yangtze, is one of the most potential developing areas of Shanghai. Agriculture is the leading industry of Chongming Island, and farmland in the study area predominantly consists of paddy fields and vegetable plots. The population census in 2004 reported that more than 75% of employed people are engaged in agriculture for both subsistence and commercial purpose. However, the high population density and modern agricultural development have put great pressure on the natural and economic resources. A number of substantial environmental pressures and symptoms of environmental degradation have been identified in recent years.
With the support of the National Natural Science Foundation (No.40701164), the bidding projects of Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau (No.07-15), the Public Project of Environmental Protection Ministry of China (No. WFLY-2009-1-SK-06-03)and the National Key Water Program during the 11th Five-Year Plan Period (No.2009ZX07317-006),the concentrations, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, the distribution and accumulation in vegetable soil, atmospheric deposition fluxes of five heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg)in agricultural soils of Chongming Island were studied. Besides, the environmental quality of heavy metals in soils of three ecological agriculture demonstration areas were also studied in order to provide basis data and scientific support for further exploring heavy metals in the agricultural soil in the study area.
The main conclusions can be summed up as follows.
1.The Average concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg in agricultural soils in the study area were 21.60 mg·kg-1,0.176 mg·kg-1,69.40 mg·kg-1,9.209 mg·kg-1 and 0.128 mg·kg-1, respectively. Except for Pb and Cr, the average contents of Cd, As and Hg in soils were 33.0%,1.2% and 26.3% higher than the background values of soil heavy metals in soils of Shanghai. Of the three land use types, vegetable plot was polluted most seriously by heavy metals, which was probably related to the over-application of pesticides and fertile.
2. Most of the agricultural soils quality is still good overall. The percentages of ecological soil, good soil, qualified soil and unqualified soil were 1.26%,97.1%, 1.47% and 0.12%, respectively. The ecological soil shows a small area of block distribution. The superior soil, accounting for 72.11% of the total area, distributed widely in the island.The satisfactory soil mainly distributed in Chenjia Town, Gangyan Town, Shuxin Town, Sanxing Town and some areas of Nongchang. The unqualified soil mainly distributed in Gangyan Town. Compared to 2003, the soil quality decreased to some extent in the survey. The soil area of ecological grade, superior grade reduced to some extent and the other three grades has existed.
3.The contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg in vegetable soil averaged 20.51 mg·kg-1,0.22 mg·kg-1,72.15 mg·kg-1,12.299 mg·kg-1 and 0.1894 mg·kg-1, respectively. The contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg in the edible portions of vegetables averaged 0.0081 mg·kg-1,0.0078 mg·kg-1,0.0100 mg·kg-1,0.0186 mg·kg-1 and 0.0049 mg·kg-1, respectively. In all of the vegetable samples, the contents of Pb、Cd and Cr were less than the tolerance limit of the maximum levels of contaminants in foods (GB 2762-2005).While for As and Hg,9.52%(eggplant and water spinach) and 14% (water spinach and cabbage) vegetable samples were beyond the tolerance limit of the maximum levels of contaminants in foods, respectively. For Pb, Cd, Cr and As, there were significantly positive correlations between the contents and the Bioconcentration factor (BCF) in vegetables. As to Hg, there were significantly positive correlations between the Hg contents in vegetables and the contents in vegetable soils.
4.Vegetables of lower bioconcentration factors could be grown in soil, which was moderately polluted by Pb, Cd, Cr or As, not Hg. The average annual health risk value of child was higher than that of adult affect by Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg in the edible portions of vegetables in the study area. For carcinogens (Cd, Cr and As), The average annual risk values of adult and child were 2.53E-06 a- and 5.37E-06 a-1, respectively. The risk values were higher than the maximum allowance levels recommended by some organizations and researchers, but lower than the maximum allowance levels recommended by US EPA and ICRP.For non-carcinogens (Pb and Hg), The average annual risk values of adult and child were 5.81E-07 a-1 and 1.23E-06 a-1, respectively. The average annual risk values of adult were lower than the maximum allowance levels recommended by some organizations and researchers。The average annual risk values of child were higher than the maximum allowance levels recommended by some organizations and researchers, but lower than the maximum allowance levels recommended by US EPA and ICRP.
5.The annual deposition fluxes of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg in the study area were 7735μg·m-2·a-1,208μg·m-2·a-1,4620μg·m-2·a-1,2238μg·m-2·a-1 and 52.78μg·m-2·a-1, respectively. The annual deposition fluxes were in the order of Pb>Cr>As>Cd> Hg. The deposition fluxes of particulate Pb and As were higher than the fluxes of soluble Pb and As, but Cd and Hg was on the contrary. The atmospheric deposition fluxes of heavy metals were higher in December, January, February and March, highest in December and decreased gradually from December to March. Additionally, the deposition fluxes were also higher in May, June, August and September, highest in June. Compared with other regions, the atmospheric deposition fluxes of heavy metals were relatively lower in the study area, which was probably related to the location, less industrial pollution and the construction planning of eco-island. The annual contribution rates of As、Hg in the agricultural topsoil (0～20cm) of the study area were 16% and 2%, respectively.
6.According to Grading Standards of Environment Quality in Vegetable Greenhouses(GB/T 18407.1-2001),soils of three asparagus greenhouses in different age were suitable for planting non-environmental pollution vegetable. Concretely speaking, the soil environmental quality in LS04 and LS07 greenhouse was grade one, and that in LS98 was grade two.The correlation analysis showed that there were positive correlations between five heavy metals concentrations and the greenhouse planting years. Especially for Cd, the Cd concentration significantly correlated to the greenhouse planting year (P<0.05).The reaping work had a significant effect on the heavy metals concentrations in the greenhouses. Frequent fertilization and irrigation during the period lead to the increase of some heavy metals concentration. The soil environmental quality in cauliflower and paddy-wheat rotation demonstration area was grade two, namely superior grade, conformed to Environmental Standard of Safe, Healthy, High Quality Agricultural Products (Shanghai Local Standard, DB31/T391-2000). Several heavy metals presented certain accumulation in the topsoil.
引文
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