红树植物角果木的化学成分及其防污活性研究
|
摘要
海洋污损生物附着在人造设备上,造成巨大的经济损失,是海洋技术面临的重大问题。有机锡和氧化亚铜被广泛的用来控制污损生物,但这些防污涂料会污染海洋环境。随着人们对环境问题的日益关注,人类迫切需要寻找高效环保型的天然防污涂料,而天然防污产物是研究天然防污涂料的基础。角果木(Ceriopstagal Perr.)是红树科(Rhizophoraceae)一种重要的红树植物,富含萜类化合物包括一系列新的萜类化合物,而新的海洋萜类化合物是海洋防污涂料开发的重要源泉。本论文综合运用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱、HPLC等多种色谱分离技术,对角果木根的乙醇提取物进行系统分离纯化。同时依靠红外光谱(IR)、质谱(包括ESIMS、HRESIMS)、旋光和核磁共振波谱法(包括~1H-NMR、~(13)C-NMR、DEPT、HMQC、HMBC、~1H-~1H COSY、NOESY)等多种波谱技术确定它们的结构和相对立体构型,在此基础上利用白脊藤壶(Balanus albicostatus Pilsbry)金星幼体附着抑制实验模型对其防污活性进行了系统地研究,主要研究结果如下:
(1)从角果木根的乙醇提取物中得到4个新骨架的新化合物,这些化合物均为二萜二聚体,分别命名为tagalsin L(1)、tagalsin M(2)、tagalsin N(3)和tagalsin P(4)。并得到二萜类新化合物1个,命名为tagalsin O(5)。
(2)从角果木根的乙醇提取物中得到13个已知的化合物单体,这些化合物中二萜类化合物3个,包括ent-8(14)-pimarene-15R,16-diol(6)、ent-8(14)-pimarene-15,16-O-isopropylidene(7)和tagalsin C(8);二萜二聚体1个,tagalsin I(9);三萜类化合物5个,包括betulin(10)、lup-20(29)-en-3-oxo-oic acid(11)、betulin acid(12)、lupane-20(29)-en-3-oxo-28-diol(13)和lup-20(29)-en-3β-24-diol(14);甾体2个,包括stigmasterol(15)和β-sitosterol(16);芳香类化合物2个,包括coffeic acid methyl ester(17)和coffeic acid(18)。其中化合物6、7、14和17为首次从该植物中分离得到。
(3)利用白脊藤壶(B.albicostatus)金星幼体附着抑制实验模型对红树植物角果木根的防污活性进行研究。以国内外已有数项防污专利的辣椒素为参照物(EC_(50)为1.32±0.02μg/cm~2),把防污活性设为以下5个等级:防污活性很强(EC_(50)＜0.1μg/cm~2)、防污活性强(0.1μg/cm~2＜EC_(50)＜1μg/cm~2)、防污活性中等(1μg/cm~2＜EC_(50)＜10μg/cm~2)、防污活性弱(10μg/cm~2＜EC_(50)＜50μg/cm~2)、无防污活性(EC_(50)＞50μg/cm~2)。筛选出13个有防污活性的化合物,其中防污活性很强的天然防污产物1个即二萜类化合物ent-8(14)-pimarene-15R,16-diol(EC_(50)为0.04±0.00μg/cm~2);防污活性强的天然防污产物有2个,包括新化合物tagalsin O(EC_(50)为0.32±0.01μg/cm~2)和化合物tagalsin C(EC_(50)为0.65±0.02μg/cm~2);防污活性中等的天然防污产物有6个,包括新骨架化合物tagalsin N(EC_(50)为8.79±0.36μg/cm~2)和化合物betulin(EC_(50)为9.27±0.30μg/cm~2)、lupane-20(29)-en-3-oxo-28-diol(EC_(50)为8.73±0.43μg/cm~2)、ent-8(14)-pimarene-15,16-O-isopropylidene(EC_(50)为4.02±0.06μg/cm~2)、stigmasterol(EC_(50)为4.05±0.15μg/cm~2)、lup-20(29)-en-3-oxo-oicacid(EC_(50)为3.20±0.17μg/cm~2),另外还有4个防污活性较低的天然防污产物,包括tagalsin L(EC_(50)为26.05±0.26μg/cm~2)、tagalsin M(EC_(50)为22.19±0.21μg/cm~2)、tagalsin I(EC_(50)为11.67±0.47μg/cm~2)和β-sitosterol(EC_(50)为18.47±0.40μg/cm~2)。所有天然产物都是低毒的天然防污产物。这些天然防污产物极在开发防污涂料中潜力很大。
(4)对萜类化合物ent-8(14)-pimarene-15R,16-diol进行结构修饰,合成了5个化合物,其中防污活性很强的化合物1个,即化合物MOT-3-4-3(EC_(50)为0.05±0.00μg/cm~2):防污活性强的化合物3个,包括MOT-1-2-2(EC_(50)为0.14±0.01μg/cm~2)、MOT-1-1(EC_(50)为0.30±0.01μg/cm~2)和MOT-2(EC_(50)为0.57±0.01μg/cm~2);防污活性中等的化合物1个,即MOT-3-3-4(EC_(50)为7.47±0.13μg/cm~2)。
(5)通过对pimarene型的二萜骨架的结构一活性关系进行研究,总结了该类型化合物的一些规律:
a.支链上的双羟基是该类型化合物的活性基团,对化合物的防污活性起到了关键的作用,但是双羟基对化合物的毒性没影响。
b.支链上的取代基对活性的影响:双羟基＞环氧＞乙酰基＞甲氧基＞甲磺酰基团。
Marine fouling organisms often cause technical and economic problems by settling on artificial surfaces submerged in seawaters.Although organotin compounds and booster biocides have been widely used for controlling these fouling organisms, they may also pollute the aquatic environments.Along with the increasing concern about environment,effective and environmentally friendly antifoulants are urgently needed.Therefore,an important source of such effective and environmentally friendly antifoulants is based on the research of natural product antifoulants.Ceriops tagal Perr.(Rhizophoraceae) is an important mangrove species.This species is rich in terpenoids(including a series of new terpenoids),while marine new terpenoids are an important source of marine antifoulants.The chemical constituents and antifouling activities of the mangrove plant C.tagal were studied in this paper.The EtOH extracts from the roots of C.tagal were chromatographed over Silica gel,Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC respectively to yield compounds.The structure and relative stereochemistry were elucidated by means of extensive NMR(including ~1H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR,DEPT,HMQC,HMBC,~1H-~1H COSY,NOESY),IR and MS(including ESIMS and HRESIMS) analyses.By using the settlement inhibition assay with cyprids larvae of barnacle Balanus albicostatus Pilsbry,the roots of C.tagal was investigated for testing antifouling activity.The main results were shown as followed:
(1) Four novel backbone compounds were isolated from the roots of C.tagal. These compounds are all dimeric diterpenes,namely,tagalsin L(1),tagalsin M(2), tagalsin N(3) and tagalsin P(4).In addition,one new diterpene was isolated from the the roots of C.tagal and determined as tagalsin O(5).
(2) Thirteen known compounds were isolated from the roots of C.tagal.Among these compounds,three diterpenes are ent-8(14)-pimarene- 15R,16-diol(6),ent-8(14) -pimarene-15,16-O- isopropylidene(7) and tagalsin C(8);one dimeric diterpene is tagalsinⅠ(9);five triterpenes are betulin(10),lup-20(29)-en-3-oxo-oic acid(11), betulin acid(12),lupane-20(29)-en-3-oxo-28-diol(13) and lup-20(29)-en-3β-24-diol (14);two phytosterins are stigmasterol(15) andβ-sitosterol;two aromatic compounds are coffeic acid methyl ester(17) and coffeic acid(18).Among these compounds, compounds 6,7,14 and 17 were isolated from the roots ofC.tagal for the first time.
(3) Using the settlement inhibition assay with cyprids larvae of bamacle Balanus albicostatus,the compounds from the roots of C.tagal was investigated for testing antifouling activity.Capsaicin,as a widely used antifoulant,was chosen as the reference.According to the antifouling activity,five grades were set:very strong (EC_(50)＜0.1μg/cm~2),strong(0.1μg/cm~2＜EC_(50)＜1μg/cm~2),medium(1μg/cm~2＜EC_(50)＜10μg/cm~2),feeble(10μg/cm~2＜EC_(50)＜50μg/cm~2) and non-antifouling(EC_(50)＞50μg/cm~2).Comparing with the antifouling activity of capsaicin(EC_(50)= 1.32±0.02μg/cm~2),thirteen compounds were approved to be active.Among these compounds,one natural product antifoulant with very strong antifouling activity is ent-8(14)-pimarene-15R,16-diol(EC_(50) = 0.04±0.00μg/cm~2);two natural product antifoulants with strong antifouling activity are tagalsin O(EC_(50) = 0.32±0.01μg/cm~2) and tagalsin C(EC_(50) = 0.65±0.02μg/cm~2);six natural product antifoulants with medium antifouling activity are tagalsin N(EC_(50) = 8.79±0.36μg/cm~2),betulin (EC_(50) = 9.27±0.30μg/cm~2),lupane-20(29)-en-3-oxo-28-diol(EC_(50) = 8.73±0.43μg/cm~2),ent-8(14) -pimarene-15,16-O-isopropylidene(EC_(50)= 4.02±0.06μg/cm~2), stigmasterol(EC_(50) = 4.05±0.15μg/cm~2) and lup-20(29)-en-3-oxo-oic acid(EC_(50) = 3.20±0.17μg/cm~2);four natural product antifoulants with feeble antifouling activity are tagalsin L(EC_(50) = 26.05±0.26μg/cm~2),tagalsin M(EC_(50) = 22.19±0.21μg/cm~2),tagalsinⅠ(EC_(50) = 11.67±0.47μg/cm~2) andβ-sitosterol(EC_(50) = 18.47±0.40μg/cm~2).On the other hand,their toxicities to cyprids were quite low and they all inhibited cyprid settlement in a non-toxic way.These compounds are great potential marine environmentally friendly antifoulants.
(4) The structure of ent-8(14)-pimarene-15R,16-diol was modified and five compounds was synthesized.Among these compounds,one compound with very strong antifouling activity is MOT-3-4-3(EC_(50)= 0.05±0.00μg/cm~2);three compounds with strong antifouling activity are MOT-1-2-2(EC_(50) = 0.14±0.01 μg/cm~2),MOT-1-1(EC_(50) = 0.30±0.01μg/cm~2) and MOT-2(EC_(50) = 0.57±0.01μg/cm~2);one compound with medium antifouling activity is MOT-3-3-4(EC_(50) = 7.47±0.13μg/cm~2).
5.Our structure-activity relationship analysis of ent-pimarane diterpenoid is summarized as follows:
a.The antifouling activity might be due to the number of free hydroxyl group in side chain of pimarane diterpenoid.However,there was no great effect of the number of free hydroxyl group on the toxicity of pimarane diterpenoids.
b.Effect of substituent group in side chain on the activity of ent-pimarane diterpenoids:hydroxyl group＞epoxy＞acetyl group＞methoxyl group＞mesyl group.
(1)从角果木根的乙醇提取物中得到4个新骨架的新化合物,这些化合物均为二萜二聚体,分别命名为tagalsin L(1)、tagalsin M(2)、tagalsin N(3)和tagalsin P(4)。并得到二萜类新化合物1个,命名为tagalsin O(5)。
(2)从角果木根的乙醇提取物中得到13个已知的化合物单体,这些化合物中二萜类化合物3个,包括ent-8(14)-pimarene-15R,16-diol(6)、ent-8(14)-pimarene-15,16-O-isopropylidene(7)和tagalsin C(8);二萜二聚体1个,tagalsin I(9);三萜类化合物5个,包括betulin(10)、lup-20(29)-en-3-oxo-oic acid(11)、betulin acid(12)、lupane-20(29)-en-3-oxo-28-diol(13)和lup-20(29)-en-3β-24-diol(14);甾体2个,包括stigmasterol(15)和β-sitosterol(16);芳香类化合物2个,包括coffeic acid methyl ester(17)和coffeic acid(18)。其中化合物6、7、14和17为首次从该植物中分离得到。
(3)利用白脊藤壶(B.albicostatus)金星幼体附着抑制实验模型对红树植物角果木根的防污活性进行研究。以国内外已有数项防污专利的辣椒素为参照物(EC_(50)为1.32±0.02μg/cm~2),把防污活性设为以下5个等级:防污活性很强(EC_(50)＜0.1μg/cm~2)、防污活性强(0.1μg/cm~2＜EC_(50)＜1μg/cm~2)、防污活性中等(1μg/cm~2＜EC_(50)＜10μg/cm~2)、防污活性弱(10μg/cm~2＜EC_(50)＜50μg/cm~2)、无防污活性(EC_(50)＞50μg/cm~2)。筛选出13个有防污活性的化合物,其中防污活性很强的天然防污产物1个即二萜类化合物ent-8(14)-pimarene-15R,16-diol(EC_(50)为0.04±0.00μg/cm~2);防污活性强的天然防污产物有2个,包括新化合物tagalsin O(EC_(50)为0.32±0.01μg/cm~2)和化合物tagalsin C(EC_(50)为0.65±0.02μg/cm~2);防污活性中等的天然防污产物有6个,包括新骨架化合物tagalsin N(EC_(50)为8.79±0.36μg/cm~2)和化合物betulin(EC_(50)为9.27±0.30μg/cm~2)、lupane-20(29)-en-3-oxo-28-diol(EC_(50)为8.73±0.43μg/cm~2)、ent-8(14)-pimarene-15,16-O-isopropylidene(EC_(50)为4.02±0.06μg/cm~2)、stigmasterol(EC_(50)为4.05±0.15μg/cm~2)、lup-20(29)-en-3-oxo-oicacid(EC_(50)为3.20±0.17μg/cm~2),另外还有4个防污活性较低的天然防污产物,包括tagalsin L(EC_(50)为26.05±0.26μg/cm~2)、tagalsin M(EC_(50)为22.19±0.21μg/cm~2)、tagalsin I(EC_(50)为11.67±0.47μg/cm~2)和β-sitosterol(EC_(50)为18.47±0.40μg/cm~2)。所有天然产物都是低毒的天然防污产物。这些天然防污产物极在开发防污涂料中潜力很大。
(4)对萜类化合物ent-8(14)-pimarene-15R,16-diol进行结构修饰,合成了5个化合物,其中防污活性很强的化合物1个,即化合物MOT-3-4-3(EC_(50)为0.05±0.00μg/cm~2):防污活性强的化合物3个,包括MOT-1-2-2(EC_(50)为0.14±0.01μg/cm~2)、MOT-1-1(EC_(50)为0.30±0.01μg/cm~2)和MOT-2(EC_(50)为0.57±0.01μg/cm~2);防污活性中等的化合物1个,即MOT-3-3-4(EC_(50)为7.47±0.13μg/cm~2)。
(5)通过对pimarene型的二萜骨架的结构一活性关系进行研究,总结了该类型化合物的一些规律:
a.支链上的双羟基是该类型化合物的活性基团,对化合物的防污活性起到了关键的作用,但是双羟基对化合物的毒性没影响。
b.支链上的取代基对活性的影响:双羟基＞环氧＞乙酰基＞甲氧基＞甲磺酰基团。
Marine fouling organisms often cause technical and economic problems by settling on artificial surfaces submerged in seawaters.Although organotin compounds and booster biocides have been widely used for controlling these fouling organisms, they may also pollute the aquatic environments.Along with the increasing concern about environment,effective and environmentally friendly antifoulants are urgently needed.Therefore,an important source of such effective and environmentally friendly antifoulants is based on the research of natural product antifoulants.Ceriops tagal Perr.(Rhizophoraceae) is an important mangrove species.This species is rich in terpenoids(including a series of new terpenoids),while marine new terpenoids are an important source of marine antifoulants.The chemical constituents and antifouling activities of the mangrove plant C.tagal were studied in this paper.The EtOH extracts from the roots of C.tagal were chromatographed over Silica gel,Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC respectively to yield compounds.The structure and relative stereochemistry were elucidated by means of extensive NMR(including ~1H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR,DEPT,HMQC,HMBC,~1H-~1H COSY,NOESY),IR and MS(including ESIMS and HRESIMS) analyses.By using the settlement inhibition assay with cyprids larvae of barnacle Balanus albicostatus Pilsbry,the roots of C.tagal was investigated for testing antifouling activity.The main results were shown as followed:
(1) Four novel backbone compounds were isolated from the roots of C.tagal. These compounds are all dimeric diterpenes,namely,tagalsin L(1),tagalsin M(2), tagalsin N(3) and tagalsin P(4).In addition,one new diterpene was isolated from the the roots of C.tagal and determined as tagalsin O(5).
(2) Thirteen known compounds were isolated from the roots of C.tagal.Among these compounds,three diterpenes are ent-8(14)-pimarene- 15R,16-diol(6),ent-8(14) -pimarene-15,16-O- isopropylidene(7) and tagalsin C(8);one dimeric diterpene is tagalsinⅠ(9);five triterpenes are betulin(10),lup-20(29)-en-3-oxo-oic acid(11), betulin acid(12),lupane-20(29)-en-3-oxo-28-diol(13) and lup-20(29)-en-3β-24-diol (14);two phytosterins are stigmasterol(15) andβ-sitosterol;two aromatic compounds are coffeic acid methyl ester(17) and coffeic acid(18).Among these compounds, compounds 6,7,14 and 17 were isolated from the roots ofC.tagal for the first time.
(3) Using the settlement inhibition assay with cyprids larvae of bamacle Balanus albicostatus,the compounds from the roots of C.tagal was investigated for testing antifouling activity.Capsaicin,as a widely used antifoulant,was chosen as the reference.According to the antifouling activity,five grades were set:very strong (EC_(50)＜0.1μg/cm~2),strong(0.1μg/cm~2＜EC_(50)＜1μg/cm~2),medium(1μg/cm~2＜EC_(50)＜10μg/cm~2),feeble(10μg/cm~2＜EC_(50)＜50μg/cm~2) and non-antifouling(EC_(50)＞50μg/cm~2).Comparing with the antifouling activity of capsaicin(EC_(50)= 1.32±0.02μg/cm~2),thirteen compounds were approved to be active.Among these compounds,one natural product antifoulant with very strong antifouling activity is ent-8(14)-pimarene-15R,16-diol(EC_(50) = 0.04±0.00μg/cm~2);two natural product antifoulants with strong antifouling activity are tagalsin O(EC_(50) = 0.32±0.01μg/cm~2) and tagalsin C(EC_(50) = 0.65±0.02μg/cm~2);six natural product antifoulants with medium antifouling activity are tagalsin N(EC_(50) = 8.79±0.36μg/cm~2),betulin (EC_(50) = 9.27±0.30μg/cm~2),lupane-20(29)-en-3-oxo-28-diol(EC_(50) = 8.73±0.43μg/cm~2),ent-8(14) -pimarene-15,16-O-isopropylidene(EC_(50)= 4.02±0.06μg/cm~2), stigmasterol(EC_(50) = 4.05±0.15μg/cm~2) and lup-20(29)-en-3-oxo-oic acid(EC_(50) = 3.20±0.17μg/cm~2);four natural product antifoulants with feeble antifouling activity are tagalsin L(EC_(50) = 26.05±0.26μg/cm~2),tagalsin M(EC_(50) = 22.19±0.21μg/cm~2),tagalsinⅠ(EC_(50) = 11.67±0.47μg/cm~2) andβ-sitosterol(EC_(50) = 18.47±0.40μg/cm~2).On the other hand,their toxicities to cyprids were quite low and they all inhibited cyprid settlement in a non-toxic way.These compounds are great potential marine environmentally friendly antifoulants.
(4) The structure of ent-8(14)-pimarene-15R,16-diol was modified and five compounds was synthesized.Among these compounds,one compound with very strong antifouling activity is MOT-3-4-3(EC_(50)= 0.05±0.00μg/cm~2);three compounds with strong antifouling activity are MOT-1-2-2(EC_(50) = 0.14±0.01 μg/cm~2),MOT-1-1(EC_(50) = 0.30±0.01μg/cm~2) and MOT-2(EC_(50) = 0.57±0.01μg/cm~2);one compound with medium antifouling activity is MOT-3-3-4(EC_(50) = 7.47±0.13μg/cm~2).
5.Our structure-activity relationship analysis of ent-pimarane diterpenoid is summarized as follows:
a.The antifouling activity might be due to the number of free hydroxyl group in side chain of pimarane diterpenoid.However,there was no great effect of the number of free hydroxyl group on the toxicity of pimarane diterpenoids.
b.Effect of substituent group in side chain on the activity of ent-pimarane diterpenoids:hydroxyl group＞epoxy＞acetyl group＞methoxyl group＞mesyl group.
引文
[1]林鹏,傅勤.中国红树林环境生态及经济利用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1994.
[2]林鹏.中国红树林研究进展[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2001,40(2):592-603.
[3]林鹏.红树林的种类及其分布[J].林业科学,1987,23(4):481-490.
[4]Bandaranayake W M.Traditional and medicinal use of mangroves[J].Mangroves and Salt Marshes,1982,2:133-148.
[5]尚随胜,龙盛京.红树植物木榄的活性成分研究概况[J].中草药,2005,36(3):465-467.
[6]林鹏.我国药用的红树林植物[J].海洋药物,1984,(4):45-51.
[7]包淑云,林文翰.红树植物尖辦海莲的化学成分研究[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(14):1168-1171.
[8]林鹏.红树林[M].北京:海洋出版社,1984.
[9]王友绍,何磊,王清吉,张偲.药用红树植物的化学成分及其药理研究进展[J].中国海洋药物,2004,2(98):26-31.
[10]陈桂葵,陈桂珠.中国红树林植物区系分析[J].生态科学,1998,17(2):19-2.
[11]陈远生,甘先华,吴中亨,钟德群.广东省沿海红树林现状和发展[J].广东林业科技,2001,17(1):20-26.
[12]林鹏,林益明,杨志伟,王湛昌.中国海洋红树林药物的研究现状、民间利用及展望[J].海洋科学,2005,29(9):76-79.
[13]Miles D H,Kokpol U,Chittawong V.Mangrove forests-the important of conservation as a bioresource for ecosystem diversity and utilization as a source of chemical constituents with potential medicinal and agricultural value[C].Pure and Applied Chemistry,1998,70(11):2110-2145.
[14]Ganguly S N,Sircar S N L.Giberellins from mangrove plant[J].Phytochemistry,1974,13(9):1911-1913.
[15]《全国中草药汇编》编写组.全国中草药汇编(下册)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1978.
[16]陈冀胜.中国有毒植物[M].北京:科学出版社,1987,257.
[17]国家中医药管理局《中华本草》编委会.中华本草(第5卷)[M].上海:科学技术出 版社,1998,615.
[18]华南植物研究所.海南植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,1965,181.
[19]Anjaneyulu A S R,Lakshmana R V.Five new diterpenoids(agallochins A) from the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha Linn[J].Phytochemistry,2000,55:891-901.
[20]Peter K L.A Guide to the Mangroves of Singapore Ⅰ:the Ecosystem and Plant Diversity[M].Singapore:Bulletin of Singapore Science Center,1999.
[21]谭仁祥.植物成分分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2002,417.
[22]Laphookhieo S.Cytotoxic cardenolide glycoside from the seeds of Cerbera odollam[J].Phytochemistry,2004,65(4):507-510.
[23]黄建设,赖小燕,钟明君,张偲.红树植物玉蕊的化学成分和药理活性[J].天然产物研究与开发,2004,16(2):167-171.
[24]Miles D H,Ddlacruza A,Ly A M.Toxicants from mangrove plants:ichthyotoxins from the Philippine plant Heritiera littoralis[J].American Chemical Society,1987,330:490-501.
[25]Miles D H,Ly A.Toxicants from mangrove plants,Ⅵ.Heritonin,a new piscicide from the mangrove plant Heritiera littoralis[J].Journal of Natural Products,1989,52(4):896-898.
[26]Miles D H,Chittawongd V,Lho D S.Toxicants from mangrove plants,Ⅷ.Vallapin and vallapianin,novel sesquiterpene lactones from the Mangrove Plant Heritiera littoralis[J].Journal of Natural Products,1991,54(1):286-289.
[27]赵亚,郭跃伟.真红树林植物化学成分及生物活性研究概况[J].中国天然药物,2004,2(3):135-140.
[28]Hasan C M,Khan S,Jabbar A.Nasimaluns A and B:neo-clerodane diterpenoids from Barringtonia racemosa[J].Journal of Natural Products,2000,63:410-411.
[29]Han L,Huang X,Sattler I,Dahse H,Fu H,Lin W,Grabley S.New diterpenoids from the marine mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza[J].Journal of Natural Products,2004,67:1620-1623.
[30]Subrahmanyam C,Ran V,Ward R S.Diterpenes from the marine mangrove Bruguiera gymnorhiza[J].Phytochemistry,1999,51(1):83-90.
[31]Anjaneyulu A S R,Rao V L,Lobkovsky E,Clardy J.Ceripsin E,a new epoxy ent-kaurene diterpenoid from Ceriops decandra[J].Journal of Natural Products,2002,65:592-594.
[32]Anjaneyulu A S R,Rao V L.Ceripsins F and G,diterpenoids from Ceriops decandra[J].Phytochemistry,2003,62:1207-1211.
[33]Anjaneyulu A S R,Rao V L.Rhizophorin B:a novel beyerane diterpenoid from the Indian mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata[J].Indian Journal of Chemistry,Section B:Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry,2000,39(11):803-807.
[34]Anjaneyulu A S R,Rao V L.Rhizophorin A:a novel secolabdane diterpenid from the Indian mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata[J].Natural Product Letters,2001,15(1):13-19.
[35]Anjaneyulu A S R,Rao V L.Ceripsins A-D,diterpenoids from Ceriops decandra[J].Phytochemistry,2002,60:777-782.
[36]Han L,Huang X S,Sattler L,Dahse H M,Fu H Z,Grabley S,Lin W H.Three new pimaren diterpenoids from mangrove plant,Bruguiera gymnorrhiza[J].Pharmaie,2005,60:705-707.
[37]Zhang Y,Deng Z,Gao T,Prokseh P,Lin W.Tagalsins A-H,dolabranes-type diterpenes from the mangrove plant,Ceriops tagal[J].Phytochemistry,2005,66:1465-1471.
[38]Karalai C,Widyachitra P,Opferkuch H J,Hecker E.Cryptic and free skin irritants of the daphnane and tigliane types in latex of Excoecaria agallocha[J].Planta Medica,1994,60:351-355.
[39]Konishi T,Kiyosawa S,Konoshima T,Fujiwara Y.Chemical structures of excoecarins A,B and C:three new labdane-type diterpenes from wood,Excoecaria agallocha[J].Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1996,44(11):2100-2102.
[40]Wiriyachitra P,Hajiwangoh H,Boonton P.Investigations of medicinal plants of euphorbiaceae and thymelaeaeeae occurring and used in Thailand[J].Planta Medica,1985,51(5):368-371.
[4]]霍长虹,梁鸿,赵玉英,林文翰.老鼠簕属植物化学成分及其活性研究进展[J].中国海洋药物,2004,(3):39-44.
[42]Ghosh A,Misra S,Dutta A K,Choudhury A.Pentacyclie triterpenoids and sterols from seven species of mangrove[J].Phytoehemistry,1985,24(8):1725-1727.
[43]Ghosh S,Majumdar,Gouri P.Chemical investigation of some mangrove species[J].Journal of the Indian Chemical Society,1976,11:1241-1242.
[44]Goyal M M,Rani K K.Antibacterial activity of the natural products from the leaves of Thespesiapopulnea[J].Acta Cienceia Indica Chemistry,1989,15(2):117-124.
[45]Hogg R W,Giilan F T.Fatty acids,sterols and hydrocarbons in the leaves from eleven species of mangrove[J].Phytochemistry,1984,23(1):93-97.
[46]Kokpol U,Chavasiri W,Chittawong V,Miles D H.Taraxeryl cis-p-hydroxycinnamate,a novel taraxeryl from Rhizophora apiculata[J].Journal of Natural Products,1990,53(4):953-955.
[47]Laphookhieo S,Karalai C,Ponglimanont C,Chantrapromma K.Pentacyclic triterpenoidesters from the fruits of Bruguiera cylindrical[J].Journal of Natural Products,2004,67:886-888.
[48]Minocha P K,Tiwari K P.A triterpenoidal saponin from roots of Acanthus illicifolius[J].Phytochemistry,1981,20(1):135-137.
[49]Misra S,Choudhury A K,Dutta A K.Sterols and fatty acids from three species of mangrove[J].Phytochemistry,1984,23(12):2823-2827.
[50]Suniti M,Datta A K,Choudhury S C A.Hydrocarbons and wax esters from seven species of mangrove leaves[J].Phytochemistry,1987,26(12):3265-3268.
[51]Pakhathirathien C,Karalai C,Ponglimanont C,Subhadhirasakul S,Chantrapromma K.Dammarane triterpenes from the hypocotyls and fruits of Ceriops tagal[J].Journal of Natural Products,2005,68(12):1787-1789.
[52]Kokpol U,Chavasiri W,Tip-ptang S,.Veerachato G,Zhao F L,Simpson J,Weavers R T.A limonoid from Xylocarpus granatum[J].Phytochemistry,1996,41(3):903-905.
[53]张炎,邓志威,高天翔.中国红树植物角果木的化学成分[J].药学学报,2005,40(10):935-939.
[54]Zhang Y,Lu Y,Mao L,Proksch P,Lin W H.Tagalsins I and J,two novel tetraterpenoids from the mangrove plant,Ceriops tagal[J].Organic Letters,2005,7(14):3037-3040.
[55]Amitabha G,Suniti M,Ashis K.Pentaeyclie triterpenoids and sterols from seven species of mangrove[J].Phytochemistry,1985,24(8):1725-1727.
[56]Kokpol U,Vallapa C,Miles D H.Chemical constituents of the roots of Acanthus ilicifoIius[J]. Journal of Natural Products, 1986,49(2): 355-356.
[57] Clarke A E, Gleeson P A, Jermyn M A. Characterization and localization of pMectins in lower and higher plants[J]. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1978,5(5): 752-759.
[58] Chang L C, Gills J J, Bhat K P. Activity-guided isolation of constituents of Cerbera manghas with antiproliferative and antiestrogenic activities[J]. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2000,10(21): 2431-2434.
[59] Minocha P K, Tiwari K P. Chemical constituents of Acanthus illicifolius Linn[J]. Polish Journal of Chemistry, 1980,54(10): 2089-2093.
[60] Hsu F L, Nonaka G I, Nishioka I. Tannins and related compounds. XXXI. Isolation and characterization of proanthocyanidins in Kandelia candel (L.) Druce[J]. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1985,33(8): 31422-3152.
[61] Nobutoshi T, Takao M, Yasuhisa S. Chemical and chemotaxonomical studies of ferns. XXXVII. Chemical studies on the constituents of Costa ricanferns[J]. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1981,29(12): 3455-3463.
[62] Tian Y, Wu J, Zhang S. Flavonoids from leaves of Heritiera littoralis[J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2004,13(3): 214-216.
[63] Sharaf M, E1-Ansari M A, Saleh N A. New flavonoids from Avicennia marina[J]. Fitoterapia, 2000,71(3): 274-277.
[64] Shirwaikar A, Kumar A V, Krishnanand B R. Chemical investigation and antihepato toxic activity of Thespesia populnea[J]. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 1995,33(4): 305-310.
[65] Shirwaikar A, Srinivasan K K. New flavonoids from the flowers of Thespesia populnea[J]. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 1996,18(2): 266-269.
[66] Sana M M, Mallik U K, Mallik AK.A chromenoflavanone and two caffeic esters from Pongamia glabra[J]. Phytochemistry, 1991, 30(11): 3834-3836.
[67] Wolf R B, Spencer G F, Plattner R D. Benzoxazolinone, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, and its glucoside from Acanthus mollis seeds inhibit velvetleaf germination and growth[J]. Journal of Natural Products, 1985, 48(1):59-63.
[68] Tiwari K P, Minocha P K, Masood M. Acanthicifoline- a new alkaloid from Acanthus ilicifolius[J].Polish Journal of Chemistry,1980,54(4):857-863.
[69]Kato A.Brugine from Bruguiera cylindrica[J].Phytoehemistry,1975,14:1458.
[70]Chen I S,Chen J J,Tsai I L.Alkaloids from Hernandia sonora[J].Phytochemistry,1995,40(3),983-986.
[71]Kato A.Brugierol and isobrugierol,trans-1,2-dithiolane 1-oxide and cis-1,2-dithiolane 1-oxide,from Bruguiera conjuata[J].Tetrahedron Letters,1972,3:203-206.
[72]Kato A,Takahashi J.A new naturally occurring 1.2-dithiolane from Bruguiera cylindrical[J].Phytoehemistry,1976,15(1):220-221.
[73]Gomez E,Cruz-Giron L D O.Toxicants from Mangrove Plants,V.Isolation of Piscicide,2-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-undeeyl-1,4-benzo-quinone(5-O-Methylembelin) from Aegiceras corniculatum[J].Journal of Natural Products,1989,52(3):649-651.
[74]Jia R,Guo Y W,Hou H X.Studies on the chemical constituents from leaves of Avicennia marina[J].Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines,2004,2(1):16-19.
[75]Neelakantan S,Rajagopalan V,Raman P V.Thespesone and thespone,two new mansonones of heartwood of Thespesiap opulnea[J].Indian Journal of Chemistry Section B Organic Including Medicinal,1983,22(1):95-96.
[76]Lin T C,Hsu F L,Cheng J T.Antihypertensive activity of corilagin and chebulinic acid,tannins from Lumnitzera,racemosa[J].Journal of Natural Products,1993,56(4):629-632.
[77]Kanchanapoom T,Kamel M S,Kasai R.Lignan glucosides from Acanthus ilicifolius[J].Phytochemistry,2001,56:369-372.
[78]Kanchanapoom T,Kamel M S,Kasai R.Benzoxazin0id glucosides from Acanthus ilicifolius[J].Phytoehemistry,2001,58:637-640.
[79]林文翰,陈英玉,顾佳,马大龙,张婷.Tagalsin C及其同系物在制备抗肿瘤药物中的作用[P].CN]01077345.2006.
[80]Tenji K,Midori T,Harukuni T.Anti-humor-promoting activity of the diterpene of Excoecaria agallocha[J].Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1998,21(9):993-996.
[81]Takao K,Tenji K,Midori T.Anti-humor-promoting activity of the diterpene of Excoecaria agallocha Ⅱ[J].Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,2001,24(12):1440-1442.
[82]Babu B H,Shylesh B S,Padikkla J.Tumour reducing and anticareinogenic activity of Acanthus ilicifolius[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2002,79:27-33.
[83]Rojanapo W,Tepsuwan A,Siripong P.Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of Thai medicinal plants[J].Basic Life Sciences,1990,52:447-452.
[84]Kokpol U.Chemistry of natural products from mangrove plants[C].UNDP/UNESCO,Training course on life history of selected species of flora and fauna in mangrove ecosystem.Thailand,1985,159-169.
[85]Thomas T J,Panikkar B,Subramoniam A.Antitumor property and toxicity of Barringtonia racemosa Roxb seed extract in mice[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2002,82:223-227.
[86]Johnson I J,Gandhidasan R,Murugesan R.Cyto toxicity and superoxide anion generation by some naturally occurring quinones[J].Free Radical Biology and Medicine,1999,26:1072-1078.
[87]Chang L C,Gerhauser C,Song L.A ctivity-guided isolation of constituents of tephrosia purpurea with the potential to induce the phase enzyme,quinone,reductase[J].Journal of Natural Products,1997,60(9):869-873.
[88]黄梁绮龄,苏美玲.香港地区红树植物资源研究(Ⅰ)四种常见红树植物抑制植物病原真菌效能的评价[J].天然产物研究与开发,1994,6(1):5-8.
[89]Baswa M,Rath C C,Dash S K.Antibacterial activity of karanj(Pongamiapinnata) and Iveem(Azadirachta indica) seed oil:a prelim inary report[J].Microbios,2001,105(412):183-189.
[90]Khan S,Jabbar A,Hasan C M.Antibacterial activity of Barrintonia racermosa[J],Fitoteraia,2001,72:162-164.
[91]Mahasneh A M.Screening of some indigenous Qatad medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity[J].Phytotherapy Research,2002,16(8):751-753.
[92]Kokpol U,Chavasiri W,Chittawong V.Long chain aiiphatic alcohols and saturated carbo-xylic acids from heartwood of Rhizophora apiculata[J].Phytoehemistry,1993,33(5):1129-1131.
[93]Elanchezhiyan M,Rajarajan S,Rajendran P.Antiviral properties of the seed extract of an Indian medicinal plant Pongamia pinnata Linn,against herpes simp lex virues:in vitro studies on veto cells[J].Journal of Medical Microbiology,1993,38(4):262-264.
[94]Premanthan M,Thiresan K,Chandra K.Broad spectrum antiviral activity of mangrove plants[J].Antiviral Research,1993,20(1):169-178.
[95]Premanathan M,Nakashima H,Kathiresan K.In vitro anti-human immtmodeficiency virus activity of mangrove plants[J].Indian Journal of Medical Research,1996,103:278-281.
[96]Premanthan M,Kathiresan K,Yamamoto N,Nakashima H.In vitro Anti-human immtmodeficiency virus activity of polysaccharide from Rhizophora mucronata Poir[J].Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,1999,63(7):1187-1191.
[97]Premanathan M,Arakaki R,Izumi H,Kathiresan K,Nakano M,Yamamoto N,Nakashima H.Antiviral properties of a mangrove plant,Rhizophora apiculata Blume,against human immuneodeficiency virus[J].Antiviral research,1999,44:113-122.
[98]Karen L,Edckson,John A B.A novel phorbol ester from Excoecaria agallocha[J].Journal of Natural Products,1995,58(5):769-772.
[99]Xu M,Deng Z W,Li M,Li J,Fu H Z,Proksch P,Lin W H.Chemical constituents from the mangrove plant,Aegiceras corniculatum[J].Journal of Natural Products,2004,67(5):762-766.
[100]Simonsen H T,Nordskjoid J B,Smitt U W,Nyman U,Palpu P,Joshi P,Varughese G.In vitro screening of Indian medicinal plants for antiplasmodial activity[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2001,74:195-204.
[101]Zaridah M,Idid S,Omar A W,Khozirah S.In vitro antifilarial effects of three plant species against adult worms of subpedodic Brugia malayi[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2001,78:79-84.
[102]Chou F Y,Kurt H,Isao K.Isolation of an insect anti-feedant-methylflindersine and several benz phenanthridine alkaloids from east-african plants-comment on chelerythrine[J].Heterocycles,1977,7(2):969-977.
[103]Kapil A,Sharma S,Wahidulla S.Leishmanicidal activity of 2-benzoxazolinone from Acanthus illicitfolius in vitro[J].Planta Medica,1994,60:187-188.
[104]Srinivasan K,Muruganandan S,Lal J,Chandra S,Tandan S K,Prakash V R.Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activety of Pongamia pinnata leaves in rats[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2001,78:151-153.
[105]Sfinivasan K,Muruganandan S,Lal J.Antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of Pongamia pinnata leaves[J].Phytotherapy Research,2003,17(3):259-264.
[106]Benhaim P,Mathes S J,Hunt T K.Induction of neutrophil Mac~(-1) integrin expression and superoxide production by the medicinal plant extract gossypol[J].Inflammation,1994,18(5):443-458.
[107]Nagappa A N,Cheriyan B.Wound healing activity of the aqueous extract of Thespesia populnea fruit[J].Fitoterapia,2001,72(5):503-506.
[108]Cometa F,Tomassini L,Nicoletti M.Phenylpropanoid glycosides:distribution and pharmacological activity[J].Fitoterapia,1993,64:195-217.
[109]Otsuka H,Hirai Y,Nagao T.Anti-inflammatory activity of benzoxazinoids from roots of Coix lachrymajobi vat.mayuen[J].Journal of Natural Products,1988,51(1):74-79.
[110]Babu B,Sgylesh B,Padikkala J.Antioxidant and heaptoprotective effect of Acanthus ilicifolius[J].Fitoterapia,2001,72:272-277.
[111]黄宗国,蔡如星.海洋污损生物及其防除[M].北京:海洋出版社,1984,352.
[112]Lewis J A.Marne biofouling and its prevention on underwater surface[J].Materials Forum,1998,22:41-61.
[113]Yebra D M,Kiil S,Dam-Johansen K.Antifouling technology-past,present and future steps towards efficient and environmentally friendly antifouling coatings[J].Progress in Organic Coatings,2004,50:75-104.
[114]Clare A S.Marne natural product antifoulants:status and potential[J].Biofouling,1996,9(3):211-229.
[115]Raiikin A I.Marine biofouling:colonization processes and defenses[M].Boca Raton:CRC press,2004,87.
[116]Rittsehof D.Fouling and natural products as antifoulants[A].In Fingerman M,Nagabhushanam R and Thompson M F,eds.Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology.Dew Delhi:Oxford and IBH Publishing Co,1997,245-257.
[117]Gitlita M H.Recent developments in marine antifouling coatings[J].Journal of Coatings Technology,1981,53:46-52.
[118]Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution(WHOI).Marine Fouling and Its Prevention[M]. Annapolis:US Naval Institute,1952,388.
[119]Butler C,Ison H C K.Corrosion and Its Prevention in Waters[M].London:Leonard-Hill,1966,281.
[120]Teel R B,Fair W F Jr.Testing of coalvtar coating(Ⅲ)-resistance of fouling and degradation by marine organisms[J].Corrosion,1957,13(8):493-500.
[121]Little B,Wagner P,Mansfels E Microbiologically influenced corrosion of metals and alloys[J].International Materials Reviews,1991,36(6):253-272.
[122]Mak M S P.Biofouling of mariculture cages in Hong Kong[D].PhD Thesis,University of Hong Kong,1982.
[123]黄桂芳,郑国富,魏观渊,丁兰,戴天元.福建围头海域深水网箱养殖区污损生物[J].海洋学报,2007,29(1):98-104.
[124]Longford T.Biological problems with the use of sea water for cooling[J].Chemistry and Industry,1977,14:612-616.
[125]Morton B S.Control of Limnoperna fortun[J].Journal of the Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists,1976,30:147-156.
[126]厦门大学生物系植物学教研室硅藻科研组.福建省紫菜敌害硅藻的调查[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),1977,1:108-122.
[127]Callow M E,Callow J E.Marine biofouling:a sticky problem[J].Biologist,2002,49:4-10.
[128]季崇洲.国外船舶防污涂料[J].国外涂料报道,1994,3:12.
[129]周陈亮.舰船防污涂料的历史、现状和未来[J].中国涂料,1998,6:9-45.
[130]Ellis D V.New dangerous chemical in the environment lessons from TBT[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1991,22:8-11.
[131]Rittschof D.Natural product antifoulants and coatings development[J].Marine Chemical Ecology,2001,543-566.
[132]Negri A P,Smith L D,Webster N S,Heyward S J.Understanding ship-grounding impacts on a coral reef potential effects of anti-foulant paint contamination on coral recruitment[J].Marine Pollutution Bulletin,2002,44:111-117.
[133]Houghton D H.Toxicity testing of candidate antifouling agents and accelerated paint testing[J].Marine Biodeterioration:Ainterdisciplinary Study US Naval Institute Press. 256-258.
[134]Lau S C K,Qian P Y.Phlorotannins and related compounds as larval settlement inhibitors of the tube-building polychaete Hydroides elegans[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1997,159:219-227.
[135]Lau S C K,Qian P Y.Inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds and marine bacteria on larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin[J].Biofouling,2000,16:47-58.
[136]Nys R D,Steinberg P D,Willemsen P.Broad spectrum effects of secondary metabolites from the red alga Delisea pulchra in antifouling assays[J].Biofouling,1995,8:259-271.
[137]Konig G M,Wright A D,Denys R.Halogenated monoterpenes from Plocamium costatum and their biological activity[J].Journal of Natural Products,1999,62(22):383-385.
[138]Zapata O,McMillan C.Phenolic acids in seagrasses[J].Aquatic Botany,1979,7:307-317.
[139]Harrison P G,Chan A T.Inhibition of the growth of micro-algae by extracts of eelgrass (Zostera marina) leaves[J].Marine Biology,1980,61:21-26.
[140]Todd J S,Zimmerman R C,Crews P,Alberte R S.The antifouling activity of natural and synthetic phenolic acid sulphate esters[J].Phytochemistry,1993,34(2):401-404.
[141]Jesen P R,Jenkins K M,Porter D,Fenical W.Evidence that a new antibiotic flavone glycoside chemically defends the sea grass Thalassia testudinum against zoosporic fungi[J].Applied and Environment Microbiology,1998,64(4):1490-1496.
[142]Bobzin S C,Faulkner D J.Chemistry and chemical ecology of the Bahamian sponge.Aplysilla glacialis[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,1992,18:309-332.
[143]Faimali M,Sepcic K,Turk T,Geraci S.Non-toxic antifouling activity of polymeric 3-alkylpyridinium salts from the mediterranean sponge Reniera sarai(Pulitzer-Finali)[J].Biofouling,2003,19(1):47-56.
[144]Fusetani N,Hiroto H,Okino T,Tomono Y,Yoshumura E.Antifouling activity of isocyanoterpenoids and related compounds isolated from a marine sponge and nudibranchs[J].Journal of Natural Toxins,1996,5:249-259.
[145]Goto R,Kado R,Muramoto K,Kamiya H.Fatty acids as antifoulants in a marine sponge[J].Biofouling,1992,6:61-68.
[146]Goto R,Kado R,Muramoto K,Kamiya H.Furospongolide,an antifouling substance from the marine sponge Phyllospongia papyracea against the barnacle Balanus amphitrite[J].Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,1993,59:1953.
[147]Hattori T,Adachi K,Shizuri Y.New ceramide from marine sponge Haliclona koremella and related compounds as antifouling substances against macroalgae[J].Journal of Natural Products,1998,61:823-826.
[148]Hattori T,Matsuo S,Adachi K,Shizuri Y.Isolation of antifouling subatances from the palauan sponge Protophlitaspongia aga[J].Fisheries Science,2001,67(4):690-693.
[149]Hirota H,Tomono Y,Fusetani N.Terpenoids with antifouling activity against barnacle larvae from the marine sponge Acanthella cavernosa[J].Tetrahedron Letters,1996,52(7):2359-2368.
[150]Nakatsu T,Walker R P,Thompson J E,Faulkner D J.Biologically-active sterol sulfates from the marine sponge Toxadocia zumi[J].Experientia,1983,39:759-761.
[151]Okino T,Yoshimura E,Hirota H,Fusetani N.Antifouling kalihinenes from the marine sponge Acanthella cavernosa[J].Tetrahedron Letters,1995,36(47):8637-8640.
[152]Okino T,Yoshimura E,Hirota H,Fusetani N.New antifouling kalihipyrans from the marine sponge Acanthella cavernosa[J].Journal of Natural Products,1996,59:1081-1083.
[153]Sera Y,Adaehi K,Nishida F,Shizuri Y.A new sesquiterpene as an antifouling subatance from a Palauan marine sponge,Dysidea herbacea[J].Journal of Natural Products,1999,62:395-396.
[154]Sera Y,Adaehi K,Shizuri Y.A new epidioxy sterol as an antifouling substance from a palauan marine sponge,Lendenfeldia chondrodes[J].Journal of Natural Products,1999,62:152-154.
[155]Tsukamoto S,Kao H,Hirota H,Fusetani N.Seven new polyacetylene derivatives,showing both potent matamorphosiindueing activity in ascidian larvae and antifouling activity against barnacle larvae,from the marine sponge Callyspongia truncata[J].Journal of Natural Products,1997,60:126-130.
[156]Keifer P A,Rinehart K L,Hooper I R.Renillafoulins,antifouling diterpenes from the sea pansy Renilla reniformis (Octocorallia)[J]. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1986, 51: 4450-4454.
[157] Gerhart D J, Rittschof D, Mayo S W. Chemical ecology and the search for marine antifoulants [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1988,14:1905-1917.
[158] Standing J D, Hooper I R, Costlow J D. Inhibition and induction of barnacle settlement by natural products present in octocorals[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1984, 10:823-834.
[159] Rittschof D, Hooper IR, Baranscomb E S, Costloe J D. Inhibition of barnacle settlement and behavior by natural products from whip corals, Leptogorgia virgulata (Lamarck, 1815)[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1985,11:551-563.
[160] Tomono Y, Hirota H, Fusetani N. Isogosterones A-D, antifouling 13,17-Secosteroids from an octocoral Dendronephthya sp.[J]. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1999, 64: 2272-2275.
[161] Okino T, Yoshimura E, Hirota H, Fusetani N. New antifouling sesquiterpenes from four nudibranchs of the family Phyllidiidae[J]. Tetrahedron, 1996,52:9447-9454.
[162] Hirota H, Okino T, Yoshimura E, Fusetani N. Five new antifouling sesquiterpenes from two marine sponges of the genus Axinyssa and the nudibranch Phyllidia pustulosa[J]. Tetrahedron, 1998, 54:13971-13980.
[163] Konya K, Shimidzu N, Miki W, Endo M. Indole derivatives as potent inhibitors of laval settlement by the barnacle Balanus amphitrite[J]. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 1994, 58: 2178-2181.
[164] Shellenberger J S, Ross J R P. Antibacterial activity of two species of bryozoans from Northern Puget Sound[J]. Northwest Science, 1998, 72(1): 23-33.
[165] Mary A S R, Mary V S R, Sarojini R. Broad spectrum natural products from the Indian Ocean octocoral Euplexaura nuttingi[J]. Recent Development in Biofouling Control, 1994,241-249.
[166] Holmstrom C, Rittschof D, Kjelleberg S. Inhibition of settlement by larve of Balanus amphitrite and Ciona intestinalis by a surface-colonizing marine bacterium[J]. Appled and Environmental Microbiology, 1992, 58: 211-2115.
[167] Fischer K J. Marine organism repellent covering for protection of underwater objects and method of applying same[P].US:5226380.1993.
[168]Watts J L.Antifouling coating composition containing capsaicin[P].US:5397385.1995.
[169]姚宝书,冉庆云,陈万伦.辣椒碱自抛光防污涂料及其制备方法[P].CN 1477166.2004.
[170]姚宝书,雷鹂.辣椒碱防污涂料[P].CN 1709997.2005.
[171]王鲁民,史航.海洋网箱网衣防污涂料[P].CN 1772828.2006.
[172]Matsumara K,Nagano M,Fusetani N.Purification of a larval settlement inducing protein eomples(SIPC) of the barnacle,Balanus amphitrite[J].Journal of Experimental Zoology,1998,281:12-20.
[173]Rittsehof D,Branseomb E S,Costlow J D.Settlement and behavior in relation to flow and surface in larval barnacles,Balanus amphitrite Darwin[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,1984,82:131-146.
[174]Kitano Y,Yokoyama A,Nogata Y,Shinshima K,Yoshimura E,Chiba K,Tada M,Sakaguchi I.Synthesis and anti-barnacle activities of novel 3-Isocyanotheonellin analogues[J].Biofouling,2003,19:187-192.
[175]Chen J D,Feng D Q,Yang Z Y,Wang Z C,Qiu Y,Lin Y M.Antifouling metabolites from the mangrove plant Ceriops tagal[J].Molecules,2008,13,212-219.
[176]王湛昌.两种红树植物海漆、红海揽的活性物质研究[D].厦门大学:厦门大学博士学位论文,2007.
[177]冯丹青.天然防污产物的筛选及红树植物防污策略的研究[D].厦门大学:厦门大学博士学位论文,2007.
[178]高蕴璋.见方文培,张泽荣(编著)中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,1983,52(2):130-135.
[179]Cronquist A.An Intergated System of Classification of Flowering Plants[M].New York:Columbia University Press,1981.
[180]Thome R F.An updated classification of the Class Angiospermae.http://www.inform.umd.ed/PBIO/fam/thomeangiosp99.html,1999.
[181]Tomlinson P B.The Botany of Mangroves[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986,374-381.
[182]陈小勇,林鹏.我国红树植物分布的空间自相关分析[J].华东师范大学学报,2000,3:104-109.
[183]梁士楚.广西红树植物群落特征的初步研究[J].广西科学,2000,7(3):210-216.
[184]Bamroongrugsa N.Bioactive substances from the mangrove resource[J].Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology,1999,21(3):377-386.
[185]Rastogi R P,Mehrotra B N.Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants[M].New Delhi:Publication and Information Directorate,1991,Vol.1.
[186]Sakagami H,Kashimata M,Toguchi M,Satoh K,Odanaka Y,Ida Y,Premanathan M,Arakaki R,Kathiresan K,Nakashima H,Komatsu N,Fujimaki M,Yoshihara M.Radical modulation activity of lignins from a mangrove plant,Ceriops decandra(Griff.) Ding Hou[J].In Vivo,1998,12:327-332.
[187]Uddin S J,Shilpi J A,Barua J,Rouf R.Antinociceptive activity of Ceriops decandra leaf and pneumatophore[J].Fitoterapia,2005,76:261-263.
[188]Koike K,Cordell G A,Farnsworth N R.New cytotoxic diterpenes from Rondeletia panamensis(Rubiaceae)[J].Tetrahedron,1980,36:1167-1172.
[189]Nagashima F,Tori M,Asakawa Y.Diterpenoids from the east Malaysian liverwort Schistochila aligera[J].Phytoehemistry,1991,30:849-851.
[190]Fun H K,Pakhathirathien C,Chantrapromma S,Karalai C,Chantrapromma K.7-Ethenyl-1-[(Z)-hydroxymethylidene]-4b,7,10a-tfimethylperhydrophenanthren-2-one[J].Acta Crystallographiea Section E Structure Reports,2006,62:05539-05541.
[191]Chantrapromma S,Fun H K,Pakhathirathien C,Karalai C,Chantrapromma K.7-Glycoloyl -2-hydroxy-1,4b,7,10a-tetra-methyl-4a,4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,.10,10a-decahydrophenanthren-3(4H)-one[J].Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports,2007,63:o459-o461.
[192]Chanitia P,Pakakrong T.Lupane-tfiterpene esters from the leaves of Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou[J].Australian Journal of Chemistry,2005,58:615-618.
[193]何磊,王友绍,王清吉,徐继荣,张傯.药用红树植物角果木化学成分研究[J].中国药学杂志,2006,41(5):341-342.
[194]He L,Wang Y S,Wang Q J,Lou Z P.A novel triterpene from Ceriops tagal[J].Pharmazie,2005,60(9):716-717.
[195]Pakhathirathien C,Chantrapromma S,Fun H K,Anjum S,Atta-ur-Rahman,Karalai C.1-Isopropenyl-3a,Sa,Sb,8,8,11 a-hexamethyi-icosahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl4-hydroxy hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate[J].Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports,2005,E61:o2942-o2944.
[196]王友绍,何磊.一种新三萜化合物3β-(反)-阿魏酸基羽扇豆醇及其制备方法[P].CN 1687104A.2005.
[197]Apsimon J W,Chau A S Y,Craig W G,Krehm H.Diterpene chemistry Ⅱ.The preferential oxidation of the vinyl groups of pimaric and sandaracopimatic acids[J].Journal of Chemistry,1967,45:1439-1445.
[198]Jakupovic J,Castro V,Bohlmann F.Millerenolides,sesquiterpene lactones from Milleria quinqueflora[J].Phytochemistry,1987,26(7):2011-2017.
[199]Lai A R,Cambie R C,Rutledge P S,Woodgate P D.Ent-pimarane and ent-abietane diterpenes from Euphorbia fidjiana[J].Phytochemistry,1990,29:2239-2246.
[200]Luo X D,Wu S H,Ma Y B,Wu D G.Ent-pimarane derivatives from Dysoxylum hainanense[J].Phytochemistry,2001,57:131-134.
[201]Ma G X,Wang T S,Yin L,Pan Y.Two pimarane diterpenoids from Ephemerantha ionchophylla and their evaluation as modulators of the multidrug resistance phenotype[J].Journal of Natural Products,1998,61:112-115.
[202]Wang L L,Hu L H.Chemical constituents of Siegesbeckia orientalis L[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,2006,48(8):991-995.
[203]Xiang Y,Zhang H,Fan C Q,Yue J M.Novel diterpenoids and diterpenoid glycosides from Siegesbeckia orientalis[J].Journal of Natural Products,2004,67:1517-15.21.
[204]Yoshio K,Akira Y.The structure of dolabradiene[J].Tetrahedron Letters,1964,5(26):1755-1761.
[205]Zhao Q S,Tian J,Yue J M,Chen S N,Lin Z W,Sun H D.Diterpenoids from Isodon flavidus[J].Phytochemistry,1998,48:1025-1029.
[206]Zhao Y X,Li C S,Luo X D,Zhou J.A new tricyclic 6-7-5-ring diterpene from Pliocene fossil Tsuga dumosa[J].Heterocycles,2004,63(4):861-864.
[207]Diqui S,Hafeez F,Begum S,Siddiqui B S.Oleanderol,a new pentacyclic triterpene from the leaves of Nerium oleander[J].Journal of Natural Products,1988,51(2): 229-233.
[208]孙玉茹,孙友富.中药路路通化学成分研究[J].中草药,1989,19(8):6-7.
[209]Ikuta A,Itokawa H.Triterpenoid of Paeoniajaponica callus tissue[J].Phytochemistry,1988,27(9):2813-2815.
[210]Sauter,Markus.Process for obtaining betulinic acid from ground plane tree[P].US:6943260.2003.
[211]Tinto W F,Blair L C,Allj A.Lupane triterpenoids of Salacia cordata[J].Journal of Natural Products,1992,55(3):395-398.
[212]Tanaka R,Tabuse M,Matsunaga S.Triterpenes from the stem bark of Phyllanthus flexuosus[J].Phytochemistry,1988,27(11):3563 -3567.
[213]Wright J L C,Mcinnes A G,Shimizu S,Smith D G,Watter J A.Identification of C-24alkyl epimers of marine sterols by ~(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy[J].Canadian Journal of Chemistry,1978,56:1898-1903.
[214]Toshihiro,Fujioka.Antiprolifeiative constituents from umbelliferac plants.A new furanocoumadn and falcarindiol furanoeoumarin ethers from the root of Angelicaj apomica[J].Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1999,47(1):96-100.
[215]Tatiana R P,Ivén L,Susana E Novel and efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of D-Glucose 6-phosphate and molecular modeling studies on the selective biocatalysis[J].European Journal of Organic Chemistry,2007,(17):2769-2778.
[216]Yang T,Huang Y,Cho B P.Synthesis and characterization of enantiomeric anti-2-fluorobenzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodioi-9,10-epoxides and their 2'-deoxyguanosine and oligodeoxynucleotide adducts[J].Chemical Research in Toxicology,2006,19:242-254.
[217]William T,Wiesler,Koji N.A simple spectroscopic method for assigning relative and absolute configuration in aeyelie 1,2,3-triols[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,1989,11(1):3446-3441.
[218]Grégory H,Mounira B S F,Sharon M B.Titanocene(Ⅲ) mediated reduction of organic halides under photoirradiation conditions[J].Tetrahedron Letters,2004,45:8123-8126.
[219]Hajime M,Takafumi M,Yasunori Y.Highly activated vinyl hydrogen in a significantly twisted styrene[J].Journal of Organic Chemistry,2006,71:9004-9012.
[220] Ana-Isabel H, Olga F, Ana N. N~1-substituted thymine derivatives as mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK-2) inhibitors[J]. European Journal of Medical Chemistry, 2006, 49: 7766-7773.
[221] Daisuke I, Akihiro I, Asako Y. Easy access to esters with a benzylic quaternary carbon center from diallyl malonates by palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative allylation[J]. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007,72:1652-1658.
[222] Yadav J S, Venkatram R P, Chandraiah L. A formal total synthesis of crocacin C[J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 2007,48:145-148.
[223] Clouet A, Darbre T, Reymond J L. Esterolytic peptide dendrimers with a hydrophobic core and catalytic residues at the surface[J]. Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis, 2004, 346:1195-1204.
[224] Miguel B, Arreguy-San, Taran M, Picard P. Stereoselective synthesis of methyl 15,16-epoxypimarates[J]. Synthetic Communications, 1989,19:979-986.
[225] Shi X W, Webster F X, Meinwald J. Syntheses of the female sex pheromones of Matsucoccus pine scales using the [2,3]-wittig rearrangement of a bisallylic tertiary ether[J]. Tetrahedron, 1995,38:10433-10442.
[226] Sarmah P, Baruah R N, Shama R P. Reaction of 8,14-epoxide in ent-pimarane skeleton with boron trifluoride etherate and acetic anhydride[J]. Indian Journal of Chemistry, 1985,24B: 201.
[227] Miguei B A S, Taran M, Delmond B. Efficient synthesis of methyl 8, 14β-epoxypimarate[J]. Synthetic Communications, 1990,20 (5):719-725.
[228] Reichelt-Brushett A J, Michalek-Wagner. Effects of copper on the fertilization success of the soft coral Lobophytum compactum[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2005,74:280-284.
[229] Hagopian-Schlekat T, Chandler G T, Shaw T J. Acute toxicity of five sediment-associated metals, individually and in a mixture, to the estuarine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepod Amphiascus tenuiremis[J]. Marine Environment Research, 2001, 51:247-264.
[230] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving water to freshwater and marine organisms[M]. Cincinnati: U.S. EPA Publication, 1991,293.
[231]Xu Q W,Barrios C A,Cutright T,Newby B M Z.Assessment of antifouling effectiveness of two natural product antifoulants by attachment study with freshwater bacteria[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2005,12(5):278-284.
[232]Xu Q W,Barrios C A,Cutright T,Newby B M Z.Evaluation of toxicity of eapsaicin and zosteric acid and their potential application as antifoulants[J].Environmental Toxicology,2005,20(5):467-474.
[233]Yu L M,Zhang Z M,Xu H Z.A novel copolymer containing eapsaiein moiety and its application in environment-friendly antifouling paint[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2004,33(Suppl.):79-82.
[234]史航,王鲁民.含辣椒素防污涂料在海洋网箱网衣中应用研究[J].化工新型材料,2004,32(11):54-56.
[235]史航,王鲁民.辣椒素防污涂料在海洋网箱网衣材料中的应用[J].大连水产学院学报,2005,20(4):322-325.
[2]林鹏.中国红树林研究进展[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2001,40(2):592-603.
[3]林鹏.红树林的种类及其分布[J].林业科学,1987,23(4):481-490.
[4]Bandaranayake W M.Traditional and medicinal use of mangroves[J].Mangroves and Salt Marshes,1982,2:133-148.
[5]尚随胜,龙盛京.红树植物木榄的活性成分研究概况[J].中草药,2005,36(3):465-467.
[6]林鹏.我国药用的红树林植物[J].海洋药物,1984,(4):45-51.
[7]包淑云,林文翰.红树植物尖辦海莲的化学成分研究[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(14):1168-1171.
[8]林鹏.红树林[M].北京:海洋出版社,1984.
[9]王友绍,何磊,王清吉,张偲.药用红树植物的化学成分及其药理研究进展[J].中国海洋药物,2004,2(98):26-31.
[10]陈桂葵,陈桂珠.中国红树林植物区系分析[J].生态科学,1998,17(2):19-2.
[11]陈远生,甘先华,吴中亨,钟德群.广东省沿海红树林现状和发展[J].广东林业科技,2001,17(1):20-26.
[12]林鹏,林益明,杨志伟,王湛昌.中国海洋红树林药物的研究现状、民间利用及展望[J].海洋科学,2005,29(9):76-79.
[13]Miles D H,Kokpol U,Chittawong V.Mangrove forests-the important of conservation as a bioresource for ecosystem diversity and utilization as a source of chemical constituents with potential medicinal and agricultural value[C].Pure and Applied Chemistry,1998,70(11):2110-2145.
[14]Ganguly S N,Sircar S N L.Giberellins from mangrove plant[J].Phytochemistry,1974,13(9):1911-1913.
[15]《全国中草药汇编》编写组.全国中草药汇编(下册)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1978.
[16]陈冀胜.中国有毒植物[M].北京:科学出版社,1987,257.
[17]国家中医药管理局《中华本草》编委会.中华本草(第5卷)[M].上海:科学技术出 版社,1998,615.
[18]华南植物研究所.海南植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,1965,181.
[19]Anjaneyulu A S R,Lakshmana R V.Five new diterpenoids(agallochins A) from the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha Linn[J].Phytochemistry,2000,55:891-901.
[20]Peter K L.A Guide to the Mangroves of Singapore Ⅰ:the Ecosystem and Plant Diversity[M].Singapore:Bulletin of Singapore Science Center,1999.
[21]谭仁祥.植物成分分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2002,417.
[22]Laphookhieo S.Cytotoxic cardenolide glycoside from the seeds of Cerbera odollam[J].Phytochemistry,2004,65(4):507-510.
[23]黄建设,赖小燕,钟明君,张偲.红树植物玉蕊的化学成分和药理活性[J].天然产物研究与开发,2004,16(2):167-171.
[24]Miles D H,Ddlacruza A,Ly A M.Toxicants from mangrove plants:ichthyotoxins from the Philippine plant Heritiera littoralis[J].American Chemical Society,1987,330:490-501.
[25]Miles D H,Ly A.Toxicants from mangrove plants,Ⅵ.Heritonin,a new piscicide from the mangrove plant Heritiera littoralis[J].Journal of Natural Products,1989,52(4):896-898.
[26]Miles D H,Chittawongd V,Lho D S.Toxicants from mangrove plants,Ⅷ.Vallapin and vallapianin,novel sesquiterpene lactones from the Mangrove Plant Heritiera littoralis[J].Journal of Natural Products,1991,54(1):286-289.
[27]赵亚,郭跃伟.真红树林植物化学成分及生物活性研究概况[J].中国天然药物,2004,2(3):135-140.
[28]Hasan C M,Khan S,Jabbar A.Nasimaluns A and B:neo-clerodane diterpenoids from Barringtonia racemosa[J].Journal of Natural Products,2000,63:410-411.
[29]Han L,Huang X,Sattler I,Dahse H,Fu H,Lin W,Grabley S.New diterpenoids from the marine mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza[J].Journal of Natural Products,2004,67:1620-1623.
[30]Subrahmanyam C,Ran V,Ward R S.Diterpenes from the marine mangrove Bruguiera gymnorhiza[J].Phytochemistry,1999,51(1):83-90.
[31]Anjaneyulu A S R,Rao V L,Lobkovsky E,Clardy J.Ceripsin E,a new epoxy ent-kaurene diterpenoid from Ceriops decandra[J].Journal of Natural Products,2002,65:592-594.
[32]Anjaneyulu A S R,Rao V L.Ceripsins F and G,diterpenoids from Ceriops decandra[J].Phytochemistry,2003,62:1207-1211.
[33]Anjaneyulu A S R,Rao V L.Rhizophorin B:a novel beyerane diterpenoid from the Indian mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata[J].Indian Journal of Chemistry,Section B:Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry,2000,39(11):803-807.
[34]Anjaneyulu A S R,Rao V L.Rhizophorin A:a novel secolabdane diterpenid from the Indian mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata[J].Natural Product Letters,2001,15(1):13-19.
[35]Anjaneyulu A S R,Rao V L.Ceripsins A-D,diterpenoids from Ceriops decandra[J].Phytochemistry,2002,60:777-782.
[36]Han L,Huang X S,Sattler L,Dahse H M,Fu H Z,Grabley S,Lin W H.Three new pimaren diterpenoids from mangrove plant,Bruguiera gymnorrhiza[J].Pharmaie,2005,60:705-707.
[37]Zhang Y,Deng Z,Gao T,Prokseh P,Lin W.Tagalsins A-H,dolabranes-type diterpenes from the mangrove plant,Ceriops tagal[J].Phytochemistry,2005,66:1465-1471.
[38]Karalai C,Widyachitra P,Opferkuch H J,Hecker E.Cryptic and free skin irritants of the daphnane and tigliane types in latex of Excoecaria agallocha[J].Planta Medica,1994,60:351-355.
[39]Konishi T,Kiyosawa S,Konoshima T,Fujiwara Y.Chemical structures of excoecarins A,B and C:three new labdane-type diterpenes from wood,Excoecaria agallocha[J].Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1996,44(11):2100-2102.
[40]Wiriyachitra P,Hajiwangoh H,Boonton P.Investigations of medicinal plants of euphorbiaceae and thymelaeaeeae occurring and used in Thailand[J].Planta Medica,1985,51(5):368-371.
[4]]霍长虹,梁鸿,赵玉英,林文翰.老鼠簕属植物化学成分及其活性研究进展[J].中国海洋药物,2004,(3):39-44.
[42]Ghosh A,Misra S,Dutta A K,Choudhury A.Pentacyclie triterpenoids and sterols from seven species of mangrove[J].Phytoehemistry,1985,24(8):1725-1727.
[43]Ghosh S,Majumdar,Gouri P.Chemical investigation of some mangrove species[J].Journal of the Indian Chemical Society,1976,11:1241-1242.
[44]Goyal M M,Rani K K.Antibacterial activity of the natural products from the leaves of Thespesiapopulnea[J].Acta Cienceia Indica Chemistry,1989,15(2):117-124.
[45]Hogg R W,Giilan F T.Fatty acids,sterols and hydrocarbons in the leaves from eleven species of mangrove[J].Phytochemistry,1984,23(1):93-97.
[46]Kokpol U,Chavasiri W,Chittawong V,Miles D H.Taraxeryl cis-p-hydroxycinnamate,a novel taraxeryl from Rhizophora apiculata[J].Journal of Natural Products,1990,53(4):953-955.
[47]Laphookhieo S,Karalai C,Ponglimanont C,Chantrapromma K.Pentacyclic triterpenoidesters from the fruits of Bruguiera cylindrical[J].Journal of Natural Products,2004,67:886-888.
[48]Minocha P K,Tiwari K P.A triterpenoidal saponin from roots of Acanthus illicifolius[J].Phytochemistry,1981,20(1):135-137.
[49]Misra S,Choudhury A K,Dutta A K.Sterols and fatty acids from three species of mangrove[J].Phytochemistry,1984,23(12):2823-2827.
[50]Suniti M,Datta A K,Choudhury S C A.Hydrocarbons and wax esters from seven species of mangrove leaves[J].Phytochemistry,1987,26(12):3265-3268.
[51]Pakhathirathien C,Karalai C,Ponglimanont C,Subhadhirasakul S,Chantrapromma K.Dammarane triterpenes from the hypocotyls and fruits of Ceriops tagal[J].Journal of Natural Products,2005,68(12):1787-1789.
[52]Kokpol U,Chavasiri W,Tip-ptang S,.Veerachato G,Zhao F L,Simpson J,Weavers R T.A limonoid from Xylocarpus granatum[J].Phytochemistry,1996,41(3):903-905.
[53]张炎,邓志威,高天翔.中国红树植物角果木的化学成分[J].药学学报,2005,40(10):935-939.
[54]Zhang Y,Lu Y,Mao L,Proksch P,Lin W H.Tagalsins I and J,two novel tetraterpenoids from the mangrove plant,Ceriops tagal[J].Organic Letters,2005,7(14):3037-3040.
[55]Amitabha G,Suniti M,Ashis K.Pentaeyclie triterpenoids and sterols from seven species of mangrove[J].Phytochemistry,1985,24(8):1725-1727.
[56]Kokpol U,Vallapa C,Miles D H.Chemical constituents of the roots of Acanthus ilicifoIius[J]. Journal of Natural Products, 1986,49(2): 355-356.
[57] Clarke A E, Gleeson P A, Jermyn M A. Characterization and localization of pMectins in lower and higher plants[J]. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1978,5(5): 752-759.
[58] Chang L C, Gills J J, Bhat K P. Activity-guided isolation of constituents of Cerbera manghas with antiproliferative and antiestrogenic activities[J]. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2000,10(21): 2431-2434.
[59] Minocha P K, Tiwari K P. Chemical constituents of Acanthus illicifolius Linn[J]. Polish Journal of Chemistry, 1980,54(10): 2089-2093.
[60] Hsu F L, Nonaka G I, Nishioka I. Tannins and related compounds. XXXI. Isolation and characterization of proanthocyanidins in Kandelia candel (L.) Druce[J]. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1985,33(8): 31422-3152.
[61] Nobutoshi T, Takao M, Yasuhisa S. Chemical and chemotaxonomical studies of ferns. XXXVII. Chemical studies on the constituents of Costa ricanferns[J]. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1981,29(12): 3455-3463.
[62] Tian Y, Wu J, Zhang S. Flavonoids from leaves of Heritiera littoralis[J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2004,13(3): 214-216.
[63] Sharaf M, E1-Ansari M A, Saleh N A. New flavonoids from Avicennia marina[J]. Fitoterapia, 2000,71(3): 274-277.
[64] Shirwaikar A, Kumar A V, Krishnanand B R. Chemical investigation and antihepato toxic activity of Thespesia populnea[J]. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 1995,33(4): 305-310.
[65] Shirwaikar A, Srinivasan K K. New flavonoids from the flowers of Thespesia populnea[J]. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 1996,18(2): 266-269.
[66] Sana M M, Mallik U K, Mallik AK.A chromenoflavanone and two caffeic esters from Pongamia glabra[J]. Phytochemistry, 1991, 30(11): 3834-3836.
[67] Wolf R B, Spencer G F, Plattner R D. Benzoxazolinone, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, and its glucoside from Acanthus mollis seeds inhibit velvetleaf germination and growth[J]. Journal of Natural Products, 1985, 48(1):59-63.
[68] Tiwari K P, Minocha P K, Masood M. Acanthicifoline- a new alkaloid from Acanthus ilicifolius[J].Polish Journal of Chemistry,1980,54(4):857-863.
[69]Kato A.Brugine from Bruguiera cylindrica[J].Phytoehemistry,1975,14:1458.
[70]Chen I S,Chen J J,Tsai I L.Alkaloids from Hernandia sonora[J].Phytochemistry,1995,40(3),983-986.
[71]Kato A.Brugierol and isobrugierol,trans-1,2-dithiolane 1-oxide and cis-1,2-dithiolane 1-oxide,from Bruguiera conjuata[J].Tetrahedron Letters,1972,3:203-206.
[72]Kato A,Takahashi J.A new naturally occurring 1.2-dithiolane from Bruguiera cylindrical[J].Phytoehemistry,1976,15(1):220-221.
[73]Gomez E,Cruz-Giron L D O.Toxicants from Mangrove Plants,V.Isolation of Piscicide,2-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-undeeyl-1,4-benzo-quinone(5-O-Methylembelin) from Aegiceras corniculatum[J].Journal of Natural Products,1989,52(3):649-651.
[74]Jia R,Guo Y W,Hou H X.Studies on the chemical constituents from leaves of Avicennia marina[J].Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines,2004,2(1):16-19.
[75]Neelakantan S,Rajagopalan V,Raman P V.Thespesone and thespone,two new mansonones of heartwood of Thespesiap opulnea[J].Indian Journal of Chemistry Section B Organic Including Medicinal,1983,22(1):95-96.
[76]Lin T C,Hsu F L,Cheng J T.Antihypertensive activity of corilagin and chebulinic acid,tannins from Lumnitzera,racemosa[J].Journal of Natural Products,1993,56(4):629-632.
[77]Kanchanapoom T,Kamel M S,Kasai R.Lignan glucosides from Acanthus ilicifolius[J].Phytochemistry,2001,56:369-372.
[78]Kanchanapoom T,Kamel M S,Kasai R.Benzoxazin0id glucosides from Acanthus ilicifolius[J].Phytoehemistry,2001,58:637-640.
[79]林文翰,陈英玉,顾佳,马大龙,张婷.Tagalsin C及其同系物在制备抗肿瘤药物中的作用[P].CN]01077345.2006.
[80]Tenji K,Midori T,Harukuni T.Anti-humor-promoting activity of the diterpene of Excoecaria agallocha[J].Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1998,21(9):993-996.
[81]Takao K,Tenji K,Midori T.Anti-humor-promoting activity of the diterpene of Excoecaria agallocha Ⅱ[J].Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,2001,24(12):1440-1442.
[82]Babu B H,Shylesh B S,Padikkla J.Tumour reducing and anticareinogenic activity of Acanthus ilicifolius[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2002,79:27-33.
[83]Rojanapo W,Tepsuwan A,Siripong P.Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of Thai medicinal plants[J].Basic Life Sciences,1990,52:447-452.
[84]Kokpol U.Chemistry of natural products from mangrove plants[C].UNDP/UNESCO,Training course on life history of selected species of flora and fauna in mangrove ecosystem.Thailand,1985,159-169.
[85]Thomas T J,Panikkar B,Subramoniam A.Antitumor property and toxicity of Barringtonia racemosa Roxb seed extract in mice[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2002,82:223-227.
[86]Johnson I J,Gandhidasan R,Murugesan R.Cyto toxicity and superoxide anion generation by some naturally occurring quinones[J].Free Radical Biology and Medicine,1999,26:1072-1078.
[87]Chang L C,Gerhauser C,Song L.A ctivity-guided isolation of constituents of tephrosia purpurea with the potential to induce the phase enzyme,quinone,reductase[J].Journal of Natural Products,1997,60(9):869-873.
[88]黄梁绮龄,苏美玲.香港地区红树植物资源研究(Ⅰ)四种常见红树植物抑制植物病原真菌效能的评价[J].天然产物研究与开发,1994,6(1):5-8.
[89]Baswa M,Rath C C,Dash S K.Antibacterial activity of karanj(Pongamiapinnata) and Iveem(Azadirachta indica) seed oil:a prelim inary report[J].Microbios,2001,105(412):183-189.
[90]Khan S,Jabbar A,Hasan C M.Antibacterial activity of Barrintonia racermosa[J],Fitoteraia,2001,72:162-164.
[91]Mahasneh A M.Screening of some indigenous Qatad medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity[J].Phytotherapy Research,2002,16(8):751-753.
[92]Kokpol U,Chavasiri W,Chittawong V.Long chain aiiphatic alcohols and saturated carbo-xylic acids from heartwood of Rhizophora apiculata[J].Phytoehemistry,1993,33(5):1129-1131.
[93]Elanchezhiyan M,Rajarajan S,Rajendran P.Antiviral properties of the seed extract of an Indian medicinal plant Pongamia pinnata Linn,against herpes simp lex virues:in vitro studies on veto cells[J].Journal of Medical Microbiology,1993,38(4):262-264.
[94]Premanthan M,Thiresan K,Chandra K.Broad spectrum antiviral activity of mangrove plants[J].Antiviral Research,1993,20(1):169-178.
[95]Premanathan M,Nakashima H,Kathiresan K.In vitro anti-human immtmodeficiency virus activity of mangrove plants[J].Indian Journal of Medical Research,1996,103:278-281.
[96]Premanthan M,Kathiresan K,Yamamoto N,Nakashima H.In vitro Anti-human immtmodeficiency virus activity of polysaccharide from Rhizophora mucronata Poir[J].Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,1999,63(7):1187-1191.
[97]Premanathan M,Arakaki R,Izumi H,Kathiresan K,Nakano M,Yamamoto N,Nakashima H.Antiviral properties of a mangrove plant,Rhizophora apiculata Blume,against human immuneodeficiency virus[J].Antiviral research,1999,44:113-122.
[98]Karen L,Edckson,John A B.A novel phorbol ester from Excoecaria agallocha[J].Journal of Natural Products,1995,58(5):769-772.
[99]Xu M,Deng Z W,Li M,Li J,Fu H Z,Proksch P,Lin W H.Chemical constituents from the mangrove plant,Aegiceras corniculatum[J].Journal of Natural Products,2004,67(5):762-766.
[100]Simonsen H T,Nordskjoid J B,Smitt U W,Nyman U,Palpu P,Joshi P,Varughese G.In vitro screening of Indian medicinal plants for antiplasmodial activity[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2001,74:195-204.
[101]Zaridah M,Idid S,Omar A W,Khozirah S.In vitro antifilarial effects of three plant species against adult worms of subpedodic Brugia malayi[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2001,78:79-84.
[102]Chou F Y,Kurt H,Isao K.Isolation of an insect anti-feedant-methylflindersine and several benz phenanthridine alkaloids from east-african plants-comment on chelerythrine[J].Heterocycles,1977,7(2):969-977.
[103]Kapil A,Sharma S,Wahidulla S.Leishmanicidal activity of 2-benzoxazolinone from Acanthus illicitfolius in vitro[J].Planta Medica,1994,60:187-188.
[104]Srinivasan K,Muruganandan S,Lal J,Chandra S,Tandan S K,Prakash V R.Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activety of Pongamia pinnata leaves in rats[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2001,78:151-153.
[105]Sfinivasan K,Muruganandan S,Lal J.Antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of Pongamia pinnata leaves[J].Phytotherapy Research,2003,17(3):259-264.
[106]Benhaim P,Mathes S J,Hunt T K.Induction of neutrophil Mac~(-1) integrin expression and superoxide production by the medicinal plant extract gossypol[J].Inflammation,1994,18(5):443-458.
[107]Nagappa A N,Cheriyan B.Wound healing activity of the aqueous extract of Thespesia populnea fruit[J].Fitoterapia,2001,72(5):503-506.
[108]Cometa F,Tomassini L,Nicoletti M.Phenylpropanoid glycosides:distribution and pharmacological activity[J].Fitoterapia,1993,64:195-217.
[109]Otsuka H,Hirai Y,Nagao T.Anti-inflammatory activity of benzoxazinoids from roots of Coix lachrymajobi vat.mayuen[J].Journal of Natural Products,1988,51(1):74-79.
[110]Babu B,Sgylesh B,Padikkala J.Antioxidant and heaptoprotective effect of Acanthus ilicifolius[J].Fitoterapia,2001,72:272-277.
[111]黄宗国,蔡如星.海洋污损生物及其防除[M].北京:海洋出版社,1984,352.
[112]Lewis J A.Marne biofouling and its prevention on underwater surface[J].Materials Forum,1998,22:41-61.
[113]Yebra D M,Kiil S,Dam-Johansen K.Antifouling technology-past,present and future steps towards efficient and environmentally friendly antifouling coatings[J].Progress in Organic Coatings,2004,50:75-104.
[114]Clare A S.Marne natural product antifoulants:status and potential[J].Biofouling,1996,9(3):211-229.
[115]Raiikin A I.Marine biofouling:colonization processes and defenses[M].Boca Raton:CRC press,2004,87.
[116]Rittsehof D.Fouling and natural products as antifoulants[A].In Fingerman M,Nagabhushanam R and Thompson M F,eds.Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology.Dew Delhi:Oxford and IBH Publishing Co,1997,245-257.
[117]Gitlita M H.Recent developments in marine antifouling coatings[J].Journal of Coatings Technology,1981,53:46-52.
[118]Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution(WHOI).Marine Fouling and Its Prevention[M]. Annapolis:US Naval Institute,1952,388.
[119]Butler C,Ison H C K.Corrosion and Its Prevention in Waters[M].London:Leonard-Hill,1966,281.
[120]Teel R B,Fair W F Jr.Testing of coalvtar coating(Ⅲ)-resistance of fouling and degradation by marine organisms[J].Corrosion,1957,13(8):493-500.
[121]Little B,Wagner P,Mansfels E Microbiologically influenced corrosion of metals and alloys[J].International Materials Reviews,1991,36(6):253-272.
[122]Mak M S P.Biofouling of mariculture cages in Hong Kong[D].PhD Thesis,University of Hong Kong,1982.
[123]黄桂芳,郑国富,魏观渊,丁兰,戴天元.福建围头海域深水网箱养殖区污损生物[J].海洋学报,2007,29(1):98-104.
[124]Longford T.Biological problems with the use of sea water for cooling[J].Chemistry and Industry,1977,14:612-616.
[125]Morton B S.Control of Limnoperna fortun[J].Journal of the Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists,1976,30:147-156.
[126]厦门大学生物系植物学教研室硅藻科研组.福建省紫菜敌害硅藻的调查[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),1977,1:108-122.
[127]Callow M E,Callow J E.Marine biofouling:a sticky problem[J].Biologist,2002,49:4-10.
[128]季崇洲.国外船舶防污涂料[J].国外涂料报道,1994,3:12.
[129]周陈亮.舰船防污涂料的历史、现状和未来[J].中国涂料,1998,6:9-45.
[130]Ellis D V.New dangerous chemical in the environment lessons from TBT[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1991,22:8-11.
[131]Rittschof D.Natural product antifoulants and coatings development[J].Marine Chemical Ecology,2001,543-566.
[132]Negri A P,Smith L D,Webster N S,Heyward S J.Understanding ship-grounding impacts on a coral reef potential effects of anti-foulant paint contamination on coral recruitment[J].Marine Pollutution Bulletin,2002,44:111-117.
[133]Houghton D H.Toxicity testing of candidate antifouling agents and accelerated paint testing[J].Marine Biodeterioration:Ainterdisciplinary Study US Naval Institute Press. 256-258.
[134]Lau S C K,Qian P Y.Phlorotannins and related compounds as larval settlement inhibitors of the tube-building polychaete Hydroides elegans[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1997,159:219-227.
[135]Lau S C K,Qian P Y.Inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds and marine bacteria on larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin[J].Biofouling,2000,16:47-58.
[136]Nys R D,Steinberg P D,Willemsen P.Broad spectrum effects of secondary metabolites from the red alga Delisea pulchra in antifouling assays[J].Biofouling,1995,8:259-271.
[137]Konig G M,Wright A D,Denys R.Halogenated monoterpenes from Plocamium costatum and their biological activity[J].Journal of Natural Products,1999,62(22):383-385.
[138]Zapata O,McMillan C.Phenolic acids in seagrasses[J].Aquatic Botany,1979,7:307-317.
[139]Harrison P G,Chan A T.Inhibition of the growth of micro-algae by extracts of eelgrass (Zostera marina) leaves[J].Marine Biology,1980,61:21-26.
[140]Todd J S,Zimmerman R C,Crews P,Alberte R S.The antifouling activity of natural and synthetic phenolic acid sulphate esters[J].Phytochemistry,1993,34(2):401-404.
[141]Jesen P R,Jenkins K M,Porter D,Fenical W.Evidence that a new antibiotic flavone glycoside chemically defends the sea grass Thalassia testudinum against zoosporic fungi[J].Applied and Environment Microbiology,1998,64(4):1490-1496.
[142]Bobzin S C,Faulkner D J.Chemistry and chemical ecology of the Bahamian sponge.Aplysilla glacialis[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,1992,18:309-332.
[143]Faimali M,Sepcic K,Turk T,Geraci S.Non-toxic antifouling activity of polymeric 3-alkylpyridinium salts from the mediterranean sponge Reniera sarai(Pulitzer-Finali)[J].Biofouling,2003,19(1):47-56.
[144]Fusetani N,Hiroto H,Okino T,Tomono Y,Yoshumura E.Antifouling activity of isocyanoterpenoids and related compounds isolated from a marine sponge and nudibranchs[J].Journal of Natural Toxins,1996,5:249-259.
[145]Goto R,Kado R,Muramoto K,Kamiya H.Fatty acids as antifoulants in a marine sponge[J].Biofouling,1992,6:61-68.
[146]Goto R,Kado R,Muramoto K,Kamiya H.Furospongolide,an antifouling substance from the marine sponge Phyllospongia papyracea against the barnacle Balanus amphitrite[J].Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,1993,59:1953.
[147]Hattori T,Adachi K,Shizuri Y.New ceramide from marine sponge Haliclona koremella and related compounds as antifouling substances against macroalgae[J].Journal of Natural Products,1998,61:823-826.
[148]Hattori T,Matsuo S,Adachi K,Shizuri Y.Isolation of antifouling subatances from the palauan sponge Protophlitaspongia aga[J].Fisheries Science,2001,67(4):690-693.
[149]Hirota H,Tomono Y,Fusetani N.Terpenoids with antifouling activity against barnacle larvae from the marine sponge Acanthella cavernosa[J].Tetrahedron Letters,1996,52(7):2359-2368.
[150]Nakatsu T,Walker R P,Thompson J E,Faulkner D J.Biologically-active sterol sulfates from the marine sponge Toxadocia zumi[J].Experientia,1983,39:759-761.
[151]Okino T,Yoshimura E,Hirota H,Fusetani N.Antifouling kalihinenes from the marine sponge Acanthella cavernosa[J].Tetrahedron Letters,1995,36(47):8637-8640.
[152]Okino T,Yoshimura E,Hirota H,Fusetani N.New antifouling kalihipyrans from the marine sponge Acanthella cavernosa[J].Journal of Natural Products,1996,59:1081-1083.
[153]Sera Y,Adaehi K,Nishida F,Shizuri Y.A new sesquiterpene as an antifouling subatance from a Palauan marine sponge,Dysidea herbacea[J].Journal of Natural Products,1999,62:395-396.
[154]Sera Y,Adaehi K,Shizuri Y.A new epidioxy sterol as an antifouling substance from a palauan marine sponge,Lendenfeldia chondrodes[J].Journal of Natural Products,1999,62:152-154.
[155]Tsukamoto S,Kao H,Hirota H,Fusetani N.Seven new polyacetylene derivatives,showing both potent matamorphosiindueing activity in ascidian larvae and antifouling activity against barnacle larvae,from the marine sponge Callyspongia truncata[J].Journal of Natural Products,1997,60:126-130.
[156]Keifer P A,Rinehart K L,Hooper I R.Renillafoulins,antifouling diterpenes from the sea pansy Renilla reniformis (Octocorallia)[J]. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1986, 51: 4450-4454.
[157] Gerhart D J, Rittschof D, Mayo S W. Chemical ecology and the search for marine antifoulants [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1988,14:1905-1917.
[158] Standing J D, Hooper I R, Costlow J D. Inhibition and induction of barnacle settlement by natural products present in octocorals[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1984, 10:823-834.
[159] Rittschof D, Hooper IR, Baranscomb E S, Costloe J D. Inhibition of barnacle settlement and behavior by natural products from whip corals, Leptogorgia virgulata (Lamarck, 1815)[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1985,11:551-563.
[160] Tomono Y, Hirota H, Fusetani N. Isogosterones A-D, antifouling 13,17-Secosteroids from an octocoral Dendronephthya sp.[J]. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1999, 64: 2272-2275.
[161] Okino T, Yoshimura E, Hirota H, Fusetani N. New antifouling sesquiterpenes from four nudibranchs of the family Phyllidiidae[J]. Tetrahedron, 1996,52:9447-9454.
[162] Hirota H, Okino T, Yoshimura E, Fusetani N. Five new antifouling sesquiterpenes from two marine sponges of the genus Axinyssa and the nudibranch Phyllidia pustulosa[J]. Tetrahedron, 1998, 54:13971-13980.
[163] Konya K, Shimidzu N, Miki W, Endo M. Indole derivatives as potent inhibitors of laval settlement by the barnacle Balanus amphitrite[J]. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 1994, 58: 2178-2181.
[164] Shellenberger J S, Ross J R P. Antibacterial activity of two species of bryozoans from Northern Puget Sound[J]. Northwest Science, 1998, 72(1): 23-33.
[165] Mary A S R, Mary V S R, Sarojini R. Broad spectrum natural products from the Indian Ocean octocoral Euplexaura nuttingi[J]. Recent Development in Biofouling Control, 1994,241-249.
[166] Holmstrom C, Rittschof D, Kjelleberg S. Inhibition of settlement by larve of Balanus amphitrite and Ciona intestinalis by a surface-colonizing marine bacterium[J]. Appled and Environmental Microbiology, 1992, 58: 211-2115.
[167] Fischer K J. Marine organism repellent covering for protection of underwater objects and method of applying same[P].US:5226380.1993.
[168]Watts J L.Antifouling coating composition containing capsaicin[P].US:5397385.1995.
[169]姚宝书,冉庆云,陈万伦.辣椒碱自抛光防污涂料及其制备方法[P].CN 1477166.2004.
[170]姚宝书,雷鹂.辣椒碱防污涂料[P].CN 1709997.2005.
[171]王鲁民,史航.海洋网箱网衣防污涂料[P].CN 1772828.2006.
[172]Matsumara K,Nagano M,Fusetani N.Purification of a larval settlement inducing protein eomples(SIPC) of the barnacle,Balanus amphitrite[J].Journal of Experimental Zoology,1998,281:12-20.
[173]Rittsehof D,Branseomb E S,Costlow J D.Settlement and behavior in relation to flow and surface in larval barnacles,Balanus amphitrite Darwin[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,1984,82:131-146.
[174]Kitano Y,Yokoyama A,Nogata Y,Shinshima K,Yoshimura E,Chiba K,Tada M,Sakaguchi I.Synthesis and anti-barnacle activities of novel 3-Isocyanotheonellin analogues[J].Biofouling,2003,19:187-192.
[175]Chen J D,Feng D Q,Yang Z Y,Wang Z C,Qiu Y,Lin Y M.Antifouling metabolites from the mangrove plant Ceriops tagal[J].Molecules,2008,13,212-219.
[176]王湛昌.两种红树植物海漆、红海揽的活性物质研究[D].厦门大学:厦门大学博士学位论文,2007.
[177]冯丹青.天然防污产物的筛选及红树植物防污策略的研究[D].厦门大学:厦门大学博士学位论文,2007.
[178]高蕴璋.见方文培,张泽荣(编著)中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,1983,52(2):130-135.
[179]Cronquist A.An Intergated System of Classification of Flowering Plants[M].New York:Columbia University Press,1981.
[180]Thome R F.An updated classification of the Class Angiospermae.http://www.inform.umd.ed/PBIO/fam/thomeangiosp99.html,1999.
[181]Tomlinson P B.The Botany of Mangroves[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986,374-381.
[182]陈小勇,林鹏.我国红树植物分布的空间自相关分析[J].华东师范大学学报,2000,3:104-109.
[183]梁士楚.广西红树植物群落特征的初步研究[J].广西科学,2000,7(3):210-216.
[184]Bamroongrugsa N.Bioactive substances from the mangrove resource[J].Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology,1999,21(3):377-386.
[185]Rastogi R P,Mehrotra B N.Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants[M].New Delhi:Publication and Information Directorate,1991,Vol.1.
[186]Sakagami H,Kashimata M,Toguchi M,Satoh K,Odanaka Y,Ida Y,Premanathan M,Arakaki R,Kathiresan K,Nakashima H,Komatsu N,Fujimaki M,Yoshihara M.Radical modulation activity of lignins from a mangrove plant,Ceriops decandra(Griff.) Ding Hou[J].In Vivo,1998,12:327-332.
[187]Uddin S J,Shilpi J A,Barua J,Rouf R.Antinociceptive activity of Ceriops decandra leaf and pneumatophore[J].Fitoterapia,2005,76:261-263.
[188]Koike K,Cordell G A,Farnsworth N R.New cytotoxic diterpenes from Rondeletia panamensis(Rubiaceae)[J].Tetrahedron,1980,36:1167-1172.
[189]Nagashima F,Tori M,Asakawa Y.Diterpenoids from the east Malaysian liverwort Schistochila aligera[J].Phytoehemistry,1991,30:849-851.
[190]Fun H K,Pakhathirathien C,Chantrapromma S,Karalai C,Chantrapromma K.7-Ethenyl-1-[(Z)-hydroxymethylidene]-4b,7,10a-tfimethylperhydrophenanthren-2-one[J].Acta Crystallographiea Section E Structure Reports,2006,62:05539-05541.
[191]Chantrapromma S,Fun H K,Pakhathirathien C,Karalai C,Chantrapromma K.7-Glycoloyl -2-hydroxy-1,4b,7,10a-tetra-methyl-4a,4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,.10,10a-decahydrophenanthren-3(4H)-one[J].Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports,2007,63:o459-o461.
[192]Chanitia P,Pakakrong T.Lupane-tfiterpene esters from the leaves of Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou[J].Australian Journal of Chemistry,2005,58:615-618.
[193]何磊,王友绍,王清吉,徐继荣,张傯.药用红树植物角果木化学成分研究[J].中国药学杂志,2006,41(5):341-342.
[194]He L,Wang Y S,Wang Q J,Lou Z P.A novel triterpene from Ceriops tagal[J].Pharmazie,2005,60(9):716-717.
[195]Pakhathirathien C,Chantrapromma S,Fun H K,Anjum S,Atta-ur-Rahman,Karalai C.1-Isopropenyl-3a,Sa,Sb,8,8,11 a-hexamethyi-icosahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl4-hydroxy hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate[J].Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports,2005,E61:o2942-o2944.
[196]王友绍,何磊.一种新三萜化合物3β-(反)-阿魏酸基羽扇豆醇及其制备方法[P].CN 1687104A.2005.
[197]Apsimon J W,Chau A S Y,Craig W G,Krehm H.Diterpene chemistry Ⅱ.The preferential oxidation of the vinyl groups of pimaric and sandaracopimatic acids[J].Journal of Chemistry,1967,45:1439-1445.
[198]Jakupovic J,Castro V,Bohlmann F.Millerenolides,sesquiterpene lactones from Milleria quinqueflora[J].Phytochemistry,1987,26(7):2011-2017.
[199]Lai A R,Cambie R C,Rutledge P S,Woodgate P D.Ent-pimarane and ent-abietane diterpenes from Euphorbia fidjiana[J].Phytochemistry,1990,29:2239-2246.
[200]Luo X D,Wu S H,Ma Y B,Wu D G.Ent-pimarane derivatives from Dysoxylum hainanense[J].Phytochemistry,2001,57:131-134.
[201]Ma G X,Wang T S,Yin L,Pan Y.Two pimarane diterpenoids from Ephemerantha ionchophylla and their evaluation as modulators of the multidrug resistance phenotype[J].Journal of Natural Products,1998,61:112-115.
[202]Wang L L,Hu L H.Chemical constituents of Siegesbeckia orientalis L[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,2006,48(8):991-995.
[203]Xiang Y,Zhang H,Fan C Q,Yue J M.Novel diterpenoids and diterpenoid glycosides from Siegesbeckia orientalis[J].Journal of Natural Products,2004,67:1517-15.21.
[204]Yoshio K,Akira Y.The structure of dolabradiene[J].Tetrahedron Letters,1964,5(26):1755-1761.
[205]Zhao Q S,Tian J,Yue J M,Chen S N,Lin Z W,Sun H D.Diterpenoids from Isodon flavidus[J].Phytochemistry,1998,48:1025-1029.
[206]Zhao Y X,Li C S,Luo X D,Zhou J.A new tricyclic 6-7-5-ring diterpene from Pliocene fossil Tsuga dumosa[J].Heterocycles,2004,63(4):861-864.
[207]Diqui S,Hafeez F,Begum S,Siddiqui B S.Oleanderol,a new pentacyclic triterpene from the leaves of Nerium oleander[J].Journal of Natural Products,1988,51(2): 229-233.
[208]孙玉茹,孙友富.中药路路通化学成分研究[J].中草药,1989,19(8):6-7.
[209]Ikuta A,Itokawa H.Triterpenoid of Paeoniajaponica callus tissue[J].Phytochemistry,1988,27(9):2813-2815.
[210]Sauter,Markus.Process for obtaining betulinic acid from ground plane tree[P].US:6943260.2003.
[211]Tinto W F,Blair L C,Allj A.Lupane triterpenoids of Salacia cordata[J].Journal of Natural Products,1992,55(3):395-398.
[212]Tanaka R,Tabuse M,Matsunaga S.Triterpenes from the stem bark of Phyllanthus flexuosus[J].Phytochemistry,1988,27(11):3563 -3567.
[213]Wright J L C,Mcinnes A G,Shimizu S,Smith D G,Watter J A.Identification of C-24alkyl epimers of marine sterols by ~(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy[J].Canadian Journal of Chemistry,1978,56:1898-1903.
[214]Toshihiro,Fujioka.Antiprolifeiative constituents from umbelliferac plants.A new furanocoumadn and falcarindiol furanoeoumarin ethers from the root of Angelicaj apomica[J].Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1999,47(1):96-100.
[215]Tatiana R P,Ivén L,Susana E Novel and efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of D-Glucose 6-phosphate and molecular modeling studies on the selective biocatalysis[J].European Journal of Organic Chemistry,2007,(17):2769-2778.
[216]Yang T,Huang Y,Cho B P.Synthesis and characterization of enantiomeric anti-2-fluorobenzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodioi-9,10-epoxides and their 2'-deoxyguanosine and oligodeoxynucleotide adducts[J].Chemical Research in Toxicology,2006,19:242-254.
[217]William T,Wiesler,Koji N.A simple spectroscopic method for assigning relative and absolute configuration in aeyelie 1,2,3-triols[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,1989,11(1):3446-3441.
[218]Grégory H,Mounira B S F,Sharon M B.Titanocene(Ⅲ) mediated reduction of organic halides under photoirradiation conditions[J].Tetrahedron Letters,2004,45:8123-8126.
[219]Hajime M,Takafumi M,Yasunori Y.Highly activated vinyl hydrogen in a significantly twisted styrene[J].Journal of Organic Chemistry,2006,71:9004-9012.
[220] Ana-Isabel H, Olga F, Ana N. N~1-substituted thymine derivatives as mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK-2) inhibitors[J]. European Journal of Medical Chemistry, 2006, 49: 7766-7773.
[221] Daisuke I, Akihiro I, Asako Y. Easy access to esters with a benzylic quaternary carbon center from diallyl malonates by palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative allylation[J]. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007,72:1652-1658.
[222] Yadav J S, Venkatram R P, Chandraiah L. A formal total synthesis of crocacin C[J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 2007,48:145-148.
[223] Clouet A, Darbre T, Reymond J L. Esterolytic peptide dendrimers with a hydrophobic core and catalytic residues at the surface[J]. Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis, 2004, 346:1195-1204.
[224] Miguel B, Arreguy-San, Taran M, Picard P. Stereoselective synthesis of methyl 15,16-epoxypimarates[J]. Synthetic Communications, 1989,19:979-986.
[225] Shi X W, Webster F X, Meinwald J. Syntheses of the female sex pheromones of Matsucoccus pine scales using the [2,3]-wittig rearrangement of a bisallylic tertiary ether[J]. Tetrahedron, 1995,38:10433-10442.
[226] Sarmah P, Baruah R N, Shama R P. Reaction of 8,14-epoxide in ent-pimarane skeleton with boron trifluoride etherate and acetic anhydride[J]. Indian Journal of Chemistry, 1985,24B: 201.
[227] Miguei B A S, Taran M, Delmond B. Efficient synthesis of methyl 8, 14β-epoxypimarate[J]. Synthetic Communications, 1990,20 (5):719-725.
[228] Reichelt-Brushett A J, Michalek-Wagner. Effects of copper on the fertilization success of the soft coral Lobophytum compactum[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2005,74:280-284.
[229] Hagopian-Schlekat T, Chandler G T, Shaw T J. Acute toxicity of five sediment-associated metals, individually and in a mixture, to the estuarine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepod Amphiascus tenuiremis[J]. Marine Environment Research, 2001, 51:247-264.
[230] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving water to freshwater and marine organisms[M]. Cincinnati: U.S. EPA Publication, 1991,293.
[231]Xu Q W,Barrios C A,Cutright T,Newby B M Z.Assessment of antifouling effectiveness of two natural product antifoulants by attachment study with freshwater bacteria[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2005,12(5):278-284.
[232]Xu Q W,Barrios C A,Cutright T,Newby B M Z.Evaluation of toxicity of eapsaicin and zosteric acid and their potential application as antifoulants[J].Environmental Toxicology,2005,20(5):467-474.
[233]Yu L M,Zhang Z M,Xu H Z.A novel copolymer containing eapsaiein moiety and its application in environment-friendly antifouling paint[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2004,33(Suppl.):79-82.
[234]史航,王鲁民.含辣椒素防污涂料在海洋网箱网衣中应用研究[J].化工新型材料,2004,32(11):54-56.
[235]史航,王鲁民.辣椒素防污涂料在海洋网箱网衣材料中的应用[J].大连水产学院学报,2005,20(4):322-325.