复合酶制剂和益生素对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响
|
摘要
本研究主要包括三个方面：其一对植物乳酸杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的特性进行研究，并利用这两个菌种生产益生素：其二对黑曲霉特性进行研究，并利用该菌种生产复合酶：其三，分别将益生素、复合酶按一定水平均匀混合到断奶仔猪饲料中，观察益生素、复合酶制剂对仔猪生长性能的影响。主要研究结果如下：
实验一：以细菌数(cfu／g)或OD光密度值为指标，研究植物乳酸杆菌，枯草芽孢杆菌的生长曲线，繁殖生长适宜的碳氮源比例，温度和酸度对植物乳酸杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌的影响。结果表明：植物乳酸杆菌，枯草芽孢杆菌能耐受pH为3∽4的溶液，但存活率受到一定影响。植物乳酸杆菌能耐受75℃的高温，而枯草芽孢杆菌能耐受80℃。植物乳酸杆菌适宜碳氮源比例为7：3，枯草芽胞杆菌适宜碳氮比例为8：2。
实验二、以植酸酶活力为指标，研究黑曲霉分泌植酸酶活力最高时发酵的碳氮源比例，温度和酸度对植酸酶活性的影响。结果表明：黑曲霉发酵生产植酸酶的适宜碳氮源比例为8：2，在温度为55℃时，植酸酶还能保持活性。该植酸酶在pH为3时保持酶的活性。
实验三、分别把复合酶、益生素按一定比例均匀混合到断奶仔猪饲料中，观察复合酶、益生素对仔猪生长性能，营养物质消化率，血液生化指标的的影响。结果表明：复合酶(0.2％添加量)比对照组的
Three experiments are conducted to study the effect of enzymes and probiotics on the performance of piglets. The first experiment is devised and operated to study the biology character of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis which are used to produce probiotics in suitable condition. The second experiment is the study about Aspergillus Niger which is used to produce combined enzymes. The third experiment is the application of the two products to piglets.
The result is listed below:
1. The ability for Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis to tolerate high temperature and strong acid is not high enough to survive in the condition of 75-80℃ and PH2-3. The suitable fermentation of the rate of C and N recourses is 7:3 for Lactobacillus plantarum, 8:2 for Bacillus subtilis.
2. The suitable fermentation of the comparability between C and N recourses is 8:2 for Aspergillus Niger to produce phytase. Phytase can still keep active when it is in the condition of 55℃ and pH 3.
3. Add enzymes and probiotics respectively to the diet of weaning
实验一：以细菌数(cfu／g)或OD光密度值为指标，研究植物乳酸杆菌，枯草芽孢杆菌的生长曲线，繁殖生长适宜的碳氮源比例，温度和酸度对植物乳酸杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌的影响。结果表明：植物乳酸杆菌，枯草芽孢杆菌能耐受pH为3∽4的溶液，但存活率受到一定影响。植物乳酸杆菌能耐受75℃的高温，而枯草芽孢杆菌能耐受80℃。植物乳酸杆菌适宜碳氮源比例为7：3，枯草芽胞杆菌适宜碳氮比例为8：2。
实验二、以植酸酶活力为指标，研究黑曲霉分泌植酸酶活力最高时发酵的碳氮源比例，温度和酸度对植酸酶活性的影响。结果表明：黑曲霉发酵生产植酸酶的适宜碳氮源比例为8：2，在温度为55℃时，植酸酶还能保持活性。该植酸酶在pH为3时保持酶的活性。
实验三、分别把复合酶、益生素按一定比例均匀混合到断奶仔猪饲料中，观察复合酶、益生素对仔猪生长性能，营养物质消化率，血液生化指标的的影响。结果表明：复合酶(0.2％添加量)比对照组的
Three experiments are conducted to study the effect of enzymes and probiotics on the performance of piglets. The first experiment is devised and operated to study the biology character of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis which are used to produce probiotics in suitable condition. The second experiment is the study about Aspergillus Niger which is used to produce combined enzymes. The third experiment is the application of the two products to piglets.
The result is listed below:
1. The ability for Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis to tolerate high temperature and strong acid is not high enough to survive in the condition of 75-80℃ and PH2-3. The suitable fermentation of the rate of C and N recourses is 7:3 for Lactobacillus plantarum, 8:2 for Bacillus subtilis.
2. The suitable fermentation of the comparability between C and N recourses is 8:2 for Aspergillus Niger to produce phytase. Phytase can still keep active when it is in the condition of 55℃ and pH 3.
3. Add enzymes and probiotics respectively to the diet of weaning
引文
[1] 葛长荣，田允波，韩剑众等．微生态调控理论与绿色饲料添加剂的开发[J]．云南畜牧兽医，998(4)：4～9
[2] 姜文侠，史连生，李韬等．饲用微生态制剂——益生素．动物科学与动物医学，2000，17(20)：57～59
[3] Parker, R. B.. Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotics story. Nutr. Health, 1974, 29: 4～8
[4] Fuller, R.. Probiotics in man and animals. J. Apple Bacteriology, 1989, 66: 365～378
[5] Soggarrd, H.. Microbial for feed: Beyond lactic acid bacteria. Feed International, 1990, 11 (4): 22～37
[6] Gibson G R and Wang X. Regulatory effects of bifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1994, 77: 412～420
[7] 姚建国．化学益生素和益生素在动物营养中的应用．粮食与饲料工业，2000(7)：34～36
[8] 孙黎，赵海君，王光等．微生物制剂用于肉鸡生产的试验效果报告[J]．黑龙江畜牧兽医2000(1)：5～8
[9] 胡文锋，曹永长，毕佐英等．益生素与免疫刺激作用．饲料研究，2003，(4)：23～24
[10] 葛凤霞，袁小林．乳酸杆菌对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活化作用及细胞毒作用的初步研究．中国微生态学杂志，1998，10(1)：45-46
[11] Sheppy C. 2001. The current feed enzyme market and likely trends. In: Bedford M R, Partridge G G. ed. Enzymes in farm animal nutrition. New York: CABI Publishing, 3～5.
[12] Owsley W F, Orr D E, Tribble L R. Effect of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig. Journal of Animal Science, 1986, 63(2): 497-504.
[13] Almirall M, Esteve-Garcia E. Rate of passage of barley diets with chromium oxide: influence of age and poultry strain and effect of beta-glucanase supplementation. Poultry Science, 1994, 73, (9): 1433-1440.
[14] 孙哲，汪儆．二糖酶及其在消化吸收中的作用．动物营养代谢研究，1999，300-309．
[15] 于旭华，汪儆．黄羽肉仔鸡脂肪酶的发育规律及小麦SNSP对其活性的影响．动物营养学报，2001，13(3)：60-64．
[16] Alrnirall M, Francesch M, Perez-Venderell A M, et al. The differences in intestinal viscosity produced by barley and β-glucanase alter digesta enzyme activities and deal nutrient digestibilities more in broiler chicks than in cocks. Journal of Nutrition, 1995, 125, 947-955.
[17] 张铁鹰，卢庆萍。饲用酶制剂作用机制的研究进展．中国畜牧兽医，2002，29(5)：14-17．
[18] Nahm K. H and Carlson C W Effect of cellulase from Trichodenna viride on nutrition utilization by broilers. Poultry Science, 1985, 64: 1536～1540.
[19] Salih M E, Classen H L and Campbell G L. Response of chickens fed on hull-less barley to dietary β-glucanase at different ages. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1991, 33(1-2): 139-149.
[20] Bedford M R, Classen, H L, Campbell G L. The effect of pelleting, salt, and pentosanase on the viscosity of intestinal contents and the performance of broilers fed rye. Poultry Science, 1991, 70(7): 1571—1577.
[21] Danicke S, Vahjen W, Simon O, et al. Effects of dietary fat type and xylanase supplementation to rye-based broiler diets on selected bacterial groups adhering to the intestinal epithelium, on transit time of feed, and on nutrient digestibility. Poultry Science, 1999, 78: 1292-1299.
[22] 杨丽杰，霍贵成．蛋白酶失活大豆中的抗营养因子．动物营养学报，2000，1：15．
[23] Rooke J A, Slessor M, Fraser H, et al. Growth performance and gut function of piglets weaned at four weeks of age and fed protease-treated so 必 can meal. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1998, 701: 175-190.
[24] Broz J, Oldale P, Perrin-Voltz A H, et al. Effects of supplemental phytase on performance and phosphorus utilization in broiler chickens fed a low phosphorus diet without addition of inorganic phosphates. British Poultry Science; 1994, 35(2): 273-280.
[25] Simons P C M, Versteegh H A J, Jongbloed A W, et al. Improvement of phosphorus availability by microbial phytase in broiler and pigs. British Journal of Nutrition, 1990, 64: 525-540.
[26] Perney K M, Cantor A H, Straw M L, et al. The effect of dietary phytase on growth perforniance and phosphorus utilization of broiler chic'ks. Poultry Science, 1993, 72: 2106-2114.
[27] Kemme P A, Jongbloed A W, Mroz Z, et al. Digestibility of nutrients in growing and finishing pigs is affected by Aspergillus Niger phytase, phytate and lactic acid levels. 1. Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids. Livestock production Science, 1999, 58: 107-117.
[28] Sebastian S, Touchburn S P, chavez E R, et al. The Effects of Supplemental Microbial Phytase on the Performance and Utilization of Dietary Calcium, Phosphorus, Copper, and Zinc in Broiler Chickens Fed Corn-Soybean Diets. Poultry Science, 1996, 75: 729-736.
[29] Choct M, Annison G. Anti-nutritional effect of wheat pentosans in broiler chicken: Role of viscosity and gut microflora. British Poultry Science, 1992, 33: 821-834.
[30] Choct M, Hughes R J, Wang J, et al. Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the anti-nutritive activity of non-starch polysaccharides in chickens. British Poultry Science, 1996, 37, 609--621.
[31] Pluske J R, Siba P M, Pethick D 城 et al. The incidence of swine dysentery in pigs can be reduced by feeding diets that limit the amount of fermentable substrate entering the large intestine. The Journal Of Nutrition, 1996, 126(11): 2920-2933.
[32] 韩正康，Ronald R Marguardt．家禽及猪营养中的酶制剂．饲料酶制剂国际学术研讨会论文集，1996，136-168．
[33] 乌成华．酶制剂一提高动物生产性能和减少废物的有效手段．饲料工业，1998，19(7)：13-14
[34] Gu X H, Li D F, She R P. Effect of weaning on small intestinal structure and function in the piglet. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2002, 56: 275-286.
[35] 董国忠，周安国，杨凤，等．饲粮蛋白质水平对早期断奶仔猪大肠蛋白质腐败作用和腹泻的影响．畜牧兽医学报，1996．27(4)：293-302．
[36] Inboor J, Schmtz M, Ahrens F. Effect of adding fibre and starch degading enzymes to a barley/wheat based diet on performance and nutrient digestibility in different segments of the small intestine of early-weaned pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1993, 3: 113-127.
[37] Lei X G S Ku P K, Miller E R, et al. Supplementing Corn-soybean Meal Diets with Microbial Linearly Improves Phytate phosphorus Utilization by Weanling Pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 1993, 71(12): 3359—3367.
[38] Young L C} Leunissen M and Atkinson J L. Addition of microbial phytase to diets of young pigs. Journal of animal Science, 1993, 71: 2147-2150.
[39] Wenk C. Recent advances in animal feed additives such as metabolic modifiers, antimicrobial agents, probiotics, enzymes and highly available minerals. Asian-Aus. Journal of Animal Science, 2000, 13 (1): 86-95.
[40] Campbell G L, Bedford M R. Enzyme application for monogastric feeds: A review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1992, 72: 449-446.
[41] Partridge G G The role and efficacy of carbohydrase enzymes in pig nutrition. In: Enzymes in farm animal nutrition. Oxford, UK: CABI Publishing, 2001, 61-198.
[42] Bedford M R. Mechanism of action and potential environmental benefits from the use of feed enzymes. Animal Feed Science and Technology 1995, 53(2): 145-155.
[43] Thacker P A, Gampbell G L. Effect of salinomycin and enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility and performance of pigs fed barley or rye based diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 1992, 72: 117-125.
[44] 许梓荣，王振来，王敏奇．高麦鼓饲粮中添加酶类物质对仔猪生长性能和胭体组成的影响[J]．浙江农业大学学报，1998 24(6)：643-646．
[45] 夏枚生．高鼓饲粮中添加复合酶制剂对仔猪血液中几种激素水平的影响[J]．浙江农业科学，2000，(6)：300-303．
[46] Bedford M R, Classen H L. Reduction of intestinal viscosity through manipulation of dietary rye and pentosanase concentration is effected through changes in the carbohydrate composition of the intestinal aqueous phase and results in improved growth rate and food conversion efficiency of broiler chicks. Journal of Nutrition, 1992, 122: 560-569.
[47] 冯定远．饲用酶制剂应用的影响因素及在猪日粮中应用效果[J]．饲料工业，1999，(10)：1-4．
[48] Beers S, Dellaert B M, Jongbloed A W. Effect of supplementary Aspergillus niger phytase in diets for piglets on their performance and apparent digestibility Of phosphorus. Anim. Prod., 1992, 55: 425-430
[49] 许梓荣，王振来，王敏奇．饲粮中添加复合酶制剂((GXC)对仔猪消化机能的影响[J]．中国兽医学报，1999 19(Ⅰ)：84-88．
[50] 李同洲，吕志强，臧素敏，等．复合酶制剂对猪消化道中营养物质消化率的影响[J]．河北农业大学学报，1996，19：45-49．
[51] 杨全明，李德发，谯仕彦，等．饲用酶制剂对生长猪营养物质消化利用率的影响[J]．中国畜牧杂志，1999，35(3)：19-21．
[52] Li D F, Che X R, Wang Y Q, et al. Effect of microbial phytase, vitamin D3, and citric acid on growth performance and phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium digestibility in growing swine. Animal Feed. Science and Technology, 1998, 73: Ⅰ-2, 173-186.
[53] 尹清强．复合酶制剂对生长肥育猪的影响．养猪，1992，(2)：13-14．
[54] Brenes A, Marquardt R R, Guenter W, et al. Effect of enzyme supplementation on the nutritional value of raw, autoclaved, and dehulled lupins (Lupinus aibus) in chicken diets. Poultry Science, 1993, 72(12): 2281-2293.
[55] Philippe Narteau. Potential of using lactic acid bacteria for the rape and man Fens Microbilogy Reviews, 1993,(12): 207-220
[56] Winkle S, Woese C R. Nutrition and media. Syst Apll Microbiol., 1991, (14): 305-310.
[57] 诸葛健．工业微生物试验手册[M]．中国轻工业出版社，1997．87-89．
[58] R．E 布坎南 N．E 吉布斯．伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册[M]．科学出版社．1974，735．
[59] 钱存柔，黄仪秀．主编．微生物学实验教程．北京大学出版社，1999．
[60] 周德庆主编．微生物学实验手册．上海科学技术出版社，1983．
[61] 刘小玲．白腐真菌降解甘蔗渣的研究．广西大学硕士学位论文．1999．5
[62] 赵小立，贺莜蓉，周红军．黑曲霉产纤维素酶的激光选育．中国激光．1996，7(23)：667-671，．
[63] 郑佐兴，段明星，徐文联．高活性纤维素酶菌株的筛选及其产酶条件的研究．微生物学杂志．1996，16(1)：35-38．
[64] Petterson D, and Aman P. Effects of enzyme supplementation of diets based on wheat, rye or triticale on their productive value for broiler chickens. Animal Feed. Science and Technology, 1988, 50: 257～265.
[65] 许梓荣等．高麸日粮中添加β-葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶对肉鸡省长和消化的影响．浙江农业学报．1999，11(2)：80～84．
[66] Owsley W F, Tribble L P. Effect of age and diet on the development of the sythesis and secretion of development of the pancreatic enzymes in the young pig. J. Anim. Sci., 1986, 63: 497～504.
[67] Lindemann M D, S G Cimelives, S M E Kandelgy, et al. Effect of age, weaning and diet on digestive enzyme level in the piglet. J. Anim. Sci., 1986, 62: 1298～1307.
[68] 全炳昭，唐玉新，章寿民，胡国良，黄仁友，王小琴．早期断奶应激(EWS)对仔猪影响的研究．江西农业大学学报，1996，18(1)：18-23．
[69] 黄沧海．仔猪复合益生乳酸杆菌制剂及其作用机理的研究．中国农业大学博士论文．2003．70．
[70] 刘强，冯学琴．非淀粉多糖酶制剂的研究与应用进展．动物营养学报．[J]．1999，11(2)：6～11
[71] Bedford M R. Reduced viscosity of intestinal digestibility and enhanced nutrient digestibility in chickens given exogenous enzymes. Enzymes in Poultry and Swine nutrition. 1996, 19～28.
[72] Shields R G, K E Ekstrom, D C Maban. Effects of weaning age and feeding method in digestive enzyme development in swine feom birth to weeks. Anita. Feed Sci. Tech.. 1980, 50: 257～324.
[73] 沈水宝．外源酶对仔猪消化系统发育及内源酶活性的影响．华南农业大学博士论文．2002．58
[74] Nasi J M, Helander E H and Partanen K H. Availability for growing pigs of minerals and protein of a high phytate barley-rapeseed meal diet treated with Aspergillus niger phytase or soaked with whey. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1995, 56: 82-98.
[75] Harper A F, Kornegay E T, Schell T C. Phytase supplementation of low-phosphorus growing-finishing pig diets improves performance, phosphorus digestibility, and bone mineralization and reduces phosphorus excretion. Journal of Animal Science, 1997, 25: 584-586.
[76] Sands J S, Ragland D, Baxter C, et al. Phosphorus bioavailability, growth performance, and nutrient balance in pigs fed high available phosphorus corn and phytase. Journal of Animal Science. 2001, 79: 2134-2412.
[77] Duck C E. Alimentary Canal, secretion and digestion, special digestive functions and absorption. 1986, Fourth Edition Springer Verlag, 289～302.
[78] 高玉红，臧素敏，刘艳琴等．复合酶对断奶仔猪生产性能和消化吸收能力的影响研究[J]． 饲料研究，2000，3：8～10．
[79] Borg B S, Libal G W, Wahlstom R C, et al. Tryptophan and threonine requirement of yong pigs and their effects on serum calcium, phosphorous and zinc concentration. J. Anim. Sci. 1987, 64: 1070～1078.
[80] 董德宽．酶制剂对青年猪生长及物质代谢的作用．国外畜牧学．饲料[J]．1987，2：31～35．
[81] 陶勇，王保平．溢多酶V10R-818饲喂早期断奶仔猪效果试验[J]．养猪．1997，4：16
[82] 北京农业大学主编．家畜饲养实验指导．农业出版社，1979．
[83] 广西大学内部讲义．饲料分析实验指导．
[84] 廖延雄主编，兽医微生物实验诊断手册．中国农业出版社，1995．
[85] 周德庆主编．微生物学实验手册．上海科学技术出版社，1983
[86] 胡忠泽，葛勤宝，余怀明，等．复合酶制剂对生长猪的生产性能和养分消化性的影响．饲料工业，1999，20(4)：9-10．
[87] 李同洲，臧素敏，吕志强．复合酶制剂对肉猪前期生产表现与营养物质消化率的影响．养猪，1995(3)：6-8．
[2] 姜文侠，史连生，李韬等．饲用微生态制剂——益生素．动物科学与动物医学，2000，17(20)：57～59
[3] Parker, R. B.. Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotics story. Nutr. Health, 1974, 29: 4～8
[4] Fuller, R.. Probiotics in man and animals. J. Apple Bacteriology, 1989, 66: 365～378
[5] Soggarrd, H.. Microbial for feed: Beyond lactic acid bacteria. Feed International, 1990, 11 (4): 22～37
[6] Gibson G R and Wang X. Regulatory effects of bifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1994, 77: 412～420
[7] 姚建国．化学益生素和益生素在动物营养中的应用．粮食与饲料工业，2000(7)：34～36
[8] 孙黎，赵海君，王光等．微生物制剂用于肉鸡生产的试验效果报告[J]．黑龙江畜牧兽医2000(1)：5～8
[9] 胡文锋，曹永长，毕佐英等．益生素与免疫刺激作用．饲料研究，2003，(4)：23～24
[10] 葛凤霞，袁小林．乳酸杆菌对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活化作用及细胞毒作用的初步研究．中国微生态学杂志，1998，10(1)：45-46
[11] Sheppy C. 2001. The current feed enzyme market and likely trends. In: Bedford M R, Partridge G G. ed. Enzymes in farm animal nutrition. New York: CABI Publishing, 3～5.
[12] Owsley W F, Orr D E, Tribble L R. Effect of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig. Journal of Animal Science, 1986, 63(2): 497-504.
[13] Almirall M, Esteve-Garcia E. Rate of passage of barley diets with chromium oxide: influence of age and poultry strain and effect of beta-glucanase supplementation. Poultry Science, 1994, 73, (9): 1433-1440.
[14] 孙哲，汪儆．二糖酶及其在消化吸收中的作用．动物营养代谢研究，1999，300-309．
[15] 于旭华，汪儆．黄羽肉仔鸡脂肪酶的发育规律及小麦SNSP对其活性的影响．动物营养学报，2001，13(3)：60-64．
[16] Alrnirall M, Francesch M, Perez-Venderell A M, et al. The differences in intestinal viscosity produced by barley and β-glucanase alter digesta enzyme activities and deal nutrient digestibilities more in broiler chicks than in cocks. Journal of Nutrition, 1995, 125, 947-955.
[17] 张铁鹰，卢庆萍。饲用酶制剂作用机制的研究进展．中国畜牧兽医，2002，29(5)：14-17．
[18] Nahm K. H and Carlson C W Effect of cellulase from Trichodenna viride on nutrition utilization by broilers. Poultry Science, 1985, 64: 1536～1540.
[19] Salih M E, Classen H L and Campbell G L. Response of chickens fed on hull-less barley to dietary β-glucanase at different ages. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1991, 33(1-2): 139-149.
[20] Bedford M R, Classen, H L, Campbell G L. The effect of pelleting, salt, and pentosanase on the viscosity of intestinal contents and the performance of broilers fed rye. Poultry Science, 1991, 70(7): 1571—1577.
[21] Danicke S, Vahjen W, Simon O, et al. Effects of dietary fat type and xylanase supplementation to rye-based broiler diets on selected bacterial groups adhering to the intestinal epithelium, on transit time of feed, and on nutrient digestibility. Poultry Science, 1999, 78: 1292-1299.
[22] 杨丽杰，霍贵成．蛋白酶失活大豆中的抗营养因子．动物营养学报，2000，1：15．
[23] Rooke J A, Slessor M, Fraser H, et al. Growth performance and gut function of piglets weaned at four weeks of age and fed protease-treated so 必 can meal. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1998, 701: 175-190.
[24] Broz J, Oldale P, Perrin-Voltz A H, et al. Effects of supplemental phytase on performance and phosphorus utilization in broiler chickens fed a low phosphorus diet without addition of inorganic phosphates. British Poultry Science; 1994, 35(2): 273-280.
[25] Simons P C M, Versteegh H A J, Jongbloed A W, et al. Improvement of phosphorus availability by microbial phytase in broiler and pigs. British Journal of Nutrition, 1990, 64: 525-540.
[26] Perney K M, Cantor A H, Straw M L, et al. The effect of dietary phytase on growth perforniance and phosphorus utilization of broiler chic'ks. Poultry Science, 1993, 72: 2106-2114.
[27] Kemme P A, Jongbloed A W, Mroz Z, et al. Digestibility of nutrients in growing and finishing pigs is affected by Aspergillus Niger phytase, phytate and lactic acid levels. 1. Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids. Livestock production Science, 1999, 58: 107-117.
[28] Sebastian S, Touchburn S P, chavez E R, et al. The Effects of Supplemental Microbial Phytase on the Performance and Utilization of Dietary Calcium, Phosphorus, Copper, and Zinc in Broiler Chickens Fed Corn-Soybean Diets. Poultry Science, 1996, 75: 729-736.
[29] Choct M, Annison G. Anti-nutritional effect of wheat pentosans in broiler chicken: Role of viscosity and gut microflora. British Poultry Science, 1992, 33: 821-834.
[30] Choct M, Hughes R J, Wang J, et al. Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the anti-nutritive activity of non-starch polysaccharides in chickens. British Poultry Science, 1996, 37, 609--621.
[31] Pluske J R, Siba P M, Pethick D 城 et al. The incidence of swine dysentery in pigs can be reduced by feeding diets that limit the amount of fermentable substrate entering the large intestine. The Journal Of Nutrition, 1996, 126(11): 2920-2933.
[32] 韩正康，Ronald R Marguardt．家禽及猪营养中的酶制剂．饲料酶制剂国际学术研讨会论文集，1996，136-168．
[33] 乌成华．酶制剂一提高动物生产性能和减少废物的有效手段．饲料工业，1998，19(7)：13-14
[34] Gu X H, Li D F, She R P. Effect of weaning on small intestinal structure and function in the piglet. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2002, 56: 275-286.
[35] 董国忠，周安国，杨凤，等．饲粮蛋白质水平对早期断奶仔猪大肠蛋白质腐败作用和腹泻的影响．畜牧兽医学报，1996．27(4)：293-302．
[36] Inboor J, Schmtz M, Ahrens F. Effect of adding fibre and starch degading enzymes to a barley/wheat based diet on performance and nutrient digestibility in different segments of the small intestine of early-weaned pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1993, 3: 113-127.
[37] Lei X G S Ku P K, Miller E R, et al. Supplementing Corn-soybean Meal Diets with Microbial Linearly Improves Phytate phosphorus Utilization by Weanling Pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 1993, 71(12): 3359—3367.
[38] Young L C} Leunissen M and Atkinson J L. Addition of microbial phytase to diets of young pigs. Journal of animal Science, 1993, 71: 2147-2150.
[39] Wenk C. Recent advances in animal feed additives such as metabolic modifiers, antimicrobial agents, probiotics, enzymes and highly available minerals. Asian-Aus. Journal of Animal Science, 2000, 13 (1): 86-95.
[40] Campbell G L, Bedford M R. Enzyme application for monogastric feeds: A review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1992, 72: 449-446.
[41] Partridge G G The role and efficacy of carbohydrase enzymes in pig nutrition. In: Enzymes in farm animal nutrition. Oxford, UK: CABI Publishing, 2001, 61-198.
[42] Bedford M R. Mechanism of action and potential environmental benefits from the use of feed enzymes. Animal Feed Science and Technology 1995, 53(2): 145-155.
[43] Thacker P A, Gampbell G L. Effect of salinomycin and enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility and performance of pigs fed barley or rye based diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 1992, 72: 117-125.
[44] 许梓荣，王振来，王敏奇．高麦鼓饲粮中添加酶类物质对仔猪生长性能和胭体组成的影响[J]．浙江农业大学学报，1998 24(6)：643-646．
[45] 夏枚生．高鼓饲粮中添加复合酶制剂对仔猪血液中几种激素水平的影响[J]．浙江农业科学，2000，(6)：300-303．
[46] Bedford M R, Classen H L. Reduction of intestinal viscosity through manipulation of dietary rye and pentosanase concentration is effected through changes in the carbohydrate composition of the intestinal aqueous phase and results in improved growth rate and food conversion efficiency of broiler chicks. Journal of Nutrition, 1992, 122: 560-569.
[47] 冯定远．饲用酶制剂应用的影响因素及在猪日粮中应用效果[J]．饲料工业，1999，(10)：1-4．
[48] Beers S, Dellaert B M, Jongbloed A W. Effect of supplementary Aspergillus niger phytase in diets for piglets on their performance and apparent digestibility Of phosphorus. Anim. Prod., 1992, 55: 425-430
[49] 许梓荣，王振来，王敏奇．饲粮中添加复合酶制剂((GXC)对仔猪消化机能的影响[J]．中国兽医学报，1999 19(Ⅰ)：84-88．
[50] 李同洲，吕志强，臧素敏，等．复合酶制剂对猪消化道中营养物质消化率的影响[J]．河北农业大学学报，1996，19：45-49．
[51] 杨全明，李德发，谯仕彦，等．饲用酶制剂对生长猪营养物质消化利用率的影响[J]．中国畜牧杂志，1999，35(3)：19-21．
[52] Li D F, Che X R, Wang Y Q, et al. Effect of microbial phytase, vitamin D3, and citric acid on growth performance and phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium digestibility in growing swine. Animal Feed. Science and Technology, 1998, 73: Ⅰ-2, 173-186.
[53] 尹清强．复合酶制剂对生长肥育猪的影响．养猪，1992，(2)：13-14．
[54] Brenes A, Marquardt R R, Guenter W, et al. Effect of enzyme supplementation on the nutritional value of raw, autoclaved, and dehulled lupins (Lupinus aibus) in chicken diets. Poultry Science, 1993, 72(12): 2281-2293.
[55] Philippe Narteau. Potential of using lactic acid bacteria for the rape and man Fens Microbilogy Reviews, 1993,(12): 207-220
[56] Winkle S, Woese C R. Nutrition and media. Syst Apll Microbiol., 1991, (14): 305-310.
[57] 诸葛健．工业微生物试验手册[M]．中国轻工业出版社，1997．87-89．
[58] R．E 布坎南 N．E 吉布斯．伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册[M]．科学出版社．1974，735．
[59] 钱存柔，黄仪秀．主编．微生物学实验教程．北京大学出版社，1999．
[60] 周德庆主编．微生物学实验手册．上海科学技术出版社，1983．
[61] 刘小玲．白腐真菌降解甘蔗渣的研究．广西大学硕士学位论文．1999．5
[62] 赵小立，贺莜蓉，周红军．黑曲霉产纤维素酶的激光选育．中国激光．1996，7(23)：667-671，．
[63] 郑佐兴，段明星，徐文联．高活性纤维素酶菌株的筛选及其产酶条件的研究．微生物学杂志．1996，16(1)：35-38．
[64] Petterson D, and Aman P. Effects of enzyme supplementation of diets based on wheat, rye or triticale on their productive value for broiler chickens. Animal Feed. Science and Technology, 1988, 50: 257～265.
[65] 许梓荣等．高麸日粮中添加β-葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶对肉鸡省长和消化的影响．浙江农业学报．1999，11(2)：80～84．
[66] Owsley W F, Tribble L P. Effect of age and diet on the development of the sythesis and secretion of development of the pancreatic enzymes in the young pig. J. Anim. Sci., 1986, 63: 497～504.
[67] Lindemann M D, S G Cimelives, S M E Kandelgy, et al. Effect of age, weaning and diet on digestive enzyme level in the piglet. J. Anim. Sci., 1986, 62: 1298～1307.
[68] 全炳昭，唐玉新，章寿民，胡国良，黄仁友，王小琴．早期断奶应激(EWS)对仔猪影响的研究．江西农业大学学报，1996，18(1)：18-23．
[69] 黄沧海．仔猪复合益生乳酸杆菌制剂及其作用机理的研究．中国农业大学博士论文．2003．70．
[70] 刘强，冯学琴．非淀粉多糖酶制剂的研究与应用进展．动物营养学报．[J]．1999，11(2)：6～11
[71] Bedford M R. Reduced viscosity of intestinal digestibility and enhanced nutrient digestibility in chickens given exogenous enzymes. Enzymes in Poultry and Swine nutrition. 1996, 19～28.
[72] Shields R G, K E Ekstrom, D C Maban. Effects of weaning age and feeding method in digestive enzyme development in swine feom birth to weeks. Anita. Feed Sci. Tech.. 1980, 50: 257～324.
[73] 沈水宝．外源酶对仔猪消化系统发育及内源酶活性的影响．华南农业大学博士论文．2002．58
[74] Nasi J M, Helander E H and Partanen K H. Availability for growing pigs of minerals and protein of a high phytate barley-rapeseed meal diet treated with Aspergillus niger phytase or soaked with whey. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1995, 56: 82-98.
[75] Harper A F, Kornegay E T, Schell T C. Phytase supplementation of low-phosphorus growing-finishing pig diets improves performance, phosphorus digestibility, and bone mineralization and reduces phosphorus excretion. Journal of Animal Science, 1997, 25: 584-586.
[76] Sands J S, Ragland D, Baxter C, et al. Phosphorus bioavailability, growth performance, and nutrient balance in pigs fed high available phosphorus corn and phytase. Journal of Animal Science. 2001, 79: 2134-2412.
[77] Duck C E. Alimentary Canal, secretion and digestion, special digestive functions and absorption. 1986, Fourth Edition Springer Verlag, 289～302.
[78] 高玉红，臧素敏，刘艳琴等．复合酶对断奶仔猪生产性能和消化吸收能力的影响研究[J]． 饲料研究，2000，3：8～10．
[79] Borg B S, Libal G W, Wahlstom R C, et al. Tryptophan and threonine requirement of yong pigs and their effects on serum calcium, phosphorous and zinc concentration. J. Anim. Sci. 1987, 64: 1070～1078.
[80] 董德宽．酶制剂对青年猪生长及物质代谢的作用．国外畜牧学．饲料[J]．1987，2：31～35．
[81] 陶勇，王保平．溢多酶V10R-818饲喂早期断奶仔猪效果试验[J]．养猪．1997，4：16
[82] 北京农业大学主编．家畜饲养实验指导．农业出版社，1979．
[83] 广西大学内部讲义．饲料分析实验指导．
[84] 廖延雄主编，兽医微生物实验诊断手册．中国农业出版社，1995．
[85] 周德庆主编．微生物学实验手册．上海科学技术出版社，1983
[86] 胡忠泽，葛勤宝，余怀明，等．复合酶制剂对生长猪的生产性能和养分消化性的影响．饲料工业，1999，20(4)：9-10．
[87] 李同洲，臧素敏，吕志强．复合酶制剂对肉猪前期生产表现与营养物质消化率的影响．养猪，1995(3)：6-8．